Chapter 1 Mechanics

Frequency of vibration in stretched strings f=

k l T M

Where, l = Length of the string T = Tension of the string M = Mass/unit length of the string Resultant: It is that single force which produces the same effect as produced by the forces acting together. Resultant of two unlike forces: The magnitude of resultant is equal to the difference between the two forces. The direction of resultant is the same direction as that of the greater force. Resultant of two like forces: The magnitude of resultant is equal to the sum of the two forces. The direction of resultant is in the direction of either force. Couple: Two equal and unlike parallel forces acting on a body constitute a couple. Moment of couple: If a couple acts on an object, then the product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the lines of action is defined as moment of couple. Principle of moments: If a number of forces keep a body in equilibrium, then the algebraic sum of the moments of these forces about any point lying in their plane is zero. Types of equilibrium Stable equilibrium: If the object is restored to its original position on tilting it slightly, then the object is said to possess stable equilibrium. The centre of gravity is raised in such a case which tries to produce a moment, thereby bringing back the object to its original position. Unstable equilibrium: If the object is not restored to its original position on tilting it slightly, then the object is said to possess stable equilibrium. The centre of gravity is lowered in such a case which tries to produce a moment in a direction so that the object topples. Neutral equilibrium: The position of centre of gravity is not affected in such a case.

 Laws of forces: Triangle law of forces: The resultant force is found out by completing the third side of the triangle formed by forces.

Parallelogram law of forces: The resultant force is found out by completing the parallelogram and connecting the adjacent sides of it.

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