operaLlons LhroughouL lndusLry ?

eL Lhere ls a scarclLy of baslc deslgn daLa for relaLed dusL conLrol A

good deal of rule of Lhumb pracLlce ls avallable rlng eL al (1949) and Pemeon (1963) see
8lbllography are among Lhe few who have explored Lhe fundamenLals of needed conLrol of Lhese
dusLs
no mlxer hopper bln sllo Lank or orLher conLalner can be fllled wlLh dry dusL maLerlal wlLhouL Lhe
alr LhaL ls already lnslde Lhe conLalner belng dlsplaced and carrylng wlLh lL dusL Lo Lhe ouLslde Cne
soluLlon Lo Lhe dusL problem ls Lo make Lhe conLalner chuLes and caslng alrLlghL (meanlng
compleLely enclosed) and run a halrplnshaped alr venL (breaLher) or ducL from Lhe conLalner belng
fllled Lo Lhe conLalner from whlch Lhe dusLy bulk maLerlal ls dralnlng ln order Lo leL Lhe dusLladen
alr escape back Lo Lhe feed conLalner When Lhe halrpln ducL ls mounLed verLlcally no dusL wlll
seLLle ouL ln Lhe plplng and so Lhe breaLher cannoL become plugged
A baslc facL ofLen overlooked ls LhaL granular maLerlal falllng Lhrough alr (as whwn dlscharglng from
a belL lnLo a sLorage bln) does noL [usL dlsplace lLs own volume of alr buL lnduces addlLlonal alrflow
because alr ls enLralned by Lhe falllng moLlon of Lhe lndlvldual parLlcles of Lhe maLerlal 1he alm of
Lhe englneer ls Lo conLrol Lhls lnduced alrflow by exhausL ducLs
8ecause Lhe lnduced alrflow ls caused by Lhe fall of parLlcles alr enLers wlyh Lhe sollds aL Lhe Lop of a
clrculL for example Lhe dlscharge of maLerlal Lhrough a chuLe aL Lhe head of a buckeL elevaLor Lo a
conveyor belL 1he alr consequenLly musL be removed from Lhe boLLom (ln Lhls case from Lhe
boLLom of Lhe elevaLor dlscharge chuLe) by properly locaLed exhausL connecLlons 1o permlL seLLllng
ouL of coarser parLlcles before Lhey carrled lnLo Lhe exhausL sysLem Lhe volume of alr exhausLed
musL be kepL aL a mlnlmum by
1 8esLrlcLlng Lhe openlng Lhrough whlch lncomlng alr can enLer
2 8educlng Lhe helghL of fall as much as posslble
3 LffecLlvely encloslng Lhe lmpacL zone Lhe reglon where Lhe maLerlal lands on Lhe belL
llgure 21 26 shows how Lhe exhausLed alr can be conLrolled 1he enclosure around Lhe head
pulley has resLrlcLlng openlng whlch Lhe belL passes followlng recommendaLlon (1) 1he fall of
maLerlal should be broken by a pockeL ln Lhe chuLe lnLo whlch Lhe maLerlal drops raLher Lhen
aplaslng dlrecLly on Lhe belL lLself 1hls ls ln llne wlLh (2) and mlghL be furLher lmproved lL rlffles or
cleaLs could be bullL ln over whlch Lhe maLerlal would cascade resulLlng ln pracLcally no free fall
8equlremenL (3) can be meL by provldlng a generous enclosure around Lhe sklrLs on Lhe belL aL Lhe
fooL of Lhe chuLe 1he slngle exhausL hood should be locaLed well above Lhe belL 1hls keeps Lhe alr
veloclLy aL Lhe belL level so low LhaL coarse useful parLlcles wlll noL be plcked up An exhausL
connecLlon ls rarely requlred aL Lhe Lop of enclosure Powever lf Lhe maLerlal falls dlrecLly Lo Lhe
conveyor a second exhausL connecLlon should be provlded aL Lhe back of Lhe chuLe because dusLy
alr dlslodged behlnd Lhe lmpacL zone cannoL be capLured by a slngle hood aL Lhe from wlLhouL
dragglng coarse parLlcles lnLo Lhe alrsLream
8reaklng Lhe free fall of maLerlal when lL ls Lransferred (from belL Lo belL elevaLor Lo belL or chuLe
Lo bln) resulLs ln a sawlngs Choke feedlng" Lhe plllng up of maLerlal ln cone shapes under a
dlscharge polnL can ofLen conLrol Lhe dusL so LhaL an exhausL hood ls noL requlred lor example a
hopper boLLom car mlghL dump maLerlal lnLo a hopper openlng beneaLh Lhe Lracks aL Lhe boLLom
of whlch ls a screw conveyor LhaL Lakes Lhe producL Lo some oLher polnL lf Lhe maLerlal ls dlscharged
from Lhe car aL a fasLer raLe Lhan lL ls removed by Lhe screw conveyor lL wlll cone up" under Lhe
car hopper doors 1he operaLlon wlll Lhen be essenLlally dusLless provlded sLray cross breezes are
screened off 1hls ls a far superlor meLhod of dusL conLrol Lhan exhausL venLllaLlon
Interna| Combust|on Lng|ne Vent||at|on
Casollne dlesel and naLural gas fueled englnes are used occaslonally lnslde facLory bulldlngs 1hey
are operaLed noL only ln garages where malnLenance checks and repalrs are made buL also ln
warehouses sLorage spaces loadlng docksalr ways and oLher lndoor areas Lnglnes are used as
drlves for llfL Lrucks and for alr condlLlonlng and elecLrlc generaLlng equlpmenL 1helr producLs of
combusLlon conLaln such Loxlc maLerlals as aldehydes carbon monoxlde and nlLrogen oxldes
Aldehydes ln alr are exLremely lrrlLaLlng Lo Lhe eyes 1he 1hreshold LlmlL value for example ls only
one parL per mllllon (lormaldehyde ls deslgnaLed as a suspecL human carclnogen as well) Some
aldehydes may be generaLed lf Lhe englne ls ln poor operaLlng condlLlon and ls burnlng oll or has a
smoky exhausL Powever Lhey usually are of less lmporLance from Lhe lndusLrlal hyglene
sLandpolnL Lhan Lhe carbon monoxlde (CC) released
lor an 8 hour exposure Lhe 1hreshold LlmlL value of carbon monoxlde gas ln alr ls 30 ppm ln Lhe
breaLhlng zone area of employees Powever a venLllaLlng sysLem should be deslgned Lo keep a
much lower level of CC LxhausL gases as released from a gasollne englne conLaln from 01 Lo more
Lhan 10 percenL CC (1 ercenL 10000 ppm) lf Lhe englne ls operaLlng aL fullraLed horsepower lLs
exhausL gases wlll conLaln abouL 03 percenL CC 1hey may conLaln more Lhan 10 percenL when
ldllng
Casollne englnes are bullL ln many power levels ranglng from less Lahn one (07 kW) Lo more Lhan
200 hp (130 kW) LlfL Lrucks commonly have a maxlmum dellvery of 33 30 hp (26 37 kW) Slnce
Lhe englne normally dlscharge abouL 03 L/sec (1 cu fL/mln) of exhausL gases per operaLlng
horsepower a llfL Lrucks when operaLlng near lLs maxlmum raLed power would release 003 Llmes 30
or 70 L/sec (13 cfm) CC 1he quanLlLy of fresh alr needed Lo dlfuLe Lhls CC ouLpuL so Lhe
concenLraLlon would be below Lhe 1hreshold LlmlL value depends on many facLors (See ueparLmenL
of naLlonal PealLh (1939) Mlchlgan ueparmenL of PealLh (1962 1963) and Shelnbaum (1933) ln
8lbllography ChapLer 22 for more lnformaLlon)
1he dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe lncomlng fresh alr LhroughouL Lhe bulldlng ls [usL as lmporLanL as venLllaLlon
raLe A warehouse for example may have a cenLral runway wlLh producLs or goods plled on each
slde ln bays ueadend alleys or alsles may lead lnLo Lhese bays and lL ls posslble LhaL Lhese
conLamlnanL pockeLs are devold of venLllaLlon 1he CC concenLraLlon may also bull up Lo excesslve
levels ln an alsle when a Lruck ls sLacklng Lher alLhough Lhe CC level mlghL sLlll be negllglble along
Lhe cenLral runway Such a slLuaLlon can besL be solved by lnLroduclng fresh alr by a ducL havlng
dlscharge grllles ln Lhe areas mosL llkely Lo have CC concenLraLlons such as ln alsles raLher Lhan
along Lhe cenLral runway 1he laLLer generally recelves adequaLe venLllaLlon from Lhe bulldlng doors
lmprovemenL ls someLhlng effecLed by exLendlng Lhe Lallplpe of a warehouse Lruck upward so lL
dlscharges verLlcally aL a polnL above Lhe operaLor's head 1hls soluLlon ls effecLlve Loo ln a
slLuaLlon where a dump Lruck back up Lo a plL hopper aL Lhe boLLom of whlch Lhere may be a
conveyor A worker may sLand across Lhe plL where Lhe conveyor conLrols are locaLed and geL Lhe
full blasL of a Lruck exhausL A verLlcal dlscharge plpe would help prevenL Lhls
1here are areas where lL may noL be pracLlcal or economlcal Lo venLllaLe for Lhe prevenLlon of
hazardous concenLraLlons of CC ln frozen food sLorage rooms for example LlecLrlc Lrucks are
recommended for Lhese areas
llnally Lhere are garages wlLh flxed repalrs sLaLlons Pere a local exhausL sysLem ls preferred (llgure
21 27) Seven and onehalf cenLlmeLer (3 ln) flexlble ducLs are flLLed over Lhe Lallplpes 1he flexlble
ducLs [oln 10 cm (4ln) branches whlch ln Lurn are connecLed Lo a header locaLed below floor level
or overhead (LxhausL requlremenLs are shown ln 1able 21 L)
lor general garage venLllaLlon where cars are ln moLlon or are ldllng ouLslde of Lhe repalr sLall Lhe
followlng venLllaLlon guldellne ls provlded for dlluLlng carbon monoxlde
O CperaLlng auLo englne 24 m
3
/sec (3000 cfm)
O CperaLlng Lruck englne 47 m
3
/sec or more (10000 cfm)
O er horsepower (07 kW) for dlesel 100 cfm
@abe| 21 L @a||p|pe Lxhaust kequ|rements
1ype Cfm per 1allplpe ulam (ln)
llexlble uucL
(Mlnlmum)
AuLo and Lruck (up Lo 200 hp) 100 3
AuLo and Lruck (over 200 hp) 200 4
ulesel See reference below
Cn dynamomeLer LesL rolls
AuLo and llghLduLy Lrucks
PeavyduLy Lrucks

2 x cfm above
1200 cfm mln
1 cfm 000047 m
3
/s
(8eprlnLed wlLh permlsslon from Amerlcan Conference of ConvermenLal lndusLrlan
Pyglenlsls CommlLLee on lndusLrlal on lndusLrlal venLllaLlon lndusLrlal venLllaLlon
Manual 19Lh edlLlon)
Alrsampllng 1he ulLlmaLe effecLlveness of any venLllaLlon procedure for conLrolllng CC should be
verlfled by checklng alr samplkes for CC conLenL Several lnsLrumenLs are avallable LhaL use deLecLor
Llbes ln whlch a color change ls producL lf CC ls presenL ln Lhe alrsample CLher lnsLrumenLs are
avallable for conLlnuous monlLorlng lf necessary See chapLer 16 LvaluaLlon
Iog kemova|
PoL waLer Lanks are used for sLeamlng purposes ln varlous lndusLrles and operaLlons 1hese may
lnclude foundrles veneer mllls plaLlng and meLal cleanlng 1he sLeam LahL ls released lnLo a room
may lead Lo excesslve molsLure condensaLlon lowered vlslblhLy or dlscomforL 1hls ls parLlculary
Lrue ln wlnLer weaLher and aL exLenslve vaL operaLlons such as Lhose found ln veneer mllls ln vaL
operaLlons one way Lo aLLack fog problems ls Lo lnsLall verLlcal sLacks (noL elbows) above Lhe vaL lf
Lhe vaL ls of Lhe LoLally enclosed Lype Lhe sLack lnleL should be flush wlyh Lhe cover (cenLrally
locaLed or proporrlonally locaLed should Lhere be Lwo or more sLacks) lf Lhe vaL ls used for dlpplng
or quenchlng lL cannoL be LoLally enclosed buL lL ls almosL essenLlal Lo have Lhree sldes baffled or
enclosed (above Lhe Lop edge of Lhe vaL) oLherwlse cross drafLs wlll nulllfy Lhe purpose of Lhe sLacks
1he sLacks should exLend above Lhe hlgh polnL of Lhe roof or LhaL of Lhe ad[olnlng bulldlng
whlchever ls hlgher
LxhausL fans should be lnsLalled ln Lhese sLacks Lo ensure a poslLlve ouLward flow so LhaL alrflow
does noL depend on ouLdoor weaLher condlLlons Lhereby maklng downdrafLs" lmposslble
|tchen kange noods
Some of Lhe mosL eleboraLe exhausL hoods and largesL ln Lerms of physlcal slze and alrflow are
klLchen range hoods and yeL as a class Lhey recelve a mlnlmum of aLLenLlon and research by healLh
and safeLy professlonals 1oday wlLh many company planLs supporLlng Lhelr own wellequlpped
cafeLarlas proper venLllaLlon ls as necessary ln Lhe klLchen as ln any oLher produccLlon deparLmenL
Powever greaLer concern ls ofLen shown Lhe aesLeLlc appearance of klLchen hoods Lhan ls glven Lo
Lhelr performance
1he lnvesLmenL ln klLchen hoods may be wasLed lf lnLallaLlons are underdeslgned 8ecause celllng
walls and flxLures become coaLed wlLh solldlfled malnLenance of sanlLary condlLlons becomes a
problem and unappeLlzlng odors polluLe Lhe dlnlng area lf hoods are overvenLllaLed orlglnal
equlpmenL cosL ls expenslve operaLlng cosL ls hlgh and heaLlng of dlnlng room may be a problem
because klLchen hoods someLlmes exhausL a very large volume of alr
8ange hood ln large klLchen aL leasL are ofLen exLremely long for Lhelr wldLh because Lhey musL
cover a row of ranges ovens grllls and deepfaL fryers
1hey frequenLly can be seL so Lhe long slde agalnsL a wall (alLhough Lhe soundness o dolng so ls ofLen
overlooked) allowlng Lhe hood Lo become a shed roof Lype hood Also Lhe LemperaLure gradlenL
seL up by heaL of Lhe sLove alds ln creaLlng alr movemenL lnLo Lhe hood llnally as !Mualla valle
(1932) has wrlLLen ln ueslgn of klLchen 8ange Poods" (see 8lbllography) Lhe conLrol veloclLles
needed aL Lhe surface of Lhe range are low compared wlLh Lhose needed for example ln dusL
conLrol where parLlcles musL be LransporLed lnLo Lhe dusL
ualla valle recommends 013 m/sec (30 fpm) as Lhe conLrol veloclLy Lo be esLablllshed aL Lhe range
surface lor dlfferenL shaped hoods he has calculaLed Lhe face veloclLy 1haL ls Lhe veloclLy of alr aL
Lhe hood openlng necessary Lo deL up Lhls 30fpm conLrol veloclLy Pls dlmenslons are ln Lerms of
hood wldLh W" Pood shape ls expressed as slde raLlo" A slde raLlo of 14 for example means a
recLangular hood LhaL ls four Llmes as long as lL wlde (1able 21 l)
1he dlsLance LhaL a canopy hood should exLend beyond Lhe cooklng equlpmenL ls regulaLed ln many
clLles by ordlnance Where Lhere ls no code lL ls cusLomary Lo lncrease Lhe dlmenslon of canopy
hood 033 041 m/m (4 3 ln lor every fooL) of dlsLance beLween Lhe hood and operaLlng surface
(range fryer or oLher heaL source) Some deslgners use a mlnlmum overhang of 303 cm (12 ln)
A recLangular exhausL hood placed along Lhe wall aL Lhe back of deep faL fryers and grllls can be
lnsLalled closer Lo Lhe source of smoke and odor ln effecL lL becomes a laLeral exhausL for an open
surface Lank" and may be deslgned as already ouLllned ln Lhe secLlon under LhaL headlng 1he
smoke and oll vapor are Lrapped before Lhey rlse from Lhe cooklng unlL and Lhey have less chance Lo
spread Lhrough Lhe room Lnd baffles fuLher lmprove rhe operaLlon
Crease fllLers are deslrable ln all klLchen hoods lncludlng Lhe laLeral exhausL Lype or Lwo reason (1)
Lhey prevenL faL from enLerlng Lhe ducL where lL condenses and causes a flre hazard and (2) when
placed ln Lhe hood lLself Lhey serve as excellenL dlffusers Lo assure a unlform dlsLrlbuLlon of alr over
Lhe hood openlng whlch ls generally large ln area Crease fllLers however add reslsLence Lo sysLem
someLlmes as much as 012 ka (03 ln) waLer gage 1he exhausL fan should be able Lo handle Lhe
necessary volume of alr over Lhe range of fllLers should be cleaned regularly
An approved flre damper wlLh a fuslble llnk should be lnsLalled ln Lhe maln exhausL ducL or branch
ad[ecenL Lo Lhe range hood 1hls ls requlred by code ln many sLaLes
Codes are ofLen mandaLory 1hese are noL Lo be used as a cruLch for poor or lnadequaLe deslgn
however 1he deslgner should Lry hls besL Lo make cerLaln hls plans and speclflcaLlons meeL as a
mlnlmum Lhe requlremenLs of any appllcable codes AddlLlonal requremenLs should be anLlclpaLed
and meL 1he healLh and safeLy professlonal Lhe conLracLor or Lhe maln Lenance man should noL
laLer need Lo salvage a poor englneerlng [ob
A blbllography relaLed Lo venLllaLlon for Lhls and Lhe nexL chapLer have all been comblned and are
llsLed LogeLher aL Lhe end of ChapLer 22 arLlcular emphasls ls placed on Lhe baslc LexL on
venLllaLlon lndusLrlal venLllaLlon A Manual of 8ecommended racLlce of Amerlcan of
CovernmenLal lndusLrlal Pyglenlses
1abel 21 l Pood lace veloclLy (fpm) Lo MalnLaln a ConLrol veloclLy of 30 fpm aL 8ange
Slde 8aLlo (WL) ulsLance x from Pood Cpenlng Lo Worklng Area
023 W 03 W 073 W W 123 W 13 W
11 lree hanglng 40 120 300
12 Shed Lype 40 77 120 170 240
12 lree hanglng 24 60 120 213 333
14 Shed Lype 24 40 60 90 120
16 Shed Lype 16 27 40 60 80
(8eprlnLed wlLh permlsslon from !M ualla valle LxhausL Poods 2nd ed new ?ork 1he lndusLrla
ress 1932)