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11

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15

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19

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20

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d]eyY{Ya]YZ]Zev]{{y]{YMY]{|{YwY
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Snap trapfZe
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21

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ZZm{{e{MfY~ZZ]dY|ezZ\qZucZvYZeY
 {{ZmfhZ]Y{ZfY|]Y{Z
r  Z^  { YY{  [ Z Z {  {Y{ {]Zf] Z v  Z ZfyZ yY{ Y] e  Y
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 {Ze | |Ya Y m ] , Z  ] |  cY{m Z r  ZY f{

22

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fZ^
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,Z

23

{Z{ZnY\m,{YY{XZ{Y{Z]Z] mZ{Y{Z],Zf{
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r|Z^|{{Z |Z]|Z]|{{Z |Z]^Z]YY{{]Y|Za|Z]|{{Z

24

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Z ] m,e e] e |Z  M sY,|YYe|Z]   s ] |{ {Y Y Z
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(Perimeter baiting){Y{ZYaY~
dYYfZ|qZf|M
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25

|ef{{]|mZZ^{
(acute or single dose)zY|Z]Z{Zu
,{ |  ] Y ~e  Z]   |m e   Y z Y|  dZu Y {
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(acute or single dose)zY|Z]Z{Zu
Y]   {]Z { Y ZM Ye  m p ]  {]   Zy Z] \Y  | Z  |m
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dY Y (Rattus) ] Z  Y] z] Z cZ^e { { \Zm cZ Y  |^ , , |Z]
26

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27

ZZ|mZf{{ZfY{ 
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Ratol, ZneZ  ,P2Zn3 |M\e |ZZ
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(Brodifacoum)Z{]
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v dY |{  (Shadbolt) d]{Z  (Hadler){Z ]  Z {  Y rzZe Klerat
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d \q ]f{^ Y| mZZ,Y,YZyZ^YZZ
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(Bromadialone)Z{Z]
Zne Z   ,C30H23Br4     |Z]  ||m   Lm , dY fM 
Z]Z^dm{Y {yY{yhZ]{fY^eaeiPev Lanirat
d K1 Zf {Za |  {   {ZM    Y| Z^Y  Y
 |Z]~~Z|mY]Y |]] YvY]LD50

28

(Coumatetralyl)YfeZ
Zne Z   ,C19H16O3     |Z]  |   Y , dY fM 
Z|Zf{aZ {{y{ZYZ^eafehZ]iPev Racumin
f\q]f{ ^ Y| mZ,Z,Y ,ZyZ^YZ {Y {]
{Za |]   ]    Yv  Y] LD50 d dY |  M   dY {
{ehZ]Y K1Zf
(Chlorophacinone+sulfaquinoxaline)Z ZWZ
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(Coumachlor)Z
Zne Z   ,C19H15ClO4     |Z]  |   Y ,dY fM 
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LD50d \q]f{^Y| mZ,Z,Y,ZyZ^YZ{Y
  e hZ]  Y   K1 Zf {Za |]   ]    Yv  Y]
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{ZnY Y ]  {   e hZ]  Y   K1 Zf{Za |]   ] 
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29

(Sodium cyanide)||Z
iPe v CymagZneZ ,NaCN  ZdZy|e
{Y | {a Z  Ze  u {   ZfZ] ] ] Y Y ZfY Z
u Y] ,Zf]Ze YY Ze Zf yYY Y   {  Ze Y| c dY {  
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(Aluminum phosphide)|ZM
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dY {     {Y    ] Z   ]e fZy ZfZ  {
] f]  |  {| Zy Z]  y| b  {  {Y{ Y Z  Z{ {   Y   Y| c
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(Bromethalin)Zf]
N-methyl-2,4-dinitro-N- c]  Y (Neurotoxins)e ,[ZY | l  
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Zne Z |Z]  Z M  { {YZy Y |Zm Zf c ]  d | u [M { |Z]
|e|Y{Y{ZY{ZY|]Z|mfY]Z{rzZe (Katelfar)ZeZ
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,{  \  f { |f { eY|Y  Y m hZ] ] {^ Z dY
Z  Y nf{ {{  m ZbeM | M dZ Y  fZ Z ATP Z \m nf{
 {Y {{   ZfZ  le \m nf{  {   Z YY \m  |]Z  ne Zz

30

f,Z,aZY{ZyYvZYY{] ]Ydm Zf]  


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{] ] Y dm f   ]  { f]   {Y|e ]Zy  {  f  { Y~  dm
Z|Wfe|ZY{{Za {{Y~Z
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Y{y
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31

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