PAREF SOUTHRIDGE SCHOOL AFTERNOON SCHOOL CHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL REACTIONS Chemical reactions transforms one or more substances into a set of different substances. The substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called reactants and the substances formed are called products. Chemical equations on the other hand are representations of chemical reactions in terms of symbols of elements and formulas of compounds involved in the reaction. Some symbols used in chemical equations: Arrow Separates the reactants from the products. Read as forms, yields, produces. Reactants substances that enter a reaction, written at the left side of the arrow Products substances that are formed in a reaction, written at the right side of the arrow

Plus Sign Separates the chemical formulas of the reactants / products Upward Arrow Usually written after a formula, indicates that the product formed is a gas Downward Arrow Usually written after a formula, indicates a precipitate State of Chemical Symbols written after the formula indicate whether the substance is a solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g) or aqueous solution (aq) Coefficients Numbers placed in front of substances to show how many units (atoms, molecules, ions, moles) are present. Commonly, coefficients are whole numbers When no number is shown, it is understood to be 1.

(s), (l), (g), (aq)

2 MgO

Symbols written on top or bottom of the arrow MnO indicates that a catalyst is used Catalysts are substances which make chemical reactions complete faster. A triangle means heat is applied to the reaction.

Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations A chemical equation always observe the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that atoms are neither created nor destroyed in any chemical reaction. Steps: 1. You need an equation with the correct formula. Example: Mg + O2 MgO 2. Do an inventory. List the atoms that are involved on each side of the arrow. Example: Mg + O2 MgO Mg O 3. Count the atoms on each side. Example: Mg + O2 MgO 1 Mg 1 2 O 1 4. When the numbers arent balanced, add coefficients to make up for any shortages, then adjust the inventory. Example: Mg + O2 2 MgO 1 Mg 12 2 O 12 But the numbers still arent equal, so add another coefficient, then adjust inventory. Example: 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO 2 1 Mg 12 2 O 12 Now both sides have equal numbers of atoms. We say that the equation is balanced. Chemistry ** Second Quarter ** Page 2 of 3 lmcc

Types of Chemical Reactions 1. Composition Reaction (Combination, Direct Union, Synthesis) Reaction where two or more substances (either elements or compounds) react to form one compound. General Formula: Examples: A + B AB

2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (l) CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (aq)

2. Decomposition Reaction (Analysis) Reaction where one compound decomposes to form two or more new substances. Heat is usually applied for this reaction to take place. General Formula: Examples: AB A + B CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) Ca(HCO3)2 (s) CaO (s) + 2 CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

3. Single Replacement Reaction (Displacement or Substitution) Reaction where a metal replaces another metal to form another compound or a non-metal replaces a less active nonmetal in a compound. General Formula: AX + B BX + A where A and B are metals AX + Y AY + X where X and Y are nonmetals Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu (s) + FeSO4 (aq) Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) Cl2 (g) + NaI (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) no reaction ZnCl2 (aq + H2 (g) 2 NaCl (aq) + I2 (s)

Examples:

4. Double Decomposition Reaction (Exchange Reaction or Metathesis) Reaction where two compounds react to form two new compounds. This involves exchange of ion pairs. General Formula: Examples: AX + BY AY + BX Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq) 2 HNO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) Ca(NO3)2 + 2 H2O (l)

------------------------------------Matic, Victoria C., et. al. Chemistry 1 Worktext. Revised ed. N.p.: Technological University of the Philippines Manila, 2010.

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