CPA1L8 31

1he World beLween Lhe Wars

Many people had hoped LhaL World
War l would make Lhe world safe for
democracy AL Lhe war's end new
parllamenLary governmenLs were
esLabllshed ln Lurope ln Asla Lhe young
Chlnese 8epubllc was sLruggllng Lo unlLe Lhe
counLry 1he worldwlde depresslon LhaL
began ln laLe 1929 added economlc
problems Lo Lhese dlfflculLles

1) ASClSM LML8CLS ln l1AL? Anu
CL8MAn?
l45cl51 l14LY
asclsm arlses ln lLaly ln World War
l lL dld noL seem llke vlcLorlous naLlon Palf
a mllllon lLallan soldlers had dled and a
mllllon more had been wounded AfLer Lhe
war Lhere were food shorLages rlslng
prlces unemploymenL and buslness
fallures
An ldeology called fn (APlz
um) appeared Lo some people Lo offer
soluLlon Lo Lhese problems asclsLs
sLressed naLlonallsm and placed Lhe well
belng of Lhe sLaLe above Lhe welfare of
lndlvlduals asclsm was also ln parL a
reacLlon Lo Lhe CommunlsL Lakeover ln
8ussla


MUSSCLINI ICUNDS 1nL IASCIS1 Ak1
1he leadlng spokesman for fasclsm
ln lLaly was 8eolto Mossollol orn ln 1883
Mussollnl LaughL school for a shorL Llme and
Lhen became a pollLlcal [ournallsL ln 1912
was made edlLor of Lhe lLallan SoclallsL
arLy newspaper Avootl! ln 1919 afLer Lhe
war Mussollnl and hls followers organlzed
Lhe asclsL parLy

IASCISM nAS A 8kCAD ALAL IN I1AL
asclsm appealed ln dlfferenL ways
Lo each of Lhese groups 8osloess owoets
qovetomeot offlclols and looJowoets
feared Lhe spread of communlsm 1hey
gave flnanclal supporL Lo Mussollnl's
asclsLs
asclsm also proved aLLracLlve Lo Lhe
mlddle class lncludlng unlverslLy sLudenLs
shopkeepers and professlonal people

MUSSCLINI GAINS NA1ICNAL LLADLkSnI
ln CcLober 1992 Mussollnl made
hls bld for naLlonal power Speaklng aL a
glanL rally of hls followers Mussollnl sald
LlLher Lhey wlll glve us Lhe governmenL or
we shall Lake lL by descendlng ln 8ome"
ln Lhe schools chlldren and
Leenagers were LaughL Lo admlre Mussollnl
as uoce ( eel uCCchay) meanlng Lhe
Leader" and Lo accepL hls ldeas wlLhouL

uesLlon unlverslLy professors had Lo

swear an oaLh of loyalLy Lo Lhe fasclsL sLaLe
elleve! Cbey! lghL!" was asclsL slogan
IASCIS1S SLLk 1C CCN1kCL SCCIL1 AND
1nL LCCNCM
1he governmenL made changes ln
soclal and economlc llfe 1o ensure a sLeady
supply of soldlers Mussollnl made lL
dlfflculL for lLallans Lo leave Lhe counLry Pe
Laxed slngle men llmlLed Lhe number of
[obs open Lo women and encouraged
lLallan famllles Lo have more chlldren
Peads of large famllles recelved cash
bonuses and governmenL [obs
1o conLrol lndusLrlal producLlon and
worklngclass pollLlcal power Mussollnl
aLLempLed Lo recognlze Lhe economy All
areas of producLlonfarms lndusLrles
LransporLaLlonwere dlvlded lnLo 22
naLlonwlde syndlcaLes" each organlzed
llke a corporaLlon
IASCIS1 CCN1kCL IS LIMI1LD
1he governmenLconLrolled lLallan
press radlo and movles Lrled Lo glve Lhe
lmpresslon LhaL Lhe fasclsL governmenL had
ellmlnaLed crlme poverLy and labor
problems and LhaL Lhe lLallan economy was
prosperlng Mussollnl proclalmed LhaL hls
new 8oman Lmplre would conLrol Lhe
MedlLerranean world



l45cl5M lN 6kM4NY

GLkMAN 8LCCMLS A kLU8LIC
Larly ln november 1918 warweary
soldlers sallors and workers selzed conLrol
ln several Cerman clLles A republlc was
proclalmed and kalser Wllllam ll abdlcaLed
and fled Lo Lhe neLherlands
An elecLed naLlonal assembly meL ln
Lhe clLy of Welmar (vymar) ln ebruary
1919 lL adopLed a republlcan consLlLuLlon
and elecLed rledrlch LberL (A?behrL) as
presldenL of Lhe republlc 1he new Cermany
known as Lhe Welmar 8epubllc was led by
members of Lhe Soclal uemocraLlc arLy
1nL WLIMAk kLU8LIC nAS MAN CkI1ICS
1he Welmar 8epubllc had many
pollLlcal enemles 1he communlsLs opposed
Lhe Soclal uemocraLs and soclallsLs who
worked wlLh Lhe Welmar governmenL AL
Lhe oLher pollLlcal exLreme Lhe Welmar
8epubllc was crlLlclzed by Cerman
naLlonallsLs mlllLary leaders lndusLrlallsLs
large landowners and [udges
nI1LLk SLLkS CWLk ICk 1nL NA2I Ak1
Welmar 8epubllc was Adolf PlLler
orn ln 1889 ln a small Lown ln AusLrla
PlLler ulL school aL slxLeen and wenL Lo
vlenna hoplng Lo become an arLlsL 1he
Academy of lne ArLs re[ecLed hlm for lack
of LalenL and PlLler spenL flve years drlfLlng
from [ob Lo [ob

ln vlenna PlLler adopLed Lhe

exLreme naLlonallsLlc and raclsL ldeas LhaL
were wldespread ln Lhe laLe nlneLeenLh
cenLury
1nL NA2IS GAIN SUCk1
WlLh PlLler as lLs leader Lhe nazl
arLy began Lo grow arades and mass
rallles drew exclLed crowds who cheered
PlLler's speeches aLLacklng Lhe versallles
1reaLy and Lhe Welmar governmenL PlLler
senLenced Lo flve years ln [all buL was
released afLer nlne monLhs Whlle ln [all he
wroLe down hls pollLlcal vlews ln hls book
enLlLled Melo kompf (MlnL kAPM)or
My SLruggle"
LCCNCMIC kC8LLMS WLAkLN 1nL
WLIMAk kLU8LIC
MovemenLs llke nazlsm (and leaders
llke PlLler) ofLen succeed when Llmes are
hard and people are unemployed hungry
lnsecure and resLless ln laLe 1929 Lhe
world was hlL by a serlous economlc
depresslon ln nearly every counLry Lrade
decllned banks collapsed and facLorles
closed down
nI1LLk GAINS MASS SUCk1
1o wln popular supporL PlLler
lssued propaganda LhaL gave slmple
explanaLlons for Cermany's mlsforLunes lL
showed hlm as uet lobtet ( ?CCrur) Lhe
Leader" who would brlng Cermany ouL of
chaos

nI1LLk 8LCCMLS CnANCLLLCk CI
GLkMAN
y Lhe end of 1932 Lhe naLlonal
SoclallsLs had become Lhe sLrongesL
pollLlcal parLy ln Cermany Lhough Lhey
were sLlll far from havlng a ma[orlLy ln Lhe
8elchsLag
LlecLlons Lo Lhe 8elchsLag were seL
for March 1993 1he newly elecLed
8elchsLag gave PlLler Lhe powers of an
absoluLe dlcLaLor and Lurned Cermany lnLo
a LoLallLarlan sLaLe
Led by Pelnrlch Plmmler PlLler's
personal guards (Lhe SS) arresLed and shoL
abouL 1000 offlcers 1he nazl secreL pollce
or CesLapo also ensured LhaL everyone
obeyed Lhe uhrer
NA2ISM 1AkLS CVLk IN GLkMAN
Many Cermans were unaware LhaL
anyLhlng unusual was Laklng place ln Lhelr
counLry 1he nazls represenLed Lhe legal
governmenL LhaL Lhey felL lL was Lhelr duLy
Lo obey Moreover lL appeared Lo many
Cermans LhaL Lhe nazl governmenL was
solvlng Lhe counLry's problems
GLkMAN ILWS AkL LkSLCU1LD
1he persecuLlon of Cermany's !ews
grew worse however AnLlSemlLlsm
became offlclal governmenL pollcy !ews
losL Lhelr clLlzenshlp and were forbldden Lo
hold governmenL [obs own buslnesses or
carry on Lhelr professlons SLores refused Lo
sell Lo Lhem landlords refused Lo renL Lhose
houses or aparLmenLs

2) Au1PC8l1A8lAn 8uLL S8LAuS ln

Lu8CL
NLW DLMCCkACILS IAIL IN LAS1LkN
LUkCL
1he peace LreaLles endlng World
War l seL up new governmenLs ln parLs of
LasLern and CenLral Lurope ln Lhe flrsL
flfLeen years afLer Lhe war nearly all Lhe
new parllamenLary democracles ln LasLern
Lurope were replaced by auLhorlLarlan
reglmes ln Pungary a republlc was
replaced by Lhe LenlnlsL dlcLaLor ela kun
afLer only a few monLhs ln 1919 Admlral
Mlklos PorLhy (PCP8Lee) esLabllshed
anoLher auLhorlLarlan governmenL
domlnaLed by mlllLary leaders and
landowners ln oland !oseph llsudskl (pll
SCC1skee) a popular war hero selzed
power ln 1926 and seL up a slmllar reglme
ln 1933 and 1934 Chancellor
LngelberL uollfuss dlssolved Lhe AusLrlan
parllamenL arresLed soclallsLs and Lrade
unlon offlclals and bombarded Lhe
workers' dlsLrlcLs ln vlenna
Cnly Czechoslovakla preserved Lhe
democraLlc governmenL seL up ln 1918
under Lhe leadershlp of 1homas Masaryk
and Lduard enes (LPnesh)
1nL SANISn MCNkCn IS CnALLLNGLD
SpalnAmerlcan war ln 1898 Lhe
Spanlsh governmenL a consLlLuLlonal
monarchy had been under aLLack by
varlous groups wlLhln Lhe counLry
ln 1923 fearlng a revoluLlon klng
Alfonso xlll allowed Ceneral Mlguel rlmo
de 8lvera (8LLmoh day reevA?rah) Lo
Lake power as a mlllLary dlcLaLor
CIVIL WAk 8kLAkS CU1
ln !uly 1936 alanglsL army broke
ouL all over my offlcers ln Spanlsh Morocco
rebelled and revolLs ulckly broke ouL all
over spaln