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  • Discrete Report

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    Jefferson Berbano
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    The document defines and provides examples of logical equivalence principles: - Double negation states that applying negation twice to a statement results in an equivalent statement (e.g. not not-p is equivalent to p). - Commutative laws state that the order of addition or multiplication does not affect the result (e.g. a + b = b + a). - Associative laws state that grouping of numbers during addition or multiplication does not affect the result (e.g. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)). - Distributive law states that a(b + c) = ab + ac, distributing a common factor across addition.

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    The document defines and provides examples of logical equivalence principles: - Double negation states that applying negation twice to a statement results in an equivalent statement (e.g. not not-p is equivalent to p). - Commutative laws state that the order of addition or multiplication does not affect the result (e.g. a + b = b + a). - Associative laws state that grouping of numbers during addition or multiplication does not affect the result (e.g. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)). - Distributive law states that a(b + c) = ab + ac, distributing a common factor across addition.

    Copyright:

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    4 views3 pages

    Discrete Report

    Uploaded by

    Jefferson Berbano
    The document defines and provides examples of logical equivalence principles: - Double negation states that applying negation twice to a statement results in an equivalent statement (e.g. not not-p is equivalent to p). - Commutative laws state that the order of addition or multiplication does not affect the result (e.g. a + b = b + a). - Associative laws state that grouping of numbers during addition or multiplication does not affect the result (e.g. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)). - Distributive law states that a(b + c) = ab + ac, distributing a common factor across addition.

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    Logical Equivalence Double Negation Commutative Law Associative Law Distributive Law

    Definition of Double Negation

    If the negation is applied twice on a statement, then it is called Double Negation of the statement.

    In the theory of logic, double negation is expressed by saying that a proposition A is identical to (equivalent to) not (not-A), or by the formula A = ~~A.

    Double negation pp p 0 1 p 1 0 p 0 1

    The Commutative Laws (or the Commutative Properties) The commutative laws state that the order in which you add or multiply two real numbers does not affect the result.

    pq qp pVq qVp The Commutative Law of Addition: a+b=b+a Arianne A. Sabiduria BSCpE

    Example: 3+5=5+3=8 20 + (3) = (3) + 20 = 17 The Commutative Law of Multiplication: ab = ba Example: 4 5 = 5 4 = 20 (2)(8) = (8)(2) = 16

    The Associative Laws (or the Associative Properties) The associative laws state the when you add or multiply any three real numbers, the grouping (or association) of the numbers does not affect the result. p(qr) (pq)r pV(qVr) (pVq)Vr

    The Associative Law of Addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) Example: (2 + 3) + 5 = 5 + 5 = 10 2 + (3 + 5) = 2 + 8 = 10

    The Associative Law of Multiplication: (ab)c = a(bc) Example: (5 7) 6 = 35 6 = 210 5 (6 7) = 5 42 = 210 Arianne A. Sabiduria BSCpE

    Distributive law Distributive law, in its simplest form, states that ab+ac = a(b+c) .The left side of this equation involves three arithmetic operations (one addition and two multiplications),whereas the right side needs only two. pV(qr) (pVq)(pVr) p(qVr) (pq)V(pr)

    For example Distributive laws:

    (a) A (B + C) = AB + AC (b) A + (B C) = (A + B) (A + C)

    Arianne A. Sabiduria BSCpE

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