Gio vin hng dn: Nguyn Vn Trng

Sinh vin thc hin: Trn Th T Nhi Nguyn Hong Phng Phm Th T Ny Lng Nht Tn Dng Tun Quang

I.
1. 2.

Gii thiu
Khi nim So snh chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh

II.
1.

Cc dng chuyn mch gi

Chuyn mch Datagram Chuyn mch knh o

2. III. Gi

tin trong chuyn mch gi

1.

2. IV. nh

Cu trc tng qut ca gi tin Qu trnh ng gi trong m hnh OSI

tuyn

1.

Khi nim:
L k thut gi d liu t my ngun n my ch qua mng di dng gi (packet). Gi tin cha cc thng tin iu khin, thng tin a ch ngun v a ch ch. Mi gi tin c nh s th t.

1.

Khi nim:
Cc gi tin c gi qua mng c th n ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Pha thu s tp hp cc gi tin li theo th t D liu ban u.

1 2 3 4 4

1 2 3 4

2.

So snh c im ca chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi:

Chuyn mch gi Thng tin truyn theo cu trc gi Chuyn mch knh Khng c cu trc gi Bng thng c nh tr nh v c th thay i Khng ph hp vi t bin lu lng Khng c

Bng thng cho mt lin kt c th thay i tr ln v c th bin i p ng s t bin lu lng C iu khin lu lng v kim tra li

2.

So snh c im ca chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi:

Chuyn mch gi Khng cn thit phi thit lp kt ni Chuyn mch knh

Phi thit lp kt ni
Hai thu bao phi hot ng tc c nh ca knh thng tin C kh nng lng ph bng thng

Hai thu bao c th hot ng hai tc khc nhau Khng lng ph bng thng

C 2 dng chuyn mch gi:

Chuyn mch Datagram

Chuyn mch knh o VC (Virtual Circuit)

1.

Chuyn mch Datagram:

S dng trong mng khng lin kt (Connectionless). Mi gi tin c lu chuyn v x l c lp, khng cn tham chiu n gi tin gi trc. V d: Ethernet, IP, UDP

c im:
Giai on thit lp v gii phng lin kt c b

qua.
Ph hp d liu khng ln, thi gian tn ti ngn. Kh nng nh tuyn linh hot ra khi vng nghn. Nu node hng, t tm hng khc di chuyn,

phn pht gi tin.

2.

Chuyn mch knh o VC:

S dng trong mng hng lin kt

Trc khi trao i thng tin , hai thc th tham gia truyn thng m phn vi nhau v cc tham s truyn nh kch thc gi tin, ng truyn Mt knh o hnh thnh thng qua lin mng v tn ti cho n khi thc th ngng trao i vi nhau.

2.

Chuyn mch knh o VC: Ti mt thi im, c th c nhiu knh o i v n t nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc gi tin c m ti mi node v xp hng u ra trn ng truyn. Cc gi tin ca cc d liu khc nhau c th chia s s dng ng truyn. V d: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, MPLS, TCP

c im:
Cc gi tin i trn cng mt tuyn s n theo cng mt th t.

Gi tin lu chuyn nhanh v khng phi nh tuyn ti cc node.

Hu ch vi cc lu lng thi gian thc, thi gian tn ti di. Kh thch ng vi tc nghn. Nu node hng knh o b mt truyn hng.

1.

Cu trc tng qut ca gi tin: Gm 3 phn:

Tiu (Header) Ti tin (Payload) Phn ui (Trailer)

1.

Cu trc tng qut ca gi tin:

2.

Qu trnh ng gi trong m hnh OSI: M hnh OSI gm 7 tng Qu trnh phn mnh d liu c thc hin tng Vn chuyn. Qu trnh ng gi c thc hin tng Mng.

1.

nh ngha: nh tuyn (routing) l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (v.d. gi tin) t trm ngun n trm ch. Mt k thut nh tuyn phi thc hin 2 chc nng chnh sau:
Quyt nh chn ng Cp nht thng tin chn ng

2.

Phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn: Da vo cc yu t lin quan n hai chc nng trn:
S thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng K thut nh tuyn thch nghi & k thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi. S phn tn cc chc nng nh tuyn trn cc nt mng K thut nh tuyn tp trung & k thut nh tuyn phn tn. Cc tiu chun nh tuyn ( tr truyn, an ton,)

3.

K thut nh tuyn tp trung & k thut nh tuyn phn tn: K thut nh tuyn tp trung:
Trung tm iu khin mng thc hin vic chn ng Gi cc bng chn ng ti cc node trn con ng chn. Cc node ch gi thng tin trng thi theo nh k Trung tm cp nht bng chn ng da trn cc thng tin .

3.

K thut nh tuyn tp trung & k thut nh tuyn phn tn: K thut nh tuyn phn tn:
Khng tn ti cc trung tm iu khin. Quyt nh chn ng c thc hin ti mi node. i hi trao i thng tin gia cc node.

4.

K thut nh tuyn thch nghi & k thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi: K thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi (K thut nh tuyn tnh):
Vic nh tuyn ch phi thc hin mt ln khi xy dng mng. Thng tin nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng nh tuyn. Ph hp vi cc mng tng i n nh.

4.

K thut nh tuyn thch nghi & k thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi: K thut nh tuyn thch nghi (K thut nh tuyn ng):
p ng nhanh chng vi cc thay i trn mng. Vic tnh ton ng truyn ti u c thc hin nhiu ln trong khi mng hot ng. Mc thch nghi c c trng bi s trao i thng tin chn ng trong mng.

4.

K thut nh tuyn thch nghi & k thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi: K thut nh tuyn thch nghi (K thut nh tuyn ng):
n gin nht l khng trao i g ht Cc node hot ng c lp vi thng tin ring ca mnh nh tuyn thch nghi cch ly. mc cao hn, thng tin trng thi ng truyn c cung cp bi cc node khc.

5.

Gii thut Dijsktra cho k thut nh tuyn tp trung: Tm ng c di cc tiu t mt nt cho trc (ngun) ti mi nt cn li ca mng (ch). Gii thut s tng bc kin thit mt cy ng ngn nht, c gc ti nt ngun, cho ti khi nt xa nht trong mng c a vo.

5.

Gii thut Dijsktra cho k thut nh tuyn tp trung: Gi:

l(i,j): di ca ng ni trc tip hai nt i v j l(i,j) = nu ng ni khng tn ti Nk l tp hp to thnh bi k+1 phn t ngun v k nt gn ngun nht sau k bc thc hin gii thut Dk (n) l di t ngun ti nt n theo con ng ngn nht bao hm trong Nk.

Thut ton thc hin nh sau: Bc 0: N0 = {1} D0(v) = l(1,v) v khng thuc N0 Bc k: Nk = Nk-1 U {v} Vi w tha mn: Dk-1(v) = min Dk-1(v) Dk(v) = min [Dk-1(v), Dk-1(w) + l(w,v)] v khng thuc Nk Thut ton dng li khi tt c cc nt nm trong N

6.

Gii thut Ford & Fulkerson cho k thut nh tuyn phn tn: Cho php tm tt c cc con ng ngn nht t tt c cc nt ti mt ch chung. Mi node c nh du bi cc cp (nk(v),Dk(v)), trong :
Dk(v) l di cc tiu (hin ti) t nt v ti ch; nk(v) l nt tip theo hin ti trn con ng ti u t nt v ti ch.

Thut ton thc hin nh sau: Bc 0 (khi ng): D0(1) = 0 v tt c cc nt c nh du (., ) Bc k (tnh v cp nht) Vi mi v 1 (ch): Dk(v) = min [Dk-1(w) + l(v,w)], w Nv nk(v) c cp nht nh sau: nk(v) = w1 , vi w1 tha mn: Dk-1(w1) + l(v, w1) = min [Dk-1(w) + l(v,w)] Qu trnh dng li khi cp gi tr nh du ca mi nt gi nguyn khng thay i na.

PC1s ARP Cache for R1 IP Address 192.168.1.1 MAC Address 00-10 192.168.1.0/24 .1 192.168.2.0/24 .1 .2 192.168.3.0/24 .1

00-10
R1 192.168.1.10 0A-10 Khung tng 2 Dest. MAC 00-10

00-20

0B-31
R2

0C-22
192.168.3.10 0B-20 Data Trailer

Gi tin tng 3
Source MAC Dest. IP Source IP IP 0A-10 192.168.3.10 192.168.1.10 fields

Bng nh tuyn ti R1 R1s ARP Cache IP Address 192.168.2.2 MAC Address 0B-31 192.168.1.0/24 .1 Network Hop Next-hop-IP Dir. Connect 192.168.1.0/24 0

192.168.2.0/24 0 192.168.3.0/24 1 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24

.1 .2 .1

Dir. Connect 192.168.2.2

00-10
R1 192.168.1.10 0A-10 Khung tng 2 Dest. MAC 0B-31 00-10

00-20

0B-31
R2

0C-22
192.168.3.10 0B-20 Data Trailer

Gi tin tng 3
Source MAC Dest. IP Source IP IP 00-20 0A-10 192.168.3.10 192.168.1.10 fields

Bng nh tuyn ti R2 R2s ARP Cache IP Address 192.168.3.10 MAC Address 0B-20 192.168.1.0/24 .1 Network Hop Next-hop-IP 192.168.2.1 192.168.1.0/24 1

192.168.2.0/24 0 192.168.3.0/24 0 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24

.1 .2 .1

Dir. Connect Dir. Connect

00-10
R1 192.168.1.10 0A-10 Khung tng 2 Dest. MAC 0B-20 0B-31

00-20

0B-31
R2

0C-22
192.168.3.10 0B-20 Data Trailer

Gi tin tng 3
Source MAC Dest. IP Source IP IP 0C-22 00-20 192.168.3.10 192.168.1.10 fields

192.168.1.0/24 .1

192.168.2.0/24 .1 .2

192.168.3.0/24 .1

00-10
R1 192.168.1.10 0A-10

00-20

0B-31
R2

0C-22
192.168.3.10 0B-20