Kin trc Hu Hin i

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Tr s ca nhm ING, Amsterdam, H Lan, thit k bi KTS. R. Meyer v Van Slooten, theo nguyn l n d

Trin lm Hin i, Hamburg, c, thit k theo xu hng tn bn x Tro lu Hu hin i (Postmodernism) trong kin trc, hay kin trc Hu hin i, c xem nh s tip tc ca kin trc Hin i, bt u xut pht t cui thp nin 1950, ko di n thi im hin ti. M u cun sch "Ngn ng ca kin trc Hu hin i", tc gi Charles Jencks thng bo "Kin trc Hin i cht Saint Louis, Missouri ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1972 vo hi 15h32". Km theo l bc nh chp mt ngi nh nhiu tng ang b n tung. l mt trong nhng block ca qun th ln nh do kin trc s M gc Nht Minoru Yamasaki thit k. Cun sch ny gy ting vang ln trong gii kin trc v c ti bn nhiu ln, c dch ra nhiu th ting. N bo hiu mt tro lu kin trc mi ra i: Kin trc Hu hin i. Trng phi kin trc ny, tri ngc vi trng phi ca kin trc Hin i, l s xut hin ca cc chi tit trang tr, tnh a ngha ca biu tng trong kin trc.

Cc nguyn l ca kin trc Hu hin i

Theo Robert Stern, mt kin trc s ngi M, kin trc Hu hin i c chia thnh ba dng nguyn l sau:

Bi cnh
Cc cng trnh kin trc Hu hin i phi gn vi mi trng xung quanh, l mt b phn ca mi trng. y, vn khc so vi kin trc Hin i l khng xem xt n bi cnh m c th t cng trnh bt k mi trng no, bt k nc no.

n d
Hnh thc ca cng trnh phi ni ln nhiu ngha, c nhiu chi tit kin trc mang tnh tng trng.

Trang tr
Tnh cht trang tr ca cc chi tit kin trc c khi phc li, tri ngc li vi nhng g m kin trc Hin i cho l "trng ti".

Xu hng kin trc Hu hin i

Xu hng "Lch s"
Xu hng quay v vi c in c a chung kin trc Hu hin i. Thit k cng trnh loi ny sao cho to c cm tng y l mt cng trnh c in c thit k theo quan im thm m ca phong cch quc t. Hai khi nim ch o ca kin trc Hu hin i nhm ch ng c cng chng l xc nh c tinh thn tng nh n lch s (qu kh) v xc nh hnh nh hin ti ca thnh ph.

Xu hng "Hi sinh nghim ngt"

xu hng ny c hai cch sau:

Sao chp nguyn xi cc chi tit kin trc c. Kt hp li cc chi tit kin trc ca mt s cng trnh c.

V d cho xu hng ny l n th Trung ng do Quynlan Terry thit k vo nm 1975 vi ng php c La M nhng li c cc chi thp kiu thc dn Anh n . Nm 1974, kin trc s ngi Nht Bn Mozuna Monta thit k ngi nh Okawa House vi mt ngoi l phong cch lu i Farnse, bn trong th phong cch nh th Pazzi. Monta dng phong cch nhi li c in sng to nhng tc phm nghim tc.

Xu hng "Tn bn x"

Xu hng ny pht trin trong thp nin 1970, n l mt s lai to ca kin trc Hin i v cng trnh bng gch th k 19. N bao gm cc yu t:

Mi dc, C chi tit no dng vung vc,

Cc khi phn chia rt ngon mc v bng gch.

Cng trnh tiu biu cho xu hng ny l Trung tm Hillingdon Civic, xy trong khong 1974-1977.

Xu hng "thch hp"

Xu hng thch hp da trn s nh nguyn v tnh d hiu v d c ca th. Mt cng trnh in hnh cho xu hng ny l qun th cng trnh nh Byker Wall do kin trc s Php Ralf Erskine lm nm 1974.

Xu hng "n d v tru tng"

Kin trc La M c xu hng th hin lng tin vo b my ca Hong , kin trc Phc Hng th biu th tnh siu hnh nghim ngt. Cn kin trc Hu hin i, tnh n d xut pht t truyn thng hu c c lin quan n hnh nh con ngi, ng vt v thc vt. S i xng hnh mt ngi, cm gic vn ng t trong ra ngoi, t trn xung di v.v... Ngi nh Daisy House xy dng trong thi gian 1976-1977 bang Indiana, do kin trc s ngi M Stanley Tigerman thit k, c mt bng v mt ng tng t nh hnh nh mt s b phn thn th ph n v nam gii. Kin trc s ngi Nht Bn Yamashita Kazumasa cng thit k mt ngi nh kiu mt ngi, cng trnh c lm nm 1974 Kyoto.

Xu hng "Khng gian Hu hin i"

Xu hng thit k ny to ra mt khng gian v hn, khng r rng, nhp nhng vi nhau... Ca hiu trang sc Schullin th Wien ca o thuc xu hng ny. Cng trnh ny do kin trc s Hans Hollein lm nm 1975.

Xu hng "chit trung trit "

Ch ngha chit trung th k 19 l s trn trnh ci kh khi phi la chn, l tnh c hi v v k, i tm nhng th d dng. Cn kin trc Hu hin i, ch ngha chit trung mnh m v a dng mt cch trit hn.

Nhng th php ca kin trc Hu hin i

S dng h thng kin trc c in Hy Lp-La M
Cc kin trc s Hu hin i c cc tc phm rt a dng, phong ph, nhng Ch ngha Hu hin i lm h gn nhau hn, cc tc phm ca h lun th hin s trung thnh vi truyn thng. Robert Venturi bt chc theo ngi n Dori trong thit k ngi nh Electic House, nhi li thc ct Ionic trong Bo tng Ngh thut Pop Art bang Ohio. Li vo qung trng Italia, bang Missisipi, xy dng khong 1978-1979, ging Khi hon mn La M nhng hin i hn. Trong cng trnh ny cng c cc ct Ionic m cun u ct l thp m vng, thn ct bng cc ng n hunh quang.

Th php bi tr s thiu tnh ng nht cho cng trnh

Trong kin trc ny, ngi ta khai thc tnh cht i xng, tnh "chnh, ph" v c "tm" ca cng trnh.

Th php vn dng ngc i cc chi tit c

Th php ny vn dng khi thit k cng trnh, ngi ta lp cc chi tit c khng ng vi v tr thng thy. M tp hnh bn nguyt c chui nh th Santa Maria Della Pace Roma do Pretroda Cortona xy dng nm 1656-1657 c kin trc s Isozaki Arata vn dng lm ca s trong cc ngi nh Kj House v H. House. Cn trong ngi nh Sun-Tumori, kin trc s Watanabe Toykazu lm mt mi nh c sng mi dc ngc ln to mt phi cnh k d. Kin trc s Aida Takefumi nm 1979 cng lm mt ngi nh c hai ci mi hnh tam gic cn. Ci mi ny li c bng mt ct gia theo truyn thng nh Nht Bn.

Th php cao tnh trt t

Cc kin trc s vn dng th php ny trnh trang tr, khng dng trc tip cc yu t kin trc C in nhng s dng tnh trt t ca b cc, cc trc chnh, ph. H thng s dng nhng hnh hnh hc s cp, l nhng hnh n gin nht. Trong ngi nh Matematician House ca Reichlin v Rainhardt, ngi ta thy nhiu quan nim c in nh: "tm nh", hnh ch thp ca Leone Battista Alberti v Palladio, v.v... Kin trc s Isozaki Arata li s dng ch yu hnh vung v khi lp phng din t tng cho cng trnh. Nm 1972-1974 ng thit k bo tng Kitakyushu v to nh Shu Sha, c hai cng trnh u l nhng hnh vung v khi lp phng ht sc n gin. Nh ht ni Teatro del Mondo Venezia ca Aldo Rossi lm nm 1979 cng l mt cng trnh ht sc c o.

Cc kin trc s Hu hin i

Robert Venturi Aldo Rossi Lon Krier Michael Graves Watanabe Toyokazu Isozaki Arata Hans Hollein Robert Stern

Hnh nh

Nh ING, Amsterdam Bo tng ngh thut, Nagoya

Thp Lun n

Mc lc

1 Cc nguyn l ca kin trc Hu hin i o 1.1 Bi cnh o 1.2 n d o 1.3 Trang tr 2 Xu hng kin trc Hu hin i o 2.1 Xu hng "Lch s" o 2.2 Xu hng "Hi sinh nghim ngt" o 2.3 Xu hng "Tn bn x" o 2.4 Xu hng "thch hp" o 2.5 Xu hng "n d v tru tng" o 2.6 Xu hng "Khng gian Hu hin i" o 2.7 Xu hng "chit trung trit " 3 Nhng th php ca kin trc Hu hin i o 3.1 S dng h thng kin trc c in Hy Lp-La M o 3.2 Th php bi tr s thiu tnh ng nht cho cng trnh o 3.3 Th php vn dng ngc i cc chi tit c o 3.4 Th php cao tnh trt t 4 Cc kin trc s Hu hin i 5 Hnh nh