7.

1
Statement for Q.1-3. An AM signal is represented by vc ( t) = (10 + 4 sin 1000 pt) cos (2 p 106 t) V 1. The modulation index is (A) 10 (C) 0.4 2. The total signal power is (A) 108 W (C) 100 W (B) 116 W (D) 132 W (B) 4 (D) 2.5

Amplitude Modulation
power to the amplifier, for the system to operate at 100% modulation, would be (A) 5 kW (C) 10 kW (B) 8.46 kW (D) 6.25 kW

8. A 2 MHz carrier is amplitude modulated by a 500 Hz modulating signal to a depth of 60%. If the unmodulated carrier power is 1 kW, the power of the modulated signal is (A) 1.83 kW (C) 1.18 kW (B) 1.36 kW (D) 1.26 kW

3. The total side band power is (A) 8 W (C) 0 W (B) 16 W (D) 32 W

9. An AM transmitter is coupled to an aerial. The input current is observed to be 5 A. With modulation the current value increases to 5.9 A. The depth of modulation is (A) 83.4 % (C) 78.2 % (B) 88.6 % (D) 74.3 %

4. A 1 kW carrier is to be modulated to a 80% level. The total transmitted power would be (A) 2 kW (C) 1.4 kW (B) 1.32 kW (D) None of the above

10. A carrier is amplitude modulate to 100 % by a polar rectangular signal as shown in fig. P7.1.10. The percentage increase in signal power is
m(t) 1 t -1

5. An AM broadcast station operates at its maximum allowed total output of 100 kW with 90% modulation. The power in the intelligence part is (A) 28.8 kW (C) 35.6 kW (B) 71.2 kW (D) None of the above

6. The aerial current of an AM transmitter is 16 A when unmodulated but increases to 18 A when modulated. The modulation index is (A) 0.73 (C) 0.89 (B) 0.63 (D) None of the above (A) 83.3 % (C) 50 %

Fig. P7.1.10

(B) 100 % (D) None of the above

11. A carrier is amplitude modulated by two sinusoidal signals of different frequencies with individual modulation depths of 0.3 and 0.4. The power in side band would be

7. A modulating signal is amplified by a 80% efficiency amplifier before being combined with a 10 kW carrier to generate an AM signal. The required DC input

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(A) 12 % (C) 11.1 %

(B) 9 %
m(t)

(D) 10 %

K1 T t

12. In 50 % modulated AM signal, the carrier is suppressed (A) 88.9 % (C) 72 % before transmission. The saving in
-K1

transmitted power would be (B) 11.1 % (D) 18 % (A) 51 % (C) 5.1 %

Fig. P7.1.17

(B) 11.8 % (D) None of the above

13. A 20 kW carrier is sinusoidally modulated by two carriers corresponding to a modulation index of 30 % and 40 % respectively. The total radiated power is (A) 25 kW (C) 30 kW (B) 22.5 kW (D) 35 kW

Statement for Q.18-21: The fig. P1.7.18-21 shows the positive portion of the envelope of the output of an AM modulator .The message signal is a waveform having zero DC value.
m(t) 45 30 15 t

14. In a broadcast transmitter, the RF output is represented as

xc (t) = 100[1 + 0.9 cos 5000 t + 0.3 sin 9000 t ] cos(6 106 t) V.

The sidebands frequencies are (A) 5.991, 5.995, 6.005, 6.009 MHz (B) 953.5, 954.1, 955.7, 956.4 kHz (C) 5, 9 kHz (D) 795.8, 432.4 Hz 15. A diode detector has a load of 1 kW shunted by a 10000 pF capacitor. The diode has a forward resistance of 1 W. The maximum permissible depth of modulation, so as to avoid diagonal clipping, with modulating signal frequency of 10 kHz will be (A) 0.847 (C) 0.734 (B) 0.628 (D) None of the above

Fig. P7.1.18-21

18. The modulation index is (A) 0.5 (C) 0.4 (B) 0.6 (D) 0.8

19. The modulation efficiency is (A) 8.3% (C) 7.69% 20. The carrier power is (B) 14.28% (D) None of the above

16. A non-linear device with a transfer characteristic given by i = (10 + 2 vi + 0.2 v ) mA is supplied with a
2 i

(A) 60 W (C) 30 W

(B) 450 W (D) 900 W

carrier of 1 V amplitude and a sinusoidal signal of 0.5 V amplitude in series. If at the output the frequency component of AM signal is considered, the depth of modulation is (A) 18 % (C) 20 % (B) 10 % (D) 33.33 % 21. The power in sidebands is (A) 85 W (C) 56 W Statement for Q.22-23: An AM modulator operates with the message signal m( t) = 9 cos 20 pt + 7 cos 60 pt. The unmodulated carrier is given by 100 cos 200 pt, and the system operates with an index of 0.5.
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(B) 42.5 W (D) 37.5 W

17. A message signal is periodic with period T, as shown in fig. P7.1.17. This message signals is applied to an AM modulator with modulation index b = 0.4. The modulation efficiency would be

Chap 7.1

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397

22. The power in normalized message signal mn ( t) would be (A) 0.693 (C) 0.254 (B) 0.542 (D) None of the above
m(t)

x(t) Square- Law Device

y(t) Filter

AM Signal

cos wct

Fig. P7.1.26-27

23. The double-sided spectrum of xc ( t) would be

Xc(f)
100

26. The value of M, required to produce modulation index of 0.8, is (A) 0.32
f

(A)

14.03
10.94 -260 -220 -200 -180 -140 140 180 200 220 260

(B) 0.26 (D) 0.16

(C) 0.52

27. Let W be the BW of message signal m( t). AM signal

Xc(f)
100

would be recovered if. (A) fc > W (C) fc > 3W

f
70 90 100 110 130

(B) fc > 2W (D) fc > 4W

(B)

14.03
10.94 -130 -110 -100 -90 -70

28. A super heterodyne receiver is designed to receive transmitted signals between 5 and 10 MHz. High-side tuning is to be used. The tuning range of the local oscillator for IF frequency 500 kHz would be (A) 4.5 MHz 9.5 MHz

Xc(f)
50

(C)

7.03
5.47

(B) 5.5 MHz 10.5 MHz

f
70 90 100 110 130

-130 -110 -100 -90

-70

(C) 4.5 MHz 10.5 MHz (D) None of the above 29. A super heterodyne receiver uses an IF frequency of 455 kHz. The receiver is tuned to a transmitter having a carrier frequency of 2400 kHz. High-side tuning is to be used. The image frequency will be (A) 2855 kHz (C) 1945 kHz (B) 3310 kHz (D) 1490 kHz

(D) None of the above 24. An AM modulator has output xc ( t) = 40 cos 400 pt + 4 cos 360 pt + 4 cos 440 pt The modulation efficiency is (A) 0.01 (C) 0.03 (B) 0.02 (D) 0.04

25. An AM modulator has output xc ( t) = A cos 400 pt + B cos 380 pt + B cos 420 pt The carrier power is 100 W and the efficiency is 40 %. The value of A and B are (A) 14.14 , 8.16 (C) 22.36 , 13.46 Statement for Q.26-27: Consider the system shown in fig. P7.1.26-27. The average value of m( t) is zero and maximum value of |m( t)| is M. The square-law device is defined by y( t) = 4 x( t) + 10 x 2 ( t) (B) 50 , 10 (D) None of the above

30. A super heterodyne receiver is to operate in the frequency range of 550 kHz 1650 kHz, with the intermediate frequency of 450 kHz. The receiver is tuned to 700 kHz. The capacitance ratio R = Cmax Cmin of the local oscillator would be (A) 4.41 (C) 3 (B) 2.1 (D) 9

31. Consider a system shown in fig. P7.1.31. Let X ( f ) and Y ( f ) denote the Fourier transform of x( t) and y( t) respectively. The positive frequencies where Y ( f ) has spectral peak are

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(C) 400 Hz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz

x(t) Balanced Modulator HPF 10 kHz Balanced Modulator y(t)

(D) 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz 34. 12 signals each band-limited to 5 kHz are to be transmitted over a single channel by frequency division multiplexing . If AM-SSB modulation guard band of 1 kHz is used, then the band width of the multiplexed signal will be (A) 131 kHz (B) 81 kHz (D) 71 kHz

~
10 kHz
X(f )

~
13 kHz

-3

-1

f (kHz)

(C) 121 kHz

Fig. P7.1.31b

(A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz 32. In fig. P7.1.32, m( t) = n( t) =

(B) 2 kHz and 24 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz 2 sin 2pt , s( t) = cos 200pt and t

35. Let x( t) be a signal band-limited to 1 kHz. Amplitude modulation is performed to produce signal g( t) = x( t) sin 2000pt. A proposed demodulation technique is illustrated in fig. P7.1.35. The ideal low pass filter has cutoff frequency 1 kHz and pass band gain 2. The y( t) would be
g(t) LPF y(t)

sin 199pt . The output y( t) is t

Multiplier Adder Multiplier

m(t)

LPF 1 Hz |H(jw)|=1 s(t)

y(t)
cos 200pt

s(t)

n(t)

Fig. P7.1.35

Fig. P7.1.32

(A) 2 y( t) (C) 36. y( t) 2 Suppose we wish to

(B) y( t) (D) 0

(A) (B) (C)

sin 2 pt 2t sin 2 pt sin pt + cos 3pt 2t t sin 2 pt sin 0.5 pt + cos 15 pt . 2t t

transmit

the

signal

x( t) = sin 200 pt + 2 sin 400 pt using a modulation that create the signal g( t) = x( t) sin 400pt. If the product g( t) sin 400pt is passed through an ideal LPF with cutoff frequency 400p and pass band gain of 2, the signal obtained at the output of the LPF is 1 (A) sin 200pt (B) sin 200 pt 2 (C) 2 sin 200 pt (D) 0

sin 2 pt sin pt (D) + cos 0.75 pt 2t t 33. In the circuit shown in fig P7.1.33 between the terminal 1 and 2 an a.c. voltage source of frequency 400 Hz is connected. Another a.c. voltage of 1.0 MHz is connected between 3 and 4. The output between 5 and 6 contains components at
1 5

37. In a AM signal the received signal power is 10 -10 W with a maximum modulating signal of 5 kHz. The noise spectral density at the receiver input is 10 -18 W Hz. If the noise power is restricted to the message signal bandwidth only, the signals-to-noise ratio at the input to the receiver is (A) 43 dB (C) 56 dB (B) 66 dB (D) 33 dB
************

Fig. P7.1.33

(A) 400 Hz, 1 MHz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz (B) 1 MHz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz
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Chap 7.1

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399

Solutions
1. (C) vc ( t) = 10[1 + 0.4 sin (1000 pt) cos (2 p 106 t)] V b = 0.4 b2 , Pc = (10) 2 = 100 , b = 0.4 2. (A) Pt = Pc 1 + 2 (0.4) Pt = 100 1 + 2
2

The modulating signal m( t) assumes any of the two values +1, or -1, with m( t) being a poler rectangular signal so b2 m 2 ( t) = 1 , Pt = Pc [1 + b2 m 2 ( t)] = 2 Pc % increase = 100% 11. (C) Let Pc be the carrier power. Total side band power = b2 x 2 ( t)Pc where bx( t) = 0.3 cos w1 t + 0.4 cos w2 t b2 x 2 ( t) = (0.3 cos w1 t + 0.4 cos w2 t) 2 = 1 ((0.3) 2 + (0.4) 2 ) = 0.125 2

= 108 W

3. (A) Pt = 108 , Pc = 100 , Psb = 108 - 100 = 8 W b2 (0.8) 2 = 1000 1 + 4. (B) Pt = Pc 1 + 2 2 b2 5. (A) Pt = Pc 1 + 2 (0.9) 2 100 10 3 = Pc 1 + 2 Pc = 712 kW . = 1.32 kW

2 Psb = 0.125 Pc . Pt = Pc + 0.125 Pc = 1125 Pc 0.125 Pc % side-band power = = 111% . 1125 Pc . 12. (A) b = 50 = 0.5 100
1

. Pi = ( Pt - Pc ) = (100 - 712) = 28.8 kW b2 6. (A) I t = I c 1 + 2 b2 2 18 = 16 1 + 2

1 1 2

b2 2 (0.5) 2 = Pc 1 + Pt = Pc 1 + 2 2 Pt = 1125 Pc .

Saving will be Pc if carrier is suppressed. Pc Saving = = 89.9 % 1125 Pc . b = 0.73 b2 b2 13. (B) Pt = Pc 1 + 1 + 2 , b1 = 0.3 , b2 = 0.4 2 2 0.09 0.16 Pt = 20 1 + + = 22.5 kW 2 2 14. (B) Side band frequencies are, ( 6 106 5000) rad and ( 6 106 9000) rad wsb = 5.995, 6.005, 5.991 and 6.009 MHz w . fsb = sb = 9535, 955.7, 954.1, 956.4 kHz 2p 15. (A) fm = 10 kHz , R = 1000 W , C = 10000 pF Hence 2 pfm RC = 2 p 10 4 10 3 10 -8 = 0.628 bmax = (1 + (0.628) 2 )
1 2

1 7. (D) Pt = 10 k 1 + , Pt = 15 kW, 2 Pi = 15 - 10 = 5 kW The DC input power = 5 = 6.25 kW 0.8

8. (C) Pc = 1 kW , b = 60 % = 0.6 b2 2 (0.6) 2 = 1 1 + Pt = Pc 1 + 2 2 b2 , 9. (B) I t = I c 1 + 2 b2 2 5.9 = 5 1 + 2

1 1 2 1

= 118 kW .

= 0.847

b = 0.886, depth = 88.6%

16. (C) vi ( t) = cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t

i = 10 + 2 (cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t) + 0.2(cos wc t + 0.5 cos wm t) 2

The AM signal 10. (B) b = 10 or 100% . = 2 cos wc t + 0.2 cos wc t cos wm t = (2 + 0.2 cos wm t) cos wc t
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400

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b=

0.2 1 = = 10% 2 10

+ 5.47( e j ( 260 pt ) + e - j ( 260 pt ) ) Hence (B) is correct option. 24. (B) xc ( t) can be written as xc ( t) = ( 40 + 8 cos 40 pt) cos 400 pt 8 modulation index b = = 0.2 40 1 Pc = ( 40) 2 = 800 W 2 The components at 180 Hz and 220 Hz are side band 1 1 Psb = ( 4) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 16 W 2 2 Psb 16 Eeff = = Pc + Psb 800 + 16 25. (A) Carrier power Pc = A2 = 100 W , A = 14.14 2 Psb = 0.4 100 + Psb

17. (C) The normalized message signal is 2 T m( t) = t, 0 < t T 2 m 2 ( t) = 2 T

T 2

1 2 t dt = 3 T (0.4) 2 = 1 3 1 3 = 5.1%

Eeff =

b2 m 2 ( t) 1 + b2 m 2 ( t)

1 + (0.4) 2

18. (A) Ac (1 + b) = 45, Ac (1 - b) = 15 1+b =3 1 -b b = 0.5

19. (C) Normalized message 2 T mn ( t) = t, 0 t T 2

2 mn ( t) =

Eeff =

Psb 40 = Pc + Psb 100

2 T

T 2

2 T 1 3

1 t dt = 3 = 7.69 %

Psb = 66.67 W 1 1 Psb = B 2 + B 2 = 66.67 2 2

B = 8.161

(0.5) 2 Eeff =

1 1 + (0.5) 2 3

26. (D) y( t) = 4( m( t) + cos wc t) + 10( m( t) + cos wc t) 2

= 4m(t) + 4 cos w c t + 10 m 2 (t) + 20 m(t) cos w c t + 5 + 5 cos 2w c t y(t) = 5 + 4m(t) + 10 m 2 (t) + 4(1 + 5 m(t)) cos w c t + 5 cos 2w c t

20. (B) Ac (1 + 0.5) = 45 carrier power is Pc =

Ac = 30 ,

The AM signal is, xc ( t) = 4[1 + 5 m( t)]cos wc t m( t) = Mmn ( t) xc ( t) = 4[1 + 5 Mmn ( t)]cos wc t 5 M = 0.8 , M = 0.16 27. (C) The filter characteristic is shown is fig. S7.1.17 fc - W > 2W
H(f ) m(t)

1 2 Ac = 450 W 2

21. (D) Eeff Psb =

Psb = = 0.0769 Pc + Psb

0.0769 0.0769 = 450 = 37.5 W 1 - 0.0769 Pc 0.9231

fc > 3W , fc + W < 2 fc

fc > W

22. (C) The maximum value of m( t) = 16 1 mn ( t) = (9 cos 20 pt + 7 cos 60 pt) 16 1 2 mn ( t) = 16 23. (B) 1 1 xc ( t) = 100 1 + (9 cos 20 pt + 7 cos 60 pt) cos 200 pt 16 2 = 10.94 cos (140 pt) + 14.06 cos (180 pt) + 100 cos (200 pt) + 14.06 cos (220 pt) + 10.94 cos (260 pt) = 5.47( e j (140 pt ) + e - j (140 pt ) ) + 7.03( e j (180 pt ) + e - j (180 pt ) ) + 50( e j ( 200 pt ) + e - j ( 200 pt ) ) + 7.03( e j ( 220 pt ) + e - j ( 220 pt ) )
2

Therefore fc > 3W .

9 7 2 + 2
2

= 0.254 W
W 2W

fc-W fc

fc+W

2fc

Fig. S7.1.27

28. (B) Since High-side tuning is used, fLO = fm + f IF f IF = 500 kHz, fLOL = 5 + 0.5 = 5.5 MHz, fLOU = 10 + 0.5 = 10.5 MHz 29. (B) fimage = fL + 2 f IF = 2400 + 2 455 = 3310 kHz

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Chap 7.1

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401

30. (A) fmax = 1650 + 450 = 2100 kHz fmin = 550 + 450 = 1000 kHz 1 f = 2p LC When frequency is minimum, capacitance will be maximum C f2 R = max = max = (2.1) 2 2 Cmin fmin R = 4.41

= x( t) sin(2000 pt) cos(2000 pt) = X1 ( jw) =

1 x( t) sin ( 4000 pt) 2

1 X ( j( w - 4000 p)) - X ( j( w + 4000 p)) 4j

This implies that X1 ( j w) is zero for|w| 2000 p because w < 2 pfm = 2 p1000. When x1 ( t) is passed through a LPF with cutoff frequency 2000p, the output will be zero. 36. (A) y( t) = g( t) sin ( 400pt) = x( t) sin 2 ( 400pt) = (sin (200 pt) + 2 sin ( 400 pt)) = (1 - cos ( 800 pt)) 2

31. (B) Since X ( f ) has spectral peak at 1 kHz so at the output of first modulator spectral peak will be at (10 k + 1k) Hz and (10 k - 1k) Hz. After passing the HPF frequency component of 11 kHz will remain. The output of 2nd modulator will be (13k 11k) Hz. So Y ( f ) has spectral peak at 2 k and 24 kHz. 32. (C) m( t) s( t) = y1 ( t) = 2 sin (2 pt) cos (200 pt) t sin (202 pt) - sin (198 pt) = t sin 202 pt - sin 198 pt sin 198 pt + y1 ( t) + n( t) = y2 ( t) = t t
y2 (t) s(t) = y(t) = [sin 202pt - sin 198 pt + sin 199 pt ] cos 200 pt t

1 [sin (200 pt) - sin (200 pt) cos ( 800 pt) 2

+ 2 sin ( 400 pt) - sin ( 400 pt) cos ( 800 pt)] 1 1 = sin (200 pt) - [sin (1000 pt) - sin ( 600 pt)] 2 4 1 + sin ( 400pt) - [sin(1200 pt) - sin ( 400 pt)] 4 If this signal is passed through LPF with frequency 400p and gain 2, the output will be sin (200pt). 37. (A) Message signal BW fm = 5 kHz Noise power density = 10 -18 W/Hz. Total noise power = 10 -18 5 k = 5 10 -15 W Input signal-to-noise ratio SNR i = 10 -10 = 2 10 4 5 10 -15

1 [sin ( 402 pt) + sin (2 pt) - {sin( 398 pt) - sin (2 pt)} 2t

+ sin( 399pt) - sin( pt)] After filtering sin (2 pt) + sin (2 pt) - sin ( pt) y( t) = 2t sin (2 pt) + 2 sin (0.5 t) cos (15 pt) . = 2t sin 2 pt sin 0.5 pt = + cos 15 pt . 2t t 33. (D) The given circuit is a ring modulator. The output is DSB-SC signal. So it will contain m( t) cos ( nwc t) where n = 1, 2, 3...... Therefore there will be only (1 MHz400 Hz) frequency component. 34. (D) The total signal bandwidth = 5 12 = 60 kHz There would be 11 guard band between 12 signal. So guard band width = 11 kHz Total band width = 60 + 11 = 71 kHz 35. (D) x1 ( t) = g( t) cos (2000 pt)

SNR i = 10 log10 2 10 4 = 43 dB
***************

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