CC YU T NH HNG N QUYT NH CHN NI LM VIC CA SINH VIN TT NGHIP

TRN VN MN & TRN KIM DUNG

Nghin cu thc hin pht trin v kim nh thang o cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip. S dng phng php nghin cu m hnh phng trnh cu trc v da trn mu kho st vi 360 sinh vin qun tr kinh doanh chun b tt nghip, kt qu cho thy, thang o gm c tm thnh phn: Vic lm; Thng tin v th tc thong; Tnh cm qu hng; Chnh sch u i; V tr v mi trng; Con ngi; iu kin gii tr; Chi ph sinh hot r vi 21 bin quan st c khng nh gi tr v tin cy. Nhng thnh phn lin quan n cng vic c nh gi quan trng hn cc thnh phn lin quan n cuc sng. Hu nh khng c s khc bit c ngha thng k v tm quan trng ca cc thnh phn nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic theo c im c nhn ca sinh vin v gii tnh, kt qu hc tp giai on 2, mc thu nhp bnh qun trong gia nh, xut x a phng.

Gii thiu
Khi chuyn sang nn kinh t nh hng th trng, nhiu a phng Vit Nam thc hin nghin cu tm hiu nh gi sc hp dn ca a phng v mt du lch, u t pht trin, v.v. Tuy nhin cc a phng c sc hp dn nh th no i vi cc sinh vin tt nghip l ti c nhiu cn b lnh o chnh quyn v x hi quan tm nhng t c nghin cu. Nghin cu ny c thc hin nhm tm ra cc yu t c nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip.

C s l thuyt
Kinh t hc nghin cu hin tng di dn t nng thn ra thnh th v hin tng chy mu cht xm ca cc nc th gii th ba khi nhng ngi sinh vin tt nghip khng mun quay v qu hng/ t nc c lm vic {Torado, 1998}. L do chnh c gii thch cho hin tng ny l c hi vic lm v mc thu nhp cao thnh th v cc nc cng nghip php trin. Cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic c pht trin v lm r hn trong l thuyt tip th a phng (marketing places) ca Kotler, Haider, Rein {1993}. S hp dn ca a phng th hin thng qua cc hnh nh, chnh sch, c hi pht trin v iu kin sng i vi dn c ni chung, i vi sinh vin tt nghip ni ring. Theo Kotler et al{1993}, c ba thnh phn chnh to nn s hp dn ca mt a phng cho vic thu ht dn c mi: (a) Cc vn qu c o ca ring a phng ang c hoc c tim nng nhng cha khai thc. (b) Cc dch v cho nhng con ngi c th v gia nh ca h, nh nhng u i v thu, nh hp dn, mi trng gio dc tt, chi ph r, iu kin an sinh x hi tt, thi tch cc nim n i vi ngi mi n v.v (c) Cc dch v ti nh c, n lc tm kim c hi vic lm cho ngi thn hay i tc.

Thang o
Mc d kho st k lng trn cc mng c uy tn khoa hc nh Science Direct, Business Premier, ABI, v Emeral, ti vn khng tm c cc m hnh v thang o v cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip. L thuyt tip th a phng ca Kotler et al {1993} c s dng lm c s cho nghin cu nh tnh. Nghin cu thc hin kt hp phng php ng no (brain storming) v phng php tho lun nhm tm hiu cc yu t c th nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip. Kt qu cho thy c 70 yu t (bin quan st) c th nh hng n quyt nh ca sinh vin tt nghip. Trong cuc kho st s b, 30 ngi sinh vin tt nghip c ngh nh du vo c tm quan trng tng ng vi mc nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca h. Thang o Likert 7 bc c s dng. Bc 1 th hin hon ton khng c tm quan trng/khng nh hng, bc 7 th hin c tm quan trng rt cao hoc nh hng mnh. Da trn kt qu phn tch tm quan trng ca cc bin quan st

 loi bt cc bin quan st c im trung bnh tm quan trng nh hn 4.0. Kt qu cn li 39 bin quan st c s dng tip tc trong nghin cu tip theo.

Mu nghin cu
Trong nghin cu nh lng, 39 bin quan st c kho st i vi 360 sinh vin qun tr kinh doanh chun b tt nghip ca Trng i hc kinh t TP HCM v Trng i hc m bn cng TP HCM. C cu mu th hin trong Bng 1.
Bng 1: C cu mu S ngi (N) Gii tnh N Nam Hc lc Trung bnh Kh / gii C lm thm Thng xuyn lm thm C lm thm Khng i lm thm Thu nhp ca gia nh Trung bnh < triu ng Trung bnh 1-gn 2triu Trung bnh 2-5 triu Trung bnh > 5 triu Xut x Nng thn Thnh th 179 180 233 124 77 211 69 76 142 101 29 181 174 T l (%) 49.9 50.1 64.4 32.5 21.6 59.1 19.3 21.8 40.8 29.0 8.3 51.0 49.0

S b xc nh cc thnh phn nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip p dng cch x l s liu ca Ling & Fang (2003), nghin cu thc hin phn tch nghin cu khm ph (EFA) tm ra cc thnh phn c nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin. S dng phng php Principal Axis Factoring, php quay Promax, nhng bin quan st c trng s nh hn 0.4 hoc c trch vo hai nhm yu t m khong cch chnh lch v trng s gia hai nhm yu t nh hn 0.15 - khng to nn s khc bit, b loi. Kt qu cn li 32 bin quan st, trch thnh 9 thnh phn (ph lc 1) vi tng phng sai tch ly 55.181%, trong , ch c thnh phn th 9 (iu kin gio dc o to ca a phng) c h s tin cy tng i thp (Cronbach Alpha=0.618). Xem Bng 2. Theo , c th t tn cho cc thnh phn nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip l: Vic lm; Thng tin v th tc thong; Tnh cm qu hng; Chnh sch u i ca a phng; V tr v mi trng ca a phng; Con ngi; iu kin gii tr mua sm; Chi ph sinh hot r; iu kin gio dc, o to. Nu loi 3 bin quan st ca thnh phn iu kin gio dc, o to thang o s c 8 thnh phn vi 29 bin quan st v tng phng sai tch ly 55.388%. iu ny cho thy, cc bin quan st trong iu kin gio dc, o to c gi tr, nhng tin cy li cha cao.

Kim nh thang o
Vi vic x l s liu trn SPSS, cc bin quan st trn l c chp nhn. Tuy nhin khng nh gi tr, tin cy ca mt thang o, cn phi s dng phn tch nhn t khng nh (CFA) trn AMOS vi cc kim nh v mc ph hp ca tng bin tim n (thnh phn) vi h s tin cy tng hp; tng phng sai trch; tnh n nguyn; gi tr hi t; gi tr phn bit v s ph hp ca m hnh thang o. Yu t th 9 (iu kin gio dc, o to) b

loi do c c h s tin cy tng hp (PC=0.573) ln phng sai trch (VE=0.402) qu thp. Tm thnh phn cn li c cho vo tng quan trc tip (correlation) v kim nh tip theo trong m hnh thang o. Kt qu kim nh tng thnh phn (bin tim n) trong 8 bin tim n cn li ca thang o t cc yu cu v h s tin cy tng hp; tng phng sai trch; tnh n nguyn; gi tr hi t; gi tr phn bit. Cc tham s ca m hnh c chp nhn, xem bng 3. Thang o cn li tm thnh phn vi 21 bin quan st c chp nhn.
Bng 3: Kt qa kim nh gi tr thang o Chi-square=365.694; df=160; p=0.000; GFI=0.914; CFI=0.927; TLI=.904; RMSEA=0.060. Khi nim Cng vic Thng tin, th tc thong Tnh cm qu hng V tr, mi trng Chnh sch u i Con ngi iu kin gii tr, mua sm Chi ph sinh hot r S lng bin 4 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 PC 0.8247 0.8173 0.8775 0.6856 0.7864 0.7649 0.7684 0.7282 VE 0.5450 0.5303 0.7850 0.4218 0.6553 0.6231 0.6242 0.5728 Trung bnh trng s 0.7315 0.7248 0.8775 0.6483 0.7965 0.7830 0.7895 0.7565 Gi tr thang o Ph hp Ph hp Ph hp Ph hp tr VE Ph hp Ph hp Ph hp Ph hp

PC: tin cy tng hp; VE: Phng sai trch. Kt qu nghin cu ch ra rng thnh phn Vic lm c nh gi quan trng nht, Bng 4.
Bng 4: im trung bnh v tm quan trng ca cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip N Vic lm Mi trng, v tr o to, gio dc Con ngi Thng tin, th tc thong Chnh sch u i Chi ph r Tnh cm qu hng Gii tr, mua sm Valid N (listwise) 356 360 356 360 360 Gi tr nh nht 1.00 2.00 1.25 1.00 1.00 Gi tr ln nht 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Gi tr trung bnh 6.0708 5.4500 5.1749 5.0194 4.9840 Sai lch chun .97999 .98717 1.07425 1.13820 1.20840

350 353 359 359 335

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

4.9086 4.8584 4.6504 4.5877

1.14795 1.12237 1.65357 1.32339

Kt qu x l s liu cho thy cc sinh vin n c kt qu hc tp loi kh trong giai on 2 cao hn c ngha thng k so sinh vin nam; sinh vin thnh ph c kt qu hc tp cao

hn sinh vin nng thn. Gia sinh vin t cc khu vc nng thn v thnh th ch c s khc bit c ngha thng k duy nht v nhu cu gii tr vi im nh gi trung bnh ca sinh vin nng thn l 4.44; ca sinh vin thnh th l 4.75. Cc kim nh cho thy: Kt qu hc tp, gii tnh, vic i lm thm trong thi gian i hc v thu nhp bnh qun trong gia nh khng nh hng c ngha thng k n cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin.

Tho lun kt qu v kt lun

Thang o cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip vi tm thnh phn Vic lm; Thng tin v th tc thong; Tnh cm qu hng; Chnh sch u i; V tr v mi trng; Con ngi; iu kin gii tr; Chi ph sinh hot r vi 21 bin quan st c khng nh gi tr v tin cy. D sinh vin thnh th c kt qu hc tp cao hn, c thu nhp trung bnh trong gia nh cao hn, v t i lm thm hn, nhng cc sinh vin chun b tt nghip u quan tm n thnh phn vic lm hn hn cc thnh phn lin quan n cuc sng trong quyt nh chn ni lm vic. C th do mc sng chung trong x hi cn thp, mi trng cnh tranh khc lit, hoi bo tui tr mong mun c th hin nng lc ca mnh thc y sinh vin quan tm n thnh phn vic lm nhiu nht trong quyt nh chn ni lm vic. Tnh cm gn kt vi qu hng ca sinh vin t cc vng nng thn khng cao hn so vi sinh vin thnh th. ng gp chnh ca nghin cu Nghin cu pht trin v kim nh thang o cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip. C th s dng thang o o lng mc hp dn ca a phng i vi sinh vin tt nghip. Cc thnh phn ca thang o c th l nhng gi cho cc a phng c th iu chnh v c sc thu ht hn i vi sinh vin tt nghip. Hn ch trong nghin cu Hn ch thuc v mu nghin cu c chn theo phng php thun tin v c mu cn tng i nh, thang o cn tip tc c hon thin mi c th chng minh c gi tr v tin cy cn thit ca thnh phn iu kin, gio dc o to trong cc kim nh nghim khc v cht ch. Ph lc 1: Cc thnh phn v bin quan st trong thang o cc yu t nh hng n quyt nh chn ni lm vic ca sinh vin tt nghip. Cc bin quan st c gi li sau kim nh CFA c ch R. 1. Vic lm: - P c nhiu c hi vic lm R - P c trin vng thng tin ngh nghip R - P c iu kin trang thit b lm vic tt - Lm vic P c c hi cng hin, pht huy ti nng R - Lm vic P c thu nhp cao R 2. Thng tin v th tc thong: - P c nhiu chnh sch u i v thu - Thng tin v nhu cu ca P lun c ph bin rng ri R - P c th tc hnh chnh thng thong R - Chnh sch tuyn dng ca P r rng, minh bch R - P c s quan tm, h tr ca chnh quyn a phng tt R - Lnh o chnh quyn P c nng lc, uy tn v hnh nh tt 3. Tnh cm qu hng: - Anh/Ch t ho lam vic qu nh R - V P ni anh ch sinh ra v ln ln R 4. Chnh sch u i ca a phng vi 3 bin quan st:

- P c nhiu chnh sch u i v vic lm R - P c nhiu chnh sch u i v ch R - P c nhiu chnh sch u i v gio dc 5. V tr v mi trng ca a phng: - Lm vic ti P c nhiu mi quan h thun li cho cng vic R - P c kh hu trong lnh, thun li cho sinh sng R - P c V tr a l chin lc thun li cho pht trin R - Lm vic ti P Anh/Ch s c iu kin chm sc, gip gia nh - P khng lm cho Anh/Ch phi sng xa gia nh 6. Con ngi: - Ngi a phng thn thin, quan tm, hay gip ln nhau - Ngi a phng cu tin R - Ngi a phng c trnh R 7. iu kin gii tr mua sm: - P c nhiu hot ng vn ho (giao lu, trng by, hi ch,) - P c dch v vui chi gii tr hp dn R - P c nhiu im mua sm, m thc R 8. Chi ph sinh hot r: - P c chi ph u t hc tp nng cao trnh r R - P c nhiu chnh sch u i v vic lm R 9. iu kin gio dc, o to: - P c h thng gio dc ph thng tt. - P c h thng o to nng cao trnh tt. - P c mi trng thun li cho vic nui dy con ci.
Ti liu kham kho: 1. Michael P. Torado. Kinh t hc cho th gii th ba. Gii thiu nhng nguyn tc, vn v chnh sch v pht trin. Bn dch sang ting Vit ca Nh xut bn Gio dc 1998. 2. Kotler P., Haider D.H., Rein I. Attracting Investment, Industry and Torurism to Cities, States and Nations. Marketing places. 1993. 3. Ling, W. and L. Fang, The Chinese Leadership Theory. Advances in Global Leadership, 2003. 3: p. 183-204.