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A. SARATH BABU
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CSTR Contd. . .
CSTR Animation
Advantages:
Cheap to construct Good temperature control
CSTR Contd. . .
Space Velocity (S): Space velocity (S) is the reciprocal of space time, the number of reactor volumes of feed, measured at inlet conditions, processed per unit time.
The residence time is the length of time species spend in the reactor. All molecules that enter may not spend the same time in the reactor. The distribution of residence times RTD The average length of time that molecules spend in the reactor mean residence time (tm) tm = V/vE
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FA FA0 (1 x A ) v0 FA0 / C A0
lit mol mol sec sec lit
A
B R S I
FA0
Total
FT0
FT = FT0 + NA0xA
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Design Equation
General Mass Balance Equation:
General Design eqn. for a CSTR: V / FAo = xA / -rA V / (v0 CA0) = xA / -rA / CA0 = xA / -rA
Note that the space time and the mean residence time are equal only in the case of constant density. 13
DA =kCA0n-1
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The necessary and sufficient condition for plug flow is the residence time in the reactor to be the same for all elements of the fluid.
PFR Animation
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PFR is also called as tubular reactor Residence time is same for all fluid elements Operated under steady state conditions Reactants are consumed as they flow down along the length of the reactor Axial concentration gradients exist One long tube or a number of short tubes (see fig.) Choice of diameter depends on fabrication cost,
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(3)There is complete radial mixing of fluid inside the vessel (i.e., in the plane perpendicular to the direction of flow). (4)Properties may change continuously in the direction of flow
(5)In the axial direction, each portion of fluid, acts as a closed system in motion, not exchanging material with the portion ahead of it or behind it.
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Advantages:
Easily maintained as there are no moving parts High conversion per unit volume
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Design Equation
General Mass Balance Equation: Rate of Input = rate of output + accumulation + rate of disappearance
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V / FA0 dxA / rA
0 xA
xA
/ C A0 dxA / rA
0
xA
dC A / rA
0
tm dV / v
0
Note that the space time and the mean residence time are equal only in the case of constant density.
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CA/CA0
DA = kCA0n-1
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Item XA CA
BR (NA0-NA)/NA0 NA/V
CSTR
PFR
(FA0-FA)/FA0 FA/v
-rA
t
(NA0/V)dxA/dt
NA0dxA/V(-rA)
FA0xA/V
FA0dxA/dV
= V/v0
Constant density
XA
-rA t
(CA0-CA)/CA0
-dCA/dt -dCA/(-rA)
(CA0-CA)/CA0
(CA0 -CA)/ = V/v0
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-dCA/d
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CSTR
/ CA0 = xA / -rA
/ CA0
PFR x / C A0 dxA / rA
A
/ CA0 1 /-rA
xA
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CSTR
V / FA0 = xA / -rA
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CSTR
= (CA0 CA) / -rA
dC A / rA
0
xA
PFR
1 /-rA 1 /-rA
CA
CA0
CA
CA0
(Constant Density)
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CSTR
(Constant Density)
PFR
1 /-rA
1 /-rA CA CA0
CVBR
CA CA0 t
1 /-rA
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CA
CA0
CSTR
1 /-rA
PFR
/ CA0
/ CA0 xA 1 /-rA
VVBR
1 rA (1 A x A )
xA
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t / CA0
xA
CSTR
(Constant Density)
dC A / rA
C A0 CA
CA
PFR
Zero Order
= (CA0 CA) / k k = CA0 CA k = CA0 xA
dCA / k
C A0
k = CA0 CA k = CA0 xA
Constant Density BR
kt = CA0 CA
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CSTR
(Constant Density)
dC A / rA
C A0 CA
CA
PFR
First Order
= (CA0 CA) / kCA k = (CA0 CA)/CA k = xA /(1-xA)
dC A / kC A
C ln ln(1 x A ) k C A0
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CA0 A
Constant Density BR
CA ln kt C A0
CSTR
(Constant Density)
dC A / rA
C A0 CA
CA
PFR
Second Order
= (CA0 CA) / kCA k = (CA0 CA)/CA2 k CA0 = xA /(1-xA)2
2
dC A / kC A
1 1 k C A C A0
C A0
Constant Density BR
1 1 kt C A C A0
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Constant Density
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For all reaction orders > 0 The volume of a CSTR required for obtaining a
given conversion is larger than that of PFR For the same volumes of PFR & CSTR, the conversion obtained is larger in the case of PFR
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CSTR
= CA0xA / -rA
(Variable Density)
CA 1 xA C A0 1 A x A
C A0 dxA / rA
0
PFR xA
Zero Order
= CA0 xA / k k = CA0 xA
C A0 dxA / k
0
xA
k = CA0xA
Variable Density BR:
C A0 ln(1 A x A ) k At
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CSTR
= CA0xA / -rA
(Variable Density)
CA 1 xA C A0 1 A x A
C A0 dxA / rA
0
PFR x
A
First Order
= CA0 xA / kCA k = CA0 xA/CA
C A0 dxA / kC A
k (1 A ) ln(1 x A ) A x A
0
xA
ln(1 x A ) kt
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CSTR
= CA0xA / -rA
(Variable Density)
CA 1 xA C A0 1 A x A
C A0 dxA / rA
0
PFR xA
Second Order
= CA0 xA / kCA
2
C A0 dxA / kC A
0
2 A A 2
xA
k = CA0 xA / CA2
C A0 k 2 A (1 A ) ln(1 x A ) x ( A 1) x A /(1 x A )
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Variable Density
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Comparison of reactor volume required for a given conversion for a first-order reaction in a PFR and a CSTR
For small conversions VCSTR/VPFR = 1 (selection of reactor not very critical). For large conversions, VCSTR/VPFR is very large (selection of 46 reactor very critical).
Comparison of possible advantages (+) and Disadvantages (-) for Batch, CSTR and PFR Reactors
Criteria
Reactor size for given conversion Simplicity and Cost Continuous operation Large throughput Cleanout On-line analysis Product quality
Batch + + + -
CSTR + + + + + +
PFR + + + + +
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ANY CLARIFICATIONS ?
Abbey, Edward That which today calls itself science gives us more and more information, an indigestible glut of information, and less and less understanding.
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