MULTIPLE ACCESS

TECHNIQUES

10/13/20 VRK 1
 Topics covered according to
syllabus
• FDM/FM satellite systems.
• FDMA : SPADE DAMA satellite system
• TDMA CEPT primary multiplex frame
• CDMA : encoder & decoder
• Comparision between CDMA,TDMA &
FDMA

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 Multiplexing
• Transmission of different signals in a form
that do not interfere with each other is
termed multiplexing.
• For analog(fdm)
• For digital(tdm)

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 FDM

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

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 FDM/FDMA
• FDM->analog mod techniques. Frequency-
division multiplexing (FDM) is a form of signal
multiplexing which involves assigning non-
overlapping frequency ranges to different signals
or to each "user" of a medium.
• Where frequency-division multiplexing is used as
to allow multiple users to share a physical
communications channel, it is called
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA )

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 FDM/FM SYSTEMS
• Fixed frequency (dedicated channel)
systems.
• Multiple accessing (multiple destination)
systems.

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 VOICE BAND CHANNEL
• A channel that is suitable for transmission
of speech or analog data and has the
maximum usable freq range of 300 to
3400HZ.

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ASSIGNMENT OF VB CHANNELS
• Preassigned (dedicated).
• Demand assigned (switched).

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 Fdm/fm(impossible to differentiate
signals of same band)
• Fixed freq systems may be used in a
multiple access configuration by switching
the rf carriers at the satellite.
• Reconfiguring the baseband signals with
mux/demux on board satellite.
• Using multiple spot beam antennas.

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 SATELLLITE CHANNEL
• Comsats are often allocated 500MHZ of
b.w around satellite’s center freq.
• Most c band comsats have 12
transponders with 36MHZ each.
• 12 channels(transponders) can be
doubled if quadrature polarized antennae
are used.
• 12 Tx and Rx with vertical polarized and 12
with horizontal.
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 MULTIPLE ACCESSING
• More than one user has accesss to one or
more radio channels(transponders) within
a satcom channel.
• The method by which a sat transponder is
utilized or accessed depends on multiple
accessing method utilized.

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 MULTIPLE ACCESSING
ARRANGEMENTS
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA

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 FDMA
• RF b.w is divided into smaller freq
bands(subdivisions).
• Each s.d has it’s own IF carrier freq.
• SCPC(single channel per carrier):if each sd
carries only one 4KHz voice band channel it is
known as SCPC.
• MCPC(multiple channel per carrier):when
several voice band channels are FDM together
to form a composite baseband signal comprised
of groups,super groups or even master groups,
a wider sd is assigned.this is MCPC.

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• The number of sub-channels is limited by
three factors:
 Thermal noise (too weak a signal will be
effected by background noise).
 Intermodulation noise (too strong a signal
will cause noise).
 Crosstalk (cause by excessive frequency
reusing).

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• GROUP:12 vb channels.
• SUPER GROUP:5 groups.(60 vb
channels)
• BASIC MASTER GROUP:5 super
groups(300 vb channels).
• SUPER MASTER GROUP:3 basic master
groups(900 vb channels).

10/13/20 VRK 19
• FDMA can be performed in two ways:
 Fixed-assignment multiple access (FAMA):
The sub-channel assignments are of a
fixed allotment. Ideal for broadcast satellite
communication.
 Demand-assignment multiple access
(DAMA): The sub-channel allotment changes
based on demand. Ideal for point to point
communication.(centralised control and
distributed control)

10/13/20 VRK 20
 (FAMA)

• Fixed-assignment multiple access (FAMA)

– The assignment of capacity is distributed in a
fixed manner among multiple stations
– Demand may fluctuate
– Results in the significant underuse of capacity
FAMA – logical links between stations are
preassigned.
FAMA – multiple stations access the satellite by
using different frequency bands.
Uses considerable bandwidth.

10/13/20 VRK 21
 DAMA-FDMA
• Single channel per carrier (SCPC) –
bandwidth divided into individual VB
channels
– Attractive for remote areas with few user stations
near each site
– Suffers from inefficiency of fixed assignment
• DAMA – set of subchannels in a channel is
treated as a pool of available links
– For full-duplex between two earth stations, a pair
of subchannels is dynamically assigned on
demand
– Demand assignment performed in a distributed
fashion by earth station using CSC
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 SPADE DAMA sat system
• SPADE(single channel per carrier PCM
multiple access demand assignment
equipment).SPADE is an example for
DAMA.(uses distributed control)
• With SPADE, 800 PCM encoded voice
band channels separately QPSK modulate
an IF carrier signal.(hence the name single
carrier per channel).

10/13/20 VRK 25
 SPADE DAMA sat system
• Each 4KHz voice band channel is sampled at
8KHz rate and converted into 8 bit PCM code.
• So,64 kbps PCM code for each voice band
channel.
• We know with QPSK,min req b.w is equal to one
half the i/p bitrate.so,the o/p of each QPSK mod
req b.w of 32KHz.
• Each channel is allocated 45KHz with 13KHz as
guard band.

10/13/20 VRK 26
 SPADE DAMA sat system
• 36MHz is divided producing two 400 channel
bands(each 45KHz).
• 400 channels are used for Tx and another 400
for Rx. For full duplex comm.
• Channels 1,2 and 400 are left unused.so usable
full duplex voice band channels are 397.
• The center of the transponder band (70MHz)is
marked by pilot freq.

10/13/20 VRK 27
 SPADE DAMA sat system
• B.w of 6GHz C band is 700MHz(5.725GHz
to 6.425GHz).
• So,19 RF channels(each 36MHz) per
system.
• Each RF channel capacity is 397.

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 COMMON SIGNALLING
CHANNEL
• Each RF channel has CSC(160KHz).
• CSC code is used to establish or
disconnect voice band links when two
earth stations when demand
assignment channel allocation is used.

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 COMMON SIGNALLING CHANNEL

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 TDMA
Most efficient method of Tx digitally
modulated signals(PSK).

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 TDMA

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 TDMA

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10/13/20 VRK 37
 REFERENCE BURST
• CARRIER RECOVERY SEQUENCE: all
Rx stations recover a freq and phase
coherent carrier for PSK demodulation.
• BIT TIMING RECOVERY :clock recovery
• UNIQUE WORD :is used to establish a
precise time ref that each of earth station
uses to synchronise the Tx of burst.

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 TDM STANDARDS
• T1 SYSTEM(AMERICAN) 24 channels
• CEPT(EUROPEAN) 16 channels

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 CEPT
• CONFERENCE OF EUROPEAN
POSTAL AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ADMINISTRATIONS.

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TDMA,CEPT MULTIPLEX FRAME

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 TDMA Operation
• Transmission in the form of repetitive sequence of
frames
– Each frame is divided into a number of time slots.
– Each slot is dedicated to a particular transmitter.
• Earth stations take turns using uplink channel
– Sends data in assigned time slot.
• Satellite repeats incoming transmissions
– Broadcast to all stations.
• Stations must know which slot to use for
transmission and which to use for reception .

10/13/20 VRK 43
 Reasons for Increasing
Use of TDM Techniques
• Cost of digital components continues to
drop.
• Advantages of digital components
– Use of error correction.
• Increased efficiency of TDM
– Lack of intermodulation noise.

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 CDMA

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 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

• CDMA, also called spread spectrum communication,

differs from FDMA and TDMA because it allows
users to literally transmit on top of each other.
• This feature has allowed CDMA to gain attention in
commercial satellite communication.
• It was originally developed for use in military
satellite communication where its inherent anti-jam
and security features are highly desirable.
• CDMA was adopted in cellular mobile telephone as
an interference-tolerant communication technology
that increases capacity above analog systems.

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CDMA,ENCODER &DECODER

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS SUMMARY

• The bottom line in multiple access is that

there is no single system that provides a
universal answer.
• FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA will each continue
to have a place in building the applications of
the future.
• They can all be applied to digital
communications and satellite links.
• When a specific application is considered, it
is recommended to perform the comparison
to make the most intelligent selection.

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 COMPARISION

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