PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS 12 STUDENT REFERENCE A SUMMARY OF BASIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAE

Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 + cos 2 =1 1 + tan 2 = sec 2 1 + cot 2 = csc 2

Reciprocal and Quotient Identities:

sec = tan =

1 cos sin cos

csc = cot =

1 sin cos sin

cot =

1 tan

Addition Identities:
cos ( + cos (

) = cos ) = cos

cos

sin sin

sin ( + sin (

cos + sin sin

) = sin ) = sin

cos + cos sin cos cos sin

Double-Angle Identities:

cos 2 = cos 2 = 2 cos 2

sin 2 1

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

= 1 2 sin 2
Formulae:
tn = ar
n 1

Sn =

a 1 rn 1 r

Sn =

a r 1 r

S=

a 1 r

x=

b b2 2a

4ac

Combinatorics and Probability:

nP r

n! ( n r )!

nCr

n! = n = r r ! ( n r )!

t k +1 = nC k a n

bk

P ( A) = 1 P ( A) P ( A | B) = P ( A and B ) P ( B)
x

P ( A or B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) P ( A and B ) P ( A and B ) = P ( A ) P ( B | A ) q =1 p

P ( x ) = n Cx px qn

Note: Graphing calculators will contain many of these formulae as pre-programmed functions.
Assessment Branch 2007/08 School Year 1 Principles of Mathematics 12 Student Reference