hnkvabnnp kqX

hnip JpB hopw hopw N sNsSpIbmWv. F{X ]dmepw F{X FgpXnbmepw XocmXmWv AXns khntijXI. NnnnpIbpw hnkvabnnpIbpw sNp AXns hnhn[
taJeI a\pjy At\zjnp sImtbncnpp. JpB Hpw ]dbmXncpnn. At\zjnp
\mw IsWsap am{Xw. At\zjnptmdpw
IqSpX Adnhpw A\p`hhpw AXv \Ipsa
Imcyw Xo.
\nccamb ]pXnb At\zjWfpsS ^eamWv JpBs\ Ipdnp Cu ]pkvXIw.
malayalam/samagrathayude bhashyam
publishers/bahjath publishing bureau (BPB)
rahmaniya kadameri, vatakara, calicut-673 542
typesetting/rahmaniya computer centre
cover/anshas ad age
layout/nanma graphics, clt
printing/dshine design
first published/august 07
rs. 60/r i g h t s r e s e r v e d
islamic propagation cell
rahmaniya kadameri

{]km[I
_lvPv ]njnwKv _yqtdm
dlvam\n, IStacn

AIv
t{ImUoIcWw
Aam\pjnIX
km ImenIX
At\zjW]T\ t_m[w
sshcpytfm?
Bh\w
Zp_esSp
X^vko

teJI
thq kzemlpo
lm^nfv kpssl Imhq
kndmPpo thq
lm^nfv Pamepo s]mgpX\
lm^nfv CkvlmJv ]p]n
Apdlvam sImpdw
Da ]pq

t{ImUo-I-cWw

hnip Jp-Bs kwc--W-ta--Sp {kjvSmhv hnip JpBs\ kqn-m\pw kwc-n-m-\p-ambn sXc-s-Sp-Xv {Kmlyti-jnbpw lrZn--am-m- Ign-hp-ap kzlm-_-m-fpsS lrZ-b Xs-bm-bn-cp-p. Ah-X-cn-p Hmtcm -h-N-\-fpw IrXy-ambn
a\n tImdn-bnv hnip Jp-Bs\ kwc-n-p--Xn kzlm_m \nXm Pm{KX ]pen-bn-cp-p.
Ah-X-c-W -L--nse Cu kwc-W coXnsb Ipdnv C_v\p Pkvcn(-d) ]d-bpp: ""]q- th-Z- (CPo, Xudmv apXemb-h) `uXnI kml-N-cy--fm AXns bYm- aq-e-I-n \npw ]cn-h-\- hn-t[-b-am--s-p. Fm `uXn-I -]-cn-h\-Xo-X-ambn a\-m--c--fn am{Xw kwc-n--s hnip JpB A\yq-\y-ambn Xs \ne-sIm-p-p'' (Aivdp ^o Jndm-Bn AivcnC-_v\p Pkvcn:1/6). ""sh-n\v ambvm-\m-hm
Hcp {Kw Xmv Ah-X-cn-n-p--h-\mWv Rm'' (apkvenw) F
JpZvknmb lZokpw \ap-n-Xn-t\mSv tNp hmbn-mw.
Jp- Bs C- c - n- e p kwc- - Wspdnv \_n(- k)v
thh-em-Xn-bp-m-bn--cp-p-shv Jp-B Xs kmy-s-Sp-p-p.
Po_vco(A) HmXn- s m- S p- p hN- \ - lrZn- - a m- m- \ mbn
Xncp\-_n(-k) Bhnv HmXn-bn-cp-p. Cu ]m--e-n {]hmNI- lr-Z-b-n Jp-B-\n-I -h-N-\- cqV-aq-e-am-m-\p Dc7

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

hm-ZnXzw Amlp Xs kzbw Gs-Spv \_n(k)sb Pn_vco

(A) aptJ\ Xcy- s - S p- n(Jn- b ma:1619). AtXmsS Pn_vco(A)
HmXp- t m Xs Jp- B lrZn- - a m- m- \ p tijn Xncp- \ _n
(k)v BPn-X-am-bn. AXn-kq--am-ep-hmb \_n(-k) Hmtcm dakm
amk-nepw h^m-n-t\m-S-Spv cv {]mh-iyhpw Pn_vcoen (-A)\v
Jp-B HmXn-tnpIbpw sNbvXn-cp-p. kzlo-lp _pJmcn
CXv kmy-s-Sp-p-p-v (-^-Xvlp _mcn:9-- 36).
\_n lrZ- b - n kwc- n- - s Jp- B \nI hN- \ - ns
kmcmw-ihpw Bi-b-X-ehpw am{X-a AXns hmNnI hihpw A\pNcv Xncp-\-_n(-k) ]T-nnp sImSp-n--cp-p. kzlm-_pw JpB lrZn-n-am-p-Xv a-c-X-Xv]-c-X-tbmsS Xs In-c-pp-shmWv Ncn-{X-`m-jyw. F{X-tm-f-sa-m Nne kzlm_n h\n-XI
`m- amsc kzoI- c nncpXv hnhm- l - a q- e yambn Jp- B Aym]\w Bhiysp -sIm-m-bn-cp-p. kzlm-_n-I-fpsS Cn-j-bn-ep \nXm Pm{KX Dkm-aXv _v\p kzman-Xv(-d) hnh-cn-p-p:
""a-bn \nv aZo-\-bntev Bsc-nepw ]em-b\w sNbvXp- hm
Jp-B ]Tn-n-m Akzm-cn-I-fmb R-fn Hcmsf \_n(k)
Gn-pw. henb _l-f-ap-m-Im-Xn-cn-m \_n(-k) i_vZw Ipdm Bh-iy-s-Sp-nStmfw {]hm-NI ]n Jp-B ]mcm-bWw
aqew i_vZ- ap-Jcn-X-am-Im-dp-m-bn-cp-p.'' (a\m-ln-ep C^m 1/241)
AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn Ncn{Xw Ad_v P\-Xsb hne-bn-cp-p-Xpw ]cnN-b-s-Sp-p--Xpw lrZn--am-p hnj-b-n Ah A{K-KWycm-bn-cp-p-sh-m-Wv.
{]kn--amb lZo-kp-I-fn \npw apw hy-am-Ip-Xv lm^nfp-I-fn {]kn--cm-b-h Xmsg ]d-bp--h-cmWv. A_q-_-Iv(-d), Da
(-d), Dkvam(-d), Aen(-d), Xzl(-d), kAvZv(-d), A_vZp-m-ln_v\p
akv- D uZv(- d ), lpssZ- ^ - p _v\p bam(- d ), kmenw auem A_o
lpssZ^(-d), A_q lpssdd(-d), A_vZp-mln_v\p Da(-d), A_vZpmln_v\p Amkv(-d), Awdv _v\p Bkzv(-d), A_vZp-mln_v\p
Awdv(-d), apB-hnb(-d), A_vZp-mln_v\p kpss_(-d), A_vZp-mln
_v\p kmC_v(-d), BCi(-d), l^vk(-d), Dp kea(-d), Dp hdJ(d), D_p _v\p IAv_v(-d), apBZv _v\p P_(-d), A_q leoa ap- B Zv(- d ), sskZp_v\p km_nXv(- d ), apPnAv _v\p Pmcn(- d ),
akveap _v\p apJ-nZv(-d), A\kv _v\p amenIv(-d), DJv_-Xp _v\p
Ban(-d), Xao-ap-m-cnan(-d), A_q aqk Aiv-Acn(-d), A_q-sskZv
(-d) (A C-XvJm, Aivdp ^o JndmB-n Aivcn:1:6).
8

kzlm- _ m- - f n \nc- h [n almam Jp- B a\x- ] m- T - a m- nbp-ps-nepw "lm^n-fp Jp-B' F t]cn ]cn-N-b-s-Spsh-cmWv Cu t]cns bYm Ah-Im-in-I. ImcWw \_n(k)
Fgp-]-tXmfw lm^n-fp-Isf Jp-B Aym-]-\-n-\mbn t{Km{Xfntev \ntbm-Kn-p-shpw _nAvdp aDu\ bp-n Fgp-]-tXmfw
Jmcn-D-I c-km-n-I-fm-sbpw {]_-e-ab \nth-Z-\--fn ncsnpv. A{X Xs Bfp-I bam-a- bp--nepw (\-_n(-k)bpsS
h^mn\v tijw) ilo- Z m- b n- c p- p. (- D w- Z - p Jmcn- A v:20/16,17).
As `qan- i m- k v{X- - { ]m- t Z- i nI ]cn- X - nXn ]cn- K - W n- ptm Jp-B kwc--W-ns Da amXr-I-bmWv a\x-]m-T-coXn-bn-eqsS Ah Bhn-jvI-cn--Xv. Am-ev Fgppw hmb-\bpw
Adn-bp kmccpsS Ipdhpw {K -{]-kn-o-I-cWime-I-fpsS A`mhhpw Ncn{Xw kmy-s-Sp-p--Xm-W-tm. ]t Ah-cpsS a\x]mTam-m-\p tijn-bn-eqsS ]cn-ip-- Jp-Bs\ ktm-]cn kwcn- m Ahmbn F- X mWv hmkvX- h w. Ah- c psS {Kmly- t ijnbpw lrZn- - a m- m- \ p tijnbpw a\n- e m- m- sNdn- s bm- c pZm-l-cWw _pJm-cn-bnse lZo-kn ImWmw. ""lkvdv Awdv _v\p
ke-a(-d) {]hm-NI Imev Pohn-n-cp Hcp kzlm-_n-bm-bn-cp-p.
Atl-ns `h\w bm{Xm-kw-L- hn{i-an-p Hcp \ocp-dhv
kao-]-m-bn-cp-p. Ggv hbv am{Xw {]mb-ap Imew. Atm-gmsWn Atlw Ckveman-tev ISp hn-p-an-. Fnepw hv t]mIp bm{X- m- c n \nv tIm\nS- b mb JpB\nse \nc- h [n
kq--fpw Aym-b-fpw Atlw lrZn--am-n-bn-cp-p. As\ apkvenam-Ip--Xn\v apv Xs Jp-Bs hen-sbmcp `mKw lrZnam-nb alm-\m-bn-cpp Awdp_v\p ke-a(-d).'' (_p-Jm-cn)

\_n- ( k)bpsS Imes enJnX kwc- Ww

Jp- B - \ nI kwc- - W - ns ASn- - d bpw BWn- pw a\x]m-T-co-Xn-bm-bncp-pshnepw enJnX cq]-n\pw \_n(-k) {][m\yw
\In-bn-cp-p. \_n(-k)-bpsS shfn]mSp Fgp-p-Im-c sskZp_v\p
km_n-Xv-(d) s kmyw; ""Rm \_n(-k)v thn Znhy-t_m[\w
Fgp-Xm-dp-m-bn-cp-p. \_n(-k)v hlvbnd-p-tm i-amb NqSn hnbv IW- Ahn-Sps s\n--S- n \nv app-I
t]mse DXnv hogp-am-bn-cp-p. hlvbv \ne-m Rms\mcp ]e-I
IjvWtam atm FSpv Xncpkhn-[-n sNv Ahn-Spv ]d-bpXv Fgp-Xp-am-bn-cp-p. FgpXn Ign-bp-tm-tgv Jp-Bs\ Cs\
Fgp-Xp--Xns Aan-X-`mcw \nanw Fs Imsem-Sn-bp--Xmbn F\n9

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

v tXmpw. Nne ka-b

- f
- n \S-m hsc Ign-bmsX hcpw. Rm
FgpXn Ign-m \_n(-k) FtmSv hmbn-m BhiysSpw. Rm hmbnv tIn-m AXn t]mcm-bvatbm atm hm \-_n
(k) icn-bmn P\--fn-tev Cdnspw'' (aPva-D hm-CZv:1152).
sskZp _v\p km_nXv(d) am{X-am-bn-cp-n Jp-B-s\-gp-pIm. Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw CXn-\mbn \nc-h[n kzlm-_m-sf \_n(-k)
\ntbm-Kn-n-cp-p. \m]-tXmfw hcp-sav Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-v (D-eq-ap
JpB--kp_vlp kzmen-lv). Fnepw Ah-cn {]kn--cmb kzlm_n hcysc NphsS tNp-p:
A_q-_-Iv(-d), Da(-d), Dkvam(-d), Aen(-d), D_v _v\p IAv_v(-d), A_vZp-mln_v\p A_o- k-dlv(-d), kpss_ _v\p Amw
(d), JmenZv _v\p kCu-Zp -_v\p Bkzv(-d), A_m\p _v\p kCuZv
_v\p Bkzv(- d ), lf- e v _v\p d_o- A v(- d ), il- - _ oep _v\p
lpkv\(-d), A_vZpmln _v\p dhml(d), Bandp _v\p ^pssld(d),
Awdp _v\p Bkzv(d), km_nXv _v\p ssJkv(-d), apKo-dv _v\p
ipAv_(-d), JmenZv _v\p heoZv(-d), apB-hnbp _v\p A_o kp^vbm(-d), sskZv _v\p km_nXv(-d). (km-Zp aBZvC_v\p Jnw:1/30)
Dkvam(-d) ]d-bpp: ""h Jp-B-\nI hN-\-fpw Ah-Xoam-bm \nnX Aym-b-n \nnX kq-v tijw Ah
Fgp-Xn- sh-m hlvsbg-ppIm-c-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-SpI \_n(-k)
bpsS ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp.'' (-^-Xvlp _mcn-:9/18).
Fm Am-ev Cv ImWp t]mse IS-em-kp-I kpe`- a m- b n- c p- n- . AXn- \ m hnip Jp- B A[n- I hpw Cu- \
a, Fv, tXmev, ine-I XpS-n-b-h-bn-em-bn-cpp Fgp-Xn -sh-ncpXv. Nne- t m- s gs IS- e m- k nepw Fgp- X - s - n- c p- p (^Xvlp
_mcn:9/11, DwZp Jmcn- A v:20/17).
Hcp {K- cq-]-n-e-s-nepw ine-I-fnepw tXmep-I-fnepsamw
Jp-B hN-\- FgpXn kqn-p ]Xnhv \_n(-k)sbtmse
Xs kzlm-_n-I-fn- Nnepw Dm-bn-cp-p. ""ktlm-Zcn ^mXzna
_nXv JXzm-_pw(-d) `mhv kCuZp_v\p sskZv(-d)hpw apkvenamb hnhcw Adnv Xncp-\-_n-(k)bpsS Xe-sb-Sp-m t]mb Da(d)
Xe - X n- c nv Ckveman- t ev ISv hXv Xzmlm kqdv tIv
sImm-bn-cp-p. {]kvXpX kqd-ns HtcSv ktlm-Zcn ^mXzn-a(d)bp-sSbpw `mhv kCu-Zn(d)sbpw ASp--ep-m-bn-cp-p.'' (-kp\\p ZmcnJp-Xzp-\n:1/123). hnhn[ \nth-Z-\--fn \npw Cmcyw ncoI-cn--s--Xpam-Wv. ""C_v\p Da(-d)-hn \nv: Jp-B\pambn i-

{Xp-fpsS `qan-bn-tev bm{X-t]m-I \_n(-k) \ntcm-[n-p.'' (_pJmcn) ""Xz_vdm-\n-bn \nv \nth-Z\w: apkzvl^v t\mm-sX-bp ]mcmb- W - n\v Bbncw {]Xn- ^ - e - s a- n AXn t\mn- t bm- X p- Xn\v
cm-bncw {]Xn-^-e-am-Wv.'' (a-PvaD hm-C-Zv:7/165). kzmlm-_nIfpsS
Imev enJnX cq]-n JpB\n-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n BZy- l-Zoknse \ntcm- [ - \ - nt\m cmw lZo- k nse KpW- ] m- T - \nt- i nt\m A-ansv ]d-tb-n -h-cpw.

10

11

A_q- _ - I v(d)- s Imev

\_n(- k )- b psS Imev Jp- B s enJnX cq]- ]eXpw
]ebn- S - n- f n(tXm- e v, Fv, ine) ]e- c p- s S- b pa- S p- m- b n- c p- s - t m.
am{X- a Nne kzlm- _ n- I fpsS In Hcp kqdv am{Xsabppsh-n ap-p-cpsS ssI-n Atm ]tm kqd-p-I-fp-m-bncnpw. Nne-cpsS ASpv A] kq-tf Dm-Iq. ap- Nn-e
hymJym\ kln-X-am-bn-cnpw Jp-B-\nI hN-\- Fgp-Xn-sh-ncnp- I .
A_q- _ - I v(d)- s Jnem- ^ v Ime- mWv Jp- B - \ nI hN- \ GIo-I-cn-m\pw t{ImUo-I-cn-m-\p-ap Btem-N-\-I Dcphw
sIm- X v. A_q- _ - I v(- d ) Jp- B t{ImUo- I - c - W - n\v kzoI- c n
amK-fpw am\-Z--fpw sskZp_v\p km_n-Xv(-d) hni-Zo-I-cn-pp-v. ""bama bpm-\-cw A_q-_-Iv(-d)-s kao]w lmP-dm-Im
Hcp Iv aptJ\ Fs Xcy- s - S p- n. Rm A_q- _ - I v(- d )- s
khn[-n-s-enbtm Da(-d)Dw AhnsS Dm-bn-cp-p. A_q_Iv(d) FtmSv ]dp: ""Da (- d ) FtmSv ]dncpp: bama
bpn \nc- h [n lm^n- f p- I jlo- Z m- b n. CXv t]mse hnhn[
`mK--fn hnhn[ bp--fn-embn lm^n-fp-I sIm-s-Sp-I-bmsWn Jp-Bs hen-sbmcp `mKw Xs \jvS-s-p t]m-tb-pw. AXpsImv Fs A`n-{]mbw \n Jp-B t{ImUo-I-c-W-n\v
apnn- d - - W - s a- mWv.'' Rm Da(- d )- h n- t \mSv {]Xn- h - N np: ""\_n(k) \S-n-em-m Hcp Imcyw \mw Fs\ \S-n-empw?'' Da(d)hns adp-]Sn: ""Amlp kXyw, CXv D-a--fn AXypa-amWv.''
CXn\v tijw \nc--c-ambn Da(-d) FtmSv Cu hnjbw Bh-iyspsIm-n-cp-p. ]noSv F\npw CXv t_my-s-p. Rm\pw Da(d)t\mSv Cu hnj-b-n tbmPn-p-p. CXv ]d--Xn\v tijw A_q_-Iv(-d) FtmSv ]dp: ""\n lrZntijn-bp bphm-hmWv.
Rv \nsf Ipdnv bmsXmcp tami-m-`n-{]m-b-hp-an-. am{Xa-
\_n(-k)bpsS hlvbv Fgp-p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-tm \n? \n-

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

Xs Jp-Bs apgp-h hN-\-fpw At\zjnv t{ImUo-I-cnpI.''

sskZv(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Amlp kXyw, Hcp ]Xw Npa-m\mW-v FtmSv Bh-iy-s-n-cp--sX-n AXv JpB t{ImUo-I-cWs-mfpw F\nv Ffp--am-bn-cp-p. A_q-_Iv(-d) Da(-d)-t\mSv
tNmZn t]mse Rm\pw At-l-tmSv tNmZnp: \_n(-k) \S-nemmsmcp Imcyw Fs\ \mw \S- n- e mpw? Atlw ]dp:
""Amlp kXyw, CXv D-a--fn AXy-p-a-am-Wv. ]noSv \nch[n
XhW Cu Bhiyw A_q-_Iv(-d) aptmv shp-I-bp-m-bn. Ahkm\w Amlp F\npw DZvt_m-[\w \-In. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mbw
icn Xs. XpSv Rm Jp- B hN- \ - At\z- j n- m\pw
t{ImUo- I - c n- m\pw {ia- a m- c w- ` n- p. ine- I - f n \npw ^e- I - - f n
\npw a\p-jy- lr-Z-b--fn \np-am-bn-cpp Jp-B t{ImUo-IcWw'' (- _ p- J m- c n, ^Xvlp _mcn:9/8- 11).
ChnsS BXy- n- I - a mbn a\- n- e m- t Xv Jp- B ]qambpw lrZn--ap sskZv(-d)\v Xs Jp-B ]q-ambpw kzbw
t{ImUo-I-cn-m km[n-p-am-bn-cpp FmWv. AXn\v ]pdsa Av
Pohn- n- c p Bbn- c - - W - n\v lm^n- f p- I v Hp- I qSn Jp- B
Fgp-Xn- X-m-dm-m-am-bn-cp-p. \_n(-k)-bpsS Imev Xs FgpXs enJn-X -cq-]--fn \npw ]In- F-gp-Xnbpw Amcyw km[yam-mam-bn-cp-p. ]t, kqv-a-X-bpsS aq cq]-amWv sskZv(d)
kzoI-cn--Xv. Ch-bn GsX-nepw Hcp coXn-bn-eqsS am{Xw {]kvXpX
kwcw-`n\v Hcp-m Atlw Xm-dm-bn-cp-n-. adnv Fm coXnbnepw Jp-Bs samw hN-\- tXSn-n-Sn-p-I-bmWv Atlw
sNbvX-Xv. AXn-\mbn P\-n-S-bn Bcp-sS-sb-nepw ASpv
JpB-s enJnX cq]-ap-s-n AXv sskZns ssIhiw sImphc-s F Hcp hnfw-_-chpw ]pd-s-So--s-p. (-^-Xvlp _mcn:911)
C\n Bsc-nepw Jp-B hN-\--fp-ambn kao-]n-m Xs \mev
cq]-f
- n-eqsS am{X-am-bn-cpp AXv kzoI-cnsn-cp-X
- v. Ah Xmsg:
1 -C-Zw-{]-Y-a-ambn Xs Hm-bp-ambn AXns\ Xpe\-s-Sppw.
2- ssk-Zv(-d)-\v ]pdsa A_q-_-Iv(-d)Dw Da(-d)Dw lm^n-fp-Ifmbn-cn-p. Ah-cpsS kmn-y--nepw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-bnepw
am{X-amWv Xov I]n-n-cp--Xv.
3 \_n(- k )v apn \nmWn- s X- g p- X n- b Xv Fv kmyw
hlnp cv kmn-I-fpsS km-ny-n am{Xta Ah kzoIcnn-cp-p-q. Ama kpbqXzn(-d) ]d-bpp: ""kmn-I-fpsS kmnyn sImp- h - c p Jp- B \nI hN- \ - \_n(- k )bpsS h^m-

ns hj-n \_n(-k)sb tIn-p-Ibpw Ggv Jndm-A-pIfp-ambn tbmPnp-h-bm-sWv \_n(-k) hmkvX-h-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-sv kmy-s-Sp--s-Sp-am-bn-cp-p'' (-A C-XvJm:1/60)
4-kz-lm-_m- Fgp-Xn- X-m-dm-n-bn-cp enJn-X-cq-]--fp-ambn
t{ImUo-I-cn Jp-B-\nI cq]w Xmc-Xayw sNp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cnp.
(A _plm ^o Deq-an Jp-B:1/238) A_q ima(-d) ]dbpp: ""Cusbmcp coXn-bpsS Dtiyw IqSp-X kq-aX ]pepI
F-Xm-bn-cp-p. tIhew lm^n-fp-I-fn \nv tiJ-cn-p--Xnep]cn
\_n(-k)bpsS Imev Xs Fgp-Xn- X-m-d--s--Xns ASn-m\nepw Dd-m-p-am-bn-cp-p'' (A -C-XvJm:1/60).
kqdp _dm-A-bnse Ah-km\ kq--sf (-_-dmA:128,
129) kw_-n-bmbn C-hnsS Hcp kwi-bapm-tb-mw. Cu Bbp-I A_q lqssk-a(-d)bn \nv am{X-amWv X\nv e`n-s-sXv
sskZp_v\p km_n-Xv (-d) ]d-bp-p-v. cv kmn-I-fpsS ASnm\-n- am{XamWv Bb-p-I kzoI-cn-n-cp-Xv Fv ]d-bp-tm
CsXs\ \oXo-I-cn-m-\mIpw? CXns adp-]SnbnXm-Wv. Cu Bbv lpssk-a-(d)bn \nv am{X-amWv sskZv(-d) kzoI-cn-Xv FXns hnh At-l-a-m--hmpw CXv Hma-bn-m-bn-cp-pshtm ap--h-cpsS ASp- CXv enJnX cq]-n Cm-bncppshtm A. adnv \_n(-k)bpsS Imev enJnX cq]-n FgpXs Jp- B s hyXykvXhn- h n[ Bb- p- I - f pambn h- h - c n Cu
BbXv A_q lpssk-a(-d)-bn \nv am{X-amWv e`n-Xv FmWv
CXns hnh-. am{X-hpa Jp-B-\nI hN-\-fpsS ]q -cq]w
\nch-[n- kz-lm-_m- Xm-dm-n-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw Ah ASn kzoIcn-p--Xn-ep-]cn apgp-h t{kmX-p-Ifpw ]q-ambn D]-tbm-Knp AXn-kq-a \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cpp sskZv(-d) Cu hnj-b-n ]pen-b-Xv. AXv sImv Xs Jp-Bs ]q cq]-ap-m-bnpw hyXykvX `mK--fn \nv AXv e`n-p-Xv hsc Cu Bb-p-I Atlw Jp-B-\n Ds-Sp-n-bn-cp-n-. asm-cp Imcyw, _dm-Av
kqd-nse Cu Bbp-I \nc-h[nbmfp-Iv Hma-bp-m-bncpp. NnecpsS ASp- Jp-Bs ]q- cq]w enJn-X -cq-]-n
Xs ssIh-i-ap-m-bn-cp-p. Fm \_n(-k)bpsS tat\m-n {]tXyIw thsd-bmbn Xs Fgp-X-s-Xv A_q lpssk-a(-d)bn
\nmWv e`n--Xv. ap--h-cn \n-
(A _plm ^o Deqan Jp- B :1/235,236).
""Cs\ hfsc kq-a-ambn Jp-B-\m-bp-Isf t{ImUo-I-

12

13

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

cnv IS- e m- k p- I - f n- e mbn {Iao- I - c nv Xm- d m- n.'' (A - C - X vJm:1/

60) Fnepw Aym-b- hyXykvX t]Pp-I-fn-em-b-Xn-\m At\Iw IjvW-f-S-n-b-Xm-bn-cpp {]kvXpX Jp-B {]Xn. kmtXn-I-ambn CXv "Dv' Fdnb-s-Sp-p. CXns khn-ti-j-X-I:
1- B-bp-I-fpsS {Iao-I-cWw \_n(-k)bpsS \ntiw t]mse
-X-s-bm-bn-cp-p. ]t kqd-p-I {Ia-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-n- (A
- C - X vJm:1/60).
2 Ggv l^p-Ifpw kt-fn-n-cp-p (a-\m-ln-ep C^m:
1/246,247).
3- "ssl- c n' en]n- b n- e m- b n- c pp.
4- ]m-cm-bWw akqJv BIm Bb-p-I am{X-amWv DsSp--s-ncp-Xv.
5- apkvenw D-ns GtIm-]n-Xm-`n-{]mb {]Imcw Hcp Ahew_-sa \ne-bn {Iao-IrX Jp-B ]Xnv a{X-am-bn-cpp
CXns apJy eyw.
{]YaL Jp- B t{ImUo- I - c W kw_- n- b mb Cu hnj- b -fpsS ASn-m-\-n- asmcp Imcyw IqSn hmbn-s-Sp-m-\m-hppv. AYhm \_n(-k)bpsS h^m-m-\-cw Aen(-d) Jp-B t{ImUoI- c n- n- c p- p. Fm AXmWv Jp- B s {]Ya t{ImUoIrX
]Xnv Fv ]d-bp--Xn A-an-. ImcWw ]e kzlm-_m-fpsS
ASp-epw Cs\ Jp-Bs ]q- cq-]--fp-m-bn-cp-p. Fm
s]mXp - P \ k- X - t msS kI- e cpw GtIm- ] n- X - a mbn {Iao- I - c n- s- Xv A_q- _ - I v(- d ) Xm- d m- nb Jp- B t{ImUo- I rX ]Xnv
Xs-bm-bn-cp-p.
lkvdv A_q-_Iv(-d)s `c-W-Im-ev Xm-dm-nb JpBs ]Xnv h^mv hsc At-l-ns ssIh-i-am-bn-cp-p. h^mm-\-cw Da(-d)\v ssIamw sN-s-p. Da(-d) ilo-Zm-b-tXmsS
At-l-ns hkzn-v {]Imcw Dp apAvan\o l^vk(d)bpsS ASp--em-bn-cpp {]kvXpX ]Xn-v (^-Xvlp _mcn:9/12,13). ]noSv ahm\p_v\p lIw Xs `c-W-Im-ev l^v-k-(-d)tbmSv AXmhiys- S p- I bpw l^vk(- d ) \nc- k n- p- I bpw sNbv- X p. al- X n- b psS
h^mm-\-cw ahm AXv ssIe-m-n An-n-c-bm-n. AXn\v Imc-W-hp-ap-m-bn-cp-p. ""dkvap JXzn'' FgpX-s-SpIbpw kqdp-I {Iao-I-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXXpw Dkvam (d)- hns Imev t{ImUo-Ir-X-hpamb Jp-B ]Xnv am{X-am-bn-cpp Ah-ew-_tbmKy- a mbn Jn- X - a mbn nc- s - n- c p- - X v. CXn\v hn]- c o- X - a mbn
14

Hpap-m-I-cp-sX--Xn A`n-{]m-bm--c-ap-m-bn-cp-n- (-^-Xvlp

_mcn: 9/12,13).

Dkvam(- d )- s Imev
Dkvam(-d)- `c-W-km-cYyw Gs-Sp-p-tm-tgv CkvemanI temIw Cdm\pw tdmapw ]nnv temI-ns AjvS-Zn-p-I-fn-tev hym]nn-cp-p. Hmtcm {]tZ-i--fn-sebpw Bfp-I CkvemanI Aym-]\fpw Jp- B hN- \ - - f p- s amw kzmb- - a m- n- b Xv CkvemanI
tbmm--fn \npw I-hS kwL--fn- \np-am-bn-cp-p. apv
kqNn-n-Xv t]mse Jp-B Ggv cq]-n ]mcm-bWw sNm-sa-Xn-\m hnhn[ cq]-n \_n(-k)-bn \nv ]Tn kzlm-_nI
X-fpsS injy- K-W-pw X ]Tn cq]-n-em-bn-cpp ]Ip- \In-bncp--Xv. CtX XpSv Jp-B ]mcm-b-W-nse Cu
Ggv ]mcm-bW coXn-Ifpw temI-ns \m\m Xpd-I-fnepw {]Np-c-{]Nmcw t\Sn. Ggv cq]-n Jp-B\nI Ah-X-cWw Dmbnsbpw
\_n(- k ) AXwKo- I - c n- - X m- s W- p- a p hnizmkw kzlm- _ n- I fn
cqV-aq-e-am-bn-cp--Xn-\m ]mcm-b-W-ns Cu A-c--fpsS t]cn Hcp Akz--Itfm ]c-kv]c sshPm-Xy-tfm DS-se-Sp-n-c-pn.
Fm Ckvem-ans hym]-\-L--tmsS hnhn[ \mSp-I-fn JpB\nse ASn- m\ XXzw th- hn[w {]Nmcw t\Sn- b n- . AXns
^esa-tmWw ]mcm-b-W- co-Xn-bpsS t]cn kwLj-fpw A`n{]mb kwL--\-fpw hmKzm-Z-fpw Ac-t-dn. X HmXpXmWv
bYm -coXn F Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-hp-ambn Hmtcm-cp-cpw cwK- {]thi\w sNm XpS- n. CXns ]cn- W Xn FtmWw \ncmt- ]w
XpSv t]m Jp-Bs k]vX- ]m-cm-bW -ssi-en-I hnai-\hnt[-b-ambn. CXn\v hgn-sh asmcp ImcWw sskZp_v\p km_nXv
(-d)-s tat\m--n AtX -ssi-en-bn (Ggv Jndm-Apw Hnp Xc- n) ]noSv Jp- B \ne- h n- hn FXm- b n- c pp.
Cu Iep- j nX kml- N - c y- n- e mWv k]vX- ]m- c m- b W ssien- I - f p
JpBs {]Xn temI-sm-ppw {]-Ncn-n-p--Xns D-c-hmZnXzw Dkvam(-d) Gs-Sp-p-Xv.
Jp-Bs cmw -L t{ImUo-I-c-W-n\v hgn-sX-fn-bn ImcW \nc- h [n lZo- k p- I - f n- CSw ]nSn- - X m- W v. Ah- b n \nv
kp{K- m l- y am- I p- Xv C{]- I m- c - a m- W v. alm- \ mb lpssZ- ^ p _v\p
bam(-d) Aao-\n-b-bp-sSbpw Akss_-Pm-sbpw `mK--fn bpn Gs-n-cn-p-tm Ahn-sS-bp P\-X-bn-em-I-am\w ]qp]nSn Jp-B ]mcm-bm-W-nse A`n-{]m-bm--c-fpw `n-X-Ifpw
15

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

Atlw a\-n-em-n. bpm-\-cw aZo-\-bn-tev aS-nb Atlw

t\sc Dkvam(-d)-s\ kao-]nv ]dp: ""Aao-dp apAvan\o, ]q
thZ-fn PqX-ss{I-kvX-h ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-Xv t]mse JpBs hnj-b-nepw apkvenw Dv ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-p Npp]mSv krjvSn--s-n-cn-p-p. Cu {]iv\-n\v ]cn-lmcw Xm Xs sNbvXm-epw.'' Dkvam(-d) tNmZnp: ""FmWv {]iv\w?'' lpssZ^(d) adp-]Sn \In: ""Rm Aao-\nb-bpsS `mKv bp-ntesv sImn-cns F\nv ImWm CS-bm-bXv Ap-X-s-Sp-p
Imcy-am-bn-cp-p. imanse P\- D_p _v\p IAv_v(d)-s ]mcmbW- coXnbpw Cdm-Jn-I A_vZp-mln _v\p akv-DuZv(d)-s ]mcm-bW -co-Xnbpw A\p-[m-h\w sNp-p. Ccp Iqcpw ap--h-cpsS ]mcmbW -co-Xn -tI-n-cn-p-an-. Am-c-W-m ]c-kv]cw Im^n-dn-Ifmm hsc Xp\n-n-cnp-p.''
lpssZ-^(-d) Cu kw`hw ]d-bp--Xn\v apv Xs Cusbmcp
{]iv\w Dkvam(-d)-s ImXn-se-n-bn-cp-p. aZo-\-bn Ccw kw`hw Ac-t-dp-pspw Hmtcm Jp-B Aym-]-Icpw ]Tn-Xmv Hmtcm coXn-bn-emWv ]Tn-n-n-cp--sXpw Atlw Adn-ncpp. AXn-\m- Xs Aym-]-Icpw ]Tn-Xm-fpw ]c-kv]cw Ielnm\pw X- f p- t SXv nco- I - c n- m\pw {ian- n- c p- p. lpssZ^(d)
hns Cu kw`hw IqSn tI-tm Dkvam(-d)-\v Cu hnj-b-ns
Kuchw t_m[y-am-Ip-Ibpw {]ap-J-cmb kzlm-_m-sf Hcn-anv Iqn
XZvhn-j-b-I-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-tcmSv
Dkvam(- d ) ]dp: ""apkvenwI ]c- k v]cw Jp- B ]mcm- b - W hnj-b-n Ie-ln-p-p-spw Ip^vcnn-tev CXv \bnpp-s-p-ap hm F\nv tIm-\m-bn. -F-mWv \n-fpsS
A`n-{]mbw?'' kzlm-_m- tNmZnp: ""\n-sf-snepw A`n-{]mbsSpptm?'' Dkvam(-d) ]dp: ""Fs A`n-{]mbw Hcp apkvl^n\v Iogn- P\-sf AWn -\n-c-s-W-sa-mWv. C\n-sbm-cn-epw
A`n- { ]m- b m- - c tfm `n- X - I tfm Dm- h m ]mSn- .'' kzlm- _ - n Isfmw GI-I-WvT-ambn AXv AwKo-I-cn-p.
XpSv Dkvam(-d) P\-sf BI-am\w Hcp-an-p Iqn Hcp DZvt_m[\ {]kwKw \S-n. ""\n aZo\m \nhm-kn-I, Fs kao]
-{]-tZ-ip-Im-cm-bn-cpnv t]mepw Jp-B ]mcm-bW hnj-b-n
A`n-{]m-bm--m-cm-Ip-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw If-hm-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Atm hnZqc Znp-I-fn-ep apkvenw ktlm-Zc-- CXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn
]c- k v]c Ie- l - - f n apJ- c n- X - c m- b n- c npw. AXv sImp Xs

apkvenw Dv kwL- S nv Jp- B s Hscm {]Xn- b p- m- Ww.

AXv A\p-[m-h\w sN Fm-hpw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cn-pw.''
Cu Bhiymw l^vk(- d )- t bmSv A_q- _ - I v(- d )s Imes Jp-B {]Xn Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw apkz-vl^v cq]-n {IaoIcn-m-\p Dkvam(-d)-s Bhiyw l^vk(d) a\-n-em-n Atls AXv G]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSv sskZv _v\p km_nXv
(d), A_vZpmln _v\p kpss_(-d), kCuZv _v\p Bkzv(d), A_vZpd-lvam-\p _v\p lmcnkv _v\p lnimw(-d) Fo \mev {]apJ kzlm_nI-fpsS Hcp kwLs Dkvam(-d) \ntbm-Kn-p-Ibpw Ah-tcmSv
A_q-_Iv(-d) s Imes Jp-Bs\ Bkv]-Z-amn Aym-bfpw IqSn {Iao-IrX cq]-n t{ImUo-I-cn-m B-h-iy-s-SpIbpw
sNbvXp. Cu kwL-n Hcm (sskZv(d)) Akzm-cnbpw _mn
aqv t] Jpssd-in-I-fp-am-bn-cp-p. AXp sImp Xs Dkvam(d)
Ah-tcmSv ]dp: ""\nfpw sskZv (d)Dw Jp-B\nse h hnj-bnepw (-hmN-I- F-s\- Fgp-X-W-sa hnj-bn) `nm`n{]mb-mcm-bm \n Jpssd-in-I-fpsS `mjv kam-\-ambn sNpI. ImcWw Jp-B Ah-Xo-am-bXv Ah-cpsS `mj-bn-em-Wv.
ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn Cu \mev Bfp-I-fn-emWv Jp-B t{ImUoI-cWw Gn-s-sX-nepw ap kzlm-_nIfpw klm-b-n\msb-n-bn-cp-p. C_v\p A_o Zmhq-Zv(-d)-s \nth-Z\ {]Imcw AhcpsS Fw 12-Hmfw hcpw. ^Xvlp _mcn-bn- CXv hni-Zo-I-cnv ]dbpp- v (- ^ - X vlp _mcn:9/1315).
Ch Jp-B t{ImUo-I-c-W-n Xmsg ]d-bp {]h\--fmWv sNbvX-Xv.
1 -A-_q-_-Iv(-d)-s Imev Xm-dm--s Jp-B {]Xnbn kqdpI {Iao-IrX cq]-n-em-bn-cp-n-. Ah {IaoI-cn-p
(ap- k vX- Z vd- I vlmInw:2/229).
2 Jp-B\nse Bb-p-Isf "dkvap JXzv' cq]-n-se-gp-XWsa-m-bn-cpp \n_--\. ImcWw {]Nm-c-n-ep apgp-h ]mcmbW- co-Xn-Ifpw Atm Xpey-ambn hcp-p. AXn-\mbn ]pn-Ifpw
l-p-Ifpw sImSp-m-sXbncn-m\pw Xocp-am-\n-p. DZm: ]pnIfnSm-sXbmbncn
- Ww
Jp-Bsen]n.AXv
Fvcv
coXn- b nepw hmbn- mw. cnepw sXn- .
3- apkvenw D- ns GtIm- ] n- X m- ` n{]mbneqsS Xm- d s Hscm {]Xn am{X-am-bn-cpp Av hsc \ne-\n-n-cp--Xv. Dkvam(-d) -s Imev AXn-s\ Ambn Xm sN-bvXp. A_q lm-

16

17

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

Xnw knP-kvXm-\n(-d)s A`n-{]m-b- {]-Imcw 7 {]XnI Xm-d--spsh-m-Wv. Ah-bn Bsdw a, imw, ba, _lvssd, _kzd,
Iq^, Fo cmPy--fn-tev Abp. Hv aZo-\-bn kqnp hp.
(- ^ Xvlp _mcn:9/17).
4Jp-Bs \nnX tImn-I Xm-dm-nb tijw kzlm_nIfpsS ASp--ep _mn apgp-h H-s {]Xn-Ifpw An-ncbmm Dkvam(-d) Blzm\w sNbvXp. ImcWw A`n-{]-bm--c-n-fnmsX apgp-h apkvl-^p-Ifpw Htc cq]-n A-ym-b- t{ImUoIrX-ambn "dkvap JXzn' Xs \ne-sIm--W-sa-m-bn-cpstm
Jp- B t{ImUo- I - c - W - ns BXy- nI eyw.
apkvenw D-ns kwL-t_m-[-n\v a hogp-sa ASnb-c kml-N-cy-n Dkvam(-d) Gs-Sp Cu {]h\w kzlm_nIfpsS ]q- ]n-p-W-tbm-sSbpw Biohm-Z-tm-sS-bp-w am{Xam-bn-cpp. Aen(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Dkvam(-d)-s\ Ipdnv kpIr-Xf-msX Hpw ]d-b-cp-Xv. Amlp kXyw, apkvl-^ns hnj-b-n
At-l-sa-Sp \ne-]m-SpIfpw {]hn-Ifpw R-fpsS kmn-ynepw Biohm- Z - n- e p- a m- b n- c p- p.'' (- ^ - X vlp _mcn:9/15).

]mcm- b W kuI- c y- n- \ p \S- ] - S n- I

Dkvam(- d )s Ime- L - - nse Jp- B ]Xn- p- I - f m- b n- c pp
]noSv temI-sm-ppw {]N-cn-X-am-b-Xv. Fm Ckvemans hf {Ia-{]-hr--ambn A\-d-_n-I-fn-tepw hym]n--tXmsS ]pn-Ifpw
l-IpIfpan-m Jp-B ]mcm-bWw Ahv {]bm-k-I-c-ambn. AtXmsS Jp-B\v lI-v--]p-n-I \In ]mcm-bWw Bbmkc- l n- X - a m- m- \ p {ia- XpS- n.

]pn- I (\pJXzv)
BZyIm- e v ]pn- I fnm- s X- b mWv apkzvl^p- I ]pd- n- d n-bncp-sXv hni-Zo-I-cn-p-h-tm. Jp-B\pambn CS-]-g-Inb Ad_n kaq-l-n\v AXns bmsXmcmh-iy-h-pan-m-bn-cp-p. am{X-hpa
]pn-bn-S Atcm-N-I-ambmW-h In-cp--Xv. Ncn-{X-Im-c aZmC\n
(-d) Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-cs hmpI D-cn-p-p-v. ""Fgp-n ]pnIfpsS Aan-XXzw Fgp--b--s-Sp--bmsf Ipdn-p A_--[m-cW- I - f psS AS- b m- f - a m- W v.'' (- k p- _ vlp AAvim- J - e - J viZn:3/156).
Fm ]nm-ev A\-d-_n-I-fpsS kuI-cymw ]pnI tcJ-s-Sp- A\n-hm-cy-ambn hp. BZy-ambn ]pn-I \n18

bn-Xv Bcm-sW--Xn A`n-{]mb `n-X-bp-v. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]mbn A_p AkvhZp phen(d)hmWv (-A _plm- ^o Deqan Jp-B:1/250). Aen(-d)-bpsS \nt-i-{]-Im-c-amWv Fpw A`n{]mb- a p- v. (kp- _ vlp AAvim:3/155) Iq^- b nse Kh knbmZv
_v\p A_o kp^vbm BsWpw(A _plm:14/250,251) Ap aenIv _v\p ahm-\m-a-sW-pw (A CXvJm:2/71) lmPns \ntZ-i -{]-Imcw lk _kzcn(d), blvb _v\p bAva(-d), \kzdv _v\p Bkznw Asskn(-d) Fn-h-cm-bn-cp-p-shpw A`n-{]mb-ap-v.
hc- I (- l Im- X v)
Bcw- ` - L - - n ]pn- I t]mse Xs lI- p- I fpw(^Xvlv, Ikvdv, fv) Jp-B-\n-en-m-bn-cp-p. ]noSv BcmWv lIpI \In-bXv F hnj-b-n hn`n-m-`n-{]m-b--fp-v. A_p
AkvhZp ph-en(-d)-bm-WnXv sNbvX-sXv Nne ]dbptm lmPp _v\p bqkp-^ns \nt-i- {]-Imcw blvb _v\p bAva (d)Dw
\kzvdp _v\p Bkznw Asskn(-d)bpam-sWmWv adp-]-w (-JpXzp_n- 1/63). Fm CXp kw_- nbmb apgp- h \nth- \ - fpw
kqvaambn \nco-n-p-tm A_p AkvhZp ph-en(-d)-bm-WnXv
sNbvX-sXv t_my-am-Ip-p-v. FmenXv Cp ImWp lIpIv kam- \ - a m- b n- c p- n- . adnv ^Xvln\v ]Icw apI- f n- e pw
) Ikvdn\v ]Icw Xmsgbpw (
) fn\v ]Icw kam--c(
ambpw (
)- Bbn-cpp ]pn-I-fn-n-cp--Xv. Xho\n\v thn
cv ]pn-I-fm-bn-cnp \n-bn-n-cp--Xv. Ah ^Xvlv, Ikvdv, fv
Fo lI-p-Iv ]I-c-ambn bYm-{Iaw(
,
,
) Fo
cq]n-em-bn-cpp \n-bn--s-n-cp--Xv -(kzp-_vlp AAvim:3/160).
]noSv Jeoep _v\p AlvaZv(-d) lwkbpw ipw \In (-A CXvJm:2/171). AXn\v tijw lmPp _v\p bqkp^v, blvb _v\p
bAva(-d), \kzvdp _v\p Bkznw(-d), lk _kz-cn(-d) Fn-htcmSv
]pnbpw hc-Ifpw IrXy-ambn Xs \nn-bn-m \nt-in-p. Cs\-bmWv ]pn-Iv ]Icw ^Xvlv, Ikvdv, fv Fn-hv bYm{Iaw
Cu cq]- ssIh--Xv. AtXmsS Jp-B-\nse
ap ]pn-I-fp-ambn l-p-I Xncn--dn-bm-Xm-IpI F {]iv\hpw Cm- X m- - s - p.
lnkv_p- I (akn- e p- I )
k- c n- X cmb kzlm- _ nIpw tij- m- c mb Xm_n- D - I pw
19

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

Hmtcm BgvNbpw JpB ]q-ambn HmXp ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp-p.

CXn-\mbn Ah Hmtcm Znh-khpw Jp-Bs \nnX `mKw HmXn Xom \n-bn-p. Ah-bmWv "lnkv_p-I' As-n "aknepI' Fdnb-s-Sp--Xv. As\ hcp-tm Ggv lnkv_p-I-fmWv
JpB\nep-Xv. Hukp _v\p lpssZ-^(-d) ]d-bpp: ""\n JpBs\ F{X lnkv_p-I-fm-n-bmWv HmXmsdv Rm Hcp kzlm_ntbmSv tNmZn-p. Atlw adp-]Sn ]dp: Hmw lnkv_v aqv kqdp-Ifpw cmw lnkv_v Av kqd-p-Ifpw aqmw lnkv_v Ggv
kqd-p-Ifpw \memw lnkv_v HXv kqd-p-Ifpw Amw lnkv_v
]Xns\mv kqd-p-Ifpw Bdmw lnkv_v ]Xn-aqv kqd-p-Ifpw
Ah-km\ lnkv_v ap^-n-en s] Jzm^v kqdv apX Ahkm\w hsc-bp-am-bn-cp-p.'' (A _plm ^o Deq-an Jp-B:1/250).

Pp _v\p bqkp-^m-sWpw Amkn Jeo^ aAvaqs \nt-i- {]Imcambn- c p- p- s hpw A`n- { ]m- b fp- v. Fm C_v\p A_o
ssi_ (-d)bpsS \nth--Z-\-n \nv hy-am-Ip-Xv Ch kzmlm_m-fpsS Imev Xsbpm-bn-cp-p-shm-Wv. ]t Cu coXn
Ah shdp-n-cp-p. apkz-vl-^n Aivdp-I AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p-Xv
A_vZp-(-d) shdp-n-cn-p-shv akvdq-Jv(-d)s dntmn ImWmw
(- a p- k z- l ^v _v\p ssj_2/497).

dpIq- D - I (- A Im- A v)

Cv Jp-B apXv `mK--fn-em-bmWv thXn-cn--s-n-p-Xv. Cu thXn-cnhv Jp-Bs Bi-b -Xew ]cn-K-Wn-smpa. adnv
Jp-B ]T\w Ffp--am-pI F Dt-iy-tmsS am{X-amWv apXv
Xpey`mK--fmbn thXn-cn--s-n-p--Xv. BcmWv Ppkv-D-I-fmbn hn`PnXv F hnjb--n Hcp Xov ]d-bm {]bm-k-I-c-am-Wv. Nne
Dkvam(-d) hyXy-kvX-amb apXv `mK--fn-emWv Jp-Bs\ t{ImUoI-cn-sXv ]d-bp-p. AXp sImv XZ-Snm\n thn-cns--XmWv FmWv Ah-cpsS A`-n{]m-bw (Xm-co-Jp Jp-B:81).
Fm apKm-an-I-fpsS {K-n-sempw CXv ImWm kmy-a.
aZvdk-I-fn-semw ]Tn-n--s-Sp Jp-B {]Xn-I-fn ImWsSp, {]Npc{]N-cn-X-amb apXv Ppkv-D-I-fpsS thXn-cnhv kzlm_m- f psS Ime- t ijw ]T- \ m- h - i y- mbn sNbvX- X m- b n- c n- psav Ama _Zvdpo kIin(-d) A`n{]mbsSp-p-v.

]nm-e-p-mb asm-c-S-bm-f-amWv "dpIq-Av.' CXv Bi-bmSn-m-\-n Xs AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-bn-p--Xm-Wv. AYhm XpSbmb Hcp hN\w Ah-km-\n-p-n-Sv "dpIq-C's AS-bmfw ImWmw
(ap- k zvl^ns Acn- I n F A- c w). CXv Bcv Ftm
\n- b np F- Imcynepw Ddv ]d- b m- \ mIn- . Fnepw NnecpsS A`n-{]m-b- {]-Imcw Dkvam(-d)s Ime-L--n Xs \nehn-ep-m-bn-cp-p-shv hne-bn-cp--s-Sp-p-v (Xm-co-Jp Jp-Bau-em\ A_vZp kzaZv kzmcnw(d)-:81). CXn\v {]m_-ey-ta-Ip \nthZ- \ - - s fmpw e`y- a m- b n- n- . AXn- \ m Xs \n- v ]- - a mb hnebn-cp--en-eqsS ]d-bm-\m-IpI Hmtcm dI-vA-nepw HmXnop
Bb- p- I - f psS F- n- \ - \ p- k - c n- mWv AXns InS- v. Atm
AXn\v "dpIq-Av' Fv ]d-bp-Xv \n-kvIm-c-n B \nnX ev Fp-tm "dpIq-Av' sNm-dpm-bn-cnp FnemWv.
^Xmhm Bew- K o- c - bn ImWmw: ""apKm- a n- I - f mb ]nX
hcy Jp-Bs\ 540 "dpIq-D'I-fmbn Xncnncpp. AXn\v Ah ASbm-f-fpw \In-bn-cp-p. Xdm-ho-ln\v Ccp-]-n-tbgmw cmhn JpB ]q-ambn HmXn-om thn-bm-bn-cpp CXv.'' (-^-Xmhm
Bew- K o- c n:1/94).

Jwkp- I , Aivdp- I (- A - J vam- k v, AAvimdv)

hJv^ns AS- b m- f -

Hmw \pm-nse Jp-B {]Xn-I-fn Hmtcm Apw ]pw

BbpIv tijw apkzv-l-^ns Acn-In (lm-jn-b) bYm-{Iaw
"Jwkv', "Aivdv' Ftm kqN-I--fmbn , Ftm Fgp-Xm-dpv.
BZy- t Xv "AJvamkv' F t]cnepw cm- a - t Xv "AAvimdv'
F t]cnepw Adn-b-s-Sp-p (-a-\m-ln-ep C^m:1/403). De-amnS-bn CXv kw_--ambn c- `n--{]m-b-am-Wp--Xv. Hcp Iq A\ph-Z-\o-b-sapw adp-Iq- Idm-l-spw ]d-bp-p (-C-XvJm:2/171).
CXv Bcv \In Fv Xop ]-d-b Akm-y-am-Wv. lm-

]mcm-b-Whpw ]mcm-b-W -\n-baimkv{Xhpw kpXm-cy-am-Im thn-bmWv hJv^v AS-bm-f- \n-bn--s--Xv. Cu AS-bm-f-fp-nSv hJv^v(izmk hncmaw) F-s\-sbv a\-n-em-m-\mIpp. CXns\ hJv^v AS-bm-f
- Fv ]d-bp-p. CXneqsS GsXm-c-\-d-_npw ]mcm-b-W- k-a-bv bYm e--fn
shv hJv^v sNm kmy-am-Ip-p. am{X-a sXmb e-fn
izmkw apdn-b-en-eqsS A- hy-Xn-bm-\-fpw kw`-hnp-I-bn-. Ama A_q A_vZp apl-Zv _v\p Xz^q knP-kvXm-\n-(d)bmWv

20

21

Ppkv- D - I (- ` m- K - )

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

Cu AS-bm-f- \nbnXv. (-A-ivdp ^n Jndm-B-Xn Aivcn:1/225) AhbpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw Xmsg:

- \ncp-]m-[nI hJv^v . hN\w ]q-am-bn-cnpp. AXn-\m hJv^v sN D-a-am-Wv.
- A\p-hZ- \
- ob hJv^v . hJv^v A\p-hZ- \
- o-ba- mWv.
- apP-k
- mb hJv^v
. hJv^v sNm-sa-nepw sNmXncn- - e mWv AXypaw.
- apd-Jk
- mb hJv^v . hN\w ]q-am-bn-n-snepw ZoL-ta-dn-b-Xm-b-Xn-\m as-hn-sSbpw hJv^v sNmsX ChnsS
am{Xw hJv^v sNp-I.
- A\n-hm-cy-amb hJv^v . Cu m\v hJv^v
sNbvXn-s-n Jp-B\nI hN-\-n\v A-hy-Xn-bm\w DmIm km[y-X-bp-v. AXn-\m hJv^v sN A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. A\nhmcy-sav ]d-bp-p-tm Hgn-hm-n-bm in e`n-p Iimkv{X _n-X-amb A\n-hm-cy-X-b-. adnv AXyp--a-amWv Fw
(A- ivdp ^n JndmBn Aivcn:3/231).
- CXv hJv^v sN-cp-Xv
- F-X
- ns Npcp- c
- q-]a- mWv. CXns kmcw hJv^v sN A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a F-. ImcWw
As\ hJv^v sN-en\v Hcp {]iv\-hp-an-m e--fp-v. AXn\v tij-ap hmv sImv XpS-m A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-Xp-ap-v.
adnv ChnsS hJv^v sNbvXm aSn HmX-emWv Daw Fm-WnXns kmcw. sXm-Sp hmv sImp HmX \- (-A-ivdp
^n Jndm- B - n Aivcn:3/233).
Cu AS-bm-f--sfmw Ama kPmh-n(-d) \n-bn--XmWv.
Chbm AS- b m- f - fpw apkz- v l- ^ n ImWmw.
- apB-\J F-Xns Npcp--cq-]a- mWv. Hcmbn cn-S-n-fn hJv^v sNm-hp--Xmbn hcp-p. Fm Hcn-Sv
hJv^v sNp-I-bm-sW-n an-Sv hJv^v sN A\p-Nn-X-am-Wv.

CXvJm:1/88).

- Cu AS-bmfw izmkw apdn-bmsX \nt-n-S

- mWv D]tbm-Kn-p--Xv. CXv s]mXpsh \IpI tNp- hm-bn-p-tm
A - h y- X n- b m- \ - n\v kmy- X - b p- n- S - m- W v.
- izmkw apdn-bmsX Xs tbmfpw A[n-It- \cw \nt-n-S-mWv CXp \I-s-Sp--Xv.
- "h-Jv^p-sv]d-b-s-Sp-p'

F-XnsNpcp cq]-amWv. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b -{]-Imcw ChnsS hJv^p-spw

ap- Nn-e-cpsS A`n-{]m-b -{]-Imcw Cs-p-am-Wv.
- hJv^v sN icn-b Fv ]mcm-bWw sNp-h tXmpn- S v hJv^psv Adnbn- m thn- b m- W nXv D]- t bm- K np- - X v.
FXnsNpcp
- "tNv]d-bD-aw'
cq]w. ChnsS tNp-hm-bn--emWv D-aw.
- "Nn-et- m tNp hmbn-s- -Spw' F-Xns
Npcp- -cq-]w. ChnsS Nne tNpw ap-Nn-e XpSnbpw ]mcmbWw sNpp.
Cu AS-bm-f- Bcv \n-bn--Xm-sW--Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fns- nepw ]q- I mew apXte {]Nm- c - nephbmWv.k]vXm- - c - fpw hnh- - b pw
hnip JpB k]vXm- - c - fn A- h - X - c n- - s - p- s hv
{]_- e - a mb lZo- k p- I ncs- S p- pp- v.-

ChnsS Xudm- ns ev hJv^v sNp- I - b m- s W- n Coens `mKpw Co-ens `mKmWv hJv^v sNp--sX-n
Xudm-ns `mKpw hJv^v sN A\p-Nn-X-am-Wv. Fm cnSpw hJv^v sNmXcn-e
- mWv \-Xv. CXn\v apJm-_e
-
Fsmcp t]cp IqSn-bpv. Cu AS-bmfw \n-bn-Xv A_p ^fv dmkn(-d)-bmWv (-A-ivdp ^n Jndm-B-n Aivcn:1/237, A

""\nbw k]vXm--c-fn Ah-Xoamb-XmWv hnip--JpB. Ah- b n \nv Bbmk cln- X - a m- b Xv \n ]mcm- b Ww

sNpI.'' (_p- J mcn:5/453).
Fm Ggv A-c- F-Xns hnh kw_-n-bmbn
\nc-h[n A`n-{]m-b-fpv. Amam C_v\p Ad_n(d) XXvhnj-bIambn 35 A`n-{]m-b--fp-sv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. Ah-bn {]kn-amb Nne A`n-{]m-b- Xmsg ]d-bp-p.
1 -{]-_-e-amb Ggv Jmcn-D-I-fpsS Ggv Jndm-A-p-I-fmWv k]vXm- c - - f psS hnh- - s bv Nne ]d- b p- p. Fm Cu Ggv
JndmA- n \nn- ] vX- a Ahew_tbm- K y- a mb Jndm- A - p- I sfpw Ch ]d-bpp. C_v\p apPm-ln-Zv(-d) Hcp {K-n {]ap-J-

22

23

DZm: ...

...

...

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

t{ImUoIcWw

cmb Ggv Jmcn-D-I-fpsS Jndm-A-p-I kam-l-cn-p-shv am{Xw.

AmsX kzoIm- c y- a mb Jndm- A - p- I Ggn \nn- ] vX- a m- s W- Xn At-l-n\v Hc-`n-{]m-bhpw Dm-bn-cp-n.
2-A--c- (-lp-dq-^v) F-Xns kmcw Fm Jndm-A-pI- f m- s Wpw "Ggv' sImv Hcp \nnX KWw F- a n- s pw
Nne hmZn- p- p. Ad_n `mj- b n "Ggv' F hmv _lpXzw
kqNn-n-m D]-tbm-Kn-m-dp-spw AXn-\m D]-cn-kq-NnX lZokns Dt-iymw Jp-B Htsd ]mcm-b-W- co-Xn-I-fn Ah-Xcnn-p-spw Ahn-bn Ffp--am-bXv \n ]mcm-bWw sNpI
Fp-am-sWv Nne hmZn-p-p. Jmfn Cbm-fv(-d)s\ t]mtem--h
Cu A`n- { ]m- b - mcmWv.
Fm Cu A`n-{]mbw kzoIm-cy-a-. ImcWw "Ggv ' sImv
Dtiyw _lp-Xz-a-, \nnX Fw Xs-bm-sWv ]e lZo-kp-Ifnepw Im-Wmw. C_v\p Amkv(d)hn \nv : \_n(-k) ]d-bpp;
""X\nv Po_vco(-A) Hcp ssien-bn- Jp-B HmXn- X-p. Rm
AXv aSn HmXn. As\ Ggv ssien-I-fn- Fp-Xv hsc Rm
IpSp- X Bh- i y- s - p- s Im- n- c n- p.'' (_pJmcn, apkvenw).
3- l m- ^ nfp_v\p Pco Xz_vcn(- d )sb t]mep ]n- X am
]d- b p- Xv k]vXm- - c - - f psS hnh Atd- _ y tKm{X- - f psS
Ggv `mj-I-fm-sWmWv. Ad-_n-I ]e tKm{X--fp-ambn CS--]-gIpIbpw Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw `mj ap--h-cn- \nv sNdnb tXmXnsenepw `n-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. AXn-\m ]mcm-bWw kpK-aamIm thn Amlp Ggv tKm{X-`m-j-I-fn Jp-B Ah-Xcnp.
Jpssd-iv, lpssZ, ssXapd-_m-_v, AkvZv, d_o-Ax, lhm-kn,
kAv-Zp _v\p _Iv Fn-s\ Camw A_q lmXnw knP-kvXm\n(d)
Ggv tKm{X-sf \n-bn-p-p-v.
lm^nfp _v\p A_vZn _dv(-d), Camw kpbqXzn(-d), C_v\p
Pkvcn(- d ) XpS- nb ]n- X am Cu A`n- { ]mbw Jn- n- p- v.
ImcWw Atd_y-bn Ggv tKm{X- am{X-a Dm-bn-cp--Xv. k]vX A-c- sImv Dtiyw Ggv tKm{X-`m-j-I-fm-bn-cp-p-sh-n
Da(-d)-sbpw lnim-an_v\p lIoan(-d)-sbpw CS-bn ]mcm-b-Wn `nX Dm-Ip-am-bn-cp-n-. ImcWw Ah cv t]cpw JpssdinI-fm-bn-cp-p.
4-{]-kn--amb \memw A`n-{]mbw Camw Xzlm-hn(-d)-bp-sS-XmWv.
Atlw ]d- b pp: ""Jp- B Ah- X o- a mbXv Jpssd- i n- I - f psS
`mjbn Xs- b m- W v. Fnepw Ad- _ n- I ]e tZi- m- c p- a mbpw
24

]e t{Km{X--fp-ambpw BZm-\-{]-Zm-\- \S-p-Ibpw XZzmcm Htc

coXn-bn Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sN Ahv _pn-ap-p-m-IpIbpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m Ckvemans BZy-Im-ev Jp-Bs bYm-hm-p-Isf D-cn-m _pn-ap-p--hv XXvm\v AXmXp ]ZfpsS ]cym-b--fp-]-tbm-Kn-m A\p-hmZw \I-sp.
Fm kzw CjvS- n- \ - \ p- k - c nv ]cym- b - D]- t bm- K n- m
A\p-hmZw Dm-bn-cp-n-. \_n(-k) sXc-s-Spv \Inb ]cymb- am{X-amWv ]I-cw D]-tbm-Kn-m \n-bn--s-ncp-Xv. DZml- c - W - n\v "XBe' FXns m\v "lep', "AJv_n',
"DZp\p' Fo kam\ hmp-I D]-tbm-Kn--s-p. am{X-hp-a k]vXm- c - FXv sImp- t iyw Jp- B - \ nse Fm hmn\pw
Ggv ]cym-b- D]-tbm-Kn-m A\p-hm-Z-ap-v F. adnv Hcp
hmn\v Ghpw IqSp-X- D]-tbm-Kn-m Ign-bp ]cym-b- Ggv
Fm-Wv. Fm \_n(-k)-bpsS h^m-n\v apv dwkm-\n Pn_vco(-A)s Ah-km\ shfn-sS-en (Afp AJo-d) Cu A\paXn
FSpv If-b-s-p. (apivInep Bkm en zlmhn:4/ 186--191)
Fm Cu hmZhpw {]_-e-a-. ImcWw Jp-Bs hyXykvX
]mcm-b-W -co-Xn-I nco-I-cn--s--Xm-Wv. Cu A`n-{]mb {]Imcw
k]vXm- c - sImv hnh- n- - s - S - p Xv ]cym- b - ] - Z - - f m- s Wn hyXykvX Xnem-h-p-I-fpsS nco-I-c-W-n\v thsd sXfnhpI Bh-iy-ambn h-cp-p. Fm lZokv InXm-_p-I-fpsS henb
tiJ- c - n- s empw Xs "k]vXm- c' F- msX Jp- B \nse hmNnI `n-X-Isf Ipdn-p Hcp ]cm-aihpw ImWm-\m-hn-.
AXn-\m Xs Cu hmZ-ns {]_eX tNmZyw sN-s-p.
Npcp- - n {]_- e - a n- X mWv; A- c - ` n- X Fm- JndmAv `nX Fpw k]vXm--c--sf-m `n-amb Jndm-A-p-IfpsS Ggv coXn-I Fpw Aw. Jndm-Av coXn-I Ggntesdbpsnepw `n-X-I ImW-s-Sp Jndm-A-p-I Ggn \nn]vX-am-Wv. AXn-\m ap-hm-Z-p]-cnbmbn k]vXm--c--fpsS
{]kn Cpw \ne-\np-p (Deqap JpBauem\ Pnkv
aplZv XJn Dkvam\n :97158).

Ggv Jndm- A - p- I
Jp-B-\nse hyXy-kvX--fmb ]mcm-b-W-co-Xn-I Ggm-sWXn GIm-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. Fm Ah G-sXms Fv \n-bnp-Xn-emWv ]n-Xamn-S-bn `n-X. Camw kJm-\n (d) {]_eam-nb, Camw A_p ^fv A dmkn(-d) ehm-Cln ]d
25

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

hyXykvX Ggv Jndm-A-p-Isf Xmsg \Ip-p (a\mlnep C^m:1/155- 157).

1- \m-a--fnse `n-X (-GI hN-\w, Zznh-N-\w, _lp hN-\w,
]pwenw- K w, kvXoenw- K w)

DZm
:

2- {In- b m- I m- e - - f nse `nX (`qXw, `mhn, B...)

DZm
:

3-- C-Avdm_nse `nX (^-Xvlv, Ikvdv, fv)

DZm
:

4 - G - - p- d - n- e p- I - f nse(\JvkzvknbmZv) `nX

DZm
:

5- ap- - - ] nep- I - f nse(XAvJoXJvZow) `nX

DZm
:

6- A - c ]cn- h - \ - - f nse(C_vZm) `nX

DZm
:

7- D- m- c - W - - f nse `nX (^- X vlv, Came- v, XJo- J v,

X^vJow..)
F-Xnsebn ^Xvtlm-sSbpw Cam-etmDZm:
sSbpw HmX-s-n-p-v.

Ggv Jmcn- D - I
C_v\p apPm- l n- Z v(- d ) Xs {K- n tcJ- s - S p- nb Ggv
Jmcn-D-I Xmsg ]d-bp--h-cm-Wv:
A_vZp-mlv_v\p Iko Am-cn(-d), \m^n-Av _v\p A_vZn
dlvam _v\p A_o \Cuw(-d), A_vZp A blvkz_n (C_v\p
Ban(d), A_q Awdv km-\p -_v\p Aem-D _v\p Am(-d),
lwk _v\p l_o_n -mXv(-d), A_q_Iv Bkzn-ap _v\p A_np-PqZv A AkZn(-d), A_p lk Aen-p- _v\p lwk A
InkmC(- d ).

26

Aam-\p-jn-IX

""P\-v kamw ImWn-p-Xpw t\hgn ImWn-p

hy-amb kt-i--fmbpw (k-Xym-k-Xy) hnth-N-\am-bpw Jp-Bs\
dw-km amk-n Ah-X-cn-n--s-n-cn-p-p.'' (A- _J-d: 185)
""CXv Xmv \mw Ah- X - c n- n {K- a m- I p- p. A- I m- c - n
\nv {]Im- i - n- t ev P\- sf Xm ]pd- s - S o- m- \ mbn XmfpsS \mYs A\p-a-Xn-bm kvXpXyl\pw A-p-S-bh\pambhs am-n-tev.'' (C-{_mlnw:1) Hcp hkvXp \nanv Ign-m
B hkvXp- h ns D- ] tbmKw Poh- p- - X mn amm AXv \nan
hyn Xs AXn\v thn- b p ImvtemKpw \nan- t - - X p- v.
AXv t]m-se a\p-jyv thn-bp Imvtem-KmWv Jp-B. AXv
a\p-jysc krjvSnv kwhn-[m-\n Am-lp-hn \nm-hp-tm am{Xta ]cn-]q-am-hp-I-bp-q. av {K--fn \nv JpB-s\ hyXykvX- a m- p {][m\ LS- I - a m- W n- X v.
temIv Hcp-]mSv aX-fpv. Ah-bn ]e aX-pw aX
{K--fp-ap-s-nepw kzbw ssZhn-IX {]Jym-]n-p Htcsbmcp
{Kw Jp- B am{X- a m- W v. ""bmsXmcp kt- l - h p- a nm {Kw
(Jp-B) Ah-X-cn-Xv temIcn-Xm-hn \nm-Wv.'' (A--P-Z-:2),
""(Cu Jp-B) {]Xm]imenbpw Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-amb Amlp AhX-cn-n--Xm-Wv.'' (bm-ko-:5), ""]-ca Imcp-Wn-I (Am-lp) JpB
]Tn-n-p.'' (Adlvam: 12) ""Xo-bmbpw AXv (Jp-B) temIc27

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

nXm-hns Ah-XcW-am-Ip-p.'' (A-p-Adm192) ""Cu {K-w (JpB) X{- \pw {]Xm- ] - i m- e n- b p- a mb Am- l p- h n \nmWv.''
(A Pmkn-b-2).
Camw JpXzp-_n(-d) Xs A Pman-D en AlvIm-an JpB\n Jp-B-s Aam-\p-jnI-X hy-am-p Nne sXfn-hp-I hnhcn- p- p:

""1- Ad- _ vAdt_Xc `mj- I - f n Adn- b - s `mjm ssien- I fn \npw Xopw hyXn-cn--amb at\m-l-c-amb LS\.
2a\p-jy-I-gn-hn-\-Xo-X-amb kmlnXy `wKn. C_v\p lnkzm-(d)
]d- b pp: ""LS\, ssien, kmlnXy k- X Ch aqpw Hmtcm
Aymb- n- s e- Hmtcm kqnepw Zriy- a m- W v. ssZhnI- a mb
Aym-b-fpw kq-fpw a\pjy hN\fn \nv hyXn-c-X
]pep- Xv Cu aqv ASn- m\ LS- I - aqe- a m- W v.''
3{]]-tm]n apX Ah-X-cW Ime-Lw hscbp- kw`h-sf Ipdnv apv Fgp-Xp-Itbm hmbn-p-Itbm sN-m Hcp
\nc--cs hnh-c-Ww. {]hm-N-Iam, Ah-cpsS kaql-, Ign \qm-p-I, Kplm hmkn-I, aqkm \-_n (-A), Jnfv(-A), Zp Jss\(-d) Fn-hsc Ipdn-smw \nc--c-cmb \_n(-k) hnhcnp. AXn-eqsS \_n(-k)-bpsS k-Xyk-X AwKo-I-cn--s-p.
4 Znhy-t_m-[\w sIm-msX shfn-s-Sm, `mhn-bn kw`hn- p AZriy Imcy- sf kw_- n- b mb ]cm- a iw.
28

5 D-S--nse {]Xy-hpw ]tcm--hp-amb Bib tIm.

Amlp ]d-bp-p: ""AXv (JpB) Amlp Am--h-cn \nmbn-cp-p-sh-n AXn [mcmfw sshcp-y- Ahv ImWm-ambn-cp-p.'' (AnkmAv:82, JpXzp-_n1/73)
Fm kzbw ssZhn-I-am-sW {]Jym]-\-tmsSmw hnaiIv X-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS {]mtbm-Kn-IX \S-n hcp-m
IqSn Jp-B Ah-kcw \Ip-p-v. h t]mcmbv-a-I-fp-ap-s-n
AXv sXfn-bn-m-\p Xpd Ah-kcw i{Xp-v apn JpB kan-p-p-v. C-s\-sbmcp s]m-Xp-coXn imkv{X-tem-Iv
\ne- h n- e p- v. imkv{X- t em- I tv ]p am\- - f p- a mbn ISp
hcp--h X-fpsS hmZ hmkvX-ho-I-c-W-n\mbn hymPam-sWv
sXfn-bn-m-\p amK- IqSn Ah-Xn-n-m-dp-v. CXv Falsification Test (hymP-am-sWv sXfn-bn- ]cn-tim-[-\) FmWv Adnbs- S p- - X v. B_- v sFo Hcp ]pXnb imkv{X knmw
Ah-X-cn-n-v ]dp: ""{]] Ne\w CXp t]mse-bm-sWv Rm
a\n-emp-p. Fm Fs hmZw hymP-am-sWv sXfn-bn-m
aqv amK- IqSn Rm \Ip-p.'' sFo \ntZin B
aqv amK--fp-]-tbm-Knv At-l-ns knmw ]cn-tim[\v
hnt[-b-am-p-Ibpw hymP-am-sWv sXfn-bn-m-\p {iaw XpS-cpIbpw
sNp-I-bp-m-bn. CXv imkv{X temIw km[m-cW A\p-hnp
hcp coXn-bm-Wv. AXv t]mse Jp-B ssZhn-I-am-sWv {]Jym]np-tXm-sSmw B hmZw sXmsW-v sXfn-bn-m-\p amK-
IqSn Jp-B \ntj-[n-Iv apn kan-p-p. Acw \nnX amK--fn-eqsS Ah-v Jp-B kXy-hn-cp--am-sWv sXfnbnmw. ]t Ah-smcn-epw AXn\v Ign-bn Xs. Ah Xmsg
hnh- c n- pp.
PqX-cpsS acWw

""(A-h-tcm-Sv) ]d-bpI, ]mc-{XnI tKlw (kzw) ap P\-sf

IqSmsX Am-lp-hn- \nv am{X-am-sWn ac-Ws \n B{K- l n- p- h n.'' (A_J- d - 94)

29

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

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""Ah-cpsS Ic- apIqn sNbvXp shXv Imc-W-ambn \nbambpw ac- W s Ah sImXn- p- I - b n- . A{I- a n- I sf Am- l p
Adnbp- - h - \ m- W v.'' (A_- J - d - 95).
]c- t emIw (kzw) Xv am{X- a m- s W PqX- c psS hochm-Zam-Wv Cu kq--fnse {]Xn]mZyw. Fm Bm-Xbpw
kXyk--Xbpw Ahp-s-n ac-Ws B{Kln-m-\mWv JpB In-p--Xv. Ah sNbvX Ip IrXy- ImcWw Ah
Hcn-epw acWw B{K-ln-n-sv Jp-B Is-p-p. R
ac-Ws sImXn-p-p-shv shdpw hmm-sb-nepw Ahv ]dbmam- b n- c p- p. Jp- B - \ nI {]Jym- ] \s kaql aty Xopw
Ahtl-fn-m-\p Hcp kph-mh-kcw Xsbmbncpp AXv. ImcWw As\ ]dbpIbm- b n- c p- p- s h- n Jp- B s "Ah acWs B{K- l n- p- I bn- ' F {]Jym- ] \w Am- \ - m- I p- a m- b n- c pp. ]t A-s\ Hcp PqX\pw ac-Ws sImXnv aptmphns-XmWv Ncn-{X-kXyw. ImcWw Jp-B {]] \mY-\n \nhXcn ssZhnI {K-am-Wv. Jp-B Ah-cpsS Dn-cn-n-tev hnc Nqpp:

""P\fn shv PohnXtmSv Bk-n-bp--h-cmbn A-hscbpw (Pq-X-sc) _lp ssZh-mcm-[-I-cn Nne-scbpw ImWmw. Bbncw
hjw Pohn-m sImm-sav Ah-cn Hmtcm-cp-cpw Bin-pp.
Fm ZoLm-bpv e`n-p-Xv Ahs\ bmsXm-cp \ne-bnepw inbn \nv Hgn-hm-p--X-. Ah {]hn-p-Xns\ Amlp \ hw ImWp-h-\m-Ipp.'' (A _J-d-96).
A_q- e - l _v hnizm- k n- b m- h p- I - b n
Ckvemansbpw Xncp\_n(- k )bp- s Sbpw _ sshcn- I - f n
{][m-\n-bm-bn-cpp A_q-e-l-_v. \_n(-k) Xsf Fm ka-bhpw
]np-Sv \nco-n--em-bn-cpp Ahs ]Xn-hv. \_n(-k) X
sNp- Xn- s \- X ncv sN Ahs tlm_nbmbn- c p- p. am{X- a - ,
\_n(k) X aphv ]dv sImSpp--Xn sXnmcW
hcpm- Ah a- c n- p- a m- b n- c p- p. Jp- B - \ n kqd- p
el_v F Hcymbw Xs ImWm-\mhpw. AXn A_q-e-l_pw
Abm-fpsS `mcybpw Xozm-e-bn Icn--s-Sp-sa-smcp {]kvXmh30

\bpv. A-_qe-l_v C-kvemw kzoI-cn-n-spw AXn-\m Amlp A-hs\ \cIm-nbn {]th-in-n-p-sa-p-ap kqN-\-bm-WnXv.
A_q-e-l_v _Zvdns cWm--W-n Ahn-izm-kn-bmbn acnp-Xns ]v hjw apmWv Cu Aymbw Ah-X-cn-Xv. AhX-cW tij-ap Ime-b-f-hn A_q-e-l-_ns A-t\Iw kplrp Ckvemans Xoc-tv AW-n-pv. A_q-e-l_v hf-scb[nIw _pn-Iqa-X-bp--h\pw Jp-Bs\-Xnsc Ftmgpw ]cn-lmksadn-bp--h-\p-am-bn-cns Jp-B\pw el_v F Aym-bhpw hymPamsWv sXfn-bn-m A_q-el-_n\v Rm apkvenambn Fv ]dm am{Xw aXn-bmbn-cp-p. apkvenam-Im Ahs a\v kXnp- n- s - n Rm- apkvenam- s Wv _mly- a mbn ]dsnepw
JpB hymP-am-sWv P\-sf sXn--cn-n-m-am-bn-cp-p. ]t,
JpB- s C- s \- s bmcp {]Jym- ] \w \S tijw ]v hjw
Pohn-m A_q-e-l-_n\v hn[n-bp-m-bnpw Ah\v apkvenam-Imt\m
Jp-Bs {]h-N-\s \njv{]-`-am-mt\m km[n-n-. hnip JpB A_q-e-l-_-S--ap a\pjy k-bs krjvSnv kwc-np Am-lp-hn \n-h-Xo-am-b-Xm-sW [z\n-bmWv CXv \Ip- X v.
Jp- B \_n(- k )- b psS apAvPnkv
Ccp- ] - n- a qv hjw sImv \_n(- k ) Xv Ah- X - c n
hnip Jp-B \_n(-k) X-fpsS Ghpw henb apAv-Pnkv
IqSnbm-bn-cp-p. A_q lpssd-d(-d) dntmv sNp lZo-kn ImWmw. \_n(- k ) ]d- b p- p: ""Fm {]hm- N - I m- pw Amlp Nne
ZrjvSm- \In- b n- p- v. AXv \nan- a mWv P\- Ahsc
hniz-kn--Xv. Fm Amlp F\nv \Inb ZrjvSmw Ah\n
\np Znhy-k-t-i-am-Ip-p. AXn-\m F\nv ap {]hm-N-I-scm A\p-Km-an-I-fp-mhp-sav Rm\m-in-p-p.'' (_p-Jmcn apkvenw)
Fm {]hm-N-Im-pw ZrjvSm-- Dm-bn-cp-p-shv Cu lZokn \nv {Kln-m km[npw.
Hmtcm \_n- a mpw Ah- c psS Ime- L - - n\v A\p- k r- X am- b
Zrm- - f mWv Amlp \In- b - X v. Jp- B Ghpw IqSpX
t]sc-Spv ]d aqkm \_n(-A)-v At-l-ns Imev hym]Iam-bn-cp knlvdns\ adn-I-S-m-\p apAvPnk-v Amlp {][m\w sNbvXp.- ""R hnPbn-I-fm-sW-n \nbw Rv h
{]Xn- ^ - e hpw e`n- ptam? B B`n- N m- c I- m ^n- H us ASp-
hv tNmZn-p. Ah ]dp: AsX \n FsbSpv kmao]yw
31

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

knn-- h-cn s]Sp-Xm-Wv. Ah ]dp: tl aqkm Hp-In

\o (\ns hSn) CSpI Asn RfmImw CSpXv. Atlw ]dp: \n Cp sImpI. As\ Ah C-tm AhnsS Dmbncp P\sf abn Ifp. Ah Ahsc `b-s-Sp-n.
Ah Hcp alm amcWw sImp hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. aqkm \_nv
\mw Znhy t_m[\w \In Xm-fpsS hSn CSp-I-. Atm-gXm Ah
Ir{Xna-ambn sIn--a--Xns\ AXv hngpnfp. A-s\ kXyw
nc-s-Sp-Ibpw Ah {]hn-n-cp--Xmb (B`n-Nmcw) \ncIam-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ AhnsS Ah (^n-Hu\pw Iq-cpw)
]cmP-b-s-Sp-Ibpw \ny-cmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amc-Wm Amlphn\v kmjvSmwKw sNp-h-cmbpw hogv-s-p. aqk(A)-bpsSbpw
lmdq-(A)sbpw \mY-\mb temI cn-Xm-hn R hnizknpshv Ah {]- J ym]n- p.'' (A AAv- d m^v 113121)
Cukm \_n (A)v Am- e s anI- h p- - X m- b n- c p ssh- Z yimkv{Xs adn- I - S - m- \ p Ignhv \In. ""At- l s (Cukm
\_n(A)) Ckvdm-Cu kXn-I-fn-tev Ah {]hm-N-I-\m-pXp-am-Wv. (tijw Cukm \_n(A) Xs kap-Zmb-tmSv ]d-p)
\n-fpsS \mYs ] \nv \nbw \n-p Rm Hcp Zrmw sImp-h-n-cn-p-p. Ifn-an- \npw ]n-bpsS cq]w
t]mep- - X ns\ \nmbn Rm krn- p- I bpw AXn Rm
DuXp-I-bpw sNp-p. Atm Am-lp-hns thp-I-bm AXp
]nbm- b n- o- c p- p. ]mv tcmKnsbbpw P\m A- m- s cbpw
Rm kpJ-s-Sp-p-p, \mYs k-X-m ac-W-s--hsc Rm
Pohnn- p- I bpw sNp- p. \n `n- p- - h sb kw_- npw
\n- f psS `- h \- f n \n kqn- p- - h sb Ipdnpw Rm
\nv ]d-p-X-cp-p. \n-b-ambpw CXn \nv ZrjvSmapv, \n kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-sW-n.'' (Bep Cwdm:49). Fm aplZv \_n-(k)bpsS Imev kmln-Xy-am-bn-cpp P\-X-bpsS
apJyhnj-bw. Fgppw ]mp-samsm Ah-cpsS cn- Aenv
tNn-cp-p. `mj-bpsS HuXy-n hncm-Nn-h-cm-bmWv Ncn{Xw
Ad-_n-Isf Fgp-Xp--Xv. hymI-c-W-ns-bpw A- hn-]p-eo-I-cWn-sbpw sshhn-yhpw anIhpw AWn-bnsm-cp-nb `mj-bpsS
ay`q-an-bn Xncp\_nv Am-lp apAvPnk-mbn \In-b-Xv hnip Jp-B-\m-bn-cp-p. ]Tn-pc-bpsS ]Sn-hm-Xn ImWm Xncp\_n
Ghpw henb km-lnXy-hp-ambn hncm-Nn-p.
B kmlnXy amkva-cn-IX sImv kmlnXy Xp-cm-m-v

(Deq- a p Jp- B :253)

Ad-_n-I-n-S-bn Ccw Fgp-p-I-sfmw ]cn-lmk ]m{Xam-bn. CXp shdpw Ad_n ]Z-n HXp-p--Xm-bn-cpp. Jp-B
\Snb shp-hnfn Ncn-{X-n Bpw Gs-Sp-m Ign-n-.
JpBs\tmse Hs-gp-Xm {ian-h-cmw ]nn-cnv Xe Xmgvp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. {]apJ kmln-Xy-Im-c\pw Akm-[m-cW {]Xn-`-bpamb C_v\p apJ-^v^-Cs ASp- Hcp ]w aX-\n-tj-[n-I JpBs\ t]mse Hcp {K-sa-gpXm Bh-iy-s-p. CXv At-ls BmZ-`-cn-X-\m-n. AXn-\mbn Hcp hjw ka-b-sa-Sp-p-saXn\m
AXn\p kuIcy- Hcp--W-sav Ah-tcmSv apJ-^v^-Av A`ynp. Bdp amkw Ignv Ah B Cdm\nb kmlnXy-Im-cs
ASps-nb-tm In-semcp t]\bpw Hcp IS-em-kp-am-bn-mWv
At-ls ImWm-\m-b-Xv. Ah Nppw t\mn-b-tm Fgp-Xn-o-

32

33

apn shphnfnI \Sn. Am-lp-hns hN\w Ah-nS-bn

\S-nb kmlnXy hnkva-b-ns shp-hn-fn-I Bbncw hnf-ns
{]Im-i-s-m P zenv \np. ""AXpt]m-semcp hrmw Ah
sImv hcs.'' (A-Yq:34). Cu [oc-amb Nph-Sp-shv Jp-B Ahv apn \S-nb BZys shp-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp-p. ]I-p--t]mbn
B kmlnXy taem-f-m Ahm-Ip-am-bn-cp-n AXp t]msemcp
{K- ns krjvSn- n\v. Jp- B efn- X - a mbn hopw tNmZnp:
""Atlw AXv (Jp-B) sIn--a--Xm-sWv Ah ]d-bp-pthm?
]dbp-I (-km-ln-Xy-nepw cN-\-bnepw) AXn-t\mSv Xpey-amb ]v
Aymb- sImp-h-cnI. Am-lp-hns\ IqSmsX km[y-amIphsc \n- Wn- p- I bpw sNp- I .'' (- l qZv:13) ]t, A- X n\pw
Ahv Ign-n-. Jp-B hopw kc-f-ambn tNm-Znp: ""\psS
Zmk\v \mw Cd-n-b-Xn(Jp-B) \n ktl-ap--h-cm-sWn AXpt]msemcp kqdv \n sImp-h-cp-hn. Am-lp-hns\
IpSmsXbp klm-bn-Isf \n hnfn-p-hn, \n kXy-hmmcm-sW-n.'' (A _Jdx:23). ""As-n Atlw(ap-l-Zv \_n
(k)) AXns\ kzbw \nn-sXh ]d-bp-pthm? ]d-bpI: Fm \n- AXn\v Xpey-amb Hc-ymbw sImph-cp-hn \n
kXy-hm-m-cm-sW-n.'' (bq-\pkv:38) ]t, AXn-\p km-I
tijn Ad_v kmlnXy km{am- p- I n- m- b n- c p- p. ""Fm Hcp
Iq Nne s]mSn-ssI \Sn t\mn. A ^o kqdns
ssien- b n FgpXn:

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

dn-f- IS-emkv Iqm-c--. At-l-n\v Bdp amkw Ignnpw Hp-sa-gp-Xm Ign-n-. At-bw kzoIm-cy-\mb Cu kmlnXyIm- c Ah- k m\w Xs DZy- a - n \npw ]cmPbw k- X nv
]nm- d n. (aZvl_v Hu Nmev: 143) Cu kw`hn AZv`pXw
Iqdn {]apJ ]uckvXy-\mb shmf-tm (Wollaston) ]d-bpp: That
Muhammads boast as to the literary excellence of the Quran was not unfounded, is further evidenced by a circumstance, which occourred about a
century after the establishment of islam (Mohammed, his life and
Doctrinces:143) (JpBs kmln-Xy-an-Ihv ASnm\clnXasp-

ap-l--Zns hmZs IqSp-X in-s-Sp-p--Xm-Wv Ckvemw

\ne-hn hv \qdp hjw ]nn tijw kw`-hn Cu Imcyw.)

\nkvXpe kmlnXyw
Jp-Bs kmln-Xy-]-c-amb BIj-Wo-bX Hcp hnkva-b-ambn
\ne- s Im- p- p. Ihn- X - s bbpw KZy- s bpw kvt\ln- p Ad- _ nIv \ncmi \ImsX Hcp t]mse Bthiw \Inb JpB
a\p- j y- c n AKm[ kzm[o- \ - a p- m- n. Ppss_- d p_v\p apXzvCw(d)
]d-bpp: ""\_n(-k)-bpsS ASp--en-eqsS Rm \Sv t]mb-tm
\_n(-k) kqdp Xzq HmXpI-bm-bn-cp-p. AXp-tIp Rm Ckveman BIr-jvS-\m-bn'' (_p-Jm-cn). i{Xp-fn t]mepw JpB A\p]-a-amb Ne-\-ap-m-n. C_v\p Amkv(d) dntmv sNpp: ""Atlw ]dp: \_n(-k) \Pvav kqdv ]mcm-bWw sNbvXp sImn\cnskP-Z-bpsSBb-mb

FvHmXnb-tm
_n(-k) kqPqZv sNbvXp. Cu Ah-k-c-n \_n(-k)tbmSv IqsSbpmbn-cph hnizmknAhn-izmkn hyXym-k-an-msX Fm-hcpw
kpPqZv sNbvXp'' (_p-Jm-cn). {]apJ Jpssdin t\Xm-hmb heo-Zp_v\p
apKodx Hcn- Xncp-\-_n (k)-bpsS A-Sp- hp. Cu Ah-k-cn \_n(-k) Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sNbvXp sImncnpIbmbncpp. Jp-B tIt Xmakw AXn Atlw BIr-jvS-\mbn.
CX-dn A_q Pl Jp-Bs\Xnsc Hcp {]Jym-]\w \S-m
heoZv _v\p apKo-dx-tbmSv In-p. Cu ka-bv apKodx hmNm-e\mbn ]dp: ""Ihn-X-bn-epw Imhy-nepw Pnp-I-fpsS ]Zy-nepw
Fp-th Ad_n kmlnXy temIs cmPm--hmWv Rm. Rm
BW-bnv ]d-bpp: AmlphmWv kXyw, apl--Zns hN\v
hnkva-b-amb am[p-cy-ap-v, khn-tij ku-cy-ap-v. B hm-p-I
]pjv]nv \npp. AXns imJ-I ]qp--knv \np-p.
apc-Sp-I Bn-d-n-bn-cn-p-p. Ah kap--Xhpw AP--hp-am-Wv.
34

Iogn-ep--hsb Ah \njv{]-`-am-p-p'' (A CXvJm:2/150). kplvcnv(d) \nv \nthZ\w: ""\_n(k) X cm{Xn hon shv
\nkvIcnsh A_qPlepw A_qkp^vbm\pw AJv\kpw \_n
(k) XfpsS JpB ]mcmbmWw tIm\mbn ]ckv]cw AdnbmsX ]pdsp. {]`mXn aSsh hgnbn aqv t]cpw knp. Cfn`ycmb Ah ]ckv]cw Bt]npIbpw C\n CXv BhppIbnv i]Yw sNbvXv ]ncnbpIbpw sNbvXp. cmas
Znhkhpw AhcpsS lrZbs Iogvs]Spnb JpB hN\w
tIm\mbn Ah \_n(k) XfpsS hon\cnIn ]Xpnsbn. {]`mXn Ah Ip appIbpw a\nencnv hopw shfnmIpIbpapm- b n. aqmw Znhkhpw CXmhnp.'' (ss_lJn, JkzmCkzp-Ip_vd:1/115). CkvemanI hnizmktmSv i{XpXbn Ignbptm Xs \_n(k)nds JpB AhcpsS lrZbs AKm[ambn kzm[o\nncppshv DrX kw`hfn \nv hyamWv. Fm Ad_vA-d-t_-Xc kmln-Xy-nse GsXn-ep-samcp mkn- IrXnv C-s\-sbmcp a\w-amhn-h-n\v
t\XrXzw \Im I-gn-n-ptm? Hcn--ep-an. {]]w krjvSnv
kwhn-[m-\n Am-lp-hn \nmWv Jp-Bs Ah-X-cWw.

]Z- - f psS Aam- \ p- j n- I X

Fm `mjI-fnepw _rl-mbhbmWv GIhN-\hpw _lphN\hpw. Fm Nne GI-h-N-\--fpsS _lp-h-N-\- D]-tbm-Knp-Xn aSp-p-f-hm-pp. AXp-]-tbm-Kn- sImv LS\m ssienbn hyXymkw kw`- h n- p- p. ]s Nne e- - f n Ad_n
kmlnXyImc-mv Ccw ]Z- D]-tbm-Kn- A\nhm-cy-ambn
hcpp. Fm CXn \nv hyXn-cn--ambn Jp-B Ad_n `mjv ]pXn-sbmcp ssien kw`m-h\ sNbvXp.
"BIm-i'
- ns _lp-hN
-\
- a- mb "BIm-i
- '
FXv D]- t bm- K n- - X mbn ImWm- h p- - X m- W v. "`qan- ' bpsS _lp- h - N \fmb"Admfn',"Ad-fq'FvFhnsSbpw
D]tbmKn--Xmbn ImWm I-gn-bp-I-bn-. am{X-a, "BIm-i---`qan' Fv
Hcp-anv Xs 175 {]mhiyw D]-tbm-Kn--Xmbn ImWmw. Fm Hcp
ev `qan F-Xn\v _lp-h-N\w D]-tbm-Kn- \n_--ambncpp. ]t AhnsS Jp-B _lp-h-N-\-ns Bibw e`n-p
ssien {]tbm- K np:

35

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

""Ggv BIm-i--sfbpw Ahsb t]mse Xs `qan-sbbpw krjvSn- h \mWv Am- l p'' (A- - e m- J v:12, Deqap JpB:257).
CXn asmcp hkvXpX IqSn D-Xmbn De-am- hy-ampp:

kam- h m- X ns\(B- I m- i - ) _lp- h - N - \ hpw Afns\ (`q- a n)

GI hN-\-hp-ambn Jp-B {]tbm-Kn--Xns bpn alm-m-cmb
Jp-B hymJym-Xm- ]d-bp-p: ""BIm-i-fpsS aqe-k thdnv \np Xp-I-fm-Wv. `qan aqe-k kam-\-ambn tNv \np Xp-I-fm-Wv'' (\n_vdmkv Aem idln AJmCZv:74).
Jp-B-\nse Nne ]Z- D-cn-m {]bm-a-kp--Xmbpw AXv
A`w-Kn-bp-m-p--Xmbpw Nne Btcm-]n-m-dp-v. Fm hkvXpX t\sc Xncn-m-Wv. Fm `mj-I-fnepw s]mXp-hmbn ImWp Nne
]Z Am-\v D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm AXn\v A`w-Kn-bp-m-hpIbpw bYm m\v Xs D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm A hym]vXnbpXmbn A\p-`-h-s-Sp-Ibpw sNm-dp-v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A\ymb-ambhsb ]nSp-X
- n\v Ad_n `mj-bn F ]Zw D]-tbmKnp-p. ]t Cu ]Zw `mj-bn Atcm-N-I-am-b-mWv A\p-`-h-s-SmdpXv. Fm Jp-B- hfsc kmlnXy kp-jvS-amb coXn-bn
Xs Cu ]Zs D]-tbm-Kn-p. Jp-B-\n Cs\ ImWmw:

""\nv BWpw Ah\v (A-m-lp-hn-\v) s]ptam? As\bm-sW-n AXv A\ym-b-amb ]n-S-em-Wv'' (APvav 21,22). ChnsS
FtmAs-n
F]Z-n\v]I-c-ambn

Ftm D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p-sh-n AXv Ad_n kmlnXy ssiensb

Atcm-N-I-am-p-am-bn-cp-p. Ad_n `mj-bvv Ghpw \ kmlnXy
NmXpcn \Inb hnip-J
- p-B ChnsS F ]Zw Xs
D]tbm-Knv Ad_n `mjm ]Z--sfbpw AXns ssien-sbbpw aqeyap-Xm-n (Deq-apJp-B:257). hnip Jp-B kmlnXy NmXpcn-tbmsS thdnv \np-Xv Cm-cWw sImm-Wv.
C{]-Imcw Jp-B-\nse ]Zfn t]mepw Aam\pjnIX IqSpX {]ISamIpXnv Ad_v kmlnXytemIw kmyw hlnnpv. -DZmlcWn\v Pmlnenm Imen acWs kqNnnp
36

Hcp ]mSv ]Z D]tbmKnncpp.

]t, ChbpsS Asmw tZymXnnpXv Pmlnenm

ImeLnse A[a hnizkmsfam{XamWv. AYhm acWtmSv
IqsS a\pjymhbh AJnehpw \nPohamhpIbpw ]p\Poh
kmyamhmXncnpIbpw sNppsh acWns tIhemw
am{XamWv Cu hN\sfmw DsmnpXv. CXneqsS ]p\Poh\w, hnNmcW, GSv \I t]mtemhsb hnizkntXns [z\n hcpXn\m Xs Cu ]ZXoXamb, hnizmk
Imcy apgph\pw Dsmp "Xh^m' Fsmcp ]Zw acWn\v JpB D]tbmKnp. CXneqsS Ad_n `mjbpsS kmlnXy
kKmXv Xnfam NmcpXbmWv JpB \InbXv. ImcWw AXphsc D]tbmKnncp ]Z- smapdw acWns
kmam\ymsbpw Hw acWn- s BXynImsbpw
(]p\Poh Dmhpsa) DsImn- p hmIyambncpp "Xh^m' FXv. acWw imizXambn Poh \sSpIb, adnv `uXnI icocn \np Bmhns th]ncnb-emWv Fpw CtX
Bmhns\ Ponv On`namb `uXnI icoc Hnnv
AXn \nt]nm Amlphn\v Ignbpp Fpap hnizmksqSn kanppv "Xh^m' F ]Zw. acWs kqNnnm "Xh^m' F ]Zw AtXhsc Hcd_n kmlnXy km{ampw D]tbmKnncpn FXpw {itbamWv. C_v\p knZ(d) "A
apJzznkzv' F {Kn "auXv' F ]Zns hnhn[ ]Z Ad_v kmlnXy temIv hncNnXamb apgph ]ZyKZy kmlnXy krjvSnIfneqsS AhXcnnsnepw "Xh^m' F ]Zw JpB\n \nv am{XamWv Atln\v e`nXv. (XXnXp _bm
en apivInemn JpB:56)
Hmtcm `mj-I-fnepw i_vZ LS-\-bn-eqsS B ]Z--fpsS `mjm
kuIp-am-cy-Xbpw kmlnXy kp-jvS-Xbpw \jvS sp-t]m-Ip kml- N - c y- hcm- d p- v. Fm {]kvXpX ]Z- ns Bib Xew
hy-am-m AtX ]Zw Xs Bhn-jvI-cn-m \n_-n-X-cmhemWv kmlnXy temIs ]Xn- h v. ]cn- i p Jp- B - \ n ]t,
Cu ]Xn-hn\v Xncp- ImWm-\m-hp-p. AYhm `mjm kuIp-amcyX
\jvS-s-Sp-p ]Z-sf AXns NmcpX \jvS-s-SmsX bYm
An Xs Bhn- j vI- c n- p Nne ]Z- Jp- B - \ n
37

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

ImWmw. DZm-lc- W
-
- n\v Nps-Sp CjvSn-Iv t]mep
\mhn\v Ffpw hg-m ]Z- Xs D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp Ad_v
kmlnXy ]m- - e - n `mjm kucys AXns aq- \ yXbn {]Xn-jvTn-p Ghpw eLp-hmb ]Zw sImv Jp-B Ad_v kmlnXy temI-hp-ambn kwh-Zn-p. ^n-Hu lmam--t\mSv NpsSp CjvSn-I-bn Aw_-c-Npw-_n-bmb sInSw ]Wn-bm BhiysSp- X ns\ Jp- B kmlnXy kp- X- t bmsS Ah- X - c n- n- p- p:

""^nHu ]dp: {]apJamtc, Rm\msX bmsXmcp ssZhhpw \npXmbn Rm\dnnn. AXv sImv lmamt\ F\nv thn Ifna sImv(CjvSnI) NpsSppI. Fnv F\nv
\o DX ku[w \nnv XcnI.'' ( A Jkzkzv38) ChnsS CnI
sImv ]Wn-bpI F-Xn\v Jp-B Ghpw eLp-hmb `mj D]tbm-Knv
`mjm ku-cys AXns ]ca- I m- j vT- b n {]XnjvTnp- p (Deq- a p JpB:256).

tbm?'' (^pzn-e-Xv: 44) \_n(-k)- X--fpsS {]hm-N-I-Xz-sbpw JpBs bmYmy-sbpw \ntj-[n-m ]e X{-fpw \nccw
i{Xp {]tbm-Kn-mdp-m-bn-cp-p. hnip Jp-B\v t\sc Ahcp--bn-t-m-hp A\-d_n ]Z Btcm-]-W-v adp-]-Sn-bm-bmWv
Jp-B CXv ]d-bp-Xv. Ad-_n-I-fmb Rv asmcp `mjbn
Imcy- hnh-cnv Xcp-Xv sImv Fv ^e-am-Wp--sX tNmZyhpw ChnsS Am-\-m-Wv. Ad-_n-bn-ep Jp-B-\n A\-d_n
]Z- D]-tbm-Kn-Xp sImv AXv Ad-_n-b-m-Xm-hp-n- FXv
sImm- W n- X v.
Jp-B-\n A\-d_n ]Z--fp-s JpB hymJymXmfpsSbpw Cs Ad_n `mjm]Sp--fp-sSbpw `nm-`n-{]m-b- hnkvX-cnv sImv A_q Dss_Zv A Jmkn-ap_v\p kemw ]d-bpp:

Jp- B hy- a mb Ad- _ n- b n- e m- b - t Xm- s Smw Nne A\- d _n

]Z AXn hXv sImv Hcn-epaXv Ad-_n-b-m-Xm-hp-n.
Jp-B ]d-bp-p. ""CXns\ (Jp-B-s\) Ad-_n-b-m at-sXnepw `mj-bn-ep Jp-B-\m-n-bn-cp-s-n Ah-cn-s\ tNmZn-pambn-cp-p. CXnse hmIy- hni-Zo-I-cnv ]d-b-s-Sm--sXv sImmWv ({K-w) Hcp A\-d-_nbpw ({]-hm-N-I) Hcp Ad-_nbpamhpI-

""Fs ho-W-n c-`n-{]m-b-fpw icn-bm-Wv. ]nXam ]d-bp-Xv t]mse Acw ]Z--fpsS aqeD]n A\-d-_nbn \nv Xs- b m- W v. Fm Ad- _ n- I n- S - b n- t ev Acw
]Z ISv hcn- I bpw Ah Ad_n ]Z- - f n- t ev amn- s b- g pXn
Ad-_o-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-tm A\d_n ]Z Ad_n ]Zfmbn cq]mcw {]m]np. Cs\ Ad-_n-I-fpsS kwkm-c-n A\d_n ]Z- hv XpS-n-b-tm-gmWv AXv JpB\pw sImv hXv. AXn-\m Cu ]Z Ad-_n-bm-sWv ]d-bp--Xnepw A\-d_n-bm-sWv ]d-bp--Xnepw Hcp sXp-an-'' (A CXvJm:1/179).
Ad_n kmln- X y- nse D- X cNn an IrXn- I - f nepw ap
`mj-I-fn-ep hmp-Ifpw {]tbm-K-fpw ImWmw. Cm-c-W-m
AXv Ad-_n-b-sv Bcpw A`n-{]m-b-s-n-n-. Ad_n t]mse ap
`mj- I - f n- e p- a p Fm kmlnXy IrXnIfnepw A\y`mjm ]Z
ImWm km[npw. hnip Jp-Bs\ kw_-n-n-Stmfw A\d_n ]Z-fpsS ISphcthmSv IqSn AXns kmlnXy kp-jvSX
hn-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. A\-d_n ]Z-sf IqSn Ad_n hIcn-pI hgn Jp-B Gsd {Kmly-amb kmlnXy ssien-bp--Xmbn.
Ah D]- t bm- K n e- fpw AXns k`- fpw a\- n- e m- ptm CXv IqSp-X kv]jvS-am-hpw. ^mcn-kn, kpcn-bm-\n, XpS-nb

38

39

Jp- B \pw A\- d _n ]Z- fpw

Ad_n ]Z-smw A\-d_n ]Z-fpw Jp-B-\n D]tbmKn--Xmbn ImWmw. Cm-c-W-m Ad-_n-I-tfm-Sp Jp-Bs
shphnfn Am-\-m-sWv Nne hmZn-p-p. CXm-Is hkvXpX-Iv \nc-m--Xm-Wv. Fp sIms-m Jp-B-\n-sem-cnepw Ad-_n-Iv ]cn-N-b-an-m hmp-I-fn-. Jp-B\n ]cmainp A\d_n `mj-I-fnse {]tbm-K--sfmw Ad-_n-I-fpsS kwkmc- nepw `mj- m kmlnXynepw Aen- p tN- h - b m- b n- c p- p.
hnip Jp-B hy-amb Ad_n `mj-bnem-sW--Xn kwiban. Jp-B ]d-bp-p.

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

`mjI- f nse At\Iw ]Z- Jp- B - \ n- e p- v. Nne DZm- l - c - W -

ImWp- I .

""Ah-cpsS ta ] \nd-ap t\ ]v hkv{X-fpw Dmbncnpw. shn-bpsS hf-Ifpw Ahv AWn-bn--s-Sp--Xm-Wv. Ahv Ah-cpsS cn-Xmhv XnIpw ip-amb ]m\obw IpSn-m sImSpp--Xp-am-Wv'' (-A Ckm 21).Pphm-eo-Jo ]d-bpp: " F ]Zw ^mko `mj-bn temeamb ]n\v ]d-bp t]cm-Wv '' (-A CXvJm1/181).-

""Xudmv kzoI-cn-m Npa-Xe Gn--s-Sp-Ibpw FnXv

Gs-Sp-m-X-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cpsS(b-lq-Z-cp-sS) DZm-l-cWw {K Npa-p IgpXbpsSXv t]mse-bm-Ipp.'' (A PpapA:5).
A hmknXzn(d) Cim-Zn ]d-bpp: F ]Zw sImp
Dtiyw kpcn-bm\n InXm-_p-I-fm-Wv (A CXvJm:1/180).

{]h- N - \ -
hnip Jp-B ]e {]h-N-\-fpw \S-n-bn-p-v. Ah-bmIs ]pev Ign-Xpw ]pe-cm-\n-cn-p--h-bp-am-Wv. Jp-B Amlphn \n- h - X o- a m- b Xv sImv Xs Amlp hn[n- p
Imcy- fpw a\p- j y A\p- h n- t \b- - f p- a mWv Amlp
AXneqsS ]d-bp--Xv. ]q {]hm-N-I-m-cpsS Ncn-{X- hy-amp- - X n- s \mw C\n hcm- \ n- c n- p Ime- - f n Fv \S- p- pshv JpB hy- a m- p- p- v. Jnbm- a v \mfn- s \- p- d n- p
{]h-N-\- Ah-bn s]-Xm-Wv. Ah ]pep sImn-cn-p-Xpw
]pe-cp-sav temIw hn[n-sb-gp-Xn--gn--Xp-am-Wv. A{]-Imcw tdma
km{am--P y-ns hnP-bhpw \_n(-k)-X--fp-sSbpw A\p-N-cam-cpsSbpw akvPn-Zp ldmw {]th-i-\hpw \_n(-k) X-fpsS kwc--Whpa-Sw At\Iw {]h-N-\-- Jp-B \S-n-bn-p-v. Ah Hcp
amhpw kw`-hn-msX A{]-Imcw Xs ]pe-cp-I-bp-m-bn. AXn
Fs-nepw amw kw`-hn-n-cp-p-sh-n Jp-B a\pjy krjvSnbm-sWv hn[n-sb-gp-XsSp-am-bn-cp-p. ]t Ah ]pe-Xn-eqsS
Jp-Bs Aam-\p-jn-IX hy-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. Jp-B \Snb Nne {]h- N - \ - - f psS hni- Z o- I - c Ww ImWp- I .
40

tdma km{am- P y- X z- ns hnPbw

""tdma-m ]cm-P-b-s-p. Ghpw ASp cmP yv shv. Ah

(tdm-a-m) Ah-cpsS ]cm-P-b-n\v tijw GXm\pw hj-Iw
hnP-bn-pXmWv. appw ]npw Amlphn\mIpp Imcy-fpsS
\nb{Ww. At Znhkw kXyhnizmknI kpjvScmIpXmWv.'' (Adqw: 24).
]pcm- X \ Imev hi- n- I fmb t]jybpw tdmapw Xn
{InkvXm_vZw 613-614- \S i-amb bp-n tdmamkm{amPyn\v C\n-sbmcp Xncp-p-h-chv km[y-am-Im hn[w ]cm-Pbtatn hp. C-s\-sbmcp ]cn-X-n-Xn-bn-em-Wv tdmw hnP-bn-pI Xs sNp-sa {]h-N\w Jp-B \S-p-X
- v. ChnsS (GXm\pw hj-Iw) FmWv Jp-B {]tbm-Kn-Xv. Ad-_nbn aqv apX HXv hsc-bp KW-n-\mWv Fv ]d-bpXv.
Jp- B s {]Jym- ] - \ - t msS i{Xp ]w cwK- n- d - n. Hcn- e pw
AXv \S-m t]mIp-n-sv Ah Xpd--Sn-p. ""D_p _v\p Je^v ]v H-Is A_q-_-Iv(-d)-hp-ambn ]bw shpI hscbpm-bn. Jp-Bs hmKvZXzw ]pe-cp-I-bm-sW-n A_q-_-Iv (-d)\v
]v HIw \Ip-sa ]-bamWv D_p _v\p Je^v \S-nbXv.
XpSv Jp-B\nI {]hN\w ]pe-tm ]v HIw A_q_Iv (-d)-\v e`n-p-I-bp-m-bn. (CXv ]bw \njn--am-Ip--Xn\v apmbncp- p)'' (X- ^ vko Pa: 3/384). i- a mb {]Xn- I m- c - t msS tdmw
t]jy-tbmSv ]S-s]m-cp-Xp-Ibpw FUn 621- t]jy N{I-hnbmb jmw]q h[n--s-stXmsS Jp-B\nI hmKvZm\w ]pecpIbpw sNbvXp. tdmw hnPb{ioem-fn-Xcmbn Xncn-p-h-p.
dkq- e ns kwc- Ww

""dkqse, cn-Xm-hn \npw Xmv Ah-X-cn--s--sXmw

Fnv sImSp-p-I. As\ sNbvXn-n-s-n Am-lp-hns ZuXyw Xm \nd-th-n-b-h-cm-Ip-I-bn-. P\--fn \nv Amlp Xmsf cn- p- - X m- W v.'' (am- C Z:67).
Jp-Bs {]h-N\w ]pep I asmcp kw`-h-am-bn-cpp
41

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

Xncp-\_n(k) kwc-Ww. Ckvemans {]t_m-[\ tKmY-bn Dh-cn \nv t]mepw Hcp-]mSv bmX-\-Ifpw thZ-\-Ifpw kln-t-nh- Xncp- \ _n(k)v Jp- B \nI {]h- N \w kmz- \ - t a- I n. DrX

(P\--fn\nvXmsfAmlpkwcBb-n
n-pw) Fv ]d--Xn\v \_n(-k)v Hcp _pn-appw A\p-`-hntn hcn F Dtiyw. adnv i{Xp--fpsS Ic--fm h[n-sSpIbn Fm-Wv. dkq(-k)sb h[n-m thn \fvdp _v\p lmcnkv dkq(k)-bpsS ASpv hp hmfm-h-iy-s--tm hm sImSpp. At-l-ns In \nv hm hnd-p-Xv Iv dkq(k) ]dp: ""\o Dt-in--Xn \nv Amlp F\nv ad-bnv Xncn-pp.'' Cu Ah-k-c-n-emWv DrX Jp-B\nI kqw AhXcn--Xv. (C_v\p Iko: 2/110).
i{Xp- h - i v \np ]cn- l m- k hpw ]oV- \ hpw Ak- l y- a m- b tm Am-lp-hns I]\ {]Imcw \_n(-k) lnPvd-sm-cp-pIbp-m-bn. XZ-h-kcw \_n(-k)sb h[n-m hoSp hf Ahn-izmkn- I Ah- k m\w \ncm- i - c mbn. DlvZp bp- n \_n(- k )- b psS
hmv hnkva-cn kzlm-_nI ]nn-cn-tm-Sn-b-tm hnc-en-semhp A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-samv c t\Sm Xncp-\_n(-k)v km[np.
\_n(-k)sb NXnp sImp-I-sb eyw shv ssJ_-dn shv
hnjw tNv amwkw \Inb PqX-h-\n-X-bn \nv \_n (k)sb
Amlp cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtX kabw i{Xp--fm \_n
(k) h[n--s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-n Jp-B-\nI hmZw \nc-Iam-Ip-am-bn-cp-p.
akvPn-Zp ldmw {]th-i\w
Ckvemw kzoI-cn--Xns t]cn kzw \mSpw hoSpw Dt]-ntn h apkvenIv a- b n t]mbn IAv_ kinm
D-S-amb B{Klw Dm-bn-cp-p. ]t lnPvdv tijhpw aplmPn-dp-I-fpsS apn Ah-cpsS c-n\v Zmln-p am-apivcnpI hnep XSn-bm-bn. B k`-n-emWv akvPp-Zp ld-an \_n(-k)pw kzlm-_-n\pw Bcm-[\ Ia- \nh-ln-m Ahk-c-ap-m-Ip-sav \_n(-k) kz]v\w ImWp--Xv. {]kvXpX kw`hw
kzlm-_-n\v hnh-cnp sImSp-p-tm Ah B\--Xp-n-e-cmbn. XpSv lpssZ-_n kn-bn aZo-\-bn-tev aSn htcn
h-tm kzlm-_n-Iv kwibapf-hm-bn. Da(-d) \_n(-k)tbmSv
tNmZnp: ""\mw IAv_ kin- p- s av Av ]d- n- c n- nt?''
""AsX, AXv Cu hjw Xs-bm-h-sW-sa-n-sv'' ]dv \_n(42

k) Ahsc kmz-\n-n-p. (-C_v\p Iko:4/254). XpSv kz]v\w

bmYmy-am-sWv AwKo-I-cnp sImv Jp-B Ah-X-cn-p-Ibpm-bn. Amlp Ahs ZqX\v kz]v\w kXy{]Imcw kmmcnncnpp. ""Amlp Dt-in-p ]w \n Xo-bmbpw kam[m\Nn-cpw Xe-ap-\w sNbvX-hcpw apSn apdn--h-cp-ambn \n`bw
B AZ-cWob tZhm-e-b-n {]th-in-p-sa kz]v\s Amlp
kmm-XvI-cnp sImSp-n-cn-pw.'' (-A ^Xvlv:27). lnPvd Ggmw
hjw ZpJ- A vZv amk- n \_n (- k )bpw A\p- b m- b n- I fpw Dwd
\nh-lnp aS-p-Ibpw ASp hjw ]Xn-\m-bncw kzlm-_m-tfmsSmv \_n(-k) a-bn-tev {]th-in-p-I-bpap-m-bn. AtXmSp
IqSn B hnip av Ckveman\v kz-am-bn. ]noSv lnPvd HXn
A_q- _ - (d)- h ns t\Xr- X z- n a- b n hv kzlm- _ v
lv \nh-ln-p. lnPvd ]mw hjw kmc-k-q-amb lp hnZm-Av \S--tXmsS Jp-Bs {]h-N\w ]qn-bm-bn.

Ncn- { X- ns IrXyX

""IY- I - f n _pn- a m- mv ]mT- a p- v. (Cu Jp- B ) sIn- ap-m--s Hcp IY-b-. AXv app--Xns\ hmkvX-ho-I-cn-pXpw kakvX Imcy-sf Ipdn-p hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw hniz-kn-p
P\Xv t\amKhpw Imcp-Wy-hp-am-Wv.'' (bq-kp^v:111)
Jp-Bs Ncn-{X-t_m[\ a\p-jy-Ip-e-n\v PohnX ktifpw ]mT--fp-ambn Fm-ehpw \nesImpp. AXn Ir{XnaXztfm Ahm-kvX-h-tfm Bbn Hpw Xs-bn-. Cv temIv
Ghpw henb aX-k-aq-l-amb IrkvXym-\n-I-fpsS \ne-hnse ss__n Ah-X-cn-n-p Hcp Ncn-{X-ap-v. A{_-lm-ans Imev Pohn
CuPn-]vjy cmPm-hns\ ^tdmh Fv ss__n Bdv XhW hnfnpp. (D]n:12/1020). Fm CuPn-]vXns ]pXnb cmP-`-cWIm-e-mWv(18-mw cmP-hw-iw) Ahn-Sps cmPm-sf ^tdm-hsbv hnfn- m XpS- n- b - s Xv \qX\ ]T- \ - hy- a m- p- p
(Harpos Bible Dictionary page:178 Ency-Electronic Edition-Pharoab).
ss__n ]n-Xam-cpsS A\p-am\w A{_m-lm-ans a[y-cm-PXz
Ime-m-bn-cn-p-sa-mWv (Odelinin and Rseguinrd Dictionary of proper
names and places in the Bible, London page:7) ]pXnb Kth-j-W-
43

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

{]Imcw ]pcm-X\ cmPXz Ime-amWv A{_-lm-ans Ime-L-w. Cu

cp kao-]-\- shp-t\m-n-bmepw ss__n-fns Cu ]cm-aiw
Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ocn-I-cn-m-\m-hn-. Cu hnj-b-n Jp-Bs
kao-]\w Xocpw hyXn-cn--am-Wv. C{_dmlow \_n(-A), bqkp^v
\_n(-A) Fn-h-cpsS Ime-L--nse CuPn-]vj cmPm-hns\ Ipdnv ^tdmh(^n- A u) Fv Jp- B hnti- j n- n- p- n- . adnv,
]pXnb cmPXz Imev Pohn aqkm \_n(-A)-s FXn-cm-fn-bmb
CuPn-]vjy cmPm-hns\ am{X-amWv ^tdmh Fv Jp-B A
AAvdm^v:103 {]tbm-Kn-Xv. Chn-sS-bmWv Ncn-{X-nse IXncpw
]Xncpw Jp-B thXn-cnv Xcp--Xv.
ss__-nfn-sbpw Jp-Bsbpw Ncn-{X- ]cm-aiw a\-n-emptm Jp-Bs Ncn-{X- IrXy-X-bmWv hy-am-Ip-I. ChnsS JpBs Ncn- { X- IrXy- X v {]kn hn- p- p.
abw _ohnsb lmdqs ktlm-Z-cn-bmbn Jp-B kwt_m[\w sNp-Xv Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn sXm-bn-tm-sbv Jp-B hnaiI ]d-bm-dp-v.

""lmdqs ktlm-Z-co! \ns ]nXmhv Hcp Zpjn a\p-jy-\m-bncpn-. \ns amXmhv Zp\SpImcnbpambncpn.'' (abw:28) ChnsS abw _ohnpw \qm-p-Iv apv Pohn lmdqs\s\ abans ktlm-Z-c-\mbn F Btcm-]-W-w ASnm\ clnXamWv.
bYm- n CsXmcp Ncn- { X- ] - c - a mb hkvXp- X - I sf ASn- m- \ am-n-bp hnfn-tbm cp t]cpw kaImenIcmWv F Anep hnfntbm A. apKo-dXv _n ipAv_(d) dntmv sNpp:

ko C_v\p Iko: 3/160). Ckvdm-Cu-ey-cpsS A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-coXnbmWv ChnsS Jp-B kzoI-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. DIr-jvS-cn-tev tNnhn-fn-p-sIm-p ssien-bmWv Jp-B \S-n-b-Xv. CXp-t]mse ep_v[X ImWn-p--hsc ]nim-Nns ktlm-Z-cam-cmbn ImWnppv Jp- B .

""Xo-bm-bpw Zphybw sNp--h ]nim-Np--fpsS kplr-p-fm-bn-cn-p-p. ]nimNv Ahs \mY-t\mSv hfsc \n-bn-m--h\m-Ip-p.'' (A Ckvdm-Av,27) Jp-B-s Ncn-{Xkao]\nse IrXy-X-bmWv Chn-sSbpw {]I-S-am-Ip-Xv.
hnip Jp-B-\n apIme {]hm-N-I-m-cp-sSbpw ap-sams
Ncn-{X- {]Xn-]mZn-p-p-v. hnhn[ kqd-p-I-fn -C-Xm-hnp- - X mbn ImWmw. ]t, Bh\hnc- k X tXmm hn[w
a\p-jy\v Dsm-m-\m-hp hn[-n IrXy-ambn tcJ-s-Sp-nb
Ncn{X hkvXp- X - I , Jp- B Am- l p- h n \n- h - X o- a m- b - X msW hkvXp-Xsb _e-s-Sp-p-p. ]q-Ime {K-sf icnshp-sIm-p Jp-Bs ]cm-aiw {it-b-am-Wv. apIme thZ{K-- a\pjy-I-c- sImv am-n-cp--ep-Iv hnt[-bamb-Xn-\m Ahbn Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw hnizm-k-]-c-ambpw Gsd ]ng-hpI ImWm km[n- pw.

Jp- B - s kwc- Ww
a\p-jys\ kap--cn-m thn-bmWv Amlp \_n (k) Xv hnip Jp-B \In-b-Xv. Jp-B\v appw Amlp thZ{K-fpw GSp-Ifpw Cd-n-bn-p-v. Ah Jp-B Ah-X-cn-tXmsS Ime-l-cW-s-Sp-Ibpw a\p-jys ssII-S--ep-Iv Cc-bmhpIbpw sNbvXp. Jp-B ]d-bp-p.

""Fs \_n(-k) \Pvdm-\n-te--b-p. \Pvdm-\n-ep--h FtmSv

tNmZn- p. \n- t fm- X p Jp- B - \ n (lm- d qs ktlm- Z - c n) Fv
ImWp-p. Fm Cukm \_nv apt aqkm \_nbpsS \ntbmKw. CXv tIv Rm aS-n-hv \_n(-k)-tbmSv CXns\ Ipdn Bcmp. -A-tm \_n(-k) ]d-p. \nv app--h \_n-am-cntepw k-\ - -fn-t epw tNp-hn- fn- - mdp- m- bn- cp- p.'' (- X^v-

""Atm(sF- l n- I - a m- b ) Ipd- - h ne hmm- \ mbn X- f psS

Ic sImv (kzbw \n- p) {Kw Fgp- X p- I bpw A\- cw
CXv Am-lp-hn \np--Xm-sWv ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp--hmWv
ItTm-c-amb in.''(-A_-Jd:79) \_n(-k) X Ah-km\ {]hNm- I - \ msW- n- c ns Ahn- S - t v Cd- nb Jp- B Ah- k m\

44

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ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Aam\pjnIX

\m hsc \ne\nt-Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu temIw GXv hsc

\ne-\np-pthm AXv hsc-bp kaq-l-v thn-bm-Wtm
Jp-B Ah-X-cn-Xv. Fm `mj-I-fn-ep-ap kmlnXy {K-fpw
apw Nne Ime-tv am{Xw ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-Ibpw Ime-l-c-W-s-SpIbpw sNp-tm Ad_n `mj-bnse Ghpw henb kmln-Xy-{K-ambn t{]mz-enp \npp Jp-B. ImcWw hnip Jp-Bs
kwc-Ww Amlp Gs-Sp-n-p-v. Jp-B ]d-bp-p-:

""\nbw \mamWv JpB Cd- n- b Xv. \mw Xs AXns\

kwcn-p-Ibpw sNpw.'' (-A lnPv: 9) Cu Bb-ns hniZoIc-W-n Camw dmkn(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Am-lp-hns kwc-Ww
sImp Dtiyw Jp-B a\p-jy-I-em-ap-Iv AXo-X-am-sWpw
krjvSn- I v AXn IqntNm\pw Ipdhv hcp- m\pw km[ya Fpam- W v.'' (a^m- X o- l p ssK_v:19/160)
hnip Jp-B Ah-X-cnv 1400 hj- Ign-npw Hcp amhpw hcm-sX-bmWv \ne-\np-Xv . a\pjy Ic-fm \nn-Xamb Cy- b nse Ckvemta- X c aX- - f psS thZ- { K- - ]pXnb
Xeap-d-bpsS `mjv hg-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw B aX-ns A\p-bmbn-Iv tKmN-c-am-hm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX kml-N-cy- \ne\nsbmWv Hcp hyXym-k-hp-an-m--\n-e-bn Am-lp-hns hnip
{Kw \ne-\np-Xv. a\p-jys ssI IS--ep-I Jp-B-\n
km[y-am-hn-sv Am-lp-Xs AXn-eqsS ]d-bp-p-v. Ign
Ime--fn-se t]mse hcm-\n-cn-p- Imepw Jp-B-\v G-pd-n-ep-I sXmv Xop-I-bn-sv CXv sXfn-bn-p-p.
""Jeo^ aAvaqs kZ-n h \n]p-W-\mb Hcp PqX-t\mSv aAvaq Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn-m ]d--tm PqX \nc-knpIbp-m-bn. ASp hjw Atlw apkvenambn hcnIbpw aAvaqs
sshm-\nI kZ-n kPo-h-ambn ]s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvX-tm
Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn-m-\p Imc-Ws Ipdnv aAvaq AtltmSv tNmZn-p-I-bp-m-bn. Atlw ]d-p: Av Xm-fpsS kZn \nv Rm ]ncnv t]mb tijw Cu aX--sfm-sbpw ]conv t\mm Rm Xocp-am-\n-n-cp-p. Xm-dn-bp-Xv t]mse Rm \smcp Iem-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-p. D-S--n t`Z-K-Xn-I
hcpn Xudm-ns aqp tImn-I kp-c-ambn Rm Fgp-Xnbpm-p-Ibpw kn\tKmKn t]mbn Rm\Xv hnp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C{]-Imcw ss__n ]pXnb \nb-a-nsbpw aqp tImn-I t`Z46

K-Xn-I hcpn Nn sImp-t]mbn hnp-I-bp-mbn. ]noSv

G-p-d-n-ep-I hcpn Jp-Bs aqp tImn-I BIj-ambn
FgpXn apkvenw ]n-X-cpsS ASp-s-n-tm AXnse t`Z-KXnI Iv Ah-cXv Xnc-kvI-cn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. CXn \nv
F\nv a\-n-embn Jp-Bs kpc-n-X-Xzw. AXmWv F\nv Ckvemw kzoI- c n- m XpW- b m- b - X v.'' (- X - ^ vko JpXzp_n:10/5) \_n(k)- X-v Lw L-am-bmWv hnip- -Jp-B Ah-X-cn--Xv. ap {K- H-b-Sn-mWv Cd--s--sX-n Nne k`-pw
Imcy-Im-c-W--\p-kr-X-ambn 23 hj Imew sImv ]qnbmhp-I-bm-bn-cpp hnip Jp-B. hnip Jp-B Xs ]d-bpp:
""Jp-B kmh-[m-\-n P\-v Xm HmXn sImSp-m-\mbn
AXns\ \mw thXn-cn-p-Ibpw A]m]-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.'' (A CkvdmAv:106). eulp alv^q-fn krjvSn--s
Jp-B Xs-bmWv \_n(-k)-X-v Cd-n-sm-Sp--Xv. AhXc-W -k-a-bv t]mepw AXn Hcp hyXymkw hn-cp-n-. Ah Hb-Snv Cd--s-n-cp-s-n P\-v AXv ]Tn-m\pw DsImm\pw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-n-sv ta Bb-n \nv a\-n-em-mw.
Ah-X-cW Imev Nne Bb-p-I-sf-nepw ad-p-t]m-Ip-tam- Fv
\_n(-k) `b-s-n-cp-p. ]t, Amlp \_n(-k)-X-v kmz\-ta-Ip-Ibpw

""\mw \nv HmXncpw Atm-

Xm AXv ad-p-I-bn'' (A A-Avem:6) F Bbv CdpIbpw sNbvXp. Jp-B-\n \nv Hpw \jvS-s-p-t]m-In-smWv CXn- e qsS hy- a m- I p- Xv. C{]- I mcw Xs hnip- - J p- B
temIm-h-km\w hsc kXy-hn-izm-kn-bpsS lrZ-b-n \ne-sIm-pXm-Wv. ]e L--fn-embn Ah-X-cn--s Bb-p-I \_n(k)
Xv t{ImUo- I r- X - a mbn Pn_vco(- A )- X s HmXn tI]n- n- pv. Jp-B Cp ImWp enJnX cq]-n-embn t{ImUo-I-cn-sXv \_n(-k)v tij-am-Wv. Cu t{ImUo-I-cWw \mw Xs Jp-B\ns\ kwc-n-p-sav Amlp ]d-- Xns Hcp k__v (\nanw) am{X- a m- s Wv Camw dmkn(- d ) Xs X^vko- d p I_o- d n
(10/160) tcJ- s - S p- p- p- v.
Jp-B kwc-n--s--Xm-sW--Xns Ghpw {][m-\-amb
sXfn- h p- I - f mWv AXns t{ImUo- I - c Whpw lrZn- - a m- epw. JpB a\x- ] m- T - a m- nb \nc- h [n kzlm- _ - apX At\- I m- b ncw
lrZ- b - - f n- t e- mWv Ah am- a n- m- s X- ]- I p- s Im- n- c n- p- - X v.tXm-ep-I-fnepw Cu-\ a-ep-I-fnepw kzlm-_m- tcJ-s-Spn
47

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sh Jp-B Xs-bmWv Cpw apkvenw temIw ]mcm-bWw sNpXv. Cmcyw sImsm- s bpw Am- l p- h n \n- h - X o- a mb
hnip- - J p- B - s \ Am- l p- X s kwc- n- p- s a- mWv hy- a m- I pXv.

Jp- B : ]mcm- b - W hpw a\x- ] m- T hpw

""Am-lp-hns {Kw HmXp-Ibpw \nkvImcw \ne-\np-Ibpw

Ahv \mw \In-b-Xn \nv cl-ky-ambpw ]c-ky-ambpw sNeh-gnp-Ibpw sNp--h \nbw \inp t]mIm Hcp hym]mcs Ah {]Xym- i n- pp.'' (A ^mXzn:29)
hnip Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sN Gsd al-Xz-ap--XmsWv Cu Bbv kqNn-n-p-p. ]mcm-b-W-ns t{ijvTX hnh-cnp At\Iw \_nhN-\--fpv. A_q lpssdd(d) dntmv sNpp: ""\nbw \_n(-k) ]d-bpp: Am-lp-hns hoSp-I-fn \np Hcp hon Hcp Iqw P\- Hcpanv IqSn Jp-B ]mcmbWw
sNp-Ibpw Ahn-S-bn AXv ]c-kv]cw ]Tn-np sImn-cn-pIbpw sNbvXm Ah-cpsS ta ko-\v (kam[m\w) Cd-n-sImncn-p-Ibpw Amlphns dlvav (A\p{Klw) Ahsc s]mXnp sImn-cn-p-Ibpw ae-p-I Ahsc hebw sNbvXp sImncn-p-Ibpw sNm-X-ncn-n-. ae-p-I-fpsS aPven-kn Ahsc Ipdnv
Amlp ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp--XmWv.'' (apkvenw, A_q-Zm-hq-Zv) A_q
Dama(-d) dn-tmv sNpp: ""\_n(-k) ]d-bp--Xmbn Rm tIp.
\nbw \n Jp-B-t\m-Xp-I. AXv HmXp--h\v ip]mi-m-c\mbn Ay- \ m- f n Jp- B hcp- - X m- W v '' (apkvenw).
temIv Ghpw IqSp-X A-Snp hn-Sp-Xv ss__-nfm-sWn Ghpw IqSp-X ]mcm-bWw sN-s-Sp-Xv hnip Jp-B-\mWv.
Bdm- b n- c - n- e - [ nIw Bb- p- I - f p Cu {Kw F{X Bhn
]mcm-bWw sNbvXmepw aSp-p-f-hm-p-n-. aXn hcm BkzmZ\amWv Jp-B \Ip--Xv. am apivcnp-I tIp--Xn \nv
A\p-bm-bnIv hne-ts-Sp-n-bXv AXv P\-sf kXy-hn-izmkn-I-fm-p-sav `b-m-bn-cp-p. Ckvemw kzoI-cn Imc-W-m
Gsd XymK- kln-tn h A_q-_-Iv (-d) Ah-km\w lnPvd-sm-cp-n-b-tm C_v\p pKv\ F a-bnse {]amWn Atl48

n\v A`bw \Im Xocp-am-\n-p. CX-dn Jpssd-in-I C_v\p

pKv\tbmSv hv ]d-Xv ""apl-Zv sImp-h Jp-B A_q_-Iv (d) ]mcm-bWw sNp-p-v. R-fpsS kv{XoIfpw Ipn-Ifpw
AXn-e-I-sv t]mIp-p-sav R `b-s-Sp-p. C\n A_q-_-Ivdn(-d) \nv AX-h tIp Ah--bp-m-I-cp-Xv'' FmWv.
(C_v\p lnimw:1/411) A_q-_-(-d) Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sNpXv tIm kv{XoIfpw Ipn-Ifpw At-ls Nppw IqSm-dp-Xv
Ahsc Ckvemw kzoI-cn-m t{]cn-n-p-sav `b--X-\n-emWv Jpssd-in-I C_v\p pKv\tbmSv Cs\ At]-n--Xv. am-apivcnpI-fpsS Cu kao-]-\s Jp-B ]cm-ain-p-p: ""kXy-\n-tj[nI ]dp: \n Cu Jp-B {ihn--cp-Xv. \n-f-Xn i_vZtIm-em-l-e-ap-m-p-ho. Fm \n hnP-bn-t-mw.'' (^pzneXv:26) Jp-B\ns at\m-lm-cnX tIm-Xn-cn-m i{XpX ISp
apivcnp-I sNhn s]mn-n-Sn-p-I t]mepw sNbvXn-cp-p. kXyhnizm-kn-I-tfmSv kl-hn-p--Xn- \nv Ah P\-sf XSXpw AXv sImp Xs-bm-bn-cp-p. Jp-Bs Cu hiy-amb ]mcmbW ssien AXns ssZhn-I-X-bmWv shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. \_n (k)
sb h[n-m-\mbn ]pd-s tIm]m-Ip-e-\mb Da(-d)-hns lrZ-bs
t]mepw ap-I t]mse Dcp-n-bXpw Jp-Bs ]mcm-bW ssienbmWv. tIhew Dn-mb \_n(-k) Fm-ehpw {]k--amb ssienbneqsS Jp-B P\-v HmXn-tIn--tm Ah-c-Xn BIrjvS-cmbn F-XmWv Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X. C_v\p Am-kv(-d) \nth-Z\w
sNp lZo-kn ImWmw. ""Dssbbv\p _v\p lnkzv(-d) Da(-d)
hns ASp- sNv ]dp: ""C_v\p JXzm_v! Av P\-v
kv \In- b n- . Rn- S - b n \oXn \S- m- n- b n- p- a n- .'' DSs\ Da(-d) {]tIm-]n-X-\mbn At-ls ssIImcyw sNm Xocpam\n-p. Cu Ah-k-c-n-- Dssb-bv\ns ktlm-Zc ]p{X lpdv(-d)
]dp: ""Aao-dp apAvan\o! Amlp \_n(-k)-tbmSv ]d-n-pv.

""\o hnphogvN kzoIcnpIbpw kZmNmcw InpIbpw AhnthInIsf hnv Xncnv IfbpIbpw sNpI'' (A AAvdm^v:
199). -\n-bw Ctlw (Dssb-bv\) hnh-c-an-m--h-\m-Wv.'' C_v\p
Amkv(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Amlp kXyw. Da(-d)-\v Cu Bbv HmXnsImSp-Xv apX Atlw Cu Bb-n\v FXncv {]hn-n-n.
Atlw Am-lp-hns {K-tmSv Xopw {]Xn-_-Xbp-hcmbn- c p- p.'' (- _ p- J m- c n). hnip Jp- B \nse DrX Bb- ns
49

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hiyX Da(-d)-s\ ]nSn-ncp-n-sb-mWv Cu lZokv hy-am-pXv. a\pjy lrZ-b--fpsS sshIm-cnI tNmZ-\-sf a\x-im-kv{Xns Ghpw DXvIr-jvS-amb \nt-i-n-eqsS D]-tZ-in-p-Ibpw bYm am\p-jnI aqey--fn a\p-jys\ Dd-np \ndp-p-Ibpw sNp kmlnXy ssien- b mWv Jp- B ]mcm- b m- W - n- \ p- - X v. ""ZqX\nd--s--Xv (Jp-B) Ah {ihn-m Ah-c-dn kXyw ImcWambn Ah-cpsS \b-\-fn _mjv]w {]h-ln-p--Xmbn Xmv
ImWmw. R- f psS \mYm, R hiz- k n- n- c n- p- p. AXn- \ m
kmyw hln--h-tcm-sSmw Rsf \o tcJ-s-Sp--Wta Fh
]d-bpw.'' (-A amCZ:83). {]apJ ap^-n-dmb C_v\p Am-kv(-d)
]d-bpp: ""\_n(-k) PAv^dp _v\p A_o Xzmen_v(d) ASw Hcp kwLw kzlm-_m-sf A_vko-\n-b-bnse \min cmPm-hns
ASp--tev Ab-p. Ah cmPm-hmb \m-inpw Ah-cpsS aX]-n-Xampw Jp-B HmXn tIn-p-I-bp-m-bn. AXv tIv
Ah-cpsS Ip-I \nd-p. Cu kw`-hs Ipdn-mWv ta kqw Ah-X-cn--Xv.'' (ep-_m_p pJq ^o Akv_m_n pkq:
116). C{]- I mcw Jp- B ]mcm- b - W ns hiyXbn a\p- j y- l r- Z b- hioIr-X-amb A\-h[n DZml-cW hnh-cn-m Ign-bpw.
A[man-I-X-bpsS Iqcn-cq-n \n]-Xn-n-cp P\-k-aq-ls kXy]mX-bn-eqsS hgn \S-m CS-bm-n-bXv AXns kmln-Xy-]m-cmbW alXzw IqSn Dsm-m-Wv. ""{]apJ ]n-X-\mb Aem-hp-Do Aen-p _v\p apl-Zv Jui-Pn(-d) tdman-tev bm{X sNp-tm
Hcp blqZn ]ptcm-ln-X Ckvemans\ Ipdnv ]Tn-m At-lns Acn- I n hcn- I - b p- m- b n. amk- - t fmfw \o kwhm- Z - n
Aem-hp-os hmZw ]ptcm-ln-X AwKo-I-cn-m Xm-dm-bn-. Hcp
Znh-kw hon shv Aem-hp-o Jp-B HmXn sImn-cns B
]ptcm-ln-X hop]Sn--en-eqsS \Sv t]mIp-tm Jp-B tIm CS-bm-bn. CXv At-l-ns a\-n AKm-[amb kzm[o\w
sNep-n. Cm-c-W-m Atlw Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn-p-I-bpmbn. XpSv Aem-hp-os\ ImWm h ]ptcm-ln-X-t\mSv Ckvemw kzoI- c n- - X ns ImcWw At\z- j n- - t m Abm ]dp:
A-bpsS hon {]th-in--tm Xm Jp-B HmXp-Xv Rm
tIp. Atm Fs a\-n-eXv ic--tf-m thK-X-bn Xdp.''
(C- f vlm- d p lJv:3/971).
temIv Ghpw IqSp-X lrZn--am--s {K-amWv hnip Jp-B. CXc aX {K-v A-s\s\sbmcp {]tXy-IX

ImWm kmy- a - . temI- ns \m\m `mK- - f n- e mbn Jp- B

a\x-]m-T-am-nb At\Iw Bfp-Isf ImWm-\m-Ipw. Jp-B Xs
]d-bp-p: ""\n-b-ambpw Nnnv {Kln-p-hm-\mbn Jp-Bs\ \mw
Ffp- - a m- n- b n- c n- p- p. Fm Nnnv a\- n- e m- p- - h Bscn-ep-aptm?'' (-A Ja:17). Jp-B\v app thZ-{K-- a\x]mT-am-p coXn hfsc hnc-f-am-bn-cp-pshv ]n-Xam hyamp- p. Camw JpXzp- _ n(- d ) Xs "A Pman- D enAlvIm- a n
Jp- B \n' ]d- b pp: ""Jp- B lrZn- - a m- p- Xv t]mtem
]Xnhv _\q Ckvdm-Cu kap-Zm-b-n-\p-mbncp-n. Ah Xudmv t\mn-bm-bn-cpp ]mcm-bWw sNbvXn-cp--Xv. Ah-cn Xudmv
a\x]m-T-ap--h aqkm \_n(-A)bpw lmdq \_n(-A)bpw bqi-Av
\_n(A)bpw Dssk(-d)bpw am{X-am-bn-cp-p.'' (JpXzp_n:9/134) CXc
thZ{K- v Ah- I m- i - s - S m- \ m- I m al- X z- a mWv CXn- e qsS
Jp-B\v kmy-am-Ip--Xv.-

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km ImenIX

a\p-jys `uXnIhpw sshm-\n-I-hp-amb ]cn-an-Xn-I \s {]Xnk-n-bn-em-pp. Atm krjvSnbpsS {]iv\hpw {]iv\i-a-\hpw

Adn-bp Hcmv am{Xta GtXXv Zi-I-nepw GtXXv iX-Inepw Pohn-p--hv A\p-tbm-Py-am-sbmcp am- Zi\w Ah-X-cnnm km[n-p-I-bp-q. temIs hnc-Nn-Xhpw hnc-Nn-X-am-hm\p-Xp-amb kIe {K- Iq-m-c-v apnepw Jp-B AXns
km -Im-en-IX sImv AP--ambn \np-p.

Jp- B s km - I m- e n- I X: \n- N - \ hpw nco- I - c - W hpw

Imen-I-sa hmn\v Xk-a-b-p, ka-tbm-Pn-X-amb, AXXp Ime- p Fsm- s - b mWv i_vZ- X m- c m- h en(2/1201) \Ip
`mjmw. Fm Hcp cN\ ImenIamsWv ]d-bp-tm \mw
FmWv AXpsImv A-am-p-Xv? hmb-\-m-c\v Bh-iytam
AXym-h-iytam Bb Fm hnj-b--sfbpw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXncnWw B \n-nX cN-\. A\m-h-iy--sfmpw Xs-bp-m-bn-qS
Xm\pw. Zn\--{X- AXmXp Znh-k-tv Imen-I-am-bn-cn-pw. hmcnII AXmXp hmc-tv Imen-I-ambncnpw. amkn-I-I AXmXp
amk- t pw hmjn- I ]- X n- p- I AXmXp hjtpw ImenI- a mbncnpw.
]t, Ch- s bmpw ]qm- n Imen- I - s asm km Imen-I-sasm ]d-bm Ign-bn-. Ccw a\pjy \nn-X-amb
cN\-I kqm-n Imen-I-am-hm-X-ncn-m Imc-W-ap-v.
{][m-\-ambpw Ah cm-Wv. Hv: \nnX Imem-h-[nv tijw Nnetm Ah-bpsS Imen-I- {]-kn \jvSsv A\m-h-iy-am-tb-mw.
Cs ]{X \msf Xqp- sIm--bn-te-s-dn-bm-\p Nh-dp-IfmWv. cv: hmb-\-m-c\v Bh-iy-ap--sXmw hmb-\v \apv \Im\m- h n- . hmb- \ - m- c \v/a\p- j y\v Bhiy- a mb Fm Imcy- fpw
Xncn--dn-bmt\m Xncn--dn-m Xs Ah Is-mt\m \ap-mhn- . ka- I m- e n- I s apgp- h Bh- i y- pw km^- e yw ImWm

FmWv Jp-Bs km- Im-en-IX? Htc- k-abw Imen-Ihpw

km- Im- e n- I - h p- a mWv ]cn- i p Jp- B . h- a m\ Ime- n\v
JpB am-tc-J-bm-hp-Xv t]mse Xs `qX-Im-e-n\v amtcJbmbXpw `mhn-Im-e-n\v am-tcJbmthXpw Jp-B AXns ]cn-h\ hnt[-b-a-m Htc D-Sw sImv Xs-bmWv.
Atm Jp- B s km- Im- e n- I X \ap- n- s\ \nNnmw.
Hmtcm Imen-I\pw ]q-ambn Bh-iytam AXym-h-iytam BbXpw
Imen-Is k Bh-iy-fpw(A-Xym-h-iy-fpw) Dsm-p-Xpamb {Kw FmWv Jp-Bs km Imen-I-X. ChnsS, Jp-B\nep--sXmw ]qm-n Hmtcm Imen-I-sbpw Bh-iytam
AXymh- i ytam BWv. Imen- I \v Bh- i ytam AXym- h - i ytam Bb
Fmw Jp- B - \ n- e p- v Xm\pw.
Nne-tm kwi-b-ap-m-Imw, `qX-`m-hn _n-X-amb ]cm-ai Jp-B\n [mcm-f-ap-tm? Ccw ]cm-ai- ham\
Imev Pohn-p B[p-\n-Is\ kw_-n--S-tmfw Imen-I-amhp-sXs\? Dcw efn-X-amWv. B[p-\n-Is\ kw_-n--S-tmfw
`qX--`mhn hnti-j- A\m-hiy Imcy--f-. GXv Ime-k-n-bn
Pohnp--h\pw h-am\w t]mse ]nn `qXhpw ]nn-tS `mhnbpw DsIm-n-cn--Ww. AXn-\m Jp-B-\nse apIme kaq-lfpsS Ncn- { X- hn- i - I - e - \ hpw hcm- \ p `b- \ n`- b - fpw(A- y- \ m,
{]Xn^ew Inp- s a {]Xo XpS- nbh DZm- l - c - W w) B[p- \ n- I \v
A[n-I--m-Im ]mSn-. IYm-I-Z-\-sa coXn-bn Bkzm-Z-t\m-]m[nbm-b Jp-B Ncn-{X -h-kvXp-X-Isf kao-]n-p--Xv. apIme P\X-bpsS `mKy-\n`mKy- apJ-hp-c-bm-n-bmWv B[p-\n-I-t\mSv JpBs kwt_m-[-\. AkzmZv:41,48, A _Jd:49,53, A- ABw:74,
A An-bm-Av:52 Fo kq- DZm-lc-Ww.
Cv ImWp ]e {]kn-o-I-c-W--fnepw `mhn--`q-X-Ime kw_n-bmbn Htsd N-I Im-Wmw. "Ncn-{X-n \nv', "C-seI-

52

53

km- Im-en-IX

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

km ImenIX

fn-eq-sS', "\mtfv thn' Fn-s\ ]wn-I hsc-bp-v. AtXmsSmw \mw Ahsb B\p-Im-en-I--sfv (Periodicals) ]cn-N-b-sSp-p-Ibpw sNp-p.(N-cn-{X-fpw ZoL- Im-gv-Ifpw Imen-I-Xv
FXn-c-sv kmcw. adnv Ccw a\p-jy- \nn-Xn-I km- Imen- I - s atm kq- Im- e n- I - s atmbp [z\n ChnsSbn)
Jp-B-\n aX--`uXnI-amb Imcy--fp-spw Ah ]cn-]qm- n Fm a\p- j ypw(Im- e - h y- X ym- k - a n- ) am- t c- J - b msW-pw(-lp-Zm) Jp-B ]d-bp-p-v. ChnsS {][m-\-ambpw aqv
Imcy- mWv nco- I - c Ww \tI- - X v.
1. Jp-B ka-{K-am-Wv.
2. Jp-B Fm Imen-I\pw am-tc-J-bm-Wv.
3. Jp-B ]q-ambpw amtc-J-bm-Wv.

- n- c o- I - c Ww Hv: Jp- B ka- { K- a mWv

Jp- B s ka- { KX AXns km- Im- e n- I - X - b psS hnfw_-c-am-Wv. ImcWw Imem--c--fn kw`-hn-p ]pXnb {]Xn-`mk-f-Sw k hnj-b-fpw Jp-B hnj-b- hn-t[-b-am-p-p-v.
Atm am{Xta \h-k-aq-l-ns ]pXnb {]iv\-v Jp-B
]cn-lm-c-am-sWv ]d-bm-\m-Iq. GsXmcp Ime-L--n Pohn-p
Imen-I\pw amtcJbm-hp Xc-n hnip Jp-B ka-{K-ambn- n- s - n AXns km Im- e n- I - X \jvS- a m- I p- p.- A- X n- \ m
hnip Jp-Bs ka-{KX AXns km -Im-en-I-XbpsS kmyamWv. hnip JpB ]d-bp-p-.

""In-Xm-_n \mw Hpw Hgn-hm-n-n-.'' (A -ABw:38)

""Fm Imcy-fpw hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn\mbn Xmv \mw Cu
thZw Ah-X-cn-np Xn-cn-p-p.'' (A-lv:89)

""CXv(Jp-B) sIn-bp-m-m-\m-Ip hm-b-. ]nstbm

CXn\v apv hn-p Am-lp-hns kt-i-sf icn-sh-p-Xpw
k Imcy- - f psS hni- Z o- I - c - W hpw kXy- k myw samgn- - h v
am-Zi-\hpw Imcp-Wy-hp-am-Ip-p.'' (-bq-kp^v:111)
54

ChnsS Aymbw A A-B-anse kq-n-ep-]-tbm-Kn

"InXm_v' sImv Dtiyw eulp alv^q-fm-sWv Hcp X^vko

IqSnbpv. Fv Xs-bm-bmepw av cv kqnepw "Jp-B'
Fv XsbmWv hymJym-\nv ImWp--Xv. AXn-\m Jp-B Xs AXns ka-{KX hnfn-tm-Xp-p.
hnip Jp-B a\pjy PohnXw kv]in-p kIe hnjbfpw DsIm-p-p-shv kqd-p-lvense takq-NnX kqns hymJym- \ - n Camw C_v\p Iko(- d ) ]d- b pp:

""hXpw hcm- \ p- - X p- a m- b - h sb Ipdn- p hnm\w, Fm

lem- e p- I fpw ldm- a p- I fpw, aX- - ` u- X n- I - - P o- h nXPo- h n- X m- \ - c hnjb--fn a\p-jym-h-iy-am-b-h XpSn D]-Im-c-ap Fm hnm\o-b-fpw hnip Jp-B A\m-h-cWw sNp-p.'' (C_v\p Iko
: 4/758).
nco-I-c-W-n\v thn am{XamWv hnip Jp-Bs ka{KX ChnsS ]cm-ain-Xv. hni-Z-ambn hgnsb ]dbmw.

nco- I - c Ww cv: Jp- B Fm Im- e n- I pw

am- t c- J - b m- W v
hnip Jp-B ]d-bpp:
Cu kq-nse "enmkv'v F {]tbmKw {itbam-Wv. hnizm-knbpw Ahn-izm-kn-bp-w DsIm-p Hcp s]mXp hmmWn-Xv. Fm hnizm-kn-Iv am-tcJbmsWv hnip JpB thsd Nne e--fn ]d-bp-p-v. CXv Hcn-epw sshcp-y-a. temI kaw kam-ns {]Imiw hnip Jp-B ]cneknn-p-p-s-nepw kXy-hn-izm-kn-I am{X-amWv B {]-Im-i-[mc
Bhm-lnv kamn-I-fm--Ip--Xv. Cu A-n-emWv hnip JpB ]ebnS- - f n- e mbn hnizm- k n- I v km- a m- s Wv hnti- j nn- p- - X v.
kqd- p _Jd- b nse BZy- k q- - - s f Ipdnv Camw
JpXzp- _ n(- d ) ]d- b pp:

55

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

km ImenIX

""Am-lp kqva-im-en-Isf lnZm-bv sImv {]tXyIamnbXvJp-B temIm-I-am\w t\am-am-sW-nepwAhsc alXzsSp-m thn-bm-Wv. ImcWw Jp-B-\n-ep--Xns\ hniz-knpIbpw hmkvX-ho-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp--h Ah-cm-Wv.'' (-A PmanD en AlvIm- a n Jp- B - :1/161)

Ime- Ignbpw tXmdpw cq]-s-Sp ]pXp ]p {]Xn-`mk- f mWv a\p- j y- \nn- X - a mb {K- - f psS km - I m- e n- I - X sb
hn\- j vS- a m- p- - X v. Imem- c {]hm- l - n- \ n- S - b n ]gb cN- \ - I
A{]-k--am-hp-Ibpw ]pXnb cN-\-I-fpw ]pXnb ssien-Ifpw {]kam- h p- I bpw sNp- p. k Im- e - s bpw t\mn- m- W m- \ p
a\pjys tijn-bn-m-bva-bmWv Ccw krjvSn-I-fpsS ka-{K-an-mbvav \nZm-\w. Cu ka-{K-an-m-bva- aq-e-amWv a\pjy cN-\-I km
Imen-I-a-sv ]d-bp--Xv. AXn-\m ka-{K-a-m--sXmpw km
Im- e n- I - a ; km - I m- e n- I - s amw ka- { K- h p- a m- W v.
ssZhn- I - a mb {K- n\v am{Xta ka- { K- a m- h m tbmKy- X -

bp- q(kr- j vSn- I m- h - i y- a m- b - h - s bmw FmWv ka- { K- a m- h pI FXp sImp hnh-. {kjvSm-hn-\-dn-bp--sXmw ssZhnI {Kn ]d-b-W-sa-n-. \nv A]- m-\ta \In-bnpqsh-m-Wtm(A C-kvdm-Av:85) JpB-\nI `mjyw). ImcWw kIme a\p-jy-cpsSbpw Bh-iy-sf Adn-bp Am-lp-hn\v am{Xta
Fm Ime-t-pw ka-{K-am-sbmcp {Kw Ah-X-cn-nm-\m-Iq. AXn\m Fm Ime kn-bnepw Jp-B ]q-ambpw {]k--amWv. a\pjy cN-\-Isf Imew Xncp-n-sb-gpXp-tm hnip JpB Xncp- - e pIXo- X - a mbn \ne- \ np- p- s h- - X mWv AXns
Ghpw henb ka-{K-X.
Hcn- \_n(-k) ]dp: ""`mhn-bn Nne {]iv\- DS-seSppw.'' Atm Hcm tNmZnp: ""Fm-W-Xn \npw c t\Sm\p \n- a - t \m- ] m[n?'' \_n(- k ) ]dp: ""InXm- _ p- mlv(A- mlp-hns {Kw). AXn Ign Ime-ns hrm--ap-v. tijap Ime- ns hntij- a p- v. \nn- S - b nse hn[n- b p- a p- v.''
(Xnap-Zn) hnip Jp-B {XnIm-e--sfbpw A\mh-cWw sNppsh-mWv {]kvXpX lZo-kns `mjyw. Camw ss_l-Jn(-d) lk
(-d)s\ D-cn-p-Xv ImWpI: lk(d) ]dp: ""\qn-\mev GSpI Amlp AhXcn- np. Ah- b nse hnm- \ s Ah \mev
InXm-_p-I-fn kwn-]vXs-Sp-n. Xudmv, Co, k_q, ^pJm Fn-h-bm-W-h. ]no-Sv, aqv InXm-_p-I-fnse hnm-\-sf
Ah ^pJm-\n kwn-]vX-s-Sp-n.'' (A C-XvJm:2/160). Atm hnip Jp-B a\pjy kaq-l-n\v Amlp Ah-Xncn-
k {K--fpsSbpw kam-lm-c-am-sWv hcp-p. ""\n-tfmSv Rms\v ]d-mepw AXns hmkvX-ho-I-cWw Am-lp-hns InXm_n \nv Rm Adn-bnv Xcm-sa'' C_v\p akvD- uZv(d)hns hmv
(A C-XvJm:2/160) Jp-Bs ka-{K-X-bpsS tN-psh-m-Wv.
C_v\p A_p ^fv A apkn(d) F ]WvUn-X JpB DsImp hnhn[ Xcw imkv{X imJ-Isf Xs X^vkodn A-anv \nc-p-pv. Camw kpbq-Xzn(-d) Xs A CXvJm\n
AXns Bibw kwn-]vX-ambn FSp-p--cn-p-p: ""Camw A
apkn(-d) ]d-bpp: ""GsXmcp hnm\ imJsbbpw N-sN-p
coXn- b n apIm- e - m- c p- s Sbpw ]nIm- e - m- c p- s Sbpw Adn- h p- I sf
Jp-B kam-l-cn-n-p-v. ]n-oSv Am-lp-hn\v am{Xw A{]-am-ZnXzap m\-`m-Ks dkq(k) Hgnv \nn. XpSv dkq(k)
v tijw, `qcn-`m-K-m-\hpw kzlm_n {]ap-J(\mep Jeo-^-am,

56

57

nco-I-cWw aqv: JpB ]q-ambpw am-tc-J-bm-Wv

GsXmcp {K-hpw ]qm-n Imen-I-am-sWv ]d-bWsa-n A-Xns D-Sw apgp-h\pw ImenI {]k--am-bn-cn-Ww.
{Kw `mKnIamtb Imen-I-am-Ip-p-sh-n asmcp hnt[\ `mKn-Iambn Imen- I - h p- a - . AXn- \ m B[p- \ n- I s\ kw_- n- - S - t mfw
B `mKw A{]-k--am-Wv. Atm B {Kw A\yq-\-a-m-Xm-hpp.
AXv sImv Xs hnip Jp- B `mKn- I - a mbn Imen- I - a tm
km Im-en-I-satm ]d-bm Ign-bn-. Jp-B-\nse Hmtcm Awihpw Hmtcm hmIyhpw i-amb Bi-b-[m-c-sb-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-npXv. AXn-\m Jp-B kq Imen-I-am-Wv. ]qm-n
t\am--am-Wv. Jp-B `mKn-I-ambn am{Xw t\am-am-sWv ]dm `mKn-I-ambn -t\amasv hcp--Xn-\mem-Wn-Xv. As\
hcpXv ssZhn- I - a m- s bmcp {Ks kw_- n- - S - t mfw ANnn-\o-b-am-Wp -Xm\pw.
Jp-B P\-v am-Zi-\-am-sWv hy-am-p kqnse(A _Jd:185) "Jp-B' sImv Dtiyw Jp-B apgph-\m-sWv Camw JpXzp_n(d) ]d-bpp:

299/2

Jp- B s ka- { KX; km - I m- e n- I - X - b psS kmyw

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

km ImenIX

C_v\p akv-Du-Zv(-d), C_v\p Am-kv(-d) Fn-h DZm-l-c-Ww) A\-c-sa-Sp-p. ""F\nv H-I-ns hnev \-jvS-s-m Rm\-Xns\
Am-lp-hns InXm-_n \npw sXc-s-Sp-p-sav'' C_v\p Amkv(- d )hn\v ]d- b m- \ mIpw hsc Fn- b n- c pp hnm- \ - ns
B BZm-\-ti-jn. ]noSv kzlm-_n-Iv tijw Jp-Bs m\k-ns\ Xm_n-D-I Gs-Sp-p. ]nIm-ev Duw \jvSsSp-I-bpw Adn-hp--h Npcp-p-Ibpw kzlm_pw Xm_n-D-Ifpw hlnn- c p Jp- B - \ nI hnm- \ - - s fbpw ap Iem- i mJ- - I - s fbpw
Gs-Sp-m Ahv tijn-bn-m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-tm Jp-B\nse m\ ksb imJ-I-fmn hntI-{o-I-cn-p-Ibpw Hmtcm
hn`m-Khpw Ah-c-h-cpsS m\ imJsb ]cnt]mjn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jp-B-\nse `mj-Isf(ep-Km-Xv) {]am-Wo-I-cn-p-I, ]Z-sf kwtim[\ hnt[-b-am-p-I, Jp-B-\nse A-c- , ]Z-, kq, Aym-b- , lnkv_p-I, \nkzv^pI, dp_p-D-I, Hmns kpPq-Zp-I Fn-h-bpsS Fhpw A-c--fpsS Dm-cW LS\bpw \nb-np-I, A Xe--fn-tev shfn-s-SmsX kam-\amb hmp-Isfbpw kq--sfbpw \n-bn-p-I XpS-nb DZy-afp-ambn Hcp hn`mKw aptmv \on. Ahsc Jpdm-Av(]m-cm-bW
imkv{X) Fv hnfn--s-p. Fm Jp-B-\nse \ma-,
{Inbm]Z-, A-c- Fn-h-bnse apAvd_p-I-sfbpw (hn-`ncq] {]Xy- b - - f p ]Z- ) a_v\n- I - s fbpw(hn- ` n cq] {]Xy- b - f n- m ]Z- )amWv hymI- c W imkv{X- (\p- l m- X v) N
sNbvXXv. Jp- B - \ nse ]Z- - f n- e mWv Jp- B hymJym- X m- (ap^-n-dp-I) {i -]-Xn-n-Xv. Ah Jp-B-\n GImhpw Zznam\mhpw _lp- a p- J m- h p- a p hmp- I sf Is- p- I bpw
GIm-ap ]Z-sf AtX A-n Btc-]n-p-Ibpw Ahy-amb A Xe-sf hy-am-p-Ibpw Zznam-\hpw _lp-apJm- h p- a p- ]Z- - f psS A km[y- X - I - f n- s em- n\v {]mYayw (Xolv) \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. "BIm-ipw `qan-bnepw Am-lphn\p
]pdsa ap ssZh- Ds-n AXp cpw \in-p-am-bn-cpp''
(A A-n-bm-Av:22) XpSn \nc-h[n Bb-p-I t]mse JpB\nse _un-Ihpw auen-I-hp-amb sXfn-hp-Isf aX \nZm\ XXzm\n- I (Dkzq- e n- m- ) Nmhnj- b - a mn. Am- l p- h ns GIXzw
(hlvZm-\n--Xv), D(hp-Pq-Zv), A\-iz-c-X(-_-Jm-Av), hntij Ign-hv
(-JpZvdv), Adn-hv (-Cav), A\p-KpWam--h-bn\npw Ahs\
]cn- i p- - a m- (Xko- l v) Fn- h v Jp- B - \ n \npw Ah

sXfn- h p- I kzmwio- I - c n- s - S pp. Cu hnm\imJ aX \nZm\

XXz(D-kzq-ep-o) F-dn-b-s-p. Jp-B-\nse kwt_m[\-IfpsS A Xe-sfpdn-mWv Nne Nnn--Xv. Ah-bn s]mXp
`mhp-I-Xzhpw(D-aq-av) hntij `mhp-I-Xz-hp-ap(Jp-kzq-kv) A Xesf Ah Is-n. hmkvX-hn-Ihpw(l-Jo-J-v) Be-m-cn-Ihp
-(aPm-kv)am-bn `mjm \nb-a-sf Ah Jp-B-\n \npw IS-sSpp. hnti- j - s - S p- (- X - J vkznkzv), hnh- c - W w(- C - J v_m), GI- h ymJym\w am{Xw km[y- a m- b - h (- \ kzv), {]- X y- w(- f m- l n), kwn- ] vXw
(ap-Pva) A-hy--X-bp--h (-ap-lvI-av), A Ahy--X-bph(-ap-X-im-_n-lv), B(-Aw-dv), hntcm-[w(-\-lvbv), Zp_e-s-Sp
(-\-kvJv), A\p-cq-]-s-Sp-(Jn-bm-kv), C-kvXn-kvlm-_v(]cn-ht\m- ] m[nbnm- - X n\m BZy- L - - nse hn[nsb cmw Lnepw \Ip I imkv{X coXn), C-kvXn-Jvdm-Av (an k-fnepw (-Pq-kv-D-I) ImWs-Sp hn[nsb AXns h-nepw (Ipnv) Btcm-]n-p coXn) XpS-nb hnj-b--fn Ah N- tI{oI-cn-p. Cu m\ imJ I \nZm\ imkv{X XXz-(D-kzqep
^nJvlv) F-dn-b-sp. Nne Nnn--Xv Jp-B-\nse lem--ldmw,
AXvt]mse ap hn[n-I Fn-hsb kw_-n-m-bn-cp-p. Ah
AhbpsS auenI XXz- cq]-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahsb imJ-I-fmn
hntI- { o- I - c n- p- I bpw sNbvXp. Cu imJ imJmimkv{Xw(Cap
^pdq- A v), I imkv{Xw(- ^ n- J vlv) F t]cp- I - f n Adn- b - s - p.
Nne Jp-B-\nse Ign \qm-p-I-fnse Ncn{X hkvXp-X-I-sfbmWv kao-]n-Xv. Ah apIme kaq-l-ns hrm-- D-cnp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Ncn{X tcJ-I kam-l-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ `qtem-I-ns D]-nbpw temIs {]Ya hkvXp-fpw AhcpsS Nv ]m{Xo `qX-am-bn. Cu imJsb Ncn{Xw Fv hnfn-sp. Jp-B-\nse bpn `{Z-ambn lnIva-p-I, D]-a-I (Awkmev), lrZ- b s tImcn- - c n- n- p D]- t Z- i - (- a - h m- C - f v)- F- n- h bnemWv Nne BIr-jvS-cm-b-Xv. Jp-B-\nse hmKvZm-\w(-h-AvZv), Xmo-Xv(-h-Cu-Zv), ap-dnbnv(-X-lvZo), ktmj hm-b-do-(-X_vio), ac- W w(- a u- v), aS- w(- a - B - Z v), ]p\P- w(- \ jv), kwK- a w (ljv), hnNm-cW (lnkm-_v), in (-C-Jm-_v), kzw(P-v), \cIw
(-\m-dv) Fn-h-bn\npw \ntZ-i--fpsS ]e imJ-Ifpw XmoXns auenI XXz-fpw Ah Bhm-ln-s-Spp. Ah {]mkw-KnI/
D]-tZ-i-I F-dn-b-s-p. bqkp^v \_n Ncn-{X-nse XSn ]ip, Pbn hmkn-I-fmb cm-fp-I-fpsS kz]v\w, kpPqZv sNp kqcy N{mZn \-{X-sf I bqkp^v \_n(-A)s kz]v\w Fn-

58

59

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

km ImenIX

h- s b- p- d nv {]Zn- ] m- X n- p kq- - f n \npw Nne kz]v\

hymJym\ XXz (D- k zqepAv_o)v cq]w \In. Cu imJsb kz]v\ hymJym\ imkv{Xw (X-Av_odp dpAvbm) Fv t]cn
Ah Fm kz]v\--fp-sSbpw hymJym\w Jp-B-\n \nv Isn. AXn\v Ign-bm-h Jp-Bs hni-Zo-I-c-W-amb kp-n
\npw AXn\pw Ign-bm-h bpn `{Z-am-b lnIva-p-I, D]-aI Fn-h-bn \npw Isn. Nne Hml-cn-I(kn-lmw), AhImin- I (- A _m- _ v), AXp- a mbn _- s ap hnj- b - Fo
Imcy- ]cm-ain-p Jp-B-\nse A\--cm-h-Imi kq-fn \npw A\--cm-h-Imi imkv{Xw(Cap ^dm-C-fv) cq]-s-Spn.
]IpXn (\nkzv^v), aqn-sem-v (-kp-ep-kv), \men-sem-v(-dp-_v-Av), Bdnsem- v(- k p- Z pkv), Fn- s em- v (- k p- a p- \ v) Fo Jp- B - \ nI KWnX
]cmai--fn \npw A\--cm-h-Imi IWpw Huev \nb-a-fpw
(Hm-l-cn-I hn-n-p-Ibpw XXv^-e-ambn Hmlcn DS-a-Iv Hmlcn-bpsS tXmXn-\-\-kr-X-ambn In-h-cp-Ibpw sNp Hcp A\chImi KWnX coXn-bmWv Huev) Ah I-s-n. cm{Xn, ]I, kqcy, N{, Ah-bpsS km-c-]-Y, \-{X-, {Kl- XpSnb- h - b psS LS- \ sb Ipdn- p kq- - f n- e mWv Nne ZrjvSn
]Xnn--Xv. CXv ImeKW\imkv{Xw(-Cap ahm-Jo-Xv) F m\ imJv hgn sbmcpn. Bhn-jvImc ku-cyw, LS-\m-]-c-amb Hgpv, kwn- ] vX- a mb hni- I - e \w (Cu- P m- k v), hnime hni- I - e - \ w(CXzv\m_v) XpS-nb Jp-B-\nse sshinjvSysfbmWv Fgp-pImcpw Ihn-Ifpw {in--Xv. kqNIm imkv{X-cpw (A_m-_p
Cim-dx) AkvXnXz imkv{X-cpw(-Akzvlm_p lJo-Jx) JpB\nse hmp- I - f n \nv ]e kq- a m- fpw Is- p- I bpw
\iz-c-X(-^-\m-Av), A\-iz-c-X (-_-Jm-Av), kmn-yw (-lp-fq-dv), `bw
(- J u- ^ v), Bkzm- Z \w (Dkv), GIm- - X (- h - l vi- v), ktm- N \w
(J_vfv), hnIm-kw (-_kvXzv) XpSn ]e kmt-XnI AS-bm-f-
\n- b n- p- I bpw sNbvXp. sshZy- i mkv{Xw(Xzn- v), Ximkv{Xw(P- Z v), tKmf- i mkv{Xw(ssl- A - v), t{X KWn- X - i m- k v{Xw(- l - kx), _oP- K- W nX imkv{Xw(- P - _ v), tPymXn- im- k v{Xw(- \ - P ma- v)
apXemb ap-]e ]ucmWnI m\ im-J-I-sfbpw hnip JpB
DsIm- n- p- p- v. sshZy- i mkv{XwBtcmKy nXn- b psS kwcWhpw \ne- \ np- a m- s Wtm sshZy imkv{X- ns ASn- - d .
hncp--amb \mev kn-{i- kp-en-X-am-Iptm-gmWv B kwcWw km[y-am-hp-I. ""AanX hybw sNp-Itbm ]nipv Imp-Itbm

sNmsX cn-\paty anX-hybw ioen--cm-W-h'' (-A ^pJm:

67) F Hscm kq-n Jp-B Cu Bi-bs Ah-X-cn-np-p-v. BtcmKy LS\ Xmdp-am-dm-b-Xn\v tijw kpnXn ssIhcn-m-\p hgnbpw ""h sshhny-ap ]m\obw(a-[p) Ah-cpsS
DZ- c - - f n \nv ]pdp hcp- p'' (- A - lv: 69) F kqn \mw ImWp- p. imco- c nI kpn- X nv ]pdsa am\- k nI
kpn-Xnbpw Jp-B N- sN-p-p-v. tKmf imkv{XwBImi
`qan- I - f psS A[n- I m- c - s - b pw hm\- t em- I pw (B- e - a p Dhx)
`qtem- I pw (B- e - a p p^vemx) ]cp InS- p kr- j vSn - P m- e - s fbpw ]e Jp- B - \ nI kq- fpw ]cm- a in- p- p. Ximkv{XwsXfn-hp-I (_-dm-lo), apJ-hp-c (-ap-J-n-a), ]cn-W-Xn-I
(-\-Xm-C-Pv), A\nhmcy-X- sIm-p nco-I-cWw (A Juep _n
aqP- _ n), {]Xn- h mZw (ap- B - d f, In \nc- nb sXfn- h n- s \- X n- c n
sXfnhv \nc- p Ximkv{X coXn- b m- W n- X v) XpSn Ximkv{X _nX-amb Hcp-]mSv Imcy- Jp-B {]Xn-]m-Zn-pp.
JB\nse \wdq- Z n- t \m- S p C_vdmlow \_n(- A )s kwhm- Z hpw
Xs P\-X-tbm-Sp hmZ-n-co-I-c-W-hpw(-ap-lm-Pm-v) Cu hnj-bn henb sXfn- h pIfm- W v. _oP- K - W nX imkv{Xwap Ime
kaql Ncn-{X-ns Ime-k-n, hjw, Znh-kw, h-am\ kaql-ns tijn-ns Ncn-{Xw, `uXnI Znh-k-fpsS(-A-mappbm)
Ime-N-cn-{Xw, Ign-Xpw hcm-\n-cn-p--Xp-amb Ime--fpsS ImeN- c n- { Xw Fn- h sb Ipdnv JpB\nIm- ym- b - - f nse {]mcw` Nc- f n(A- e n- ^ v emw aow, lmaow t]mtem apJ- X zBb A- c DZm- l - c Ww) kqN- \ - b p- s v ]d- b - s - S p- p. tPymXn- i mkv{Xw""h m\iIe- t am F\nv ImWnv XcpI'' (A AlvJm^v:4) F kq`mKw sImp hnh tPymXn-im-kv{X-amsW-v C_v\p Amkv(d) hymJym-\n-p-p-v. {][m\ tPmen-I,
AXym- h iyw th D]- I - c - W - Fn- h sb Ipdnpw Jp- B - \ n
]cm-aifp-v. Ah hnjbw, kqw F {Ia-n Xmsg sImSppp: Xp""cv t]cpw kz- nse Ce- I \- X - b n
tNp ]nSn-m XpS-n.'' (A A-Avdm^v:22) sIm--Wn""DcpInb sNp- {Zm- h Iw sImp- h - c pI.'' (- A Ilv^v:96) "" At- l n\v \mw Ccpv arZp-e-am-n -sIm-Sp-p.'' (-A-_-Av:10). \nmWwBb-p-I \nc-h-[n-bp-v. Bim-cn--Wn""\psS apn shv
\psS B-b-\p-k-cnv \o Hcp I-ep-m-p-I.'' (lqZv:37) \q

60

61

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

km ImenIX

\q""\q \q Ah ]e Cg-I-fmbn Agnp If-p.'' (Alv:14). s\bvv "" hoSp- s\- b vXp- m- nb Nne- n- s btmse.'' (A AI- _ qv:41) Irjn "" \n Irjn sNp- - X ns\
Ipdnv Nnn-n-p-tm.'' (-A hmJnA:63) th\nc-h[n Bb-pIfp-v. ap""sInS \nm-Xm-fpw ap hnZ-Kv[-cp-amb kIe
]nim-Np-sfbpw \mw Iog-SnsmSp-p.'' (AzmZv:37) ""\nWn-bm-\p B`-c-W-fpw AXn(-I-Sen) \npw \nv ]pds-Sp-mw.'' (-Alv:14) Xm ]Wn""aqkm \_n(-A)s P\X
Atlw t]mb tijw Ah-cpsS kzm-`-c-W-sImv Hcp ]ipp-nsb \nn-p; ap{I-bn-Sp Hcp ico-c-s.'' (A AAvdm^v:148).
]fp-v ""Atm kpsse-am \_n(-A) ]dp: CXp an\p-an-\p
]fppsImm-c-am-Wv.'' (-A-wev:44), ""B hnfv Hcp kv^Sn-I-nemIp-p.'' (-Aq:35). Al-m-cn""Atbm lmam! F\nv \o NpsSp Ifn- a - ns CjvSnI sImv Hcp kvXw`w \nnv Xcn- I .''
(AJ-kz-kv:38) In-m ]Wn""B- I- IS sXmgn-em-fn-Ifmb Nne Zcn-{Z-cp-sS-XmWv.'' (A Ilv^v:79). Fgp-v-""A-h t]\
sImv A`y-kn-np.'' (A A-eJv:4). sdmn-""(-P-bn-ense) cma
]dp: Rm Xe-bn sdmn Npav \nsh ]n-I AXn
\nv sImn-n-p-Xv Rm kz]v\w Ip.'' (-bq-kp^v:36) ]mNIw- ""A-s\ sshImsX Hcp Npp s]mcn ]ip-n-Sm-hns\ Atlw (C{_mlow \_n(-A)) sImp hp.'' (lqZv:69). ipNo- I - c - W w,
Ae- tPmen- "" - A - - b psS hkv{Xw ipNo- I - c n- p- I .'' (A - a p- kn:4) ""lhm-cn-m- ]d-p.'' (-B-ep-Cw-dm:52, lhm-cn-m-
AepImcm- b n- c pp). Adhv tPmen- "" - \ n- Adp- Xv HgnsI.'' (A -am-CZ:3). {Ibhpw hn{I-b-hpw--\n-c-h[n kq-. Nmbw
ap "" Am- l p- h ns kzn_vK- v '' (- N mbw ap) (A _Jd
:138), ""]-X--fn shfp-Xpw Nph--Xp-amb Nne hc-I-fp--hbpv.'' (-A ^m-Xzn:27). hoSp \nm-Ww"" \n ]c-am-\tmsS ae-I Xpcv Krl- \nn-p-I.'' (-ApAv-dm-Av:149). Afhv
Xqw--\n-c-h[n Bb-p-I. Fdn-b--""Xm- Fdn--tm Xmf Fdn-Xv AmlphmWv Fdn--Xv.'' (A -A-^m:17). ""Ahs- X nsc \n km[y- a m- I p- {X in kw`- c n- p- I .'' (A A-^m:60), ""InXm-_n \mw Hpw Hgn-hm-n-bn-n'' (A ABw:79) F Jp-B-\nI kqs bmYmhXv-cn-p-amdv D]62

I- c - W - , Blm- c - ] m- \ o- b - , CW- I , temIv Dm- b Xpw

Dmhm-\p--Xp-amb Fm -Im-cy-fpw XpSn kXpw Jp-B-
]cm- a in- p- p.'' (- A CXvJm:2/161- 163)

ka- { KX
Jp-B k -hn-m-\o-b--sfbpw A\m-h-cWw sNp-pshv ]d-bp-tm IqsS Hmt Hcp hkvXp-X-bp-v. Jp-Bs
ka{KX ]q-ambpw {]Xy-y-am-I-W-sa-n-. ]tcm--amb coXnbnem-bmepw aXn. \nkvIm-cs Ipdnv {]Xn-]mZnp Jp-B Fv
sImv dIv-A-p-I-fpsS Fw ]cm-ain-p-n F tNmZyw ChnsS {]k--a-. ImcWw AXv lZokv nc-s-Sp-n Xcpp. lZokm-sW-n Jp-B\n \nv BZm\w sNbvX Bib kwlnXbpamWv. Camw im^n-Cu(-d) Cu kXyw shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Atlw ]dbpp: ""\_n(-k)bpsS Fm hn[n-Ifpw Jp-B\n \npw {Kmlyam- b - h - b m- W v.'' (A CXvJm:2/160).
CkvemanI ZrjvSym k -hn-m-\--fp-sSbpw D-n JpB, lZo-kv, CPvam-Av(-G-tIm-]\w), Jnbmkv Fo \mev auenI
XXz--fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. Ch-bm-sW-n Jp-B-\n \nv Dcphw
sImtXm Jp-B Xstbm BWv. Cu ]tcm-m-nemWv
hnip Jp- B s ka- { KX hnh- n- - s - S p- - X v. Camw kzmhn(- d )
]dbp-Xv ImWpI: ""\nkvIm-c-ns dI-A-p-I-fpsS Fw, kImv \n_--am-p Af-hv(-\n-kzm-_v) XpSn Jp-B\n hni-ZoIcn- - s - S m Htsd Imcy- CkvemanI ico- A - n ImWpp-tm Fv Hcp ]t Xm tNmZn-t-mw. adp-]Sn CXm-Wv.
Hcp-]t hni-Zo--I-cWw Jp-B\n Xs Dm-Imw. As-n \_nNcy(- k p- - v)bnemImw. "" \_n X \nv \In- b - X p
apdpsI ]nSn-p-Ibpw hne-n-b-Xn \nv AIv \nIpbpw sNp-I'' (A liv:7) Fv Amlp ]d-n-p-tm. As-n
CPvamC- e m- I mw. "" t\hgn hy- a m- b npw {]hm- N - I - \ p- a mbn `nnp
apAvan\p-I-fpsS ]mXbm Hns\ A\p-K-an-p--hs\ Xncn
hgnv \mw Xncnp hnSpw'' (A-n-km-Av:115) Fv Amlp JpB\n ]d-bp-p. AXp-a-s-n hni-Zo-I-cWw Jnbm-kn-ep-m-Imw. ""AXn\m _pnimen- I sf \n ]mT- a psIm- p- I '' (- A liv:2)
Fpw Jp-B\n ]d-bp-p. \nco--Whpw sXfn-h-t\z-j-W-hp-amWv
]mT-apsm-pI F-Xns Aw. Cu \mev coXn-I-fn \nn]vX-amWv ico-Av hn[n-I-fpsS hym]vXn. Cu coXn-I apgp-h\pw
63

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JpB hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. khm-i-b-pw hniZoI-cWw F Jp-B\nI {]tbm-K-ns hnh CXm-Wv.'' (-lminbp kzmhn:3/1086)
Jp- B \nI ka- { K- X - b psS ]tcm- - c o- X nsb kqNn- n- p
\nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W- ImWm Ign-bpw. Camw _pJm-cn(-d) C_v\p
akv-DuZv(d)-s Hcp kw`hw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p-v. Hcn-, ]-pmIm thn ico-cs apdn-thn-p-Ibpw apJp \nv apSn Npcp-Ibpw CS-hnnShnv apSn-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNp kv{XoIsf Amlp
i]n-n-cn-p-p-shv akv-Du-Zv(-d)s {]kvXm-h\ _\qAkZv tKm{Xnse Hcp kv{Xo tIm\n- S - b m- b n. Ah C_v\p akv- D u- Z v(- d )
sbSp- hv ]dp: ""\n Nne kv{XoIsf i]n-n-cn-ppshv Rm tIp-p.'' C_v\p akv-Du-Zv(-d) Xncn-p -tNm-Znp: ""dkq (- k ) i]n hn`m- K s F\nv Fv sImv i]n- p- I q- S m.
Jp-B hy-am-n-b-Xm-Wtm AXv.'' Atm Ah ]dp:
"" cv N- I n- S - b n- e p- - h - s bmw Rm HmXnbp- p- - t m. ]s
Xm ]d- Xp t]mse Rm\- X n In- n.'' C_v\p akv- D uZv
(d) ]dp: "" \o (Jp- B )HmXnbnp- s - n \o AXp In- c npw. "" \_n X \nv \InbXv apdpsI ]nSn- p- I bpw
hne-n-b-Xn \nv AIv \np-Ibpw sNp-I'' (A l-iv:7)
F kqw \o HmXnbnns?'' ""AsX. '' Ah ]d-p. Fm
\_n X Acw ZpjvsN- b vXn- I hne- n- b npsv C_v\p
akv- D u- Z v(- d ) {]Xn- h - N n- p.
"" tXmp--sX-pw \n tNmZn-p-I. Am-lp-hns InXm_n \npw Rm\h hni-Zo-I-cn-p- X-cmw '' Fv a-bn-em-bn-cns
im^nCu Camw(-d) {]kvXm-hn-p. Atm Hcm tNmZnp: ""aplvcnw
IS--ens\ sImp--Xns\ Ipdnv Fm-W-`n-{]mbw?'' ""_nkvan-mln
dlvam\n dlow. \_n X \nv \In-bXv apdpsI ]nSn-pIbpw hne-n-b-Xn \nv AIv \nIp-Ibpw sNp-I'' (A liv:7) F Bbv HmXn im^nCu Camw (-d) cv lZokp-I
]d- p. kp^vbm(d)hn \nv: "" \_n(- k ) ]dp: "" F\nv
tijw hcp A_q- _ - (d), Da(d), Fo cp t]sc \n
amXr-I-bm-p-I.'' kzp^vbm(-d)- \np Xs \nth-Z\w: ""aplvcnant\mSv ISp- - e ns\ sImm Da _v\p JXzm- _ v(- d ) I]n- n- pv .'' (A - C XvJm:2/160).
Npcp--n Jp-Bs ka-{KX N- sN-p-tm AXn-

se ]tcm kqN-\-Ifpw IW-n-se-Sp--Ww. aX-Im-cy- am{X-a, XnIpw `uXnI-amb hnj-bfpw Cu coXn-bn Is-m-\mhpsamWv t\cv. ]t Jp-B-\nI m\imJ(-D-eq-ap Jp-B)bn AKmX m\w thW-sav am{Xw. CXp-- sIm-mWv ""Fs HI-ns hnev \jvS-s-m Rm\Xv Jp-B-\n \nv sXcsSp-p-sav'' Jp-B hymJym-Xm--fpsS t\Xm-hmb (d-Cu-kp ap^nco) C_v\p Am-kv(-d) ]d-Xv. H-I-ns hnev tIhe
`uXnI ]Zm- a m- W p- Xm- \ pw.

64

65

Jp- B - \ n km Imen- I - X v
FXn- c m- I p ]cm- a i- tfm?
Jp-B-\ns km Imen-I-Xv FXn-scv tXmn-p ]e
]cm- a i- fpw Jp- B - \ n ImWmw. Fm kqa ZrjvSn- b n
Ah-sbm-cn-epw kmh-Im-en-I-Xv FXncm-hn-. Jp-Bs km
Imen-I-Xv hncp--sav tXmn-p--hsb thXn-cnp hni-Zo-I-cnmw.
Am-lp-hn\v am{Xw Dt-iymw Adn-bp Xcw kqfmWtm apXim- _ nlpI? a\p- j yv Ah a\- n- e m- m- \ m- h n- s n-cns ka-Im-en-I\v Ah-bn Fp ]mT-am-Wp-Xv? Ch a\pjys\ kw_- n- nS- t mfw A[n- I - - mIpIbnt?
apX-im-_n-lp-I-fpsS hymJym\w Adn-bm Ign-bptam FXn
c-`n-{]m-b--fp-v. Bep -Cw-dm-\nse Ggmw kq-nse "AKm[

Fhmvapp"Amlp'F
m\nI
- '
hmp-ambn _ap-tm (-a-AvXzq^m-tWm) F N-bn \npXv`hn--XmWv Cu A`n-{]mb `n-X. AKm[ m\n-I Adn-bp-sav
Nne hmZn-p-p. C_v\p Am-kv(-d)(Zp_-e-amb dntmv {]Imcw), apPm-lnZv(d), Ckv-lmJv(d), C_v\p lmPn-_v(d) Fn-h Ahcn s]Sp-p. Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv \h-hn(-d) {]_-e-am-n-b-Xv. idlp
apkvenan At-lw ]d-bpp: ""AXmWp {]_ew. ImcWw a\pjy
kaq-l-n Hcmpadn-bm Ign-bmhsb Ipdnv Amlp ASna-I-tfmSv kwkm-cn-pI ANn--\o-b-am-Wv.'' ChnsS apX-im-_n-lpI
AKm[ m\n-I Adn-bp-sa A`n-{]mb {]-Imcw ka-Im-en-I\v
]mT-aptm F tNmZy-n\v {]k-n-bn-. ImcWw ka-Im-en-Icn
Nne AKm[ m\n-I-fm-bn-cn-pw. AKm[ m\n-I-f-m kaIm-en-I-tcmSv ""AXn-\m \n A-cm-sW-n m\n-I-tfmSv
tNmZnp t\mp-I'' (-A-lv:43) FmWv Jp-Bs Blzm\w.

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

km ImenIX

As\ AKm[ m\n-I-f-m--hpw apX-im-_n-lp-I-fpsS hymJym\- a - d n- b mw.

Fm s]mXp-hn AwKo-I-cn--s A`n-{]mbw Am-lphn\v
am{Xsa Ah Adn-bp-I-sbmq Fv Xs-bm-Wv. kzlm-_-v, Xm_nD- I , Alvepkp- n h PamAbnse ]ucmWnI (ke^v)
]nX-mcpw {]_-e-s-Sp-n-bXv Cu A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. C_v\p Am-kv(-d)-hns\ Ipdnv icn-bmbn h dntmpw CXm-Wv. ChnsSbmWv tNmZy-ns {]k-n. Am-lp-hn\v am{Xw hymJym-\-a-dn-bp
apXim- _ n- l p- I - f n a\p- j y\v Fv lpZ(- k - mw) bmWp- Xv?
Cu tNmZys Nnm-]-c-ambn ]n-X-m kao-]n-n-p-v. Aamb, AZr-iy-amb Imcy--fn hniz-kn-pIsb-XmWv hnizm-kns aq `mhw. In ImWm--h-sbbpw Adn-bm--h-sbbpw
hniz-kn-p-tm-gmWv Hcm bYm hnizm-kn-bmIp--Xv. ag sImv
\\-bp--h ag-bn hniz-kn-m-X-cn-n-. ]s CuPn-]vXnse ]ncanUv ImWm Hcmsf kw_- n- - n S- t mfw AXp hniz- k n- pI
A]w {ia-I-c-amb tPmen-bm-Wv. Fm AXn-s\-m F{Xtbm
anIhv ]pep--Xm-bn-cn-Ww Hcp apAvan\ns hnizm-kw. AXmWv
"]cn-]qambn hniz-kn-pI ' F {kjvSmhns krjvSn-tbmSp
B-bpsS coXn imk-{Xw. Jp-B-\n-Im-ym-b--fpsS BZy `mKv ImWp ths A-c-sf(lp-dq-^p apJ-Xz-Ax F t]cn AdnbsSp Ch apX-im-_n-lp-I-fpsS KW-n s]Sp-p) Ipdnv N sNp-n-Sv Camw JpXzp-_n(-d) Cmcyw ]d-bp-p-v.
A_q-_-Iv(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Am-lp-hn \np ]co--WmamWv Jp- B - \ nse A- c - - f psS Bibw temI- c n \npw ad- s-Xv. Ah-bn hniz-kn--h {]Xn-^-e-n\pw hnP-b-n\pw Alcmbn. Ahnizkn-h-cpw kwibm-ep--fm-b-hcpw in--]-cm-P-bv Al-cm-bn.'' JpXzp-_n(-d) Dcn-p asmcp DcWn C-s\:
A_vZpm (d) ]d-bpp: "" AZriy Imcy--fnse hnizm-k-s-m
D-a-amb -Hpw Hcp hnizm-knbpw hniz-kn-p-I-bn-. ]noSv "AZriy
Imcy--fn hniz-kn-p--h' (-A _Jdx:3) F kqw AtltamXn.'' (A Pman-D en AlvIm-an Jp-B:1/154) AXn-\m
Aw shfn- h m- m Jp- B - \ nse apX- i m- _ n- l p- I Hcn- epw
]mgvhmp- I - f m- I n- .
\_n(-k)-bpsSXnt\-m i_vZap-bp-Xv hne-p Nne kq-fp-tm(-A lp-Pvdmv:13) Jp-B-\n? \_n(-k)bpsS h^m-n\v tijw Ch-bpsS {]k-n-sb-mWv?
66

Xncp\_n(k)bpsS kn-[nbn ]men-t acym-Z-Isf Ipdnv Jp-B- ]d-bpp: ""A-m-lp-hnsbpw Ahs ZqX-s-bpw kn[n-bn shv AXncv IS-m-X-cn-p-Ibpw Am-lp-hns\ kqnpIbpw sNp-I. kkq-vaw tIp-Ibpw Adn-bp-Ibpw sNph Xs-bmWv Am-lp. hnizm-kn-Isf, \n \_nsbm i_vZapb-cp-Xv. \n At\ym\yw kwkm-cn-p-Xv t]mse Dds
\_n-tbmSv kwkm-cn--cp-Xv. \n Adn-bmsX \n-fpsS I
XI-cm-\Xv CS-bmpw. Am-lp-hns ZqXs kn-[n-bn shv ]Xps kwkm-cn-p--h-cpsS lrZ-b-sf PohnX kqv-a-Xv thn ]co- npI- b m- W - m- l p. Ahv ]m]tamN- \ hpw al- mb
{]Xn^- e hp- a pv. '' (- A lp- P vdmv:13)
Xncp\_n kn- [ n- b nse D- n- e p kwkmcw \_n(- k )- t bmSp A]-a-cym-Z-bpsS {]I-S-\-am-Wv. DrX kq--fn A]-a-cymZ-bpsS Nne DZm-l-c-W- \In Hcp hn[-nepw \_n(-k)-tbmSv
acym-Z-tSv sN--cp-sXmWv kqN-\. AXn-\m \_n X-fpsS h^mv XtfmSv acymZ {]I-Sn-n-p--Xn\v Hcp {]Xn-_--a-. {]hmN- I m- ym- ] - \ - sf am\n- p- I , \_n(- k ) I]n Imcy- sNpI, \_n(-k)sb BZ-c-thmsS kvacn-pI Fn-h-sbms D]cnkqNnX kq- - f psS kqN- I m- - f m- W v. am{X- h p- a - \_n(- k )- b psS
PohnX Imev i_vZapb Idm-l-m-bXv t]mse \_n(-k)bpsS J_dn\-cn-In shpw i_vZ-ap-m- Idm-l-m-sW-mWv
]nX aXw. Atm Cu kq- GXp Imep Pohn-p-hpw ]mT- a m- t I- s - X p- v.

4/263

\_n(-k)v am{Xw {]tXy-I-am--s Hcp \nkvIm-cs Ipdnv

Jp- B - \ n ]cm- a in- p- - - t m? CXns\ am\h temIv km- a mbn Fs\ ImWm- \ mIpw?
\_n(- k ) Xv {]tXy- I - a mbn \a- k vIm- c s ]cm- a inp Jp-B kqw CXm-Wv. "" cm{Xn A]-t\cw (X-l-pZv
\nkv-Imcw sImv) Dd--sam-gn-p-I. Xmv IqSp-X ]pWyw \Ip--Xm-Wn-Xv.'' (A Ckvdm-Av:79).
ChnsS ]cm-ain--s Jnbm-ap-ss (-cm{Xn \nkvIm-cw) \_n (-k)v am{Xw \n_--am-sWpw {]tXy-I-ambn kp-m-sWp-ap cv A-`n-{]m-b--fp-v. Fv Xsbmbmepw {]tXy-I-amb
Cu \nkvImc- w am{Xw ]cm- a inv Jp- B Ah- k m- \ n- n- p- n.
67

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

At\zjW]T\ t_m[w

adnv AXns bpn- IqSn kq-ns Ah-km-\-n temIsc

t_m[n- n- p- p. \_n X- f psS alXzw kaq- l - n\v {]Im- i n- - npI F--XmWv CXns bpn.
B[p-\nI bpK-n ]ip (A _-Jd), Nne-n (A AI- _ q- X v), tX\o- (- A lv), Ddp- v(- A w- e v), Imen- I (A
-A-Bw) XpS-nb Aymb \ma--fpsS {]k-n-sb-mWv?
{]Ya ZrjvSym e`n- p- - X mWv Cu tNmZy- ns Dcw.
Imew F{X ]ptcm-K-an-mepw Nnen, tX\o, Ddpv XpSn {]IrXnbnse kqva Pohn-I-fn \npw a\p-jy\v ]Tn-m [mcm-f-ap-v.
Ccw Pohn-Isf Ipdn-p NqtS-dnb Kth-j-W-n-emWv Ctmgpw
B[p-\nI imkv{X temIw. Ch ImgvN-bn Zp_e-am-b-h-bm-sWnepw krjvSn-]-c-ambn henb hnNn-{X-X-I Cu Pohn-I-fn-ep-v. Nnen,
tX\o XpS-nb Aymb \ma- Ah-bpsS Ap-Xm-h-l-amb
krjvSn-n-te-mWv shfnw hoip--Xv. am{X-hp-a-, \nmcambn \mw
ImWp Ccw Pohn-I-tfm-Sp {kjvSm-hns kao-]-\-ns {]Imi\w IqSn-bmWv Cu Xe-hm-N-I-. ""\nbw sImXp-Int\-tbm
AXn-epw \nmc {]mWnsbtbm D]-a-bm-m Amlp en-p-Ibn.'' (A _J-d:26) F kqw AXmWv hy-am-p--Xv. AXn\m Imew kmt-Xn-I-ambn F{X ]ptcm-K-a-nmepw Ccw Aymb \ma- - f psS {]kn \jvS- s - S p- I - b n- .
Xu^oJn- mbn \n- b n- - s (im- c n- B b Am- l pthm dkqtem Xocp-am-\n-p-d--Xv) Aymb \masf Ipdnv a\-n-em-t
asmcp Imcyw IqSn-bp-v. ]ip Fv Xe-hm-N-I-sa-gpXn ]ip-hns\
Ipdnv hn-p tIhe ]mT ]pkvX-I-a hnip Jp-B. Fnepw DS- - n Xe- h m- N - I - h p- a mbn Fs- n- e p- s amcp _w Ism-\m-Ip-Ibpw sNpw. CXv Hcn-epw Jp-B-\ns kmlnXy
hiyXsb If- - s - S p- p- pan- . XI- g n- b psS " sNo- \ n'epw " Ibdn ' epw C.Fw. HmIq-cns "ImSn'epw ]cm-ain-p-Xv sNos hntijWtam Ibdns hniZoIcWtam ImSns khn-ti-jamb h\yXtbm
A. Ch ae-bmf kmln-Xy-nse mkn-p-I-fmbn KWnsSphbpamWv. JpB\nse XehmNIv DS- tfmSv _ansv ]dbp bpnhmZn {ia \ncmkv]Zam-sWv Npcpw.

68

At\z-jW]-T\ t_m[w

JpB a\pjy\v A\p`hsSp coXnbn {]]s kao]nXn\m Xs {]]nse k clkyfpw Aanv ]dbmsX Ahsb a\pjys KthjWn\v hnv Ahs\ KthjW
]cX\mpIbmbncpp. Fm a\pjys Kthj Hcnepw
kqtam kIme kXytam BIpn. ImcWw a\pjys
tIhe _pnsImv Isph (imkv{Xw) Fmepw kXyamsWv ]dbmhX. ^en, Bib]cambn hyXnbm\apXn\m imkv{Xn\v kXynsem Ignbn Fv thWw IcpXm. Science gives us but a partial knowledge of reality (kXys Ipdnv
`mKnI Adnth imkv{Xw \app\Ippq) F k Pbnwkv
Pokns A`n{]mbhpw imkv{Xob aWvVefn GsXnepsamcp hnjbs Ipdv Hcpd A`n{]mbw ]dbm\p AhImiw Ahkm\s a\p-jy\v hnv sImSppI Xs thWw F tUm.sPbnwkv AtWmUns hnNmcsSepw a\pjy \nconv ]conv
F{X ImX ]nnmepw {]] clkyfpsS kXymh
FmsWv Ism\mhn FXns\ icnshpXmWv. ChnsSbmWv Ckvemw eo-I-cn-p imkv{X Kth-j-W--fpsS {]kn hy-am-hp-Xv. {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-sf \nco-nv {kjvSmhns AkvXnXzntev sNs-p-Ibpw Ahkm\w Ahs krn
69

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

At\zjW]T\ t_m[w

ssh`-h-n Aenv tNv Aym-n-I-X-bpsS ]c-a-ImjvT {]m]nptm- ssZhnI t_m[\w hgn a\p- j y\v kXy- n- s e- m
Ign-bp-Ibpw sNp Xopw Cemlo `-amb ey-amWv JpB\nse imkv{X kqN-\-I sImv IcKX-amIp--Xv.
Jp-B\pw imkv{Xhpw Iqn-p-gp--Xn\v apv Ah-bpsS hnhc--hn-h-cW t{kmX-p-I \n-Nn--s-tS--Xp-v. a\p-jy- KthjW- f psS Ana ^e- a mWv imkv{X- s a- n- c ns Ahs tIhe
]t{n- b - am{X- a mWv imkv{X- ns aqe- - p- I . Fm
]t-{n-b-Xo-X-amb Xopw a\p-jy-k-l-P-a-m Hcp hnhc t{kmX-ns ]n_-e-apv Jp-B-\n-\v. ssZh-t_m-[-\ (-hlvbv)
am-W-Xv. `uXn-I-hn-h-c- ASn--d-bmb imkv{X-n \nv ]cnip -Jp-Bs\ hyXn-c--am-p-Xv AXns Ccw A`ua AdnhmWv. ]pXnb a\x-mkv{X ]T-\-fn A`ua hnm-\s ]cnNb-s-Sp-p-p-v. C{n-b--fn-eqsS am{Xw Adnhv tiJ-cn-m Ignbp t_m[-a-\-n-t\m-sSmw Ah-bpsS klm-b-an-msX Xs Adnhv tiJ-cn-m Ign-bp D]-t_m[ a\v IqSn-bp-sv B[p\nI
a\xmkv{Xw knmnp-p. B[p-\nI Fw{_n-tbm-f-Pn-bpsS ]pXnb \nco--Whpw Cu A`ua Adn-hns\ icn-sh-p--Xm-Wv. {`qWn\v 45 amk-am-Ip-tm-tgv Xs AXv Xs X-hn-c A[-c-tfm-S-Sp-n-p-hm\pw ape Cun-p-Sn-p--Xns _me-]mTw a\nem- phm\pw XpS- p- p- s h- mWv B[p- \ nI {`qW- i m- k v{X- ns
]pXnb Is-. Hpadn-bm \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hn\v e`n-p Cu
_me-]mTw tIhe ]t-{n-b- sIm, adnv Ccw A`u-aamb Hcp shfn-]mSv sImm-sWv Ghpw kpXcmw hy--amhpw.
imkv{Xs Jp-B-\p-ambn ]dv t\mp-tm cpw hyXykvX `mhhpw ap-ap--Xm-sWv ImWmw. Ah Hmtcm-n-sbpw m\hpw ]cn-[nbpw hn`n--am-Wv. cv hyXykvX cwK--fn-em-b-Xn-\m
Ah-n-S-bn sskm-nIBib kwL\-v {]kn \s-Sp-p. A\--amb Ignhpw A]m-c-amb Bkq-{X-Whp-ap {kjvSmhnt\mSv _-s-Sp Jp-B-\nI kq-sf, tIhe t_mt[-{nb-tfmSpw A\p-`-h-m-\-tmSpw am{Xw _-s-n-cn-p imkv{Xhpambn Iqn-p-g-p-Xv A{X bpnkl-a-. Fm AZriyhpw C-{n-b--Xo-X-hpamb Imcy--fn-se-n-bm imkv{Xw Dcw apn Ah-km\w ssZh-hn-izm-k-n-tev imkv{Xw sNs-psa-XmWv t\cv. A little Science take man from God. But much of it brings
him back to him (imkv{Xs Ipdn-p A]-m\w a\p-jys\

\nco- i z- c - h m- Z n- b m- p- t m AKm[m\w Ahs\ ssZh- ` - - \ mpp) F {]kn {_nojv imkv{X- {^mknkv t_ss A`n-{]mbw {it-b-am-Wv. Jp-B imkv{X-n \nv AXns
eyw, ssZ-hn-I-X, k-Ime AXn-Po-h\w Fnh sImv hyXykvX-am-sW-nepw Ch cpw Xn-ep _w Hcn-epw sshcp-ym- I - a - . Jp- B a\p- j y- t \mSv Kth- j - W - n- t e- v(- i m- k v{X- n- t ev) Cd-n-n-cn-m ]e-hpcp Bh-iy-s-Sp-p-v. hy-am-bnmWv
Cu {]]-s krjvSn-s-sX hnizmkw Ip^vdm-sWv Jp-B
kqd-pkzmZv:27 kqNn-n-p-tm CXns Kuchw IqSp-X hyamIppv.

70

71

`qan, kqcy: Ne- \ hpw BIr- X n- b pw

""]h- X - Im Ah Ddv \nIp- I bm- s Wv \n\v
tXmpw. Fm Ah taLs t]mse Nen-p-p.'' (-A-wev:88)
F kqw `qan-bpsS Ne-\s tZymXn-n-p-pv. ImcWw ]hX Nen-p-p-shv hcp-tm `qan samw Nen-tn hcpatm!. Cu Bb-ns hymJym-\-n Camw dmkn ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI: ""`oam-Im-c--fmb hkvXp- Htc coXn-bn thK-n Nenptm Ah Nen-p-p-s-nepw AXp ImWp--h\v \n-e-ambnmWv A\p-`-h-s-Sp-I. Cm-c-W-m-emWv ]h-X- \n-e-amsWh `mhn--Xv.'' (-X-^vko-dp I_o: 24/24). Fm Cu Bbns\ Nne Ay- \ m- f nse k`- a mn hymJym- \ n- Xv icn- b - s v
knZv inlm-_p-o X(]m-\q) "Aem lman-jn--^mkodn's
apJhp-c-bn ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI: ""D]-cyp kqs(Awev:88)
Ay\m-fnse Ah--bmn Ah hymJym-\n-Xv Am-fn-n-pXm-Wv. ""`qanbpw aebpw s]mn-sb-Spp Hc XI XIsSpIbpw sNbvXm Ap kw`-hn-m-\p-Xv kw`-hnpw'' (AlmJvJx:14), ""ae-I XIv hnX-ds [qfn Bbn-o-cp-p'' (A hmJnAx:6) F kq- Ay-\m-fn ]hX- [qfn-I-fmIpsa- - d n- b n- p- t m- ]ns- F- s \- b m- W h Ddv \nIp- - X mbn
A\p-`-h-s-SpI?!. bYm-n ae-I \psS Ip-I-fn \neam-sW-nepw Hcp Znhkw Ccp-]--m-bncw Intem-ao- Ah kcnp- p.''
`qan NenmsX ncambn \npIbmsW {Kov CuPn]vjy hm\ \ocoI\mbncp tmUnbkv tSmfan (FUn.90168)
bpsS ]gb knmambncpp JpBs AhXoImev temIw hnizknncpXv. Fm hnip JpBs Ccw Bbp-

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

At\zjW]T\ t_m[w

Isf ]T\ hnt[bamn ayIme \qmnse {]kn apkvenw imkv{X AlvaZp _v\p aplZv AnPkvXm\nbmWv Cu sXmb [mcW BZyambn amn FgpXnbXv. `qanbpsS {`aWw BZyambn
kanXv tIm \nkv({In.14731543) BsWmWv ]mmXy
temIs [mcW. Fm \qmpIv apv Cmcyw knPkvXm\n Xs "Zudp Aiv' F {KneqsS kanXv Nne
KqV]XnIfpsS `mKambn Ncn{Xn \npw tNmp t]mbXmWv (t\m: CkvemanI hnm\ tImiw: 3/310). ssiJv A _dq\nbpw `qanbpsS {`aWs kw_nv Ccw Hcp knmw cq]oIcnncpp.
`qan ]cXmsWpw AXv {]]ns ncamb tI{amsWpambncpp ]pcmX\ {KopIm hnizknncpXv. tSmfanbpsS
]pcmX\ imkv{Xhpw tIm \nkns B[p\nI imkv{Xhpw `qan DcpXmsWv XsbmWv hnizknpXv. Fm JpB\nse `qan ]cXmsWpw JpB AhXcn Imes P\
[cnncp A_w JpB\n ISv IqSnsbpw JpB ssZhoIasXn\v AXpXs aXnbmb sXfnhmsWpw ]e `mKp\npw Btcm]Wapv. A _Jd:22, A- lnPvdv:14, \qlv:19 XpSnb kqfnse ]Z{]tbmKsf DbnnSnmWv Ch cwKv hcmdv. Fm Ccw ]Z{]tbmK a\pjyv Amlp
\Inb Cu almhcs (`qan) Ahv A\p`hsSp coXnbnemWv JpB D]tbmKnnpXv. Camw dmkn(d), C_v\p Iko(d), Amam Beqkn(d) XpSnb {]K JpB hymJymXm Cs\bmWv Chsb hymJym\npXv. Amam Beqkn(d)
]dbpXv ImWpI: ""`qan DcpXsXn\v Cu kqn'' (\qlv:19) Hcp sXfnhpan. ImcWw hrmImcap Hcp henb hkvXphns ta \nph\v Aht\mSSpXv ]cXmbn A\p`hsSpw.
`qan DcpXmhWsatm ]cXmhWsatm icoAn\v \n_sampansnepw `qan DcpXmsWpXv Dd hkvXpXbmWv.'' (dqlp aB\n: 39/76) Camw dmkn(d) `qan DcpXmsWv kanv Hcp \o N Xs \SpXv ImWmw(t\m: X^vkodp I_o:4/192).
Fm hnip JpB\n `qansb]n ]d apgph BbpIfpw hnaiI ]cntim[nmXn\memWv Cu A_w
kw`hnpXv. ""Ah\mIpp \nv `qansb IogvsSpnXXv. AXn\m AXns NpaeneqsS \n \SpI.'' (A apIv:

15), ""`qansb \mw sXmnemn Xnt?!'' (A_Av:6), ""AmlphmIpp \nv `qansb Hcmhmk tI{hpw D]cn`mKs Hcp
taIqc- b pamnbh'' (A Km^n: 64) XpSnb JpB\nI
kqsf Ipdnv hnaiI au\w ZonpIbmWv. ImcWw Cu
BbpI a\pjy\v IogvsSps BhmktI{ambpw sXmnembpw ]cnNbsSppXneqsS JpB `qanbpsS BIrXnb,
{]IrXnbmWv ]cmainssXv IqSpX hyamWv. Fmw \qmn Pohn aplZv aqk Jhmcnkvan F `qan imkv{X
JpB\n \npw {]tNmZ\apsImv FgpXnb Xs "`qanbpsS
BIrXn' F IrXnbnepw ico^v CZvcokn(jdnv Hudkn)bpsS
"\pkv^p apivXmJv' F {Knepw `qan DcpXmsWv
kanncpp.
kqcy NenppsmWv JpBs `mjyhpw. ""kqcy
AXns kpnc tI{ntev Nenv sImncn- pp'' (bmko:38) F kqs Camw C_p\p Iko(d) hymJym\npXv
ImWpI: ""Cu Bbnse "apkvXIn' (kpncambXv) FXn\v
cv Aapv. Hv Ains Nphntev AXv Nenpp Fpw (kqcy FhnsSbmbmepw AXv Ains NphnemWv. ImcWw
Fm krjvSnIsfbpw Ftmgpw aqSp taqcbmWv Aiv) asmv Ay\m hsc AXv Idnsmncnpp Fpam-Wv'' (X^vko C_v\p Iko: 1145). Fm HmatXv Alvep-pnsbpw cmatXv XXzm\nIfpsSbpw A`n{]mbam- s Wpw
hyXykvX `mKfn kabw hn`namsW I imkv{X ]nXcpsS \ncoWw cmatXns\ insSp-ppshpw X^vko kzmhnbn (3/270) ImWmw. am{Xa Cu Bbns hymJym\n knZv JpXzp_v ]dbpXpw kqcys Ne\s A\zamppv. Atlw ]dbpp: ""kqcy kz-w ApXn {`aWw sNppv. AXv ncamsW-mbncpp [mcWsbnepw kqcy ncaspw sk n 12 ssa thKXbn Idpshpw Ahkm\w Adnbsp.'' (^o fnemen JpB).
`qanpw kqcy\pw cv Xcw Ne\fpsmWv B[p\nI
imkv{Xw ]dbpXv; {`aWhpw ]cn{IaWhpsa cpXcw Ne\. kzw ApXn 23 aWnq, 56 an\nv, 4.09 skv sImv
`qan Hcp {]mhiyw kqcys\ {`aWw sNpp. CXp aqeamWv Zn\cm{X amdn adnbpXv. Hcp sk n 29 Intemao F thKXbn 365 Znhkw, 5 aWnq, 4551 skv sImv kqcys\ `qan Hcp

72

73

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

At\zjW]T\ t_m[w

{]mhiyw {]ZnWw sNppapv. `qanbpsS Cu Ne\w (]cn{IaWw) sImmWv EXp t`Z kw`hnpXv.
Fm kqcy \neamsW ]gb knms Xncp-n
FgpXn CXn\pw Ccw cp Ne\fpsmWv imkv{Xw Cp
hyampXv. kqcy AXn\p Nppap {KltfmsSmn-v Hcp
sk n 12 \mgnI thKXbn kucbqYns ays tI{amn {`aWw sNppss{X. Cu {`aW ]Yn\v Adp]Xn\mbncw {]Imi hjns hymkapsmWv IWmsSpXv.
20 tImSn hjw Ignbptm am{XamWv kqcy Hcp {`aWw ]qnbmpI-sbmqshpw samw 20 {`aWtf Dmbnpp-shpw
imkv{Xw hnebncppp. tUm.tamdokv _pmbv ]dbpXv ImWpI: ""Xmcm]Yw kzw As tI{amnsmv Idp-p. XZv^eambn kqcy\pw AtX tI{n\p Nppw hrmImcn-ep
Hcp {`aW ]Yn IdpIbmWv '' (ss__n, JpB, imkv{Xw]cn`mj195)

{]]ns D]n, Ahkm\w

{]]ns D]nsb Ipdnpw Ays Ipdnpw JpB\n hyamb ImgvmSpI ImWm Ignbpw. ""BImihpw
`qanbpw HntXmbncpp. Fnv Ah cnt\bpw \mw thsSpn. PohPmesfsbmw \mw Pen \np]mZnnp.'' (A
Anbm-Av:30) ""XpSv Ah BImis ]Sm\ptinp. AsXmcp [qaambncpp.'' (A- ^pkzn-ev:11) ""BImi`qanI Bdp \m sImv ]SXpw Ah Xs. Ahs knwlmk\w Pentembncpp.'' (lqZv:7) Fo aqv kq {]]tmnsbn JpB\nI hoWw hyamppv. A An- b mAv:
30s hymJym\n CIvcna(d), lk(d), JXmZx(d), C_v\p
Ppss_(d) FnhcpsS dntmn C_v\p Amkv(d) ]dbpXv
ImWpI: ""BImi`qanI IqSnt Hscm hkvXphmbncppshpw Ahsb Amlp ]nfpIbpw BImis tatmpbpIbpw `qansb bYmm\v \ne\npIbpw sNbvXp.'' IAv_v(d)
]dbpp: ""BImi`qanIsf IqSnt \nev ]Sp. ]noSv Amlp Ahsb hmXIs sImv ]IpXnbmn ]nfn.'' lk(d)
]dbpp: ""ss_p apJkns m\v Amlp `qansb ssI
\ndbp Ins cq]n krjvSnp. AXnt\mSv tNncp hmXIw tatempbn AXn \nv BImis ]Sp. Ins\ bYmm\v \nn `qansb AXn \np hn[m\np.'' (dqlp aB74

\n 9/34,JpYp_n:11/283). Cu Bbns hymJym\n knZv

inlm_po X(]m\q) ]dbpXv ImWpI: ""imkv{X
hnfnp s\_peknmamWnXv. ZpJm, amAv FsmsbmWv
s\_pesb JpB ]cnNbsSppXv.'' (Aem lmanjn^mko:3/514).
Cu cwKv imkv{Xw Nne \nK-a-\- \S-n-bn-p-v. GItZiw 12 tImSn hjv apv ssl{UP\pw loenbhpw ASnb
Hcp hmXI ]nambncpp Cu {]]sapw AmX inbpsS ^eambn (Cu in ssZhnIamsWXv hyamWv. ImcWw
taibn \nv tIhew Hcp mkv sXdnv hogpXv t]mse bmZrnIa Cu kvt^mS\w. adnv k KmeIvknIfptSbpw m\hpw
cq]hpw bYmm\v ncsSp coXnbn Xopw ap \nbtmsSbmWnsXpw hyamWv.) henb kvt^mS\w kw`hnmWv Cu {]]apmbXv Fpw imkv{Xw hni-Zo-I-cnp.Big Bang
Theory FdnbsSp Cu almhnkvt^mS\ knmns D]RvPmXmhv 20mw \qmns BZyn Pohn s_Pnb tImkvtamfPnmb Bt_ tPmPv seant{S BWv. Cu {]]w 2050 _ny hjv apv hfsc A[nIcn kns ^eambn
hmXI]qcnXamb km{XtbmSp-Iq-Snb Hcp tKmfambnmWv Bcw`nssXv l_v (Hubble) F imkv{X Ispp.
Fm, Cy imkv{X--\mb tUm.-P-bv hnjvWp \menn "Izmkn Un tv tImkvtam-fPn' F knmw sImv
Big Bang Theorysb FXnp-p-v. alm hnkvt^m-S-\s Xs
\men- \ncm-I-cn-p-p. AXn _rl-mb Du k-b-n
\nv {Iam- \ pKXw cq]- s p h- X mWv {Zhyw FmWv Atlw
knmn-p-Xv. Big Bang Theorybn Dcw ImWm ]e tNmZypw At-l-ns knm--n adp-]-Sn-bp-ss{X! GXmbmepw, {]]--ns BZnaw ths-Sp-en-eq-sS-bm-bn-cppshv
Jp-B-\n \npw \apv e`n-p-p. s]mn-s-dn-bn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cpp-shpw {Iam-\p-KXw cq]-s--Xm-sWpsams B[p-\nI imkv{X\nco- - W - - f m- W v.
Ay\mfn kqcy NpcpsSpsapw \{X DXnv
hogpsapw ISepI Xnfv adnbpsapw BImiw ]nfcpsapsamw AIvho, A C^nXzm XpSnb Aymbfn {]]ns Ays Ipdnv JpB ]dbpXmbn ImWmw. kqcy\nep ssl{UP hmXIw apgph InocptXmsS AXv
75

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

At\zjW]T\ t_m[w

ISpw Nphv \ndamIpIbpw AtXmsS AXv hnIknv AXn`bm\IambnocpIbpw sNpsav B[p- \ nI imkv{Xw \nco- n- p- p- v.
kqcy\Spp _p[\pw ip{I\pw shnbpw In DcpIpIbpw
`qanbnse Pew apgph BhnbmbntmhpIbpw `qanXs Incnv DcpInb temlw t]mse BIpsapw imkv{Xw hniZoIcnpp. am{Xhpa, BImifpw Iq \{Xfpw Fcnv Xocptm Ah s]mnsdnpsapw imkv{Xw \nconppv. Cu
Ahsb Black Hole FmWv imkv{X hntijnnpXv.
temImhkm\sn ASpImev t]mfnse imkv{X\mb ssd_onbpw s_Pnbmc\mb imkv{X sU\okpw
Fnb \nKa\sf Ipdnv hniz {]kn tPW Nature {]knoIcnncpp.

a\pjy {]P\\w
a\pjy krjvSnns\pdnp hnip JpBs ]cmai hfsc ApXmhlamWv. JpB 7mw \qmn Xs {]Xn]mZn ]e kXyfntepw B[p\nI {`qWimkv{Xw Cv FnsncnppshXmWv t\cv. It\Unb t{SmtUm(Trondo) bqWnthgvknnbnse saUn Unmvsav Xeh\pw A\man t{]m^kdpambncp tUm.Iov aq(Keeth Moor) JpB\nI hN\sf ap\nn ]T\w \Snb imkv{X IpXpInbmWv. Atlw Xs KthjW^ew ]pdv hntm Im\Ubnse ]{X ""]pcmX\ {Kn ApXmhlamb Hv Isnbncnpp''shv ]dmWXns\ hcthXv. ""F.Un. ]Xns\mmw \pmv hsc K` ]m{Xnse {`qWns hfsb Ipdnpw Lsf Ipdnpw JpB\nemsX ashnsSbpw ]cm-aiapmbncpn'' Fv Atlns High lights of Human Embryology in the Koran and Hadith F teJ\n Xpdv knXnppv.
ip{kmhw apgph\pw Lco`hnmWv Hcp Ipv P\npsXmbncpp Imetfmfw imkv{XtemIw hnizknv t]mXv. Fm ssat{ImkvtImns Ip ]nSpn\v tijw ip{kmhnse eWn\v _oPfn Hscw am{XamWv Ahpambn
IqSntcpsXmWv B[p\nI Fw{_ntbmfPn CnsS aptmpshXv. JpB kqd-p Jnbmax:37 ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI: ""Ah
{khnsSp ipn \np Hcp IWambncpnt?''
]pcpj_oPn \nv am{XamWv inip PsaSppsX-pw
Av K`w NpapI FXnep]cn asmcp tdmfnspambn-cpp
76

Fmw \qmv hsc hnizknncpXv. CXn\v hncpambn ]pcpj_oPnsbpw kv{Xo Ansbpw an{in \nmWv Ipv
cq]w sImpsXv JpA ]dbpp: ""IqSntpmIp Hcp _oPn \nv Xobmbpw \mw a\pjys\ krjvSnncnpp.'' (A Ckm:2) ]Xn-s\mw \qm-n kv]ek-\n (Spalla
nscni) Isn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv CXv bqtdm-y-c-dn-sX-nepw "\pYv^-n AwimPv' (IqSnt A--_oPw) F {]tbm-K-neqsS Ggmw \qm-n Xs Jp-B CXv hy-am-n-bn-cp-p. {`qWw
aqv Ad-I(-a-d-I)-p-n-emWv hf-cp-s-sXv JpB hyam-p-p-v. amXm-hns ASn-h-b, K`m-i-bw (Womb), Bw\n-tbm
tImdn-tbm Fv imkv{Xw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-nb K` iniphns\
s]mXn-bp ]mS (Chorion) Fo aqv Ad-Isf Jp-B ]cmainXv ImWpI: ""\n-fpsS amXm--fpsS DZ-c--fn \nv aqv Xcw
Ccpp-I-fn-embn krjvSn-bpsS Hcp L-n\p tijw asmcp Lambn
\n-sf Ah krjvSn-n-cn-p-p.'' (Ap-a:6) {]Imi civan-Ifn
\npw XS-bp ad-I-fm-bXv sImmWv Cu Ad-Isf "Ccp-p-I'
Fv Jp-B ]cn--N-b-s-Sp-n-b-Xv.
{`qW-h-fsb kw_-n Jp-B-\ns ]Z-{]-tbm-K- hsc
tUm. Iov aq, tUm. tamdnkv _pmbv XpS-nb imkv{X-sc
lTm-Zm-Ijn-n-p-v. kqdXp apAvan\q-\n Amlp ]d-bp-Xv
ImWpI: ""Xo- b mbpw a\p- j ys\ Ifn- a - ns k- b n \npw
krnn-cn-p-p. ]noSv Hcp _oPamn Ahs\ \mw `{Z-amb m\v shp. ]noSv B _oPs Ae-J-bmbpw Ae-Jsb apZv-Axbmbpw apZv-Axsb Fp-I-fmbpw \mw cq]m--c-s-Spn. ]ns B
AnIqSs \mw amwkw sImv s]mXn-p. XpSv asmcp
krjvSn-bmbn \mahs\ hfn-sb-Spp.'' (A apAvan\q: 12,13,14).
D]cypvX kq-nse "Ae-Jx, apZvAx' Fo ]Z- IrXyamb
imkv{Xob \nco- - W - - f n- t ev shfnw hoip- Xmbn ImWmw.
AeJx F ]Z-ns bYm Aw Hn-n-Sn-p-Xv, ]n-nSnp-Xv Fsm-s-bmWv. _oP-k--e\w \Sv Ggm-as Znhkw
{`qWw K`m-i-b-ns B-c-]m-fn-bmb Ft{Sm-sa-{Sn-b-n ]nn- S n- p- a s{X! ico- c - n ]n- n- S n A t]mse (Ae- J x v A
Fpw A- a p- - t m)- t Xm- n- p- a - X v. tUm. tamdnkv _pmbv
"ss__n, Jp- B , imkv{Xw' F Xs {K- neqsS CtX
Ipdnv Hcp \o N Xs \S- p- pv. "apZvAx' F- X ns
`mjmw tZymXn-n-p-Xv t]mse Xs Hcp amk-n-\Iw {`qWw
77

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

At\zjW]T\ t_m[w

Nh--c--s--t]mse ImW-s-Sp-sav B[p-\nI {`qW-imkv{Xw \ncon-p-p-v. 24 Znhkw Ign Hcp {`qWw Hcp {]tXyI {Zhyns cq]-nepw 27, 28 ZnhkIw Ch Nh--c--s amwkns cq]w {]m]n-p-sapw ]n-t-sXv tXmn-n-p AS-bm-f AXn Zriy-am-Ip-sapw tUm. Iov aq NsNp-p-v. {`qWns hfm L- sfbpw K`m- - i - b - nse aqv Ad- I sfbpw
Ipdnv 1940\v tij-amWv imkv{X-temIw a\-n-em-p--sXv Atlw kmy- s - S p- p- p.

CWknmw
]qIme imkv{X a\pjycnepw Ppfnepw am{Xta
CWI (]pnwKw, kv{XoenwKw) DqshmWv hnizknncpXv.
Fm JpB\nI kqsf A\zampw hn[w {]]nse ]camWphscbp kXnepw CWIfpspw kaqlns
\ne\nv AXneqsSbmsWp-amWv B[p\nI imkv{Xns ]pXnb \ncoWw. ""`qanbn \nv apfv hcph, a\pjyhw, Ahv AmXamb krjvSnI XpSnb Fm CWIsfbpw ]S
Ahs ]cnipnsb Rm\nXm {]Ionpp.'' (bm-ko:36) F
Jp-B-\nI kqw Ppv ]pdsa kkyfnepw \mw Adnbm hkvXpfnepw Cu enwK hyXymkaps kXyw JpB
14 \qmIv apv Xs aptmp shncppshXn\v aXnbmb
sXfnhmWv.
Fm
]ghfnepw
enwKhyXymkapsmWv
B[p\nI t_mWnbpsS aXw. kkyfpsS ]pnwKmhbhamb tIkcnse (Stamen) ]pcpj _oPfpw kv{XoenwKmhbamb P\nZn (Style) ep Amibnse (Ovary) Afpw Xn
hmbp, shw, Imv, jUv]Z Fnh aptJ\ ]cmKWw (Pollination) \Sppshpw AXphgn _oP kwtbmP\w (Fertilization)
\Sv ]gfpmIppshpamWv t_mWn CXn\v \Ip hniZoIcWw. ""Fm ]gfnepw Ah cp CWIsf krjvSn- p.''
(AdAvZv:3) ""]cmKWw sNp ImpIsf \mw Abp'' (A lnPvdv:22) XpSnb JpB\nI hN\ CXn\v Dt]m_eIamWv.
Fm hkvXpfpw CWknmns ASnm\n- e mWv
hnpsXv Bns hn`P\neqsS imkv{Xw Cv sXfnbnnpv. 18mw \qmv hsc ]camWp hn`Pnm Ignbnmbncpp hnizmksanepw 1858 sP.sP tXmwk F imkv{X
Bw hn`Pnv s\K-ohv Nmp CeIvt{SmWpI IspI78

bpw XpSv 1919 dqY t^mUv t]mk-ohv Nmp t{]mtmWpIfpw IsnbtXmsS {]]nse FmhkvXpfnepw Cu
CWknmw {]mhnIamsWv imkv{Xw hnebncpn. ImcWw t]mkohv, s\Kohv F sshcpyKpWap(enwK hyXymkap) sXmqtdmfw
]camWpI ]ehn[n ke\w sNbvXnp-XmsWs{X {]]nse kXpw. ""Fm hkvXpfnepw \mw
CWIsf ]Sp; \n Nnnm thn'' (Am- c n- b mv:49) Fv Amlp a\pjyIpes ]Xn-\mev \qmv app Xs XcysSpnsbnepw Imew Ipdv aptmv Idtn hp CXns kXymh shfnsSm. D]cyp kqns hymJym\n
AssJv aplZv Aen Akzm_q\n Xs "kz^vhXp^mkodn'
C{]Imcw Xs hniZoIcnp-XmbnmWmw. ""BImi `qan-I-fnse
]c-am-Wpthm AXn- s\-m sNdp-tXm hep-tXm (-Bb Hpw Xs)
hy- a mb InXm- _ nepm- b nmsX \ns \mY- \ n \npw ad- b pn-'' (-bq-\pkv:61) F Jp-B-\nI kqw ]c-am-Wp-hns\ Awibnm Ign- b p- s a- - X n- t ev Ggmw \qmn Xs hnc NqnsbXv ChnsS {]kvXmhy-am-Wv.

kuc hjhpw Nm{ hjhpw

Nm{hjw, kuchjw Fns\ cphn[w Ime \nbfpv. kuchjs At]nv N{hjn\v ]Xns\mv
Znhks IpdhmWv imkv{Xw IWmpXv. `qan A hrmImcn {`aWw sNpXn\m 29.531 Znhkw sImmWv N{
Hcp {`aWw ]qnbmppq. Cu AfhmWv(29.531 Znhkw) Hcp
Nm{amksadnbsSpXv. kuchjtm Nm{hjn\v
11 Znhks Ipdhps imkv{X \ncoWw JpB 7mw \qmn Xs kqNnnnpv. ""(NnecpsS hmZans\) Ah (KplmhmknI) apqdp sImamWp Kplbn DdnnSXv. Ah CXn HXp sImw IqSn tNpp'' (A Ilv^v:25) F Bbn Akvlm_p Ilv^v Kplbn XmaknXv apqdv hjamsWv Nne A`n{]mbspshpw Ah 9 hjw IqSn A[nIcnnpshpw JpB ]dbpp. 300 hjn\v tijw 9 hja[nIcnnpshv JpB ]cmainXv kucNm{ hjnSbnep IrXyamb kab hyXymkw sImmWv.
""kuchj{]Imcap 300 hjw Nm{hj{]Imcw 309
hjamWv. ImcWw Htcm \qdp Nm{hjw IqSptmgpw kuchjtmfpw AXn aqp hjns B[nIyw ImWpp'' (C_v\p79

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

At\zjW]T\ t_m[w

""aeIfnepw acfnepw a\pjy ]Sppbphbnepw IqSp IqnsmIsbv \ns \mY tX\op t_m[\w \In.
\o ]ns Fm ]gfpw \pIv \ns \mYs hgnIfn khn\bw {]thinpI Fpw. hsmenabp ]m\obw(tX) AhbpsS DZcfn \npw ]pdv hcpp. P\Xn ia\uj[apv, Nnnphv ZrjvSmhpw.'' (Alv:67,68)
IqSp\nmWw, ^e--fn \nv `Ww tiJ-cn- XpSnb tPmen-I sNm D]-cyp kq--fn Amlp t_m[\w
\Inb
- Xv kv{XoenwK
- a- p-]t- bm-K
n- mWv

) 1876 tkm-

aUmw F imkv{X- s]tX-\o--I-fmWv Ccw tPmenI sNp--sXv Is-n-bXv ChnsS {it-b-am-Wv. dmWnbpambn
{]Xyp]m-Z-\-n-tesSpI F-sXm-gnv Hcp tPmenbpw BtX\o-I sNp-n-t{X! AXn-\m t{Umkv (-a-Sn-b-m) FmWv
Chsb imkv{Xw t]cphnfn--Xv. Ah-km\w s]-Cu--I Chsb
Ipn- s Imv henv IqSn\v ]pd- m- p- I - b mWv ]Xn- h v. Fm,
{]Xyp]m-Z\ tijn-bn-m s] tX\o--I-fmWv IqSp-\nmWw,
dmWnsb ]cn-N-bn-, Ipp-sf hf, tX tiJ-cn-
XpS-nb Fm tPmen-Ifpw sNt-Xpw sNp--Xpw. AXn-\m
sXmgn-em-fn-I (Nurse bee) FmWv imkv{X-temIw Chsb ]cn-Nbs-Sp-n-b-Xv. C-c-n hnip Jp-B\nse DrX kv{XoenwK
{]tbm- K hfsc IrXyhpw A- K `- h p- a msW- Xv kphy- amWv.
""DX ku[- , {]Xn- a - I , henblufp- I t]mse- b p
Xfn-I-I, Dd-np \ndp--s Dcp-fn-I XpSn Atlw (Zm-hqZv
(A)) Dt-in Fpw Ah-c-t-l-n\v \nnp sImSp-p. Atbm
ZmhqZv IpSpw-_ta! \n-tbmsS {]hn-p-ho. Fm Fs ASna-I-fn \nv \n {]I-Sn-n-p--h hnc-f-sa-s{X.'' (A-_Av:13).
hnip Jp-B-\n At\z-jW IuXpIw \Ip Imcy-
C\nbpw Gsd-bp-v. ""cv IS-ep-Isf ]c-kv]cw knpw hn[w
Ah Abp hnp. Fm Ah-c-n-\p-an-S-bn Hcp ad-bp-v. Ah
]c-kv]cw AXn-{I-anp IS-p-n. Fn-cns \n Ccp Iq-cptSbpw cn-Xm-hns GX-\p-{K-l-s-bmWv \n \ntj-[n-pXv?'' (Adlvam:19,20). Dpsh-ap ISepw ipsh-ap \Znbpw (kqdp ^pJm-\nse 53mw kq-n IS-ep-Isf C{]Imcw
hnh-cn-p-p-v) knp-p-sh-nepw Ah-n-S-bnse Hcp-Xcw ad
\nanw Ah AIeppshXv IuXpIap hkvXp-X-bmWv.
a\pjy hncXpnse krjvSn ssh`-h-s-p-dnv asm-cn-Sv
hnip Jp-B ]cm-ain-Xv ImWpI: ""a\p-jy Icp-Xp-pthm,
Xs An-I \mw Iqn-tp-I-bn-sv?. AsX, Ahs hncens Aw t]mepw ]q-n-Xn-bn kwhn-[m-\n-m \app Ignbpw
Xo.'' (A Jnbma:3,4) ]p\Ps \ntj- [ n a\p- j y- t \mSv
Ahs hnc Xpnse ssZhnI Ic-Iu-i-e- ]q nXn-bntev aS-p-hm Ah\v Ign-bp-sa-mWv ChnsS Jp-B hnh-cn-pXv. ico-c-nse CXc `mK- ]c-kv]cw kmZr-iy-am-bmepw Fmhcp-sSbpw hnc-e-S-bmfw Hn-s\mv hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. s]mtem apdn-

80

81

Iko: 825). Hcp Nm{hjn kuchjs At]nv 11

Znhks Ipdhv hcptm \qdp kuchjn Nm{-hj {]Imcw 3 hjs(100 x11=1100/365=3.0 hjw) Ipdhv hcpXn\m
300 hjn 9 hjs(3x3=9) Ipdhv hcpIbpw sNpp. AXn\m 300 kuchjs Nm{hj {]Imcw ]dbptm 309 Fv
]dtbnhcpp.

\{X
{]m]nI {]Xn`mksf ]e Ahnizmkfpambn Iqnenbncp {]mNo\ {KovCtmAd_v hwiP \{Xsfbpw apw Bcm[nncpp. Ad_nI "AnAvdm A bam\n' Fpw CwKvfojpIm Sirius Fpw hnfnncp tNmXn\{Xw
Ccw Hcmcm[y hkvXphmbncpp. hnip JpBs AhXotmsS Ch Amlphns\ Bcm[np krjvSnI am{XamsWpw Chsbb, Chsb krjvSn \mYs\bmWv \n Bcm[ntsXpw JpB Ahsc t_mysSpn.
\{X a\pjy\v ISenepw Icbnepw hgnshfnamsWmWv JpB ]dXv. Akvt{SmWanbpsS \ncoW Cu cwKv Gsd \Snbnpv. {[ph \{X (Pole star), tNmXn \{X (Dog Star), hm \{X(Comet) XpSnb Ccw \nnX XmcIfpw Ursa Major/Great Beat, Ursa Minor/Little Bear Fo
{]tXyIXcw \{Xfpw Icbnepw ISenepw Iqcnn a\pjy\v
hgnImpIbpw ZniXncnpIbpw sNppshmWv tPymXnimkv{Xw
CXns\ hniZoIcnpXv. kqdp ABan Amlp ]dbpXv ImWpI: ""ISenepw Icbnepw Ccpn am Zi\n\mbn \{Xsf krjvSnXpw Ah Xs.''

tX\oI

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

thm Hpw Xs CXns\ amp-n--s{X. {In: 1884 apX Cw-n

hnc-e-S-bmfw Bsf Xncn--dn-bm-\p HutZym-KnI am-ambn \nehn
hn-p-v. \psS kaq-l-n Ipm-t\z-jW cwKv hnc-e-S-bmfw
Hcp apJy sXfn-hmbn D]-tbm-Knv sImn-cn-p-pXv ChnsS {]kvXm- h y- a mWv.
hnip Jp- B s Hmtcm hmIyhpw kkq- aw \nco- n- ptm hywKy-amtbm hy-amtbm ]e {]m]-nI kXy--fn-tepw
shfnw hoip--Xm-bn-m-Wmw. Jp-B-\ns At\z-jW]-T\ t_m[s- p- d nv ]mmXy]u- c kvXy \mSp- I - f n \o Kth- j - W Xs Cp \S- p- pv. \nc- h [n ]nX Kth- j W ]Sp-
Jp-Bs\ AwKo-I-cn-p-Xv Cs\sbmcp taJe ]cn-KWnpsImm- W v. {]ikvX {^p imkv{X- tUm. tamdnkv _pmbv
1979 Fgp-Xnb Xs The Bible, The Quran and the Science F {Kn ss__nfpw Jp- B \pw Xmc- X ayw sNbvXv ]d- b pp: I
could not find a single error in Quran. I had to stop and ask my self : If a man
the author of the Quran, how could he have written facts in the seventh
century AD that today are shown to be in keeping with modern scientific
knowledge?.

82

sshcp-y-tfm?

hnip
Jp- B - \ n
a\p- j ys
Ccp- t emI
hnP- b - a mWv
{]Xn]mZy
{]ta- b w.
Cu
{]tabw
kan- m
hnhn- [ - - f mb
hnm\
imJ- I
Jp- B
ka- a mbn
ssIImcyw
sNp- p.
Ap- X - I - c amb
`mhn{]h- N - \ - ,
]cn- N n- X hpw
Am- - X p- a mb
imkv { Xob
kXy- ,
IrXyhpw
hy- h pamb
]q
Ime
Ncn- { X- ..
]t
Imens
KXnhnK- X n- I - f n
Hcp
sshcp- yhpw
Jp- B \n
IS- p- I qSn-bn-n-.
a\p- j yIr- X n- I
Ah
cNn
bpK- n
Fm
\nepw
`{Zambmepw
bpK- - I - b nepw
\mK- c n- I X- I - f psS
hyh- - m
\n- b - a - - f nse
am- \ p- k - c npw
AXn
sshcpyw
{]Xy- - s - S p- p.
a\pjys
Zu_eyw
sIm- v
Ah
Hcp
Imcyw
nc- s - S p- m\pw
kanm\pw
]e
imkv { Xob
hnm\
imJ- I
D]- t bm- K n- p- t m
A_- -
kw`- h npI
kzm`m- h n- I - a m- W v .
kv { Xo
kaq- l - n
Xmgv h- f m- s Wv
m]n- m
Ah- f psS
]p- I
F- n
]pcp- j \nepw
Ipd- h m- W v
F
Acn- t m- n- e ns
knmw
Xs
AXn\v
anI
DZm- l - c - W - a m- W v .
Acn- t m- n- e ns
Cu
\nK- a \w
ico- c
- i m- k v { XtmSv
Hcn- epw
\oXn
]pe- mXm- W v .
Amlphn
\nv
Ah- X - c n- - - s
Xudmpw
Coepw
Aam\pjnIhpw
ssZhn- I hp- a msW
i- a mb
hmZw
Cpw
\ne- \ npps- nepw
a\p- j yssI- I - S - - e p- I
bpKm- - c - - f n
Cu
{KfpsS
X\na
\jv S - s - S p- n- b - X mbpw
sshcp- y-
IS- p- I q- S m
83

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

CS- b m- n- b - X mbpw
]pXnb
]T- \ -
sXfn- p- p.
hnh- c - W - - f nse
{Ia- ` w- K hpw
]Zhn- \ ym- k - - f n- s ebpw
ssieo
- { ]- t bm- K - - f n- s ebpw
s]mcp- - t - S p- I fpw
Bh- \ - fpw
sshcp- y- fpw
{]hm- N - I - \ mb
tami- b
Cu
{K- ns(tXm- d )
Im- s hv
hy- a m- p- p
(tUm:tPmk^v
tIm- ss_- _ n
{]iv \ - :23).
]pXnb
\nb(New
Testament)
kw_- npw
CtX
\nK- a - \ - - f m- W p- Xv .
a- s
ssan
Imcn- a w
hnizm- k - ns
ASn- t h- c p- I (t]Pv : 30)
F
]pkvX- I - n
hni- Z - a mbn
AsXgp- X p- p- - v .
sslh
thZ- fpw
a\pjy
CS- s ]- S - e p- I v
\nc- cw
hnt[b- a m- b - X n- \ m
auen- I X
\jv S - a mbn- p- s - v
thZ- h n- i zm- k n- I
Xs
Is--n-bn-p--v.
tUm:
cm[m-Ir-jvW
Fgp-Xpp:
""thZ-
{]amZ- a p- tam
Fmw
DsIm- p- tXm
A''
(Cym
dneo- P y:22).
Amlphn
\n- h - X - c n- n- s
hnip
Jp- B
AtX
X\na- b n
\ne- \ np- p- s hv
Ah- I m- i - s - S m
sshcp- y- fpw
A_- fpw
\ntjw
Cm- X n- c n-
A\n- h m- c y- a m- W v .
Am- l p
hnip
JpB\n
]dbpp:
""Ah
Jp- B s\n
Nnnp- nt?
AXv
Amlp
Am- - h - c psS
]
\np- - X m- b ncppsh- n
Ah- c Xn
[mcmfw
sshcpyw
Is- - p- a m- b n- c p- p.''
(An- k m- A v :
86).
A
Dkv X mZv
A_q
Ckv l m- J p
Ckv ^ - d m- C u- \ n(- d )
]d- b pp:
""hnip
Jp- B \nse
kq-
]c- k v ] cw
sshcp- y- a m- s Wv
tXmpIbpw
kwtbm- P - n- mt\m
{Ia- s - S p- mt\m
kmy- a m- I m- X ncnpIbpam- s W- n
Ah- X - c W
k`hpw
Ncn- { Xhpw
]cn- t im- [ n- p- I .
Ah- X - c - W - n
apn- b - X n- s \
Zp_- e - a m- - s - - X m(akq- J v ) - s W
\nev
Hgn- h mn
]nn- b - X ns\
Ah- e w- _ n- pI.
Ncn- { Xhpw
k`hpw
e`y- a - s - n
sshcp- y- a mbn
tXmp
kq- - f n
Hv
{]mhn- I - a m- - W - s a
]nX
GtIm- ] - \ - a p- - m - I pw.
B
kq- a m- b ncnWw
Atm
Ah- e w- _ n- t - - X v.
Cu
c- v
coXn- b nepw
sshcpy
Xom- \ m- I m
kq-
Jp- B \n
C.''
(A
CXv J m:2/40).

Jp- B \n sshcp- y- - f mbn tXmm- h p- h

aplv I apw

Jp- B \n

apXim- _ nlpw

aplv I - a mb(kv ] - j v S - a mb
84

`mj- b n- e p- Xpw

Bib

\n- b - n
kt- l - n- \ n- S - b n- m- - X p- a mb)
im- _ n- l mb(B- i - b \nb- n
- f p- a ps- v
Bep
Cwdm
7mw

kq- fpw
kt- l - n- \ n- S - b p- - h )
kqw
hy- a m- pp.

apXkq-

Jp- B \n
apgp- h
kq- fpw
aplv I - a m- s Wv
lqZv
1mw
hN\hpw
apgp- h
apX- i m- _ n- l m- s Wv
Ap- a
23- mw
hN- \ hpw
kqNnnp- p.
CXv
sshcp- y- a t?
Jp- B \nse
kq-
apgp- h \pw
aplv I - a m- s Wv
]d- b p- Xpw
apXim- _ n- l m- X m- s Wv
]d- b p- Xpw
sshcp- y- - .
sshcp- y- fpw
ssh]co- X y- fpw
Cm
`{Z- a mb
Bib
_- a p
kq- - f mWv
apgph
aplv I - a m- s WXv
sIm- v
Dt- i n- - s - S p- - X v .
Jp- B \nse
Hmtcm
kq- fpw
AXns
Aam- \ p- j n- I - X bpw
tabpw
kq- X bpw
hnfntm- X p- - X n
tbmPnpw
kmZr- i y- X bpw
]pep- ps- - mWv
apgph
apX- i m- _ n- l m- s WXv
sIm- p
A- a m- - s - S p- - X v
(- C - X v J m:2/
3).
kq- n- S - b nse
Bi- b - ] - c - a mb
tbmPnv
]cn- K - W nv
apgph\pw
apX- i m- _ n- l msWpw
sshcp- y-
t\cn- S m
`{Z- X - b p- Xn\m
apgp- h
aplvI- a msWpw
Jp- B s\
hnti- j n- n- p- - X n
sshcp-y-a-n.
Fn
Bep
Cwdm- \ nse
Ggmw
kq- n
Jp- B \n
aplv Iapw
apX- i m- _ nlpw
Ds- - s - X n\v
DrX
hymJym- \ - a
\Ip- Xv .
Jp- B \nse
Nne
kq-
AhbpsS
Aw
kv ] jv S - a m- s Wnepw
Bib
Xe-
hymJym- \ n- mt\m
\n- b n- mt\m
Bhmhn[w
ktlP\- I - a m- b n- c n- pw.
Amlp
knwlm- k - \ - n
D]- h n- j v S \msW
hN\ns
`mjm- ] - c - a mb
Aw
kv ] jv S - a m- s W- nepw
AXns
cq]- h pw
`mh- h pw
Dn- j v S m- h pw
Amlphns\
At]- nv
\n- b n- p- - X n
kwibn\v
hI
\Ip- p- - v .
Bi- b -
\apv
hy- a m- I mXpw
Fm
Amlp
sXc- s - S p- - s - - h cn
Nnev
shfn- s - S p- n- s Im- S p- p- - X p- a m- W v
Jp- B \nse
apXim_n- l p- I
(Pw- D
Phm- a n- A v : 1/268).
Jp- B \nse
aplv I - a mb
kqtfm
apX- i m- _ n- l p- I
Ipd- h mWv
Xm\pw.
apX- i m- _ n- l p- I - f n
]d- b p
Imcy-
hniz- k n-
\n_- - a m- W v .
A\p- ` - h n- - d n- b mXpw
cq]- ` m- h - sf
sIm- p
hy- a m- I m- - X p- a mb
`uXn- I - a mb
]eXpw
\mw
]d- b p- I bpw
hniz- k n- p- I bpw
sNp- nt?
AXv
sIm- v
ktl
P\- I - a mb
kq- sf
Jp- B s
kqX- s Xncn
85

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

D- b n- m- h p- - X - .
apIme
]n- X am
F- X ns\
Ipdnv
tNmZn- - s - - t m
Ckv X n- h m- A v ( ka- a m- I pI)
Adnbs- X pw(- a - A v e qw)
AXns
cq]w
{Kmly- a - m- Xpw(a- P v l q)
AXv
hniz- k n-
\n_hpw
AXns\
kw_- n
tNmZyw
_nZv - A p- a m- s WmWv
hni- Z o- I - c n- - X v .
apX- i m- _ n- l pIfmb
kq
Jp- B \n
DsIm- n- - X n
]e
lnIv a pIfpw
Is- - m- \ mIp- X m- W v .
1a- e bpsS
apIfn
Am- l p- h ns
{]Imiw
shfn- s - - t m- t gv
aqkm
\_n
(- A )
t]mepw
t_m[- c - l n- X - \ m- s bn
Am- l p- h ns
kbpw
hnti- j - fpw
km[m- c W
a\p- j y\v
shfn- s - S p- n- b m- e p
Ahsbm- b n- c npw?
apXim- _ n- l pIfmb
kq- - f psS
bmYmyw
Adn- t b- s - X n- s
Am- l p- h ns
\ntiw
Fmw
Adn- b m\pw
Dsm- m- \ pamhm
a\pjy\v
A\p- { K- l - a m- W v .
2
AZriy
Imcy-
hniz- k n- p- pt- m
Fv
a\p- j ys\
]conm\p
D]m[n
IqSn- b mWv
apX- i m- _ n- l pI.
3a\p- j y
sshm- \ n- I - a mbn
F{X
Dbmepw
Ah
A\pw
Ai- \pamsWv
t_m[y- s - S p- m
th- n - b pam- W v
(a\mlnep
C^m:2/282).
Fm
Dt- i ym- fpw
\nn- X m- fpw
hy- a m- I pXmWv
Jp- B \nse
_lp- ` qcn`mKw
kq- - f pw.
Ccw
kq- fmWv
aplv I - a p- I .
aX- ns
\nb- a - fpw
apw
DsImp- X mWv
Cu
kq- .
Fmw
kphy- - a m- s W- n
Jp- B s
Aam- \ p- j nIX- b n- t ev
a\pjy\v
Fn- t - c m
{]bm- k - c - l n- X - a m- I pXn\memWv
aplv I apw
apX- i m- _ nlpw
Jp- B \n
]cm- a in- - s - - X v .
BIm- i

`qanI- f psS

`qanv
tijw
kqw
hy- a m- p- p.
shv
Am- k n- B v
y-at?

krjv S n- nse

{Iaw

BIm- i s
krjv S n- p- s hv
A
_Jd
`qansb
BIm- i - n\v
tijw
30- mw
kqw
kqNn- n- p- p.
CXp
86

BImi
`qan- I - f psS
krjv S n- ns\
kw_- nv
Jp- B \n
]ebn- S - fn- e mbn
]cm- a in- - s - n- p- - v .
krjv S n- nse
{Ias
kqNnnm kp- F hmmWv D]- t bm- K n- n- p- - X v . Ad_n `mjm
hymI- c W
\nb- a - a - \ p- k - c nv
{Ias
ImWn- m\pw
Am- s Xbpw
kp
{]tbm- K n- m- d p- - v .
A
_J- d - b nse
29- mw
kqs
Camw
ss_fmhn(- d )
hni- Z o- I - c n- pp:
`qansb
At]- nv
BImi
krjv S nn- \ mWv
amlmyw
F
krjv S n- nse
t{ijv S XbpsS
]Zhn
hnhcnm- \ mWv
kp
Cu
h- N \- n
D]- t bm- K n- n- c n- p- Xv .
A
_eZv
kqd- nepw
CtX
coXn- b n
kp
{]tbm- K n- n- p- - v .
krjvSn- nse
kab- { I- a s
kqNn- n- m- \
kp
ChnsS
{]tbm- K n- - s - - X v
(ss_fmhn:1/57).
ka- b - { I- a s
kqNn- n- m
th- n
kpsb
{]tbm- K np
Fv
]cn- K - W n- m
Xs
C_v \ p
Am- k v ( - d )
sshcp- y- n\v
\Ip
adp- ] Sn
C{]- I m- c - a m- W v :
BZyw
`qan,
XpSv
BIm- i -
F
{Ian
krjv S n- p.
Amkn- B v
kqd- nse
30- mw
kqw
sIm-v
BIm- i - n\v
tijw
`qansb
krjv S n- p- s hv
A- a m- - s - S pn.
BZyw
`qansbbpw
XpSv
BIm- i - s bpw
krjv S n- p.
`qanbp- s S
krnv
]qo- I cnpIbpw
hn[m- \ n- p- I bpw
ac- fpw
arK- f pw
Pehpw
XpSn
a\p- j yPo- h nX
km- c - W - n- \ m- h - i y- a mbh
Xm
sNbv X p
shXv
BImi
krjv S n- n\v
tij- a m- s Wv
am{Xta
B
kqn
hnh- c n- p- p- q.
B[p- \ n- I cpw
]ucm- W n- I - c p- a mb
Jp- B
hymJym- X m-
{]kv X pX
sshcp- y- n\v
\InbXv
Cu
adp]- S nbmsWv
C_v \ p
Iko(- d )
Xo- s - S p- p- p- - v
(- C _v \ p
Iko- :1/198)

krjv S n- n- s \- S p

Znh- k -

29- mw
krjv S n- psshcp87

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

BImi
`qan- I - f psS
krjv S nv
Bdp
Znh- k - n- e m- b n- c p- psh- v
Bymbw
lqZv
7mw
kqhpw
Fv
Znh- k - - f n- e m- b n- c p- p- s hv
Aymbw
^pkzn- e v
9- 12
kq- fpw
kqNn- n- p- p.
CXv
sshcpy-at?
bYm- n
BImi
`qan- I - f psS
krjv S nv
lqZv
Fmw
kqw
hy- a m- p- Xv
t]mse
Bdv
Znh- k - n- e mWv
\S- - X v .
Fv
Znhkfn
\Sp
Fv
kqNn- n- p
^pkzn- e - nse
kq-
]cn- t im- [ n- - s - t S- - X p- - v .
`qan- b psS
krjvSnv
kw_- - a mbn
^pkzn- e - nse
HXmw
kq- n
]cm- a in- - s
c- v
Znh- k -
Rmbdpw
Xn- f p- a m- W v .
XpSv
`qanbn
Xs
Dd- p
\np
]X
m]n- phm\pw
A`n- h r- n- b p- - m - phm\pw
AXnse
Blmc
hyh- - s - S p- p- h m\pw
th- n
h,
AtX
Aym- b - nse
10- mw
kq- n
]cm- a in- - s
\mev
Znh- k -
sNmbpw
_p[\pw
\tS
kqNn- n
Rmbdpw
Xnfpw
DsSp
Znh- k - - f m- W v .
AXn\m
`qan- b psS
krjv S nv
\mev
Znh- k - - f n- e p- - m - s bv
hyam- b n.
^pzn- e - nse
]{- m w
kqw
hy- a m- p- Xv
t]mse
c- p
Znh- k -
BIm- i - - f psS
krjv S n- n\pw.
samw
BImi`qan- I - f psS
krjv S n- n\v
th- n
hXv
Bdv
Znh- k - - f m- s Wv
a\- nem-mw.
BImi
`qan- I - f psS
krjv S nv
Bgv N - b nse
Ggv
Znh- k - - f n
\Sp- s hv
A_q
lpssdd(d)
dntmv
sNp
lZokv
Bdv
Znhkfnembncppsh
kqtfmSv
sshcpyamsWv
tXmntbmw.
Fm
Cu
lZokns
kzoImcyX
]e
ap^ndpIfpw
tNmZyw
sNpp- v .
C_v\p
Iko(d)
Cu
lZokv
Dcnp
sIm- p
]dbpp:
CXpw
CtX
Bibap
lZokpIfpw
Kco_v
C\n
s]SpXn\m
kzoImcy
tbmKya.
Aenp
_v \ p
aZ\n(d)bpw
Camw
_pJmcn(d)bpw
ap
\nch[n
lZokv
]nXcpw
Cu
lZokv
]ccbn
\yq\X
Btcm]nnp- v .
A_qlpssdd(d)
IAv _ p_v \ p
Alv _m(d)
\nv
Dcn
lZokmWnXv .
dntmv
sNbv X h
sXncnv
dkq(k)bn
\nv
t\cnv
DcnpIbmcnp.
Camw
ss_lJn(d)
Cu
Imcyw
ncoIcnpp- v
(C_v\p
Iko:1/94).

krjv S nnse

]Zm

88

""Idp
sNfn
]mI- s - S p- n- b p- - m - nb
(apn- b m)
apg- p- a p- m - I p
Ifn- a
cq]- n
\nv.''
(A
lnPv d v : 26)
""apn- b m
apgap- - m - I p
Ifn- a - n
\nv.''
(Adlv a m:12)
""]inabp
Ifn- a n
\nv . ''
(A- zm- ^ mv : 11)
""an
\nv ' '
(B- e pCw- d m:59)
Fns\
a\pjy
krjv S n- nse
]Zm- sf
Ipdnv
Jp- B - \ ns
]cm- a i-
hyXy- k v X - a mbn
ImWp- p.
DrX
hmIy- - f n
kqNn- n
]Zm-
hyXy- k v X - a m- s Wnepw
Ch
apgp- h - s bpw
GI
apeIw
am- W v .
av
`qan- b n
\nsSpv
shw
tNv
Ipgv ,
cq]-
\In- b - t m
apn- b m
apgap- m - I p
ambn
cq]m- - c - s - p.
BZy
a\p- j y
BZw
\_n
(A)s\
krjv S n- - X ns
hnhn[
L- - f mWv
Jp- B
Cu
hN- \ - - f neqsS
]Tn- n- p- - X v .
krjv S n- ns
hnhn[
L-
{Kln- m- \ mWv
JpB
]e- b n- S - - f n- e mbn
Hmtcm
L- -
hni- Z o- I - c n- Xv
(kzmhn:6/2076)

`qanbpsS

BIrXn

""`qansb
\nv
hncn- mn- h ''
(- A
_Jd:22),
""`qansb
\mw
sXmn- e mntbm?''
(A- - _ - A v : 6),
""Ah
`qansb
]cn- b - h \mWv ' '
(A- d - A v Z v : 3),
""`qanbntev ( t\mpnt)
Fs\
hnimeamspshv ' '
(AKminb:20)
Fo
hmIy-
`qan
Dcp- - X msW
hkvXp- X - t bmSv
\oXn
]pep- XmtWm?
`qansb
hncnmnsbpw
]cnsbpw
sXmnemnsbpw
JpB
hnhcnpXv
a\pjy\v
`qanbn
hknm
Amlp
kwhn[m\np
sh
A\p{Klsf
]cnNbsSpn
sIm- m Wv.
tKmfmIrXnbmbncns
`qansb
hmktbmKyambn
hncnmpIbpw
]cpIbpw
sNbv X XmWv
Ghpw
{itbambXv .
{]]nse
Fa
tKmffpsSbpw
{KlfpsSbpw
Iqn
`qan
am{XamWv
a\pjy\v
89

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

Bbmk
clnXambn
hknm\mIpbnSw.
hncnn
InSpXp
t]mse
InSm\pw
]c
{]tZiv
\SpXv
t]mse
\Sm\pw
kuIcyw
sNbvXp
sImSpp
Fv
]dbpXmIpw
`qan
Dcp- X msWv
]dbpXns\mfpw
Amlphns
A\p{Kl
a\nemmPem

Ghpw
ASp
amKw.
Camw
ss_fmhn(d)
]dbpp:
hebw
sNsncp
`qanbpsS
Nne
`mK
Icbmn
AXoh
amhhpw
iamb
Ddn\pw
aty
Ccnm\pw
Ddm\pw
km[npw
hn[w
`qansb
kwhn[m\nsp.
AXv
sIm- v
`qan
]cXmsWv
hcpn.
`qan
`oamImchpw
hnimehpambncns
tKmfmIrXnbnemIpXnt\mSv
AXv
hncpamIpn
(ss_fmhn:1/4).
Camw
dmkn(d)
hniZoIcnpp:
`qan
`oamImcamb
tKmfamWv .
henb
tKmfmIrXnbnep
hkv X phns
Hcp
`mKv
\nv
honptm
kaXe{]Xeambn
A\p`hsSpw.
AXv
`qan
tKmfmIrXnbnemsWXn\v
FXncmIpn
(X^v k o
dmkn:14/170).

cp- p

(- X z_v c n:12/118).
ka- J v i cn
Cam- a ns
hoWw
C- s \- b m- W v :
lq- Z nse
106- - a pX
108- - h scbp
kqIv X - - f n
]cm- a inXv
]c- t em- I s
BImi
`qa- I fm- s Wv
a\- k n- e m- mw.Im- c Ww
Fs- t - p- a mbn
AhnsS
BImi
`qanI
krjvSn- - s - np- v .
As- n
imizX
kz`m- h s
kqNn- n- p
{]tbm- K - a m- b n- c n- pw
(- A
Im- ^ v 2 /46).

]c- t em- I s

Hcp

Znhkw

lqZv
Aymbnse
106108
hN\
AyZn\n\v
tijw
BImi`qanI
\ne\npsav
kqNnnpp.
BImi`qanI
AyZn\n
\inpsapw
C_v d mlow
Aymbw
48mw
kqw
h y a m p p ?
BImihpw
`qanbpw
AyZn\n
XIcpsav
JpB\nse
]e
kqfpw
hnhcnpp- v .
Fm
kzKm
kzKnepw
\cIm
\cInepw
BImi
`qanI
\ne\nev ptmsgms
imizXcmbncnpsa
lqZv
Aymbw
106108
hN\
\inpsa
]cmaitfmSv
hntbm- P n- p- n- .
Xz_v c n
Camw(- d )
]d- b pp:
BImi
`qanI
\ne- \ np
Imetmfw
Fm- b n- c pp
Hcp
hkv X phns
imizX
kz`m- h hpw
nc- X bpw
Ipdnm- \ p
Ad- _ nIn- S - b n
{]Npc
{]Nmcw
t\Snb
{]tbm- K w.
- A - h v
kp]- c p- N n- X ambn- c p
CtX
ssien- b n
JpB
Ah- t cmSv
kwh- Z n- p- I - b m- b n-

Jnbmav
\mfnse
Hcp
Znhkw
`uXnI
temIv
\mw
IWmp
Bbncw
hj- a msWpw(A- P - Z :4)
A- X n- \ m- b ncw
hjamsWpw(- A
aB- c n- P v : 4)
JpB\nep- v .
]c- t em- I s
Hcp
Znh- k ns
Afhv
hnh- c n- p- n- S v
hyXymkw
ImWpp?
Bbncw
hjw
AfA_q
kCu- Z n\n
JpZv c nv ( - d )- h n
\nv :
hp
Hcp
hjw
F{XssZLy- a m- b n- m- b n- c npw
A\p`h- s - S pI
Fv
kzlm- _ m-
tNmZnp.
Xncp\_n(k)
Acpfn:
hnizm- k nsb
At]nv
Hcp
^fv
\nkv I - c n- p
t\cta
A\p- ` - h - s - S p- I - b pq
(Alv a Zv ,
A_q
- b Av e m,
C_- v \ p
- l n- m,
A
ss_lJn,
afv l cn(d))
.
A_qlp- s sd- d (d)bn
\nv :
fplv d v Akzv
\n- k v I m- c - fpsS
ssZLyw
am{XamWv
hnizm- k nv
A\p- ` - h - s - S p- I
(a- f v l - c n).
]c- t emIs
`bm- \ - I hpw
ti- ] qW- h p- a mb
kml- N - c y-
A`napJoIcnt- n
hcp- t m
Bbncw,
A- X n- \ m- b ncw
hj- ns
ssZLyap- X mbn
Hcp
Znhkw
A\p- ` - h - s - S pI
Bt]- n- I - a m- b n- c n- pw.
hnizmknv
{lkzhpw
Ahn- i zm- k nv
ssZLyhp- a mbncnp- s av
apI- f n
Dcn
lZo- k n
\npw
kv ] jv S am- W v .
a- B - c nPv
\memw
kq- n
A- X n- \ mbncw
ssZLy- a mWv
kqNn- n- p- - X v .
kPZ
kq- n
Bbncw
hj- ns
ssZLy- h pw.
{]Xy- - n
sshcp- y- a mbn
A- \ p`- h - s Smw.
DrX
lZo- k p- I - f psS
shfn- - n
ssZLyhpw
{lkzhpw
Bt]- n- I - a m- s Wv
a\- n- e m- mw.
Ahn- i zm- k n- I v
Bbncw
hjw
A\p- ` - h - s - S p- t m
hnizm- k nv
Hcp
^fv
\nkv I mcns
kabw
am{X- a mWv
A\p- ` - h - s - S p- Xv .
Ahn- i zm- k n- I - f n
Xs
Bbncw
hj- t mSv
kam\
ssZLyhpw
A\p- ` - h - s - S m
km[yX- b p- - v .
Akz- - X - I - f psS
A]
\nan- j -
aWn- q- d p- I - f mIpXpw
ktmj
\n`- c - a mb
\oaWn- q- d p- I
\nan- j - - f psS
thKXbn
hnS]- d - b p- Xpw
A\p- ` hthZy- a m- I p
Hcp
bmYmy- a mWv
(aBcn- P p
Jp- B :8/554).

90

91

AyZn\n BImi `qanIfpsS \ne\n]v

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

hnNmcW thfbnse Nne kw`h

""]ctemIv
AhnizmknI
Amlphns
apn
kXymh
adpshv
\mw
_lpssZhmcm[Icmbncpnsv
bpw.''
(A
ABw:23)
""AhnizmknI
Hcp
Imcyhpw
t\mSv
adpshpIbn.''
(AnkmAv : 42).
""a\pjyt\mSpw
Pnnt\mSpw
kw_nv
tNmZnpIbn.''
s\
kw_nv
\nbw
\mw
92,93).

AhcpsS
]dAmlphn-

AtZnhkw
AhcpsS
]m]s
(Adlv a m:39).
""Ah
{]hnXntNmZyw
sNpXmWv . ''
(A
lnPv :

""Imlfn
DuXsm
AhnSbn
IpSpw_
_fp- m IpIbn,
Ah
At\ym\yw
tNmZnXpa.''
(A
apAv a n\q:
101)
""]ckv]cw
tNmZnp
sIm- v
Ahcn
Nne
Nnesc
A`napJoIcnpw.''
(AXzq:25)
]ctemIs
hnNmcW
thfbnse
kw`h
]cmainp
{]kv X pX
kq
Xn
sshcpyambn
tXm p p ?
ChnsS
hnNmcW
thfIfnse
k`sf
Ipdnv
sshcpy
tXmepIfmWv
\IpXv .
ChbpsS
kmlNcysf
icnpw
a\nempIbmsWn
sshcpyan
Xm\pw.
Hmtcmpw
Hmtcm
k`sf
IpdnmWv
]dbpXv .
]ctemIv
AhnizmknI
kXymh
adpshmXpw
adpshpXpamb
kqfn- s e
sshcpyw
Nq- n mWntm
C_v\p
Amkv
\Inb
adp- ] Sn
Cs\bmWv:
hnizm- k n- I - f psS
]m]-
s]mdp- p- Xpw
Ahn- i zm- k n- I v
inn\v
amv
\Im- Xamb
hnNm- c - W th- f - s b
Ahn- i zm- k n- I
ImWp- t m
Ahv
amv
\Ip- s a
{]Xo- - b n
Ah
]dbpw
R
_lp- s sZ- h m- c m- [ - I - c m- b n- c p- n- s v .
Atm
Ah- c psS
92

hmb- I v
ap{Z
sh- s - S p- I bpw
Ah- c psS
sNbv X n- I sf
Ipdnv
ssIIfpw
Imep- I fpw
kwkm- c n- p- I bpw
kmn\np- I bpw
sNpw.
Cu
Ah- k - c - n
Hcp
Imcyhpw
Ahv
adv
shm
km[n- pC- X v J m:2/35).
AhcpsS
hmbbn
ap{Z
shsSpI- b n- (- A
Xn\v
apv
\pW
]dbpIbpw
ap{Z
shsXn\v
tijw
ssIImepI
Fmw
shfnv
sIm- p
hcpIbpw
sNpw.
apIfn
kqNnn
{]Imcw
hmbbn
ap{Z
shsSpXn\v
apv
tNmZyw
sNt- n
hcpp.
ap{Z
shsXn\v
tijw
tNmZyw
sNsSm
Bhiyanm
hn[w
ssIImepI
kwkmcnpIbpw
kmn
\npIbpw
sNpw(X^v k odp
k^n:480).
am{Xa
A{IanIsf
AhcpsS
apJs
ASbmf
sIm- v
Xncndnbpw.
\o
Fv
sNbvXpshv
Amlp
a\pjys
]m]
Adnbm
th- n
tNmZnpIbn.
\o
Fn\v
sNbv X pshv
sNbv X
Ipw
kXnm\pw
Kuchw
DWm\pamWv
tNmZnpXv .
Cu
coXn- b n
tNmZyw
sNnsmWvAdlvam
39mw
kqw
sIm- v
AamsSpXv
(X^v k odp
dmkn:15/119).
IpSpw_
_
CmXmIpXpw
]ckv ] cw
At\zjnmXncnpXpw
Imlfnse
BZy
Dun\v
tijamWv .
Amlp
DtinhscmgnsI
BImi`qanbpeph
t_m[clnXcmbn
hogp
k`amWXv .
Atm
IpSpw_
_fn
Nntbm
At\zjW
a\tm
D-mIpIbn.
Imlfn
c-maXv
DuXp
\mfn
a\pjyscms
DWsgptpIbpw
At\zjnpIbpw
tNmZnpIbpw
sNpw
(A
CXv J m:2/34).

_Zv d n

aepIfpsS
(B- e p

Cdnb

""_Zv
Fw
Cwdm:125),

aepI

bpn
apmbncw''
""Bbncw''

apkv e nw tbmmsf klmbnm Cdnb

(Bep
Cwdm:124),
""Ambncw''
(A
A^m:9)
Fns\
93

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

hyXykv X ambn
ImWpp?
Amlp
_Zv
bpnse
apkv e nw
tbmmsf
klmbnm
aepIsf
Cdn
sImSpnp- v .
hyXykvX
k`fn
Bhiyamb
Fw
aepIsf
CdpIbmbncpp
A
A^m
9mw
kqw
kqNnnp
t]mse
BZyLn
Bbnchpw
Bep
Cwdm
124mw
kqNnnpw
{]Imcw
]noSv
apmbnchpw
Bep
Cwdm
125mw
kqw
kqNnnpw
{]Imcw
Ambnchpw
aepI
aqv
Lfnembn Cdn. A A^m 9mw kqw (XpSv
hcp
aepI)
FXv
sIm- v
]etmgmbn
aepIsf
Cdnsbv
a\nemmhpXmWv
(C_v \ p
Iko:1/523).

apeIpSnbpsS

Imew

ape
sImSpt-Xv
c-p
hjmeamsWv
A
_Jd
233
Dw
K`hpw
apeIpSnbpw
30
amkamsWv
A
Alv J m^v :
15Dw
hyampp.
CXv
hyamb
sshcpyat?
iniphn\v
apesImSpt-Xv
c-v
hjamsWv
A
_Jd
233mw
kqw
hyampp:
amXm
XfpsS
av
]qamb
c- p
hjw
apesImSpWw.
Fm
K`hpw
apeIpSnbpw
apXv
amkamsW
A
Alv J m^nse
]Xn\mw
kqw
CXns\Xnc.
ImcWw
Ckv e manI
hoW
{]Imcw
K`mibn
shv
Poh\p
K`
inip
{]m]nm
NpcpnbXv
Bdp
amkamWv .
Bdp
amkw
Ignm
A
Alv J m^n
kqNnn
apXv
amkn
\nv
Ccp]n\mev
amkamWpXv.
AYhm
c- p
hjw.
K`Imes
Ghpw
Npcpnb
Bdp
amkn\v
tijwIpn
Bdp
amkw
IgnbpSs\
P\npIbpw
Poh\p- m IpIbpamsWn
Poh
\ne\nmsamWv
Ckv e mans
Imgv mSv
Ccp]n\mev
amkw
AYhm
c- p
hjw
apesImSpWsamWv
A
AlvJm^nse
]Xn\mw
kqw
hyampXv .
CXn
bmsXmcp
sshcpyhpan.
C_v \ p
Iko(d)
hnhcnpp:
Ahs
K`Imehpw
apeIpSn
\nepw
apXv
amkamsWv
A
Alv J m^nse
kqw
amXm
XfpsS
km\v
]qamb
c- p
hjw
ape
sImSpWsa
A
_Jdbnse
kqtmSpw
AhcpsS
ape- I pSn
\n94

pXv
c- p
hjw
sIm- m IWsa
epJvam
kqdn- s e
14mw
kqtmSpw
tNp
shv
K`Imew
Ghpw
Npcpn- b Xv
Bdp
amkamsWv
Aen(d)
hn[nsbgpXn.
Cu
KthjW
\nKa\w
{]_ehpw
kzoImcyhpamWv .
_Av P p
_v \ p
A_v Z nmln
Ppl\n(d)hn
\nv :
Ppssl\
tKm{Xnse
kv { Xosb
Rfnse
Hcm
hnhmlw
sNbv X p.
Bdp
amkw
]qnbmb
DSs\
Ah
{]khnp.
AhfpsS
`mhv
Dkv a m
(d)hns
ASp
hv
Imcyw
[cnnp.
Atlw
Ahsf
sIm- p hcm
Bhiysp.
Ahsf
Fdnp
sImm
Bm]np.
Cu
hnhcw
e`n
Aen(d)
hp.
Atlw
tNmZnp:
\n
FmWv
sNpXv ?
Dkv a m(d)
]dp:
Bdp
amkw
]qnbmb
DSs\
Ah
{]khnp.
AXv
Fs\
kw`hnpw?
Aen(d)
]dp:
\n
JpB
]mcmbWw
sNbv X nnt?
Dkv a m(d):
AsX.
Aen(d):
K`hpw
apeIpSn\nepw
IqSn
apXv
amkamsW
A
AlvJm^nse
kqw
\n
tInnt?
c- p
hjw
Ignm
]ns
Bdp
amkamWpsXv
B
kqneqsS
a\nemmw.
Dkv a m(d)
]dp:
F\nv
Cu
Imcyw
CXp
hsc
a\nembncpn
(C_v \ p
Iko:1252).
sshZyimkv { X
hnZKv [
K`Imew
Ghpw
NpcpnbXv
Bdp
amkamsWv
{]kv X mhnnp- v
(X^v k o- d p- s s_fmhn:2/395).

Cukm

\_n(A)bpsS

BIm- i mtcmlWw

""hmkv X hn
Atls(Cukm
\_n(A)s\)
Ah
sIme- s Spnbnpan,
{Iqinnpan.
Fm
Ahtev
DbpIbm- W v
sNbv X Xv . ''
(A
amCZ:157)
Cu
kqn
Cukm
\_n(A)s\
BImitv
Dbnsbpw
sImesSpnbnnspw
kqNnnpp. Bep Cwdm 55mw hN\nse F ]Zhpw A amCZbnse F ]Zhpw Cukm \_n(A) acnnps- v
tXmnpp.
CXv
sshcpyat?
95

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

sshcpytfm?

Cukm
\_n(A)bpsS
BImimtcmlWs
kw_nv
JpB\n
c- p
kqfn
{]Xn]mZnpp- v .
Cukm
\_n(A)bpsS
{IqioIcWw
\SnbXmbn
JpB\n
FhnsSbpw
]dbpn.
am{Xa
{IqioIcWs
iambn
\ntj[npIbpw
ss{Ikv X h
Amcyn
sXnmcWbn
AIsSpIbpw
Dulmt]mlsf
]npScpIbpamsWv
hnip
JpB
AknKv Z ambn
{]kv X mhnpIbpw
sNpp.
Amlphns
ZqXcmb
adnbans
aI
akolv
Cuksb
R
sImncnppshv
Ah
]dmepw
(Ah
i]ns- ncnpp)
hmkv X hn
Ah
sImesSpnbnpan,
{Iqinnp- a n.
]t,
bYmyw
Ahv
XncndnbmXmIpIbmWp- m bXv.
Xobmbpw
Amlphns
Imcyn
`nnh
AXns\]n
kw- i bn
XsbmIpp.
Dulmt]mls
]npScpIbmsX
A- h v
Cmcys
]n
bmsXmcdnhpan.
Ddmbpw
Ah
Atl- s
sImesSpnbnn.
Fm
Atls
Amlp
Ahen- t ev
DbpIbmWv
sNbv X Xv ( A
amCZ:157).
ss{Ikv X hcpsS
{IqioIcW
hmZns
ap\sbmSnpIbmWnhnsS
JpB.
Ign
\qm- n se
{]apJ
FgppImc
Uo
s_k
(Deb
F Xs hnJymX {Knensen) Ckv e mw Hm {Sq {Inym\nn

ss{Ikv X hcn
]e
hn`mKmcpsSbpw
hnizmk
kwlnX- I
khn- k vXcnp
sIm- v
Atlw
FgpXpp:
Ahcn
Hcp
hn`mKw
PU- t msS
Cukm
\_n(A)bpsS
BImimtcmlWap- - m sbv
hnizknphcmWv
(X^v k odp
amPnZn:1/583).
Bep
Cwdm
55Dw
A
amCZ
125Dw
kq
Cukm
\_n(A)
Pohnncnps- pw
Ay
Zn\tmS\p_np
Cdnhcpsapw
hnizknp
apkv e nwIfpsS
hnizmkn\v
{]XnIqe
kqN\
\Ippt- m
FXmWv
{]iv\w.
Cukm
\_n(A)
acnpshpw
AXv
sIm- p
Xs,
Atlw
Cpw
Pohnncnps- pw
Ay\mfn
Cdn
hcpsav
hnizkn
hmkv X h
hncpamsWv
hmZnph
Cu
c- v
kqfmWv
{]amWfmbn
FSpp
ImWnpXv.
F ]Zn\v acnp F Aw am{Xa Ddn Fpw
apw
Afnepw
JpB\nepw
Ad_n
kmlnXynepw
{]tbmKnF ]Zn\v Cukm \np- v . JpB hyJymXmfmcpw
_n(A)
acnpshv
Aw
\Inbnn.
ap^ndpI
]e
A`n{]mbfpw
tcJsSpnbpps- nepw
{]apJ
ap^ndpIfmb
lm^nfp_v \ p
Pcodp
Xzn_v c n(d),
C_v \ p
Iko(d),
Ama
Beqkn(d),
96

C_v \ p
hymJym\nXv

Aen(d),

JpXzp_n(d)

FnhcSph

kqs

Cs\

`qanbn
\nv
BImitv
\mw
Atls
]nSpp

Hcp
hkv X phns\
hnhnsSpXv .
ImcWw
]nSnpXns\
IpdnpXmWv .
Ddn
F
Anepw
\n Xs {]tbmKnsnp-v.
C\n
sshcpya.

FmWv
]qambpw
JpB-

acnnpshv

hnhnsSppshn

Xs

AXv

ImcWw

FXnse
hmhv ( )
{Ias
kqNnnm\
ChnsS
{]tbmKnsXv .
Atm
\mw
\nsf
(Cukm
\_n(A))
DbpIbpw
AyZn\tmSpw
A\p_nv
Cdn
hcpIbpw
`qanbn
Ipdv
\m
Pohn
tijw
acnnXpamsWv
hymJym\nmw.
JpB
hymJymXm
C{]Imchpw
{]kvXpX
kqs
hymJym\nnp- v .

97

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Bh\w

CuPmkv :
Ipd
]Zfn
IqSpX
Bib
{]IS\w.
CXzv \ m_v :
Bib
{]IS\n\v
A\nhmcyambXne[nIw
]Z{]- t bmKw.
]t,
Nne
KpW
^ev
th- n
am{Xw
(apJvXkz- d p
aB\n- - : 271).
""CXzv\m_n\v
]e
coXnIfp- v .
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8
Hmtcm
kmlnXyImc\pw
{]tXyI
ssienbp- m Ipw.
Htc
kw`hw
Hmtcmcpcpw
kzw
ssienbn
AhXcnnpw.
A\pIcWw
`qjWa.
JpB\nI
kmlnXyw
DX
Ad_v
kmlnXytm
anIhpXmWv .
Htc
kabw
hyXykv X
ssienbnbn
AhXcnptm
Fm
{]apJ
kmlnXy
ssienIsfbpw
JpB
AXnPbnpp.
9 Htc kw`hw ]e coXnbn Bhnp. CXv hsc Hcp kmlnXyImc\pw
JpB\v
kam\amb
]e
coXnIfnsemv
t]mepw
sIm- v
hn;
3
kqfpsImp
Ghpw
sNdnb
Aymbnt\mSv
kam\ambXv
t]mepw.
Aam\pjnIXsb
temIw
AwKoIcnXns
sXfnhmWnXv .
10
Bh\n\v
A\nhmcyamb
kmlNcy:
DZmlcWneqsSbpw
Ncn{XfneqsSbpw
Imcy
AhXcnnpIbmWv
JpB\nI
ssien.
Nne
Imcy
hnhcnm
Ncn{Xns
Hcp
`mKw
aXnsbn
AhnsS
A\n- h m- c y- a m- b Xv
]dbpp.
asmcp
k`n
thsdmcp
`mKw
A\nhmcyamIptm
AXhnsS
]dbpp.
Cu
Imcy
]cn`mjbneqsS
hmbnsSpmhpX.
adnv
Ad_n
`mjbn
{]mhoWyw
t\SWw.

104

105

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Zp_esSp

\kvJn\v Bh- i y- a mb LS- I -

1 Zp_-e-s-Sp--s-Sp \nb-a-hpw Zp_-e-s-Sp-m h
\nb- a hpw idCmb ZeoepIfm (hn- [ n- h n- e - n\v AwKo- I r- X sXfnhp- I ) - b n- c n- - W w.
2 Zp_-e-s \nbaw(akq-Jv) Zp_-e-s-Sp-nb \nb-a-n\v
(\mkn- J v) apv hn- c n- - W w.
3 \mknJv akqJpIn- S - b n sshcp- y- a p- - m - b n- c n- - W w.

Jp-B \kvJv nc-s-Sppp

sXfnhv 1:

Zp_-e-s-Sp-

Ime- n- s \m \nb- a - \ - S - ] - S n- I - f n- e q- s S- b mWv kwkvImc k-amb Hcp P\-X-bpsS krjvSnv kmy-am-Ip-Xv . BZna IpSpw-_amb BZw k-Xn-Iv ktlm-Zc ktlm-Z-cn-amcmbn-cpnpw ]ckv]cw hnhmlw \njn- ambn- c p- n- . a\p- j y- h w- i - ns Anhmc-n\v AXv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-p. a\p-jy hfv hnI-kn-p.
]noSv Amlp B \nbaw FSp-p-am-n. Ime-ns KXn-hn-K-XnI-\p-k-cn-v Hmtcm kap-Zm-bn\pw Ah-cn-tev \nbp--cmb \_nam aptJs\ A\p- t bm- P y- a mb \nb- a - - f mWv Amlp sIm- p - h X.v CtX coXn-bn apl-Zv \_n(-k)bpsS kap-Zm-b-ns al-Xzhpw \-bpw kml-N-cyhpw ]cn-K-Wnv Amlp Jp-B-\n sIm-ph \nb-a-am \S-]-Sn-bmWv Jp-B-\nse \kvJv(Zp_-e-s-Sp).

\mw GsX- nepw kqw Zp_- e - s - S p- p- I tbm AXns\

hnkvar-X-am-p-Itbm sNbvXm AXn-t\-m Ghpw \tXm AXv
t]mep- tXm \S- n hcp- p- - X m- W v. Amlp k- I m- c ypw Ign- h p- - h X- s - b m- s Wv Xm Adn- n- nt.
(A_- J d:106)
Cu Bbv Ah- X - c n- Xv \_n(- k )sb blq- Z n- I ]cn- l - k n-tm-gm-bn-cpp. blq-Zn-I ]cn-l-kn-p: apl--Zns Imcy-n
\n B- c y- c m- h p- nt?! Xs A\p- b m- b n- I - t fmSv Hcp Imcyw
In-pp, ]no-SXv hntcm-[n-p-p. Cv Hv ]d-bp-p, ]ntv
AXp ]nh- e n- p- p. Cu Jp- B apl- Zv kz- a mbn ]d- b p
hmp-I am{X-am-Wv. AXn-\m-emWv Jp-B-\nse NneXv Nne-Xn-t\mSv
hncp--am-hp-Xv.
Amlp Cu ]cn- l m- k n\v adp]Sn ]dbpIbmWv takq- n- e qsS.
sXfnhv 2:

FmWv "Zp_- e - s - S p- '

]Ip-I, \ow sNpI, ]Icw shpI Fsm-s-bmWv
"\kvJv' F- ]- Z - n\w. Imv Ime- S - b m- f s \on, shbn
XW- e ns\ \on Fn "\kvJv' F ]Zw {]tbm- K n- md p - - v . Hcp aX\nbaw (hn- [ n) ]noSv hcp Hcp aX\nbaw sIm- v
\ow sNp- - X n- \ mWv kmt- X n- I - a mbn "\kvJv' Fv ]d- b p- Xv. Zp_-e-s \nb-a-n\v "akqJv' Fpw \nb-as FSp-p am-m h \nb-a-n\v "\mknJv' Fpw ]d-bp-p.

Hcp kq-ns m\v asmcp kqw \mw ]Icw shm

Xm Ah- X - c n- n- p- - X ns\]n Amlp \mbn Adn- b p- - h - \ mWv. \o sIn--d-bp--h-\m-sWv Ah(\-_n-tbm-Sv) ]dbpw. Fm
Ah-cn A[nI t]cpw Adn-bp-n- (-A-lv:101).
Amlp Xs Xs Bb- p- I - f nepw aX- h n- [ n- I - f nepw amw
hcp-p-sapw asmv nc-s-Sp-p-sapw hy-am-p-p.

106

107

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Zp_esSp

apl- Zv \_n(- k )bpsS BK- a - \ - n\v tijw Zp_- e - s - n- s pw

B \n- b aw Cv \ne- h n- e ps- v m]n- m- \ mWv Ah Cs- - \
Btcm- ] n- p- Xv.

-sXfnhv -3:

X kzoI-cn-n-cp Jn_vebn \np Ahsc ]nn-cn-nXv FmsWv P\--fn \np t`mj-m tNmZn-pw. Xm
]d-bp-I DZb m\hpw AkvX-ab m\hpw Amlph\pXmWv. Xm Dtin-p--hsc -t\amn Ah hgn \S-p-p.
(A _Jdx:142)

Jp- B \n aqv Xcw \kvJpI

Xm-fpsS apJw BIm-i-tv Xncn-bp-Xv \mw ImWp-p- v . \n- b - a mbpw Xm Xr]vXn- s - S p Jn_ve- b psS t\v Xmsf \mw Xncnpw. AXn-\m Xm-fpsS apJw akvPnZp ldm-ans
t\v Xncn-p-I. (-A _Jd-x144)
apkvenwI ss_p apJ--kn-te-m-bn-cpp \nkvI-cn-ptm Xncnn- c p- Xv. ]no- S Xns\ Zp_- e - s - S pn IAv_- b ntev amn. \_n(-k)-bpsS Cu {]hrn Xs \kvJmsWv t_m[y- s - S p- p- p.
sXfnhv 4:--

\n-fn \nv `mcy-amsc hnv sIm-v acW-s-Sp--h, XfpsS `mcy-amsc(ho-n \nv) Ab-msX Hcp sIm-mew hsc hn`hw \IWsav hkzn-v sNbvXp-sIm-s. (-A _Jdx240)
`mhv ac-W-s hn[h Hcp hj-mew `m-hns `h\n C-bn-cn-m-\p Blzm-\-amWv ChnsS Jp-B \IpXv.
Fm AXns\ Zp_- e - s - S pn Bb- n- d - n.

1 hmIyhpw(]- Z - w ) Ahpw(hn- [ n) Zp_- e - s - h

2 Aw(hn- [ n) am{Xw Zp_- e - s - - h
3 hmIyw(]- Z - w ) am{Xw Zp_- e - s - - h
1 hmIyhpw Ahpw Zp_-e-s-h: Chv \nba km[pXtbm Jp-B-s\ \ne-bn ]mcmbW km[p-Xtbm C. Camw _p- Jm- cn(- d) Bbnj(d) \npw \nth- Z - \ w sNbvX lZokv

Adn- b - s ]v {]mhniyw ape- I p- S - b n- e qsS hnhml _w

\njn-sa-Xv Jp-B-\n Ah-X-cn-I-s-ncpp. ]noSv Adn-b-s
Av {]mhn-iy-w F- \nbaw sIm-v Ah \kvJv sN-s-p. dkqep-m(-k)-bpsS h^mv ASp Imew hsc R- AXns\ ]mcmbWw sNbvXn-cp-p.
hnhml _w \njn- - a m- h m Av {]hiyw ape- I p- S n- s b
\mkn-Jmbn h Bb-ns hmIyhpw ]noSv Zp_-e-s-p-shnepw AXns Aw (hn-[n) Camw im^nCu d(d)bpsS A`n-{]m-b{]Imcw \ne- \ np- p- - v .
2 hmIyw am{Xw Zp_-e-s--h: Cu kq- Jp-B-\n
Ah-X-cn--s-n-cp-p. ]noSv Amlp AXns hmIy- FSpv
If-bp-Ibpw Aw (hn-[n) \ne \np-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Da(-d) hn \npw kzlo-lmbn \nth-Z\w sNbvX lZokn

hX
v

hnhm- l n- X - c mb kv{Xo ]pcp- j am hy`n- N m- c - n- t es- m

Xo- b mbpw Am- l p- h n \np in- b mbn Ahsc Fdnp
sImp-I. Amlp {]Xm]imenbpw X{\pam-Wv.
3 Aw(hn- [ n) am{Xw Zp_- e - s - - h : Cu hmIy JpB\n \apv ImWm-\mIpw. ]t AXv sIm-v \nba km[pXbn.

\nn-fn Bscnepw `mcy-amsc hnv acnv t]mbm kzta[bm \mep amkhpw ]p Znh- k hpw Ah Imncnt- - X m- W v
(A _Jdx:234).
Ccw \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-I Jp-B-\nse \kvJp-I A\ntj[y bmYmy-sav hy-am-p-p.- B-b-p-I Zp_-e-s-p- t]mbm A-m-lp-hn\v Am-X-amb Imcyw ]noSv shfn-s-v ]dtb-n-h-cp-sa(_Zm-Av) blq-Zn-I-fpsS hmZw Xopw \nc-I-sav
Cu sXfn-hp-I t_m[ysSp-p-p. Ah-cpsS thZ {Kw tXmd

\oNhrn- sNp \n- f nse kv{XoIs- X n- c mbn \n- f n

108

109

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Zp_esSp

\mep -t]sc kmn \np-I. As\ Ah kmn \nm B

kv{XoIsf acWw hsctbm Amlp Ahv GsXnepw Hcp amKw
D- m - p- Xv hsctbm \n hoSp- I - f n XSp shp- I . (An-km-Av:15)
\n- f n \nv \oN- h r- n- b n {]th- i n- p c- v ]pcpjamsc hnj- a n- n- p- I , ]noSv Ah c- p - t ]cpw ]m- - ] n- pIbpw ({]- h rn- I ) \m- nop- I bpw sNbvXm Ah- c n \np \n- ]nam-dp-I. Amlp [mcmfw Xu_ kzoI-cn-p--h\pw
]ca ImcpWy-I-\p-am-Ip-p (A-n-km-Av: 16).
""kv{XoI hy`n-Nm-c-n Gs-m hon XSp shpI, ]pcpjam hy`n- N - c n- m iIm- c n- p- I bpw sNcpv sIm- - S npIbpw sNpI F \nb- a s c- v coXn- b n- e mWv \kvJv sN- s -Xv. HmaXv Ahn-hm-ln-Xcmb kv{Xo ]pcp-jamsc \qdSn ASn-pIbpw Hcp hjw \mSv IS- p- I bpw sNpI F \nbaw sIm- v
\kvJv sNbvXp. kqd-p-q-dnse
hy`n-Nm-cn-I-fmb kv{Xo ]pcp-jamsc Ah-cn-tem-tcm-cp--tcbpw \n \qdSn ASn-p-I F Bb- p sIm- p w "Hcp hjw \mSv
ISpI' F lZo- k p sIm- p amWv \kvJv sNbv- X Xv. c- m - a - X mbn
hnhmln-X-cmWv hy`n-Nm-c-n-tes-sXn Ah-sc Fdnp sIm- W - s av, hmIyw Zp_- e - s Aw (hn- [ n) \ne- h n- e p

FXvsIm-pw\kvJvsNbvXp.
asmcp DZm-l-cWw IqSn ]dbmw--:\n-fpsS heXv ssII _n--hpw Ah-cpsS AhImiw sImSppI (A-n-km-Av: 33). \_n(-k) aZo-\-bn-se-n-b-tm
Akzm--ap-lm-Pn-dp-In-S-bn kmtlm-Zcyw m]n-p-Ibpw A\--cm-h-Imiw \n-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS Cu kmtlmZcyw
Rm \ns A\--cm-h-Im-i-sa-Sppw, \o Fsbpw A\--cm-hImi-sa-Sppw Fv ]d-bp GtIm-Zc ktlm-Z-c--sf t]mse kulrZw ZrV-amb ka-b-mWv Xpey A\--cm-h-Im-is Zp_esSpnbXv.

Amlphns hn[n-bn c110

_--ap--h (A-\--cm-h-Imi kzn\v) ]c-kv]cw IqSp-X _ap--h-cm-Ip-p (A- A^m:75).

ChnsS Bibw Zp_- e - s - npw hmIy- (A^m- f v) \ne\np- - X ns bpnsbmsWv \ymb- a mbpw kwi- b - a p- - m - I pw.
AXn\v ]e Imc- W - - f p- a p- - v .
1- B- i bw Zp_- e - s - s - nepw Am- l p- h ns hN\w ]mcmbWw sNpI hgn {]Xn- ^ ew e`n- p- p.
2 Jp-B-\nse A[nI \kvJp-Ifpw {]bmkap hn[n-I Zp_- e s- S pn Amlp eLq- I - I - c nv Xn- c n- p- p. km- [ n]
\Inb IcpWmISmw Hmm\pw AXv hgn Ah sNmcnp
X A\p-{K-l-n\v Iw sNm\pw t{]cn-n-pp.
3 Jp-B-\nse "CAvPmkv', "_em-K' XpSn kmln-Xy-ns
A\L Aar- X p- I Is- - m\pw kmy- a m- I pp.

Zp_esh Fs\ a\- n- e mmw

1 Ah- k m\w Ah- X o- a m- b Xv GXm- s W- - X n\v c- m - s emcp
kq--fn kqN-\-bp--m-bn-cn-p-I. ChnsS akqJv GXm-sWv
Jp-B-\n \nv Xs hy-am-Ip-p.
\n- f n am- i o- e - c mb Ccp- ] Xv t]cp- - m - b m Ah (i{Xp--fm-b) Ccp-\qdp t]sc Pbnpw. (A- -A^m: 65)
Ctm Amlp eLp- - h mnn- c n- p- p. \nv _e- b - a p- s - v Ah Adn- n- p- v . AXn- \ m \n- f n am- i oe-cmb \qdm-fp-s- n Ah Ccp-qdv t]sc Pbn-pw(A A^m: 66).
Ccp- ] Xv Bfp- s - n Ccp- qdv Bfp- I - t fmSv bpw sNWw
Fm-Wv BZy kq-ns hnh. c-mw kq-n \qdv BfpI Ccp-q-dm-fp-I-tfmSv t\cn-m aXn-sbv ]-d-bp-p. Jp-Bs
Cu ]cm- a i- n \nv Xs Ah- k m\w hXv c- m w kq- a msWpw AXn-\m AXmWv \mkn-sJpw t_m[y-s-Sp-p.
2 \mknJv, akqJv Fnh-bpsS Imcy-n CPvam-D(G-tIm]- \ m- ` n- { ]m- b w)- m Ip- I .
3 \mknJpw akq-Jp-amb Bb-p-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W- Im-ehpw
BZyw GXv Ah-X-cn--s-p, ]ns GXv Ah-X-cn--sp F {I111

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Zp_esSp

ahpw Hcp kzlm_n aptJ\ kzlo-lmbn hcp-I. Hcp kqw as

kq-n\v apv Ah-Xo-ambn, Hcp kqw \nnX Ime-b-f-hn Ah-Xo-ambn XpS-nb GsX-n-ep-samcp kzlm-_n-bpsS Ahew- _ - t bm- K y- a mb ]cm- a i- hgn \mknJv, akqJv thXn- c n- dn-bm-\m-Ip-p.
kzlo-lmb lZo-kn-msX "\kvJv sN-sp' Fv ]d-m
AXv kzoI- c n- sSp- I - b n- . AXv t]mse \mknJv, a- k q- J p- I sf
Ipdn-p Hcp ap^-ns(Jp-B hymJym-Xm-hv) sXfn-hn-msXbp hnh- c Ww, apkvl- ^ ns {Iaw t\mn {]Jym- ] \w, dmhn- I - f psS
{]mbm-[nIyw, Ckveman-Im-t-jWw BZy-am-I, \_n (k)-tbmSp
klhmkw IqSp-X-emI, CSv Cm-Xm-I Fnh ]cn-K-Wnp
\mknJv, akqJv \nbhpw Akzo-Im-cy-am-Wv.

aqv Xcw \mkn-Jp-I

1 {]bm-k-ap--Xns\ eLq-I-cnv \kvJv sNph
3 Ffp--ap--Xns\ {]bm-k-ap--Xn-tev \kvJv sNp-h
2 Xpey- X - b n- t ev \kvJv sNph
1 {]bm- k - a p- - X ns\ eLq- I - c nv \kvJv sNph:
]q Ime kap-Zm-b-n cm{Xn Dd-nb tijw A-]m-\tam
`mcym-kw-kKtam t\mv Imev ]mSn-m-bn-cp-p.
kXy hnizm-kn-Isf \nfpsS app--hv t\mv \n_am- - s - Xp t]mse \npw t\mv \n_- - a m- - s - ncnpp. (A- -_-Jd:183)

\kvJn\v ]Icw \I \n_- - a pt- m ?

]Icw Hcp \nbaw \Im-sXbpw \kvJv hcm-hp--Xm-Wv.
kXy hnizm-kn-Itf, \n dkq-ep-ambn clky kw`m-jWw
\S- m\p- t in- m \n- f psS clky kw`m- j - W - n\p apmbn
Fsn-ep-samcp Zm\-[w sNp-I (-A -ap-Pm-Ze: 12).
dkq-ep-am-bn kw`mjWn\v apv [-ambn Fs-nepw \I-W-sa-m-bn-cpp hn[n. AXns\ Zp_-e-s-Spn Hpw [ambn
\ImsX Xs dkq-ep-ambn kw`m-j-W-am-hm-sav kq-an-d-n.
\n-fpsS clky kw`m-j-W-n\v apv h Zm\-[-fpw
sNp- Xn \n (Zm- c n- { Zyw) `b- s - S p- pt- m ? Fm \n
sNm-Xn-cp-m Amlp AXns\n \nv hnv hogvN Xnp- v (A apPm-Ze: 13).
Ckvemanse Ahm-c sshcn-I-fmb apAvXkneo dm^nfo hn`mK-m \kvJv sNp ]w ]Icw Hv \I-W-sav iTn-p-(A-Xn-t\-m \-Xns\
hcmWv. Ah D-bn-p-Xv
\mw sIm-v hcpw)-F-mWv Amlp ]d-Xv. bYm-n Ccw e--fn bpn-hm-\mb Xp-cm Hcp \nb-as amn adp
\nbaw \Im- X n- c n- - e mIpw ASn- a - I v Ghpw KpW- a m- b n- c n- p- X v. Atm Ghpw \- X ns\ sIm- v hcpsa Am- l p- h ns
hN\w Hpw sIm- p hcmXncnpXnt\mSv FXn- c m- h p- n.
112

t\m-ns cm{X-nbn \nv `mcy-bp-ambn kwkKw sN A\p-h-Zn--s-n-cn-pp. (A- _-Jd:187)

2 Xpey- X - b n- t ev \kvJv sNph: \n- k vIm- c - n ss_p apJ--kn-tev A`n-ap-J-amIpI F \nb-as

Xm ]d-bpI DZb m\hpw AkvX-ab m\hpw Amlphn \np--Xm-Wv. Xm\p-t-in-p--hsc t\amK-n Ah

hgn-\-S-p-p. (-A -_-Jd:142) AXn-\m Xm-fpsS apJw akvPnZp ldm-a-ntev Xncn-pI. (A _- J d:142) F Bbv sIm- v
IAv_bn- t ev amn.
3 Ffp- - a p- - X ns\ {]bm- k - a p- - X n- t ev \kvJv sNp- h :
t\mv A\p- j vTn- m km[y- a m- I p- - h v Xs BZy Imev t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Itbm As-n ^nZvb \Ip-Itbm sNmam-bn-cp-p. CXns\

da- f m amk- n Bsc- nepw (\m- n) kn- l n- X - c m- b m

(t\mv, ^nZvb Ch-bn CjvSw {]hn- IqSm-sX) Ah t\mv
Xs A\pjvTn--W-sa(A _Jd:185) Bbv \kvJv sNbvXp.
113

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Zp_esSp

Cs\ hcp-tm Zp_e-s--Xn-t\-m ssJdpXv(tabpXv) sIm- p hcp- s a Am- l p- h ns hmKvZm\w ]men-sSppt- m ? D- v , Biq- d m- C se t\mv F \nb- a s amn Hcp amkme {hXm-\p-jvTm\w F \nb-a-n-tev \nbaw amn-bXv {]Xy-n `uXn-I- tem-Iv {]bm-k-sav tXmp-sa-nepw {]Xn-^e \mfn
Ghpw KpW-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw. Atm AXm-bn-cnpw Ghpw ssJdv.
- A wdv (In- ), \lvbv(- h n- t cm- [ n- ) XpS- nb Cim- C mb hmN-Ifnte (kXy-amtWm If-hmtWm Fv ]d-bm kmyam- I mh) \kvJp- - m - I q. J_- d n- mb hmNIfn(k- X y- a mtWm
If-hmtWm Fv ]d-bm Ign-bp--h) AXn Xze-_ns(B-)
[z\n- b p- - m - I p- t mgpw \kvJv D- m Imw.

bpKmcfn Pohn--hpw hnizmk Imcy- Hv X-s-bmWv.

Fm-ehpw kXyw kpIr-Xhpw Ifhv ZpjvIr-X-hp-amWv. ASn-m-\
Imcyv amd-d-ansv Jp-B \nch[n kqfn-eqsS ]cmain-p-p-v.

Rm\-msX asm-cp- B-cm[y\pan. AXn-\m Fs -\n-

Bc-m[nq Fv t_m[\w \InbnmsX \n\p apv Hcp Zq-Xs\bpw \mw A-b-n-n. (-A Anbm-Av: 25)

DZm:
thiysbtbm _lp-ssZh hnizm-kn-sbtbm AmsX hy`n-Nmcn
hnhmlw sNp-I-bn-. thiy hy`n-Nm-cn-sbtbm _lp-ssZh hnizmknsbtbm AmsX hnhmlw sNp-I-bn(Aq:3). Cu kqw J_cn-mb hN-\-am-sW-nepw AXns Bibw \n apivcnp-Isftbm hy`n- N m- c n- I - s ftbm hnhmlw sN- c p- s X \lvbmWv (hntcm-[w). AtX kqd-nse 32-mw kqw AXns\ \kvJv sNpp.
\n-fnse CW-I-fn-m kv{Xo ]pcp-j- mpw B s]
ASn- a - I - f n \- h pw hnhmlw \Sn sImSp- pI.(A- q:32)
BZy hN- \ - n hy`n- N m- c n- I - f mb kv{Xo ]pcp- j amsc hnhmlw
AcpXv Fm-sW-n c-mw kq-n Ah-scbpw Am--hscbpw hnhmlw sNmsav ]dbpp. tIhe J_-cn-mb hmN-I-,
Ncn{X IY-I, Am-lp-hns hmKvZm-\-, Xmo-Xp-I XpSnbh- b neqsS \kvJv kw`- h n- p- I - b n- . hmp- I - f n- t ev t\mp- t m
Ifhm- I m\pw kXy- a m- I m\pw km[y- X - b p hmm- s W- nepw Amlp-hn \nm-Ip-tm kXyta BIq. ]no-SXv \kvJv sNp-sSp ]w Am-lp-hns\ If-hm-p--Xmbn amdpw. AXn-\m J_vdn \kvJv D- m - h n- s v Xo- b m- W v.
\kvJns \nh-N-\-n lpIvav (hn[n)s\ am{Xw DsSpnbXn-\m hnizmk Imcy, kz`m-h- Kp-W-, ASn-m\ Bcm[\m I--fpw {Ib-hn-{I-b--fpw Fnhbnsempw \kvJp--mIpI-bn. Ch-bp-sS imJm \nb--ahifmb Bc-m[-\-bpsS cq]-`mhfnepw e- I m- e - - f nepw F- h - e p- - nepamWv amw D- m - I p- Xv.
114

\qln-t\mSv Ah (A-m-lp) In-Xpw Xmp \mw hlvbv

\In-bn--p-f-fXpw C{_m-lo-an-t\mSpw aq-km-tbmSpw Cukm-tbmSpw \mw
Inn-p-f-f-Xp-amb aXw- X-s-bmWv Ah \nv \nb-a-amn
(\mw C_v-dmlnw \_n-

Xnp-f-fXv(A-q-d: 13).

tbmSv ]dp) \o PnS-bn lns\ hnfw-_cw sNp-I(A l-v: 27).

lZokv sIm- v Jp- B - s \ \kvJv sNptam?

Jp-B Jp-B\ns\bpw lZokv lZo-kns\bpw \kvJv sNpXns\ Ipdnv GI kzc-amWv ]nXmn-S-bn. Fm lZokv Jp-Bs\bpw -Jp-B lZo-kns\bpw \kvJv sNptam- FXn ]WvUnXv hn`n A`n-{]mbamWp--Xv. Camw im^n-Cu(-d)s
Imgv-m-Sn -Cu co-Xn-bn-ep-h A\phZ-\o-b-a-. JpB\pw lZokpw Xn tbmPnm th-n lZokv JpBs\ \kvJv sNpnSmw B lZokn\v in ]Icp Hcp JpB\nI hN\w D- m Ipw. AXv t]mse JpB sIm- v lZokns\ \kvJv sNpnSpw B JpB\nI hN\n\v in ]Icp lZokpw D-mIpsamWv Atlw ]dbpXv. Fm Camw amen-Iv(-d), A_q l\o^
(d), Ah- c psS Akzvlm_v XpS- n `qcn- ] w ]n- X cpw- lZo- k v
sIm- v Jp- B - \ ns\ \kvJv sNp- s a hmZ- a p- - h - c m- W v.

Camw im^nCu(- d )s sXfn- h p- I

1 Xm CX- m Jp- B sIm- v hcp- I tbm, CXn t`ZKXn hcp-p-Itbm sN-W-sa Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS tNmZy-n\v a115

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Zp_esSp

dp]-Sn-bmbn Amlp ]d-Xv:

\n-b-as kqd-p-q-dnse

\_nsb ]d- b p- I , kzw CjvS- a - \ p- k - c nv AXn t`Z- K Xn hcpphm F\n--[n-Im-c-an-.(bq-\pkv:15) Jp-B-s\ \kvJv sNbvXv
sIm- v \_n(- k ) Hpw sIm- p - h - c n- s v CXv A- d nbn- p- p.

F c-mw kqw \kvJv sNbvsX-nepw hnhmlw sNm kv{Xo

]pcp-j-m hy`n-N-cn-mep\nbaw am{X-am-Wv Cu kq--n ]cmain-n-p-Xv. Fm hnhm-ln-X-cmb hy`n-Nm-cn-Isf Fdnv sIm-W-sa\nb-aw

F lZokv sIm-mWv \kvJv sNbvX-Xv.

2-

ChnsS "
' F ]Zw Am-lp-hn-te-mWv tNn-d- bp-Xv. AXn\m Amlp- h ns hN\w sIm- msX \kvJv ]n- .
' AXn-t\-m \Xv sIm-p hcp-sa-mWv Amlp
3 "
]d--Xv. Jp-B-s\-m ssJdm-bXv Jp-B-\-msX asm-pan.
4 Amlp k- Im-cy-pw Ign-hp--h Xs-bm-sWv Xm Adn-n-n-s. (A _Jd:106). Cu hN\w kqNn-npXv ssJdv sIm- v hc Am- l p- h n \nn- ] vX- a m- s W- m- W v.
`qcn- ] w ]n- X - c psS sXfn- h p- I

\kvJv sNp- - X nse hntijw

1. Jp-Bs kwt_m-[n-XcpsS \bpw tabpw ]cn-K-Wn-pI.
2. Lw L-ambn sNdnb Imcy--fn-eqsS(\n-b-a--fn-eq-sS) CkvemanI \nb- a - k w- l n- X - b psS ]q- X - b n- t ev Fn- t - c p- I .
3. Am-lp-hns I\ Ftmgpw Fhn-sS-bm-sW-nepw incm-h-ln-ptam Fv Xs ASn-aI-sf ]cn-tim[-n-pI.
4. apl--Zob kap-Zm-bn\v tabpw ]Z-hnbpw \In A\p{K- l n- pI.

\mknJv akqJv ]n- X cpsS \ne]mSv

""kzw C- - \ p- k - c nv \_n(- k ) Hpw ]d- b p- n- . Fmw
Am- l p- h n \np hlvbv sIm- v am{X- a m- W v.'' (APvav: 34)
CXv hy- a m- p- Xv JpB Am- l p- h n \nmbXv - t ]mse
lZokpw Am- l p- h n \np- - X m- W v. ]- t , lZo- k m- I p- t m
dkq(-k)-bpsS \mhn-eq-sS-bm-sWv am{Xw.

' FXv sIm-p hnh Jp-B\

- nse Hcp hN-\2 "
t- m D- a - a m- b Xv sIm- v hcpw F- . A- s \- b m- s W- n
Jp- B - \ n NneXv Nne- X n- t \- m t{ijvT- s av ]d- t b- - n - h - c pw. AXn-\m Aa (I-w) Ffp--am-bXv, ]c-tem-Iv Gsd {]Xn-^eapXv FsmsbmWv Bb-nse ssJdm- b Xv sIm- p hcp- s a- Xns Dt- i yw.
3
""acWw Bk--am-Ip-tm amXm-]n-Xm-pw IpSpw-_-mpw hkn- v sN- W - s a'' (A _Jd: 180) hn[nsb \kvJv
sNbvXXv

A-\--cm-h-Im-invhkz-nv sNm ]mSn- F lZokv sIm- m Wv.

"hopXS-enshpI''FBZy4
116

\mknJpw akq- J pamb Jp- B - \ nse hN- \ - - F{X Fap-- -Xn ]WvUn-Xv hn`n-- A-`n-{]m-b-amWp-Xv. A_q PAv^ \plmkn XsAm- k nJv h akqJvF - { K- - nepw
ln_-p-mln _v\p kem-a, -A_q A_vZnm apl-Zv _v\p lkw(d) XpS-n-b-h \kvJp-I-sf- ]-cm-ainv cNn--s- -{K--fnepw \nc- h - [ n - k q- - - s f \kvJns hcp- X n- b n tNn- p- v . Cu
\kv-Jp-I -A-dp-]-n -aqv kqd-p-I-fn-ep-- A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv Camw k-in(-d)p-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw \mev C\-sf ]e ap^ndpIfpw \kvJn Ds-Sp-n \kvJns\ \n-bn--XmWv A`n-{]mb
`n- X v Imc- W w.
1 Hcp- Im- c Ww ({]- X n- _ - w) D- m - b - X n- \ m Hcp \nbaw sIm- p hcpp. ]noSv B Im- c Ww \op- p. AtXmsS BZy hn[n CmXm-IpIbpw sNp-p. CXns\ Nne \kvJn DsSpn. DZm:
Ckvemans BZy Im- e - v i{Xp- - f psS ]o- U \w D- m - b - t m apkvenwItfmSv anm\pw klnm\pw s]mdp- m\pambn h
F JnXmens

XpS-nb kq
117

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

Zp_esSp

kq-tmsS Zp_esp FmWv ]-e ap-^-n-dpIfpw ]dXv.

Fm Cu co-Xn-bn-ep-ff kq-sf Camw kpbqXzn (d) akqJn DsSp-nbnn. \nbaw ]nns KW-nemWv Atlw
tN-Xv. AXn-\m apkvenwI Zp_e-cmIp-tm anm\pw
klnm\p-apff Blzm-\hpw icpw AwK_-e- {]m]vXcpamIptm i{Xp--tfmSv {]Xn-tcm-[n-m-\pw bpw- sN-m-\p-ap-ff Blzm-\hpw
Cpw \ne- \ np- p- v .
.
2 -Pm-ln-en-m-Im-e-p-ff BNm-cm-\pjvTm\-sf - DZm-l-c-Wambn `mcy-amsc \men ]cn-an-Xs-S-, ]nXm-hns `mcysb hnhmlw sN \njn--am- XpSnb \nb-a-sf Ckvemw Zp_es- S p- nbXv.
3- Jp-B-\n Kmbv(]-cn-[n) \n-bn-Xv, CkvXn-kv\m-Av(hn[n- b n \npw Hgnhm- - - s - - X v)- Xp- S nbh - s Im- v XJvkzo- k m- n-

bpw bpn Ipnv a\-n-em-I-W-sa-n-. -F-nepw A\p-k-cn-p-IbmWv th- - X v.- AXp t]mse {kjvSm- h ns \nb- a - krjvSnbmb
a\pjy A\p- k - c n- - e mWv bpn. {kjvSm- h ns Dt- i y- - s fmw
krjvSnv Dsm-m kmy. Ahs bpn \psS NnIv AXo-X-amWv. -\n-v A]m\w am{X-ta \InbnpqshmWtm (A- C-kvdm-Av: 85) hnip JpBs shfnsSp.

.....

bh. DZm:

224227
:

4 BZyw h hN-\s(_-bm) hni-Zo-I-cnv c-maXv hXv.

DZm:
F kqdpnkmCse Bdmw kqs hniZoIcnv sIm- m Wv
F AXnse ]mw kqw AhXoambXv. Fm {]ikvX
Jp-B ]n-X Camw kpbq-Xzn(-d) A CXvJm\n ]d-bpXv
Jp-B\n samw Ccp-]Xv kq-tf akqJmbn-pqshmWv.
{]hm-NI hntbm-K-tmsS Znhy ktiw \ne-tXmsS Zp_es-Sp-epw Ah-km-\n-p. AXn-\m CPvam-Av (]nX GtIm]\w) \kvJv sNpItbm sN-s-Sp-Itbm- C.
Npcp--n k\m-b Xp-cm a\pjycminv \Ip hn[n-Ifpw AXns Ime{Ia-fpw Xopw bp-am-Wv. Amlphns\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw -Hcp hn[n Zp_-e-s-Sp-pI F-Xn\w B \nb-aw (lpIvav) Ah-km-\n-p--shv {kjvSmhv \apv hnhcnp \I-em-Wv. -A-Xns s]mcp-fp-I \apv a\-n-em-bnns-nepw
- A Xv hniz- k nv {]hn- p- I - b mWv hnizm- k n- b psS _m[y- X . - a mXm]n- X m- a- t fmSv ]eXpw I]n- m- d p- - v . - F m I]- \ - I - f psS118

119

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

X^vko

shfn- s - S p- , hy- a m- FmWv X^vko- d ns `mjmw. \ntj- [ n- I Xmv GXp- ] a D]- t bm- K n- mepw AXns\
]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m-\p-X-Ip, \ hnh-c-W-a-S-p kXy-amb adp-]Sn
Xmv \mw Ah-X-cn-np XcpI Xs sNpw (A ^pJm:
33) FXv CXns kqN-I-am-Wv. kmt-Xn-Im {]Imcw am\pjnI
Ignhv D]-tbm-Knv Am-lp-hns Dt-iy-sf Adnbnp cq]n Jp- B s\ N- b m- p Hcp hnm\ imJ- b m- W v X^vko
(a\mln- e p C^m ^o Deq- a n Jp- B / alZv A_vZp
Afow AJm\n:1/3).
{]kn Jp-B hymJym-Xm-hmb Akv_-lm-\n(-d) \n-NnpXv, "Jp-Bs Bi-b--D-t-iy- hy-am-pI' Fm-Wv. "Bbp-I-fpsS Ah-X-cW ]m-ew, Ah-bpsS D-S-w,-a-nv, aZ\n-v, kphy-hpw Ahy--hp-am-bh, JnX-am-bh, Zp-_-e-s-Spp--h, Zp_-e-s--h, s]mXp-hmbpw {]tXy-In-p-ap--h, \ncp-]m[nIhpw tkm]m-[n-I-hp-am-b-h, kwn-]vXhpw qe-hp-am-bh, A\p-hZ-\o-bhpw \njn-hpambh, hmKvZm\w, `oj-Wn, I]-\, \ntcm-[\w,
D]-a-I, B]kqN-\-I, A\p-_ Ncn-{X- XpS-n-bh kw_-n hnm-\-amsW'mWv Hcp hn`mKw ]n-X-cpsS X^vkodns\ Ipdnv \nh-N\w. "Jp-B\nse ]tZm-m-c-W-hpw ]Zmhpw
Hspw Iqmbpw \np-tm-gp ]Z--fpsS hn[n-I, ]Z-
IqSn- t p \np- t m \nnXsSp- t - Bi- b - , Ch120

bpsS ]qo- I - c - W - a mb ap Imcy- Fn- h sb Ipdnv N

sNp hnm\ taJ- e - b m- s W- mWv' Jp- B hymJymXmhmb
A_q lm(- d )- s `mjyw. (a- _ m- l nkp ^o Deq- a n Jp- B /amD JXzm:335).
]ucmWn-I-cpw B[p-\n-I-cp-amb ]n-X-m, X^vko--X-Avho F-Xn\v GImtam Zzbmtam F-Xn A`n-{]mb `ncmWv. A_q Dss_-Zpw(-d) A\p-bm-bnI-fp-a-S-p henb ]n-Xhrw
GIm-am-sWv ]d-bp-tm C_v\p l_o-_p-ss-km-_q-cn (d)
AS-p--h AXn\v Zzbm-amWv In-p-Xv. c-pw `mjbn
]qc-I-am-sWv ]d-bp--h C_v\p Am-kv(-d)\v th-n-bp \_n
(k) XfpsS {]m\ sXfn-sh-Sp-p-p.

"Am-lpth,C_v\pAm-knd)(- \v
Zo Imcy- fpw Jp- B hymJym- \ hpw ]Tn- np sImSp- t - W ta!''
(a_m-lnkp ^o Deq-an Jp-B: 338). Camw A_q akzq-dp
amXp- c o- Z n (- d ) c- p w c- m bn hni- Z o- I - c n- p- p: ""Jp-Bs ]Z-
sIm- v Amlp Dt- i n- Xv CXm- s Wv Dd- nv ]d- b epw Amlpsh sXmv kmy-s-Sp--ep-amWv X^vko-dp Jp-B. CXv Dd
sXfn-hns ASn-m-\-n-em-sW-n km[p-hm-Wv. As-n kzw A`n-{]m-b-amtb Iqq; AXp sXp-am-Wv. Jp-Bs km[y-amb
A--fn Hn\v {]m[ym\yw \Ip-I-bmWv XAvhoep JpB. Dd- nv ]d- b tem kmy- s - S p- tem CmsXbmWn- X v.'' (- A
CXvJm:2/173, XmPp- Adqkv:3/470). Fm X^vko cnhm-bpI-fp-ambpw XAvho Kth-j-W-hp-ambpw _s-Xm-sWv asmcp
hn`m- K - h pw. hnip Jp- B - \ n hy- a m- - s - Xpw If- - a n- m
\_n hN- \ - - f n {]Xn]m- Z n- - s - - X p- a mbhbvv X^vko Fpw
hnm-\-ns hnhn-[--fmb imJ-I-fn A{K-K-Wy-cmb ]nX
al- p- Kth- j W\nco- WneqsS IS- v Is- - p Imcy XAvho Fp-ambn ]nX temI-v Jp-B hnh-cW
cwKv Zzn]- c n- t - Z - krjvSn- s - S p- n- p- v .

F v s I m - v X ^ v k o ?
""P\- v am Zi\- a mbpw kXym- k - X y- h n- t h- N - \ - n- \ pw
km Zi-\-n-\p-ap hy-amb ZrjvSm---fp-ambn JpB
Ah- X - c n- - s da- f m amkw.'' (- A _Jd:185) Cn[w ]d-
JpB AXns Bgv\n- d - t - hnime ]c- p D- S - - n
Nnbpw a\-\hpw A\n-hm-cy-ampI IqSn sNp-p. ""CXp Xmv
\mw Ah-X-cn-np X A\p-{K-lo-X-amb Hcp thZ {K-am-Ip-p.
121

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

CXns hmIy-sf a\pjy a\n-cpn Nnn-p-hm\pw _pnamm Hmanm\pw th- n - b s{X.'' (A-kzmZv:29). ""Ah Jp-B-\n
a\-n-cpn Nnn-p-nt! AXv Amlp Am--h-cpsS kn[nbn \nv hcp--sX-n [mcmfw hyXym-k- AXn-e-h ImWpambn-cp-p.'' (A-n-km-Av:82) ""Ah Jp-B-s\ Ipdnv a\-n-cpn
NnnmsXv?. A, Ah- c psS lrZ- b - v ]qp- I - f pt- m ?''
(apl- Zv:24). Jp- B - s \ Ipdnp Nn F{X- t mfw Bh- i yhpw
a\pjy-Po-hn-X-n\v Bth-Khpw BIp- ps- - Xv D]- c n- k q- - fneqsS kphy--am-Wv. C-s\-sbmcp Nnbpw Btem-N-\m-X-]-kybpw
cq]-sa-Sp--W-sa-n Jp-B-s A--B-i-b- hy-ambpw
t_m[y-s-S Hgn-p-Iq-Sm--XmWvXm\pw. Cap--^vko-dn (-hymJym\imkv{Xw)s {]k--amb A\n-hm-cyX t_m[y-sa-Sp-p-Xpw ""Cu
{K-n \mw Hpw Hgn-hm-nbn-n''- F kq-n-sbpw

(Jp- B - k hnm\ kam- l cw Xs, ]s km[m- c Wmv AXv {Kln-p--Xn hogv hcp-p) F-Xnsbpw {]mtbm-KnI A ]q-X-bpsS Ihm-S- aes XpdsSp-Xpw ChnsSbmWv. Atm a\p- j y- \ p- a mbn Hgnbm _- a p Cu
Jp- B - \ v hymJym\w D- m - I pI kmaq- l n- I - a mbn \n- l n- - s tS- XmI- b m, AXn- m- - n - c n- kmaq- l n- I - a mbn A\p- ` - h n- t - - n hcp, Acp-Xm-bva-I Imc-W-am-p- in-bm-Ipw hn[-amWv ]nXm "^fv In^m-b' (-km-aq-lnI _m[y-X)-sbv AXn\v hn[n-sbgpXnb- X v.
""Xo, hyn- b p- s Sbpw kaq- l - nsbpw Dm\w D- m hp-Xv Jp-B-\nI hnm-\--fn \nv am-Zi\w DsImp-XneqsS am{X-am-Wv, adnv kzbw ]cy-]vX-X-bn-eq-sStbm Fs-nepw
Ap-X- hgntbm \nkm-l-kn-I-X-bn-eqsStbm A. bp-bpw
t{ImUo-I-cn--s a\pjy hwi-ns hnPb hn[m-\--fn-e-J-nehpw
D-S--w sNbvXXs{X Cu {Kw, a\pjy krjvSn I-n AXn-X-{-{]-[m-\n-bmb Am-lp-hns hnm-\-am-k-Iew hebw sNsn-cn-pp CXv. Cu hnh-c-Sn-m\ {]h\w Jp-Bs t_m[y hyXbneq-sSbpw {Kmly-X-bn-eq-sS-bp-a-msX \ne-\np-Ibn! Cu Aam- \ p- j n- I hpw Kmw`ocy ]q- h p- a mb ssien- I fpsImp ApX insb Ipdn {]mY-anI ]cn-m-\-sa-nepw D-mtI- - X p- - v . AXp ]t, Jn- X - a m- I p- Xv Cemlo shfn- ] m- S p- I fneq- s Sbpw hnh- c - W - n- e q- s S- b p- a m- W v.'' (a- \ mlnep C^m ^o
122

Deq- a n Jp- B /apl- Zv A_vZp Afow kJm\n:2/6).

Jp-B-\nI kq- ]eXpw AXns hymJym\ kzm`mhnIX A\nhmcy Bh-iy-ambn kv]sSp-p-p-v. kq: A _Jdbnse 158mw kqw

""\n-bw kz^bpw abpw Am-lp-hns Nn--fn s]Xm-Wv. Atm h-h\pw IAv_n- sNv ltm Dwdtbm
sNp-p-sh-n Ah c-n-t\bpw {]Zn-nWw sNp--Xn Ah\p
Ipan-. Bsc-nepw kzbw \ sNp-p-sh-n \nbw Amlp
IrX\pw k- - \ p- a m- I p- p.'' ChnsS hmN- I mw t_m[ysSp-p-Xv ln\pw Dwdpw kAvbv \n_--an--mWv, kXyn kz^m a-n-S-bn Ggp XhW kAvbv \n_--am-Wv. ]t, Cu \n_w t_m[y-s-Sp-Xv Jp-B-\nI hymJym-\-neqsS am{X-am-Wv. Camw im^n-Cu(-d) AS-p {]apJ ]n-X kAvbv \n_--am-sWv ]d-bp-p. AXp Jp-Bs Hmw hymJym-\amb lZo- k n- \ m hy- a m- I p- p- v . \_n Xncp- t a\n(k) ]d- b pp:-
- sIm-v\nfpw

"A-mlpXpS-nbXv
XpSp-I, \n-bw Amlp \nv "kAvbv' \n_--am-n-bncn- p- p.'' (ss_l- J n).
temIv \St- - X v Xs- b mb imkv{Xob Dbbpw AXneq-sS-bp Dm-\hpw \_n(-k)bpsS Imew apX XpSv t]m
Jp-B-\nI hmb-\-bpsS hnime ]c-n ]Wn-Xo-s--Xs{X! Atd_y-bn \nv Dbv CuPn]vXpw kndn-bbpw Ignv bqtdmns
kvs]bv\pw {^mkpw Xpnbpw hsc hym]nv temI nXn--kmlN-cy--fpsS ]cn-Wma Ncn-{X-n Ahn-kva-cvWo-b-X-bpsS BhcWw Aav \nIp-Xv Cu Jp-B-\ns {]Xn-_nw-`-am-bm-Wv. ""CkvemanI kaq-l-n\v kmwkvIm-cnI kzoIm-cy-X-bpsS XpSbpw imkv{Xob t\--fpsS hfbpw km{amPy Iogvhg--ens Lw Lambp AXn- P o- h - \ w ssIh- Xpw Ah temI- n\pw temIpw
tamN-\hpw tam-amhpw ImWn-Xpw Jp-B-\nI hni-I-e-\-neqsSbmsW-n-cns AXn-te-p aS--amWv B[p-\nI apkvenans
A]-Ij-I-X-I-f-I-m\pw Hcp ho-p hnNm-c-n-eqsS ]mc-cy Ncn{XtmSv kmay-am-Ip h-am\ krjvSn-n-\m-bp amm-`n-Im-ayw.''
(a-\m-ln-ep C^m ^o Deq-ap Jp-B/apl-Zv kJm\n:2/79)
123

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

kzlm_n amw
Ay {]hm-N-I-cpsS \mf-h-km\w hsc \ne-\np alXv
apAvPnkpw Ahn-Sps hntbm-Km-cw _mn sh-Xn Aaqeyhp- a mWv Jp- B . Jp- B \nI hni- I - e - \ - ns cq]- s - S p- en
DuWpw Dd-hpw kzpw km--\hpw Nnn-msX dkq(-k)sb
]nXp- S kzlm- _ - ns tkh\X]ky apkvenans Fm- e sbpw PohnXw sIm-v kvacn--s-Sp-Xpw bpn-am{X s]mbvhmZ- f n- e qsS Ah- K - W n- - m \mhm- - X p- a m- W v.
Jp-B \_n(-k)v Ah-X-cn--Xv P\-v hy-am-m\msW-pw (-Alvev:44) Xn-jvS-n-s\mv kwkm-cn-n-spw Fmw (- I w, sam- g n, k- X w) Cemlo kt- i m- \ p- k r- X - a m- s Wpw
(APvav:4,5) Jp-B Xs Bi-b-s-Sp-p-tm Cemlo kti-ns ]cn-]qX {]m]n dkq (-k)- s PohnXw ASn ]Im Ign--h-cmWv kzlm-_-v. Jp-B\nIm-ym-]-\- GXpw
\_n (-k)-bn-eqsS Ahv t_m[y-sSpw hn[-am-bn-cp-p. \_n(-k)bpsS Pohn-X-sa B ]mT-im-e-bn A\p-k-c-W-tbmsS PohnXw Xfn
kzlm-_-n\v Jp-B\nI AIw Adn-hp-I t_m[y-am-I-ens CXnepw henb hgn thsd- b pt- m ?
""Jp- B thKw lrZy- - a m- m th- n (\_nsb) Xm
\mhv ]nS- n- t - - X n- . AXp t{ImUo- I - c n- epw HmXn- c epw \psS _m[y-X-bm-Wv. Xo, AXp-sIm-v \mw HmXncp-tm Xm
B Hmns\ ]n]- p- I . XpSv AXp hni- Z o- I - c p Xtc- - X pw \psS _m[yX Xs.'' (A Jn- b ma:1619) Cu kq- hyampw hn[w Amlp Gs- S p Jp- B \nI hymJym- \ - - h n- h - c - W ns X\n kzcq]w Xs ]cn-ip-n-tbmsS Xcy-s-Sm Ahv
PohnX `mKy- a p- - m - b n.
""\_n(- k ) Jp- B \nse Ahy- - a mb kq- sf hnh- c nv
sImSp ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p. AXp-t]mse Zp_e hmIy-fpw Zp_e-s-Sp-p hmIy--fpw (-\m-kn-Jv, akq-Jv) thXn-cnv sImSppIbpw sNbvXp. kzlm-_n-Iv CtX Ipdnv \_n(-k) hnh-c-W
]Ip- \In. As\ kzlm-_nI ChsX Ipdn-smw kp]cnNn- X - c mbn Xop. Fp sIm- v Hmtcm hmIy- fpw Ah- X - c n- p,
AXn\nS-bm-nb kml-Ncyw Fm-bn-cpp? Fs-m-ap kwKXnI t\cnv \_n(-k)bn \npw Ahv Adn-bm Ign-n-cpp.
"Cemlo klmbw Fp-Ibpw AtXmsS hnP-b-hpw' (Akzvdv:1)
Fp XpS-p kqw {]hm-N-Is h^m-ns\ Adn-bn-ps124

pw AXp-t]msebp Imcy-fpw Ah {Kln-p.'' (apJ-nax C_v\p JZq: 697,698)

Jp-B-\n-d-n-bXv X-fpsS `mj-bn-em-b-Xn-\m kzlm-_n-I- X ns B- c n- I m- i - b - Adn- n- s - nepw _mly- X - I t_m[yam-bn-cp-p. kzlm-_n-I-sfmw {Kmly--]m-nXy ]Z-hn-bn hyXykvXXbpXp t]mse Jp- B - a\- n- c p- p- - X nepw hyXym- k - a p-mbn-cp-p. Nnev kphy--am-Ip-Xv ap Nnev Ahy--amIpp. C_v\p Am-kv(-d)-hns\ Ipdnv A_q Dss_-Z(-d)-hns DcWn: ""c- v {Kmao- W Hcp InW- d ns Imcy- n XInv FsbSp hcp--Xp-hsc

(-Aqdm:11) F-Xns

Aw Rm Adn-n-cp-n-. Hcp ]d-p-: ""Rm\m, AXp(I n W ) D - m - n - b - X v . '' (A\ ^Yp- l m), as- b m ]dp: ""Rm\m-W-Xnv XpSw Ipdn--Xv.'' (A\ C_vX-Z-AvXplm)
Jp-Bs t{ijvS-Xsb Ipdnv A\-kv(-d)-hn \nv A_q Dss_Z
(-d)- D-cn-p-Xp ImWpI: "Da(-d) an-dv apI-fn \nv
(A A_k: 21) Fv HmXn A\-cw ]dp: "^mnlx' Fsv Xncn-p. ]t, FmWv Cu "Am'. tijw Da (d) Xs
Bmhn-t\m-Smbn ]dp: ""Da-sd, Xo AXv imk-\-I-f-s{X.'' (a_m-Ckp ^o Deq-an Jp-B/ am-D JXzm: 345,346)
kzlm-_v hfsc ]Wn-s-m-bn-cpp Cu hymJym\ hnZy-bpsS
A`ymk X]-ky-bn `mK-hm-m-bn-cpXv! kzlm_s-m-hcpw \_n(-k)bpsS Npphmbn aZo-\-bn Ign-bp--h-cm-bn-cp-n-, \mgnI-I hnZqsc -Xma-kn-p--h-cp-ap--m-bn-cpp Ah-cn. Ah \_n
(k)bpsS hnm\ hni-I-e-\hpw kppw ti-J-cn-p--Xn ImX AI- s e- b m- s W- nepw XrjvW ImW- n n- c n- pp! ap Nne
Fmw Dt]-nv aZo\]n hn-I-emsX Ahn-sS-s Ignp Iqn.
Xm_n- D - I - f n {][m- \ n- b mb A_q A_vZp- d - m- \ p_v\p pean(d)
]d-bpp: ""Rsf Jp-B ]Tn-n-n-cp Dkvam-\p_v\p A^v^m(-d), A_vZp-m-ln_v\p akv-Du-Zv(-d) XpS-n-b-h \_n Xncp-ta\n(k)
bn \nv ]v Bb-p-I ]Tn-m AXns {]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw
hnm\-]-c-hp-amb kIe {]iv\-fpw a\-n-em-msX hnpIfbmdp- - m - b n- c p- n- s v R- t fmSv ]d- b p- a m- b n- c p- p.'' Jp-B-\nI DS hnh-c-Wns A hnim-e-Xbpw Bi-b- ssh-]p-eyhpw hyambn t_m[y-amn kwib \nhm-cWw \S-p Adnh`ymkns Hcp ]Xnhv Ah- c n- e p- - m - b n- c p- p.
a\-n-em--ep-I-fpsS Cu {]bXv\]cX PohnXw t]msetbm
125

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

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\_n(k) ]dp: ""P\- - f n Ghpw D- a Fs \qm- n Pohn-p--h, ]ns Ah-tcm-SSpv hcp--h, ]ns Ah-tcmS- S p- - h .'' (_p- J m- c n:3651) Xncp- \ _n(k)bpsS JpB hni- I - e \hpw \_n (-k)- bpsS Aym-]\m\pkr-Xhpw hnip--hpamb kzhymJym\hpw XpS-bmbn hcp tij-m-e-mv _mn shhcmWv kzlm-_-v. kzlm-_n-I \oXn-amamcpw AXn-hn-ipcpambncpp. hymJym\ \n_- - \ - I tNv shv ]cn- t im- [ n- t - - m hn[w Ah-cpsS ]cn-ipn Xncp-ta-\n- (k)bpsS ]cm-ai-ns sXfnhn Jn-X-am-Wv. Xncp-\_n (-k)-bpsS h^m-n\v tijw apkvenw
temIv cmjv{Sobkmaq-lnI Gpd-n-ep-Iv Acv Ipdnp.
PohnX coXn-bnepw kmaq-ln-I kmwkvIm-cnI km-nI cwK-fnepw ssZ\w-Zn\ am--f-\p-`-h-s-Sp-Ibpw {]iv\-fpw Bh-iy-fpw
hn- X - a m- h p- I bpw Bib {]X- e - nse BZm\ {]Zm\fpsS Zp`mh {]I-S-\hpw _em-_ew t\mepw kzlm-_-ns\ CkvemanI
Bib kwc--W-ns aqe-I-ambn Jp-B hymJym-\-n\v hgnsh- p.
Jeo^ Da(d)sbpw Aen(d)bpsSbpw Imev \S `qan
imkv{X- ] - c - a mb CkvemanI hym]- \ - n- s bpw kzm[o\n- s bpw

`mK-ambn Cdm-Jv, Cdm, kndn-b, CuPn-]vXv XpS-nb cmjv{S-v

Ckvemw AXnnbmbn \n-bn--s-Xpw Iim-kv{XcwKs
hgn-Xp-d-epw kzlm-_-ns tij-m-cmb Xm_n-D-I-fpsS cwK{]th-i-\hpw kzX{ bpn Nn-bpsS hn-h-hp-amWv Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn
CXn\v ]nnse t{]c-Iw. kzlm_n {]ap-J A_q-_-Iv(-d) ]dp:
""Jp- B - \ nse h A- c - s - p- d npw Amlp- h ns hnh- - Xo-X-ambn ]d-m GXm-Im-i-am-sW-\nv \ngenp Xcn-I, GXv `qanbmWv F\nv hmk-tbm-Ky-am-IpI, Rm FhnsS t]mIpw?'' (X^vko-dp JpXzp-_n: 1/34)
Xncp-ta\n(k) ]dp: ""Jp-B-\n-enm-Xv hXpw ]d-m
Ah \c- I - n ]mnSw {]Xo- n- - s .'' (- _ p- J m- c n, apkvenw,
Xpap-Zn) Jp-B hymJym-\-sa-Xv B] \ohpw AXn-Zm-cp-Whp-ambn hne-bn-cp-nb kzlm-_v CXn\v aptmv hXv Hgnp
IqSm-\m-hm \n_-nX kmaq-lnI ZuXy-am-bm- (^fp In^m-b)
bn-cpp. kzmlm-_n-I-fnse Hcp {]tXyI kwLw Xsbp--m-bncpp
Jp-B hymJym\w sNp--Xn\v am{X-am-bn, Ah: Jeo^m {]apJcmb A_q-_-Iv(-d), Da(-d), Dkvam(-d), Aen(-d), A_vZp-mln_v\p
akv-Du-Zv(d), A_vZp-mln _v\p Amkv (d), D_-n_v\p IAv_v
(d), sskZv _v\p km_n-Xv(d), A_q aqk Aiv-A-co(-d), A_vZpmln _v\p kpss_(-d), A\kv _v\p amenIv(-d), A_vZp-mln _v\p
Da(-d), Pm_n _v\p A_vZp(-d), A_vZp-mln_v\p Awdp_v\p
Bkzv(- d ), BCi(- d - ) .
BCi(-d)bpsS Jp-B-\nI hyJym-\- tiJ-cn kam-lcn
{]apJ ]n-X A_q A_vZnm A_q kCuZv(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Xncp\_nsb AXn-cv kvt\ln kzlm-_v Jp-B-\n ZrV-ambn hnizkn-p. Atm Ah-Xcnn Jp-B-\nI \nb-a- Hsm-gn-bmsX Ah ssIsIm- - p . {]hm- N - I s Imep Xs Jp- B s
KpWImw-n-I-fmb Ah Ahn-Sps hntbm-Km-\-cw Ckvemans
]cn]q kwc- Ww Gs- S pv {]hm- N I Ncy- I fpw Jp- B \pw
Xm]cy]qw ]cn-c-n-p. {]hm-NI\n \nv CkvemanI kti- bYm- h n[n tij- mv Fnp sImSp- p.''
kzlm-_v s]mXpsh Jp-B hymJym\n\mbn D]-tbmKnXv aqv amK--fm-sWv {]apJ ]nX am-D JXzm- Xs "a_m-ln-kn' tcJ-s-Sp-pp.
1- Jp- B s\ Xs Ahw- e w- _ n Jp- B - \ nI hni- I - e - \ w:
Jp-B-\n Nne-bn-Sv kwn-]vX-ambn hXv anSv qeambn hn-cn-pw. Fhn-sS-sb-nepw Ahy--am-n-bXv as-hn-sS-sb-

126

127

AXn- t e- s dtbm {][m- \ - a mbn I- X v kzlm- _ n- I - f psS Pohn- X - ns

hnip hnti- j - a mbn Ncn{Xw hne- b n- c p- p- p- - v . CXp t_m[y- s Sp-p--XmWv A_q Dss_-Z(-d) lk(-d) hn \nv \S-p Dc-Wn. Atlw ]dp: ""Amlp Hcp Bbpw Cd-n-bn-n-,
GsXmcp Imcy-n-emWv AXv Cd--s-sXpw AXn Am-lphns Dt-iy-sa-spw {Kln-m \mw \n_-n--s-n--msX.''
C_v\p A_o-lm-Xnw(-d) ]d-bpp: ""Am-lp-hns {K-n F\nv {Kln-m Ign-bm Hcp kqhpw Ignp t]mbn-n-. ""P\ DZv_p--cm-Ip--Xn\v th-n-bs{X \mw DZm-l-c-W- hnh-cn-pXv. ]t, m\- a p- - h am{Xta AXv {Kln- p- p- q.'' (A
AI-_qv:43) F Jp-B-\nI hN\w Fs Zp:JnX-\m-n-bn-m- s X.''
kzlm- _ - ns \_n kmao- ] yX sIm- v JpB- \ nI hN\mh- X - c - W - ns ZriymZn A\p- ` hw t]mepw Ah- c n- e p- - m - n- b n- p- - v .
Bbn-i(-d) ]d-bpp: ""sImSpw XWp-p Hcp Znhkw hlvbv Cdptm Rm \_n(k)sb I- n - p- - v . AX- h - k m- \ n- - t m- t gpw \_n
(k)bpsS s\n- Sw hnbsm- e n- p- p- - m - b n- c pp.'' (_p-Jmcn:1/3)

kzlm- _ n- I hymJym\ {]Y- a

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

(Ah (i- { Xp- )p th- n in kw`- c n- p- I (- A A^m:

60) XpSv \_n(-k) ]d-p: ""Adn-bpI \nbw As-bvmWv
in.'' (- a pkvenw).
3- a\- n- e m- epw Kth- j - W hpw: Jp- B hymJym- \ n- m
Jp- B - \ n \nv Xstbm \_n(- k ) hN- \ - - f n \ntm hni-

Zmwiw e`n-n-s-n a\-n-em-n-bXv hgn-bmbn Kth-jWw sN

kzlm-_-ns Hcp ]Xnhv ssien-bm-bn-cp-p. ImcWw Ah Ad_n `mj- b - d n- b p, \- c o- X n- b n {Kln- p- , AXns kmln- X ob
apJ- ]cn-N-b-ap ip Ad_nIfm-bn-cp-p. kzlm-_v KthjWw sNbvsX- S p- p hymJym\w Hcn- epw kwi- b n- t - - m hn[w
hne -a-Xn--Xm-Wv. {]_-e-cmb Hcp ]nX kwLw ]d-bp-Xv, kzlm_ns hyJym\w samw Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-sa--Xn-\-pdw kq- Cd- nb ]m- - e - a psm- - X m- s W- n AXn\v "a^qAv' (\n-th-ZI ]c-c \_n(-k)-bn sNs-p--Xv)s A`n-{]mbam-bn-cn-pw. C\n X-fpsS {Kmlym-\p-_--amb A`n-{]mbw am{Xapsm-p--Xm-sW-n AXn\v "auJp-^n' (-\n-th-ZI ]c-c kzlm_n Ah- k m- \ n- p- - X v) s hn[n- b m- b n- c n- pw. asmcp ]nX
]- ns `mjyw kzlm_n X^vko auJq- ^ m- s W- n AXv
Ahew-_n- \n_--as{X. ImcWw, Jp-Bs `mj Xs AhcpsSXpw, Ahv am{Xw {]tXy- I - a m- - s As Npp- ] m- S v,
kml- N - c y- sIm- p kmn- X zw, Xqew Ahp- m b ip
{Kmly tijn CsXm-s-s. (a-_m-lnkp ^o Deq-an Jp-B:
1/346,348)
kzlm-_-ns Jp-B\nI hymJym-\-ns hgn-bmb "CPvXnlm-Zn'\v {][m-\-ambpw t{]c-I-amb \mev Imc-W--fm-bn-cp-p. 1 Ad_n `mj-bpsS hnim-e-amb kmln-Xob Xe--fnse Ah-cpsS AhKmlhpw ]cn- m- \ hpw hyJym\ kmc ]mtYbw kpKaamn.
2 kqm-h-XoW kml-N-cy-nse Ad_n PohnX nXn kw_n t_m[yw XZ-\p-_--amb kq hnh-c-W-n\v Ffp--am-bn.
Ad_n- I - f nse ]Xn- h hnizm- k - fpw ]mgv kXy- fpw s]mfn- s gp- X p Hcp ]mSv kq- - f n- d - n- b n- p- - v . ""N{s hen hyXymksfpdnv Xm-tfm-S-h tNmZn-p-p. ]d-bp-I, AXv a\p-jyv
ka-b- Xn-s-Sp-pXn\pw ln-\p-ap AS-bm-f--fm-Ip-p.
\n `h- \ - v ]ndIv hi- n- e qsS {]th- i n- p- - X ]pWyIw.'' (A_J-d:189). lpw Clvdmapw Ignv hoSns hmXnepI-fn-eqsS {]th-in-msX ]pd-Ip-hiw hgn aXn NmSn-tbm `nnIv Zzmcw D- m n \pgtm am{Xw AIv {]th- i n- Ad_nIv ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-p. 3 blq-Zn--\-kzm-dm--fpsS PohnX coXn-Isf
Xncpp Jp-B-\nI kq--fp--m-bm, Am-es blqZn\kzmdm nXn m\w Jp-B-\nI hymJym-\-n\v kzlm-_-n\v
A\p-Iq-e-am-bn. 4 Nnm-hn-ip-nbpw {Kmly inbpw. CXv Amlp

128

129

nepw hy-am-pw. Hcn-Sv tkm]m-[n-Iam-n-b-Xn\v \ncp-]m-[nIw

]d- b p- n- S - h p- a p- - v . ""Ip-Im-en-I(Adhm\cw Xnphm) \nv A\p-h-Zn--s-n-cn-p-p. \nv HmXn--cp-Xv Hgn-v'' (A am-CZ: 1). Cu kq-n\v AtX Aym-b-nse aqmw kqw
hyX \Ip-p. ""ihw Xn \nv \njn--am--s-n-cnpp.'' (-A am-CZ: 3)- A-{]-Imcw ABw kqd-nse 105mw kqn ""ZrjvSn Ahs\ Is- - p- I - b n- '' Fv Npcpn ]dXv
""B Zn-\-n(bu--ap Jnbm-a)-Nne hZ\- Xnf-p-Xpw AhcpsS \mY- \ n- t ev t\mp- - X p- a m- W v '' (]- c - t em- I v Am- l p- h ns\
Ah ImWpw) (-A Jn-bma: 22,23) -F--Xn-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn--sSp-p-v.
2Jp- B hy- a m- m h \_n(- k )- b psS hN\w
ASn- m- \ - a mnbp hymJym- \ w: kzlm- _ v GsX- nepw Bbv kw_--ambn {Kmly-{]iv\w hXpw hm Xncp-\-_n(-k)sb
kao- ] n- m- d p- - m - b n- c p- p. A_vZp- mln _v\p akv- D uZv(d) ]d- b pp:
""hniz-kn-p-Ibpw hnizm-ks t{Zml-tmSv Iem-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw
sNp--Xmtcm AhmWv c.'' (A A-Bw:82).
ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn (t{Zmlw)
F {]tbmKw P\--fn Bi-bpw a\-{]-bm-khpw hcp-n. Ah

\_nsbkao]n
- vtNmZnp:
-

"R-fnt{Zmlhp- a mbn _- s - S m- - h - c p- - v .'' \_n(- k ) ]d- p:

I
" mc- yw

\n hnNm-cn-p-Xv t]mse-b-, \h\mb ASna (ep-Jvam-\p

low) ]d- Xv \n tIn- n- t , Xo Am- l p- h n- t \mSv ]v
tN h- a mb t{Zml- a m- W v '' (ep- J vam:13). kml- N - c ym- \ p- k rX
k - { ]- I m- c - a m- b n- c pp \_n(- k ) \S- nb Jp- B - \ nI hni- I - e \-fJne-hpw. DJv_p _v\p Ban(-d) ]d-bpp: ""\_n(-k) andn Ibdn ]dp:

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

CkvemanI Bib kqo-I-c-W-ns km[q-I-cWw Ncn{X ]c-ambn cq]-s-Sp-p--Xm-bn-cpp hymJym\ ZuXy-ns ]Ics-Sp--ep-I-fn-eqsS kzlm-_n-Iv tijw Xm_n-D-I hgnXpSv
t]m-Xv. kzlm-_-n hymJym\ {]i-kvX-cmb {]tXyI kwLapXp t]mse kzlm-_-n \nv hnhcw t\Snb Xm_n-D-I-fn-ep-ap- v . Jp- B - \ nI hymJym- \ - ns amXrIm ]nXm- - f mb kzlm- _ -

ns Ah- e w- _ Xs- b m- b n- c pp "CPvXn- l m- Z n'epw Kth- j W- nepw Ah- t cmfw (kz- l m- _ - v) kmayw Ah- I m- i - s - S m- h X- s - n t]mepw Xm_n- D - I pw Imem- \ p- k r- X - a mbn h AhcpsS XpS- mpw (Xm- _ n- D - X m- _ n- D - I ) D- m - b n- c p- - X v. JpBs bYm hnh-c-W-ns aqeIw Inm-\p hgn Ch-sbmp
am{X-am-sWp kmcw.
dkq(-k)- hn-ti-jn-n \-bpsS aqv Ime-L--n-eq-sS-bmWv
Ch Ignv t]mbsXXv hyJym- \ - n\v ampw _ehpw Iqpp- v . Xm_n- D - I apX- e p Ime- mmWv Hcp ]s X^vko
sNp- - X n IqSp- X ]Wn- s - t S- n hXpw At\z- j WK- t h- j W
k]- c y- b n apgp- t I- n h- X pw. A DkvXmZv apl- Zv lpssk
Al_n hnJym-X-amb Xs "A-^vkodp h ap^-n-dq' F
{K-n tcJ-s-Sp-p-p: ""Xm_n-D-I X^v-ko sNp--Xn\v
Ahew-_n-Xv Jp-B kzbw \S-p-Xpw Xncp-ta-\n(-k)-bn \nv kzlm- _ n\v e`n- Xpw kzlm- _ v kzw \S- n- b - X p- a mb
hnhc-W--fm-bn-cp-p. Alvep InXm_p(b-lq-Zv--\-kzm-d)-I-fn\nv
Ah- c psS {K- nse(CoXu- d mv) am- s - S m- - s Xv Jn-Xamb hni-I-e-\-fpw Ahv Amlp Xpd-n Kth-j-W-CPvXn-lm-Zns Ign-hp-am-bn-cpp D]cn kqNnX D]m-b-smw
Xm_C\v klm-b-I-am-b-Xv. \_n(-k)-bn-tepw kzlm-_-n-tepw
sNs-m Xm_n-D-I kzw \S-nb CPvXn-lm-Zns [mcmfw
X^vkoco ^e- \apv e`y- a m- b n- p- - v . \_n(- k )- b n \npw
kzlm_- n \npw X^vko- d mbn hh Jp- B s kq
hniI-e-\-n\v ]Icw As ka-Im-en-Iv {Kmly {]Xn-knbpXv am{X-am-bn-cp-p. ]s Xncn-\-_n(-k)--kzm-lm-_-bpsS B
Imew t]mbXpw Hcp-]mSv Ahy--X-Ifpw Zp{Km-ly-X-Ifpw hXpw
Hw Fv ]d- b mw. Imem- \ p- _ - - a mb a\- n- e m- - e p- I - f nse Cu
amhpw AI- e hpw CsXms \nI- n- s m- - p Jp- B - \ nI hniIe-n\v Xm_n-D-Isf AXym-h-iysSpn. Ahy--X-I-fpsS h\-hn-s\mv Ah-cpsS hymJym-\-ns ]cpw Bghpw hnim-e-sp. As\ Xm_n-D-I-fpsS tij-m-cn-eqsS Jp-B-\nI hni-I-e-\n\v kq-X -Xs ssIh-p. CXn-s\ms Ah-v Ah-ew_hpw B{i-bhpambXv Ad-_n- `mjssieo-cw-Ks {]mho-Wyhpw
Jp-Bs Ah-Xo ]m--e-hp-ambn _-sv Ah-cpsS ]ep lZokpIfpw ap Kth- j W{Km- l y- a m- [ y- a - - f p- a m- b n- c p- p .
Hmw \qm- - n s Ah- k m\ L- n CkvemanI km{am-

130

131

Cn- p- - h v \Ip HuZm- c y- a m- I - b m Amlphpw Ahcpw

Xnse Xr]vXn, Ncn{X]c-amb A\p-Iqe km[y-X-bm-Ip-tm kzlm_n\v ssIh {Kl-W--Nn-m-ti-jnbpw inbpw hymJym\n\v kuI-cyhpw kpJhpw ]Ip-sh-Xv kphy-w. A{]-Imcw
]q kap-Zm-b-fpw {]hm-N-Icpw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn hnj-bo-`-hn--sSp CoXu- d m- ns\ Ah- e w- _ n- epw apv AlvepInXm_ns ]nXcpw Ckvemw Bt-jn--h-cp-amb A_vZp-m-ln_v\p
kemw (d), IAv_p_v\p Alv_m(d) Fn-h-cpsS kw`h hnh-cW- a\- n- e m- epw hymJym\ hgnv XpW- b m- b n- p- - v . ""AlvepInXm- _ pIsf \n hmkvXho- I - c np- I tbm If- h m- p- I tbm sNt - X n '' (^-Xvlp _mcn: 8/120) F \_n hN\w kzlm-_ns At-b-s AXn-{i-bpw kqva-Xbpw hcp-pI hgn amncp--ep-Iv hnt[-b-am-Im--sXv ktl tei-at\y hyambXv am{X- a m- b n- c pp Ah kzoI- c n- n- c p- sXv Iqn- h m- b n- t - Xp--v.
b{- - k m- t - X nI ]ptcmKXnI Duln- m t]mep- a m- h m
B Imev kzlm- _ - ns hymJym- \ - tcJm- ] - c - a mb kamlmcam-hm-Xv ]pdw temIv AXns kuIcy hmb-\v XSw
hcpn-sb-nepw ]no-SXv ]cn-l-cn--s-p. Av kzlm-_-ns
Jp- B - \ nI hymJym\w tij- m kam- l - c n- n- p- - v . kzlm- _ - ns
X^vko tiJcw Hcp-anp Iqm {ian {]Ya ]WvUn-X "Jmaqkv
aploXn'bpsS cN-bn-Xm-hmb "apP-nZpo- ss^dqkv B_mZn' (h^:
ln: 817)bmbn- c pp. "Xho- d p anJvbmkv an X^vkocn C_v\p
Amkv' F t]cn C_v\p Am-kv(-d)-s X^vko-dmWv Atlw tiJ-cnv {K-s-Sp-n-b-Xv. ss^dq-knv tijw Hcp ]w Cu
cwKw ^e- s - S pn, A_vZp- m- l n_v\p akv- D u- Z v(- d ) s X^vko
tiJcn "DkvXmZv apl-Zv AlvaZv Cuk-hn'sbtmse, ]ns {]apJ ]WvUn- X A_q A_vZn A_q kCuZv \S- nb Bbni
_ohn(- d )- b psS X^vko kam- l - c W {ia- h pw...

kzlm- _ n- I v tijw

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

Py- v AXn- h ym- ] - \ hpw AXn- h n- i m- e - X bpw ssIh- Xv kzw

Adn-hp-ambn Hmtcm \mSv tI{oI-cn-p kmcw kzlm-_-n\v
Hgnp IqSm-\m-hm Imcy-ambn amn. Ah-cn \nv Adnhv \pIv
Hcp]mSv Xm_nCu injy-m P-sa-Sp-p. XpSv nXn-sb-pXv, hymJym\ hnm-\o-b--fpsS \nc-h[n ]mTime-I-fpsS ]nd-hnbnem-Wv. AhnsSbmWv a, aZo-\, Cdm-Jv, imw, CuPn]vXv, ba Fo
{]tZ-i- Jp-B-\nI hymJym-\-ns Ncn{X]c-amb ZuXy ssIam---fpsS ]mc-cyw XpSn-p ]pWy-\n-e-ambn amdp-Xv.
a- b n C_v\p Amkpw(d), aZo- \ - b n D_- p_v\p
IAv_pw(-d), Cdm-Jn A_vZp-m-ln_v\p akv-Du-Zpw(-d), iman A_p-ZZm-C Akzm-cn(-d)bpw Xao-ap-m-cn(d)bpw, CuPn-]vXn A_vZpm-ln_v\p Awdp_v\p Bkzpw(d) ba-\n apB-Zp_v\p P_-epw(d)
A_q aqk Aiv-A-cn-bpw(-d) \S-nb ]mT-im-e-I-fn-eqsS Jp-B
lZokvap CkvemanI hnm-\o-b- ]Tnv ]nX {]`p-fmIm \nc-h[n t]v `mKy-ap--m-bn. Ah-cn {]kn-cpw Xmcy-Xtay\ AwKo-I-cn--s-Sp--hcpambn-cp-p kCu-Zp_v\p Ppss_(-d) (h^m:ln:95), apPm-ln-Zp_v\p Pm(-d)(-h^m:ln:104), CIvdna--x auem
C_v\p Am-kv(-d)(h^m:ln:104), XzmDukp _v\p ssJk-\n, bam\n(- d )(- h ^m:ln:106), AXzm- D _v\p A_o d_m- l v(- d )(- h ^m:ln:114),
akvdqJv_v\p APvZ-C Iq^n(-d) (-h^m:ln:63), AkvhZv_v\p bkoZv(-d)(-h^m:ln:79), AJv_v\p ssJkv(-d)(-h^m:ln:63), Ban iAv_n(d)(- h ^m:ln:117), A_q kCu- Z n lk- \ p _kz- c n(- d )(- h ^m:
ln:110), sskZp_v\p AZ-hn aZ-\n(-d)(-h^m:ln:136), A_vZpd-lvam\p_v\p sskZv(- d )(- h ^m:ln:182), amenIv _v\p A\- k v(- d )(- h ^m:
ln:179), A_vZp- mln _v\p hl- _ v(- d )(h^m:ln:197) apXem- b - h .
Ch-cn apkvenw temIv Gsd ]cn-K-W-\o-b-cmb ]n-X-cmbn-cpp a-bnse Kpcp hcy C_v\p Am-kv(-d)-s injy-mcmb
CIvcnax auem C_v\p Am-kv(-d), apPm-ln-Zv(-d), AXzm-Av C_v\p
A_o d_m-lv(d), XzmDu-kv(-d), A_p AvkmAv(d), kCuZv _v\p
Ppss_(-d) XpS-n-b-hcpw Iq^-bnse Kpcp A_vZpmln _v\p akvDuZv(-d)s injy-m-cpw. sskZp _v\p Akvean(-d)sb t]mep aZo\- mcpw XssY- h . Ch, X- f psS tij- mv Fm- e sbpw
temIs am\pj {]iv\ ]cn- l m- c - n- \ p- X Ip- p hymJym\
hnm\o- b - - f psS kmizX- a mb J\n {]]- - A\c- a mbn
\Inb temtIm- c {]i- k vXcmb al- p- - f mWv.
kzlm- _ - ns tij- m- c psS X^vko- d p- I Ah- e w- ` n- p-

- X n ]WvUn- X m `n `mjn- I - f m- W v. Hcp kwLw ]d- b p- Xv,

""AXv kzoImcytbmKy-a. ImcWw, kq--fpsS Ah-Xo ]mX-epw As Npp-]m-Sp-Ipw kmn-bm-Im-Xv Ahcn ]nghv hcp- m- \ n- S - b p- - v .'' Fm _lp-`q-cn-]w hcp ap
]nX ]d-bp-Xv, ""AXv kzoImcytbmKyhpw ]cnK-W-\o-b-hpamWv. ImcWw, Ah-cpsS hnhcw A[n-Ihpw kzlm-_-n \nv t\cn tI-dn--Xs{X.'' DZm-l-c-W-ambn C_v\p Am-kv(-d)s injy\mb Camw apPm-lnZv(d)s D-cWn: At-lw ]d-bpp: ""C_v\p
Amkv(-d)-s\ aqv XhW Rm HmXn-tIn-p. Hmtcm Bbv
Ah-km-\n-p-tmgpw ]mcm-bWw \nn Ahsb Ipdnv At-ltmSv Rm tNmZnpw.'' Cdm- J nse A_vZp- m- l n_v\p akv- D uZn
(d)s injy-\mb Jm-Z_v\p A-Zq-kn(d)bpsS hmpw CXns
kmy-am-Wv. ""JpB-\nse Hcp Bb-ns\ Ipdnpw Rm kzlm_n \nv tIm-Xn-cp-n-n-.'' {]apJ Jp-B ]n-X-\mb
tUm:apl-Zv lpssk-\p--l_n(d) Xs "A-^vkodp h ap-^odq' F {K-n tcJ-s-Sp-pp: ""kzm`n-{]m-b-n\p ]gpXnmnS- f n Xm_n- D - I AlvepInXm- _ n \npcn- n- s v
]q t_m[y- a p- h kzoI- c n- m- h p- Xpw Am ]w \ncm- I cn- t - - X p- a m- W v. C\n Xm_n- D - I Htc A`n- { ]m- b - n GtIm- ] nXam-sW-n AXv kzoI-cn- \apv \n_--hp-am-Wv.''
Dahn `c- W - ns Ah- k m- \ - nepw Amkn `c- W - ns
BZy-n-ep-am-bmWv Jp-B-\nI hymJym-\-v t{ImUo-IrX cq]w
ssIh- c p- Xv. {]m_- e yhpw sshhn[y imJ- I fpw D- m - h p- - X n- e qsS
lZokv hnm- \ o- b - - f psS kph Ime- L - - a mb Av ]s,
Jp- B s BZy- - A - h - k m\ hymJym\ t{ImUo- I - c W {iahpw cq]s- S p- - e p- I fpw D- m - b n- c p- n. CXv X^vko t{ImUo- I - c - W - ns
{]Ya L- a m- b mWv ]cn- K - W n- - s - S p- - X v. A\- cw bko- Z p_v\p
lmdq-\p--e-an(-h^:ln:117), ipAv_p-_v\p lm-Pv(-h^:ln:61),
h- I o- A v_v\p Pdm- l v (- h ^:ln:205), A_vZp- d - k m- J v_v\p- l- a mw(h^:ln:211), Al-Zv_v\p A_o- C-bm-kv (-h^:ln:220), A_vZp_v\p lao- Z v(- h ^:ln:249) ap- X - e m- b - h - c psS {ia- m Ah- c psS ImemWv lZokv t{ImUo-I-c-W-tm-sSm--am-sW-nepw \_n (k) Xfntepw kzlm- _ - - X m- _ n- D - I - f n- t epw sNs- p Jp- B - \ nI
hymJym- \ - - f psS t{ImUo- I - c - W - ns c- m w L- n\v XpSw
Ipdn-p--Xv. lZokv ]WvUn-Xam-cmb Ch X^vko-dns Cam-ao- f mb X- f psS ]qo- I - c n \nv Jp- B - \ nI hymJym- \ - a mbn

132

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ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

h lZo-kp-I-sfmw kzcq-]nv ]c-c klnXw tcJ-s-Sp-n-sbnepw Acw lZo- k - \ p- k rX hymJym- \ - Cv \apv e`y- a - .
hymJym\ cq]-v IqSp-X Imcy--ahpw {]m[m-\y-hp-ap
kzX{ coXn-bm-bn-cpp c-mw Lw Ah-km-\n--tXmsS cq]w hXv. Jp-B-\nI hni-I-e-\--fn {]tXyIw {in-v, AXv am{XsSpn {K cq]-n-em-nb t{ImUo-I-c-W-am-bn-cpp AXv. \_n(k)- k z- l m- _ - v- - X m- _ n- D - I - f nse Jp- B - \ nI hnh- c - W hpw Xm_n- D - X m_nD-I-fn \nv JWvUn-X-am-b-Xn-s\bpw Dsm--em-bn-cpp Cu
t{ImUo-I-c-W-ns ssienbpw am\-Z-WvU-hpw. Cu cwKs tkh\ ]c-X-bn hnkva-c-Wob \ma--fm-Wv C_v\pam-Px(-d)(h^:ln:273),
C_v\p Pco- d p- X z_vcn(d)(h^:ln:31), A_q- _ - dp_v\p apZn
Ass- k m- _ qcn (d)(h^:ln:318), C_v\p A_o lmXnw(- d )(- h ^:
ln:405), A_q- _ - - d p_v\p apZ- s sh- l n(- d )(- h ^:ln:41) apX- e m- b - h cp-tS-Xv.
JpB hymJym\ns aqmw L- a mb Cu Imev
X^vko-dp-I apgp-h\pw "aAvkqdmb' coXn AS--n-b-Xm-bn-cp-p. Fm Camw Xz_vcnbpsS "Pman-D _bm' aAvkq am{Xw DsImp--X-. hymJym-\-n \nv \nth-ZI ]c--c-I(-k-\-Zv) Ahyam-bn XpS-n-b-nSm-Wv hymJym\-ns \memw L-ns XpSw. \nthZI ]c--c-I IqSmsX hymJym-\- Cm-ev hncNnX-asbv kmcw. k\-Zp-I hnp-I-f-Xv ImcWw Htsd sIn--ap- m - n- b (- a ufqAv)l- Z o- k p- I X^vkodv {K- - f n ISv IqSpIbpw sNbvX-Xv, {Iam-\p-kmcw {]_-ehpw _e-lo-\-hp-amb lZo-kpIfpsS Xcn-bm-bva-bn ]WvUnXtem-Is sN-n-p. Ccw {K ]cn- t im- [ \ \Snb ]nKm- a n- I - f mb hymJym- X - ]ecpw
AXnse apgp-h kzlo-lm-sWv [cnv hnth-N\ t`Z-at\y XfpsS X^vko-dp-I-fn tNp-sh--Xn ]eXpw "C{km-Cueo' \nthZ\--fm-bn-cp--Xn-\m X^vko {K--fnse C{km-Cueo IY-IfpsS ISp Ib--n\v CXv Imc-W-am-bn.
Cm- e s hymJym- X m- Hcp Bb- ns hymJym- \ - a m- b ns "Juep-I' [mcmfw {K--fn Ds-Sp-n-sb-nepw Chsbms ASn-m-\-ap--h-bm-sW [mc-W-bmWv ]e-tcbpw AXns kzoIm- c y- X bpw _ehpw ]cn- K - W n- m- - m - n- b - X v. kqd- p ^mnl-bn {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ap Am-lp-hns tZjy-nv ]m{Xo-`-hnhcpw hgn ]ng--hcpw Bb-h Bcm-sW--Xn ]tmfw A`n{]mb D-cn--s-Xv Cn-[-am-Wv. CXn\v ]t, \kzm-dmfpw blq134

Zn-I-fpam--sW \_n(k) hni-I-e-\-ap-v Xm\pw. Ckv-emanI hnm\ob hnim-e-X-bpsS tIfnbpw ]pIpw s]p-b Amkn Jnem^ns XpSw Xs-bm-bn-cpp Nnm-]-c-X-bp-sSbpw hnth-I- hymbma-n-sbpw A`n-{]mb ssh]p-yhpw Adn-hns Bghpw ]I
hnhn[ coXn-I-fn-emb Jp-B-\nI hymJym-\- cq]-s-Sp--Xv. sshm\nI temIv {]I-S-amb hnim-e-Xbpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw A\p_--ambn DS-se-Sp imtJm-]-im-J-Ifpw Jp-B-\nI hymJym-\nI
cwKv A`n-{]mb hyXymk Df-hm-n-sb-Xv Ncn{X kXy-amWv.
bpn hnizm- k - nse XfpsS ]q- p - ] n- S pw GtIm- ] n- X sSp-nb apAvXkn-ep-I-fpsS bpym-\p-kmc hmZ-hp-am-bp {]th-i\- n\pw AXns\ sNdp- m hynam{Xbpn- pdw {]am- W bpn- b p- a mbn cwKw h CkvemanI hnizmk {]m- \ - pw
(Aiv- A - c n- - a m- X p- c o- Z n)- km- n- b m- h p Cu Imew XXz- N n- sbbpw
hnizmk imkv{Xsbpw ap sshm-\nI kmt-Xn-I-Xz--sfbpw
Ah-ew-_n "dAvb'Sn-m\ Jp-B-\nI hymJym-\-v IqSn kmnbm-bn. "dpam-\n'-bp-sSbpw "Pp_m-bn'bp-sSbpw Jmfn A_vZp Pmdn\pw dAvb\p- k rX hnIe hymJym- \ - - f p- s - nepw icn- b mb
kXyk- - a m- b - X p- a p- - v . bpn- a m{X hnizmk hmZ- - f nse Abp- nIX hy-am-p "apJvX-k' F 500 hmfy--fp Camw A_qlk- \ n AivAcn(- d )- b psS Jp- B hymJym- \ hpw ^Jvdp- o- \ p- d mkn(-d)-bpsS "X^vko-dp I_odpw' CXn s]Sp NneXv am{X-amWv.

hymJym-Xm-hn\v th-Xv
hymJym- X m- h n\v ImeXp- S - b n- e mbn ]cn- K - W n- - s - S p ASnm\]chpw kzm`m- h n- I - h p- a mb hnhn[ hnm\ imJ- I - f p- - v .
AXn {]mho- W yhpw ]cn- m- \ hpw D- m - I pIsb- X mWv AhcpsS \n_--\. Ah Xmsg tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
1Cap- p- K mv(`m- j m- i m- k v{Xw): hnip Jp- B Ad- _ nbn-em-sW-n-cns hymJym-Xm-hns B `mj-bnse Ah-Kmlw Hgnp
IqSm-\m-hm--Xm-Wv. adn-m-sW-n Jp-B-\nI ]Z--fpsS Aw
{Kln-mt\m GXv m\-m-W-Xns D]-tbm-K-sa--dn-bmt\m Ignbn-. C_v\p Am-kv(-d)-s injy-{]m[m-\n-bmb apPm-ln-Zv(-d) ]dbpp: ""Am- l p- h nepw Ay- Z n- \ - nepw hnizm- k - a n- p
Hcmpw Ad_n `mj-b-dn-bmsX hnip Jp-B-s\-p-dnv kwkmcn- hntcm- [ n- - X m- W v.''
2Capz^v(]- t Zm]- n- i m- k v{Xw): {Inbm- [ mXp (akzvZ) a\-n-em-mhp hgn-bm-Wn-Xv. {Inb-bp-sSbpw [mXp-hn-sbpw
135

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

cq]w Adn-bp--Xnv CXv klm-b-I-am-hp-p. DZm-lcWw: "d-A' F

]Zs hni- I - e - \ - s - S p- p- t m hyXy- - - f mb {Inbm[mXpfpw XZ- \ p- k m- c - a p Ahpw AXn\v Is- - mw. "dA' FXv
"dAvbv' F [mXp- h n \nm- h p- t m A`n- { ]m- b w, kma- yw
Fpw "cnAvbv' F-Xn \nm-Ip-tm IuXpI ImgvN Fpw
"dpAvbv' Fv [mXp hcp-tm Nn, ImgvN Fmbpw "dpAv-b'
F [mXp-hn \nm-Ip-tm kz]v\w F An-epw hcpw.
Camw ka-Jvi-cn(-d) ]d-bpp: ""kqdv Ckvdm-Cu-ense ""C\n B
Zn\w HtmpI, Av Hmtcm a\pjy hn`m-K-tbpw Ah-cpsS
t\Xm- h n- t \m- s Smw \mw hnfn- pw'' F- w hcp Bb- ns
X^vko-dn "Camw' FXv "Dv' F-Xns _lp-h-N-\-ambn k]nv a\p-jy-cn \np Hmtcm hn`m-K-tbpw Ay Zn\-n
Ah-cpsS amXm--tfm-sSm-w(-]n-Xm-sf IqSm-sX) hnfn--s-Spw, F Nne hymJym- X m- - f psS hymJym\w "Cap- k z^n'se Ah- c psS
AX hy- a m- p- - X m- W v. ImcWw "Camw' FXv Hcn- epw
"Dv' FXns _lp-h-N-\-ambn hcn-.
3Cap- - l vhv(- h ym- I - c W imkv{Xw): Ad_n hymI- c - W nepw hymJym-Xm-hn\v Ah-Kmlw th-pthmfw thWw.- Im-cWw ]Zv "CAvdm_v' (- ] - Z m- y- t `- Z w)- A \p- k - c nv A- - f n hcp
hnXymkw CXp hgntb Adn-bq. -DZm: ""Amlp apivcnpIsf sXmv
Hgn-hm-b-h-\m-Wv, -A-hs ZqX\pw An[w Xs.'' ChnsS "dkqeplp' Fn-Sv "d^v-C'p (D-Im-cw) ]Icw "Pdm'n (-C-Im-cw)- Hcm
HmXn-bm dkq-en \npw amdp-s kmc-amb Aam-neqsS
kXy-\n-tj-[-n B]-Xn-m hsc CXv DX-Ipw.
4Cap- C- i vXnJmJv (- ] - Z - h yq]- n- i m- k v{Xw): Jp- B
hymJym- \ - n\v AXym- h - i y- a mb hnm\ imJ- b m- W n- X v. c- v hyXykvX [mXp--fn \nv ]nSn-s-Sp--s Htc \ma-v [mXp-fpsS hyXym-k-a-\p-k-cnv Ahpw hyXym-k-s-Sp-p. "dak' F
]Zw ({]tNm-Z\w \IpI) Fw hcp "dwkm' F- [mXphn \ntm, AtXm "cnam-kv' (_pn-am-\m-hpI) F-w hcp
[mXp-hn \ntm Fv hy-am-IWsan ]Z-hyp-]n imkv{Xn aXn-bmb Ignhv AXym-hiyw Xs.
5Cap _emK (km-lnXy imkv{Xw): Bi- b - ^esSp- p cq]- n ]Z- L - S - \ - b psS {]tXy- I X {Kln- m DX- I p
"Cap aB\n' (A imkv{Xw)bpw Htc Bibw hnhn[ cq]n {]Xn- ] m- Z n- m\pw XZ- h - k - c - nse hmN- I - - f psS hy-

XAhy- - X bpw LS- \ bpw sshin- j vSyhpw a\- n- e m- m klmbn- p "Cap _bm\pw' (hni- I - e \ imkv{Xw) hmN- I - - f psS
Be-mcnI-X-I a\-n-em-m-\m-Ip "Cap _ZoAv' (A-e-mc
imkv{Xw) Dw Dsm-p "Cap _em-K-'bnse ]cn-m-\neqsS am{X-amWv Jp-Bs hmNnI {]tbm-K-ns kmlnXobA cq]- hy-am-Iq.
6CapPvhoZv (D-m-cW imkv{Xw): ]Z--fpsS Ahpw
Bi-b--fpsS Dt-iyhpw btYm-NnXw {Kln-m hmN-I- F{]Imcw Dcn- W - s a Cu imkv{X ]cn- m\w AXym- h iyw.
7Cap Dkq- e no (a- X - aq- e - { ]- a m- W - - f nse Adn- h v): Amlp-hns \n_-hpw kw`-hyhpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-hp-amb hnti-j-W CXn-eqsS Hcp hymJym-Xm-hn\v t_m[y-s-Sp-p. aX-ns ASnm- \ - ] - c hpw imJm- ] - c hpw hnizm- k - - I ]chpw IqSnbmb Imcy CXn DtN-cp-p.
8Cap - D - k q- e n ^nJvlv(I \nba \nZm\ imkv{Xw):
aX- \ n- b - a - - f psS sXfn- s h- S pv Fn- [ - a m- s Wpw Jp- B - - k pn \nv Imcy- ]nSn-s-p coXn GsXpw CXp hgn {Kln- s - S p- p.
9Cap-k-_-_p-p-kq (A-h-X-cW ]mm-e imkv{Xw):
Ah-X-cW ]mm-X-ehpw A\p-_ Ncn-{Xhpw Adn-bp-Xv C{kmCueo ssII- S - - e p- I - f - S - - a p kXy- - a nYy hnth- N - \ - n\pw kqtmtiy t_m[y- n\pw hymJym- X m- h n\v klm- b - I - a m- h p- p.
10\mkn- J v- - a kqJv kw_- n Adnhv: CXns t_m[ym`mhw hymJym- X m- h ns\ henb {Kmly- n- g - h n- s e- n- pw.
11Cap ^nJvlv(I imkv{X m\w): I imkv{X
]WvUn-Xam-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-fpw AXn\v Ah Dt]m_-e-I-ambn
FSp sXfn- h p- I fpw hymJym\hrnv th- X p Xs.
12Cap lZokv(l- Z okv hnm\w): Jp- B s Hmw
hymJym- \ - a mbn Amlp Xs \n- b n lZokv hnm- \ o- b - fn Ah- K mlw D- m - h - W w.
13Cap auln_(A- X o- { nb m\w): Am- l p- h ns\
bYm-hn[n Adnv Xh-pepw (Cem-ln-te-p k ka-Ww)
XJvhbpw (C-emlo `n) PohnX am\-Z-WvU-am-pI hgn e`n-p
Cemlo t_m[-\hpw hymJym-\-ns kq-Xv Bh-iy-amIpp.
JpB hymJym\ ]n-Xam {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn kzoImcy- a m- n- b Xv aqv hymJym\ coXn- I - f - m - W v. Hv: X^vko- d p _n
aAvkq (Jp- B l- Z o- k v- - k z- l m_n hN\w Fnh sIm- p

136

137

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

hymJym- \ w). c- v : X^vko- d p _nd- A vbv (D]cnkqNnX D]mbsmw K-th-jW ]cn-{i-a-n-eq-sS-bp hymJym-\w). aqv: X^vkodp _nCimcn (Cemlo t_m[\w hgnbp hymJym\w).
1- X^vko- d p _n aAvkq: Cemlo Xm]- c y- hni- Z am- p Jp- B s Xstbm lZo- k n- s tbm kzlm- _ - - X m- _ n- A v
hN- \ - n- s tbm B[m- c - s - S p- - e p- I hgn- b p hymJym- \ - a m- W nXv. Ch ]c-kv]cw Hgnv IqSm-\m-hm ]qc-I--fm-Wv. Jp-B-\nI
hN\w sIm- v Xs- b p hymJym- \ - a mWv BZy- t - X v. Jp- B - \ n
]e hn[- n Hcp kqw asmcp kq- ns hymJym- \ - a mbn
hcpp--v.
kqd- p ^mn- l - b nse
""R-sf sNmmb am-n \o Dd-nv \nt-W-ta, \o
A\p- { Kln- - h - c psS am- n. \ns tIm]- n\v ]m{Xo- ` - h n- - h cpsSbpw hgn ]ng--h-cpsSbpw am-n-e-'' F-Xn\v hnh-c-W-ambmWv kq-dpnkm-Cse 69mw Bb-v-

-A-m-lp-hns\bpw Ahs dkqens\bpw A\p-k-cn-p-Xmtcm (A-h) Amlp A\p-{K-ln \_n-am, kno-Jp-I, iplZm, kzmen-lo- Fn-h-tcm-sSm--am-Wv. kq.- X zm- c n- J nse c- m w
kqw

A-h c-p t]cpw (-BZw \_n(-A), lm _ohn (-d) RfpsS

\mYm, Rfv R-tfmSv Xs A{Iaw {]h-n-n-cn-p-p. Rv \o s]mdpv Xcn-Ibpw \ns A\p-{Klw R-fn hjnpIbpw sNbvXn-n-s-n Rfv ]cm-Pn-X-cn s]pt]mhpw Xo.
hymJym\w lZokv B[m- c - s - S p- n- b mWv c- m - a - t - X v: JpBs\ \apv hni-Zo-I-cnp XXv Xncp-\-_n(-k) BsWv JpB
Xs kphy--am-p-p. C_v\p ap_m-dv (d) Cwdm-\p_v\p lpssk\n(-d) \nv C{]-Imcw D-cn-p-p: Hcm-tfmSv Atlw ]dp: \o ]ca hnUvVn Xs, fpl \mep dIv-A-m-sWpw AXn D- n HmXm ]mSn- s pw Jp- B - \ n \n\v Is- - m
Ign-bptam. XpSv \nkvImcw, kImv apX-emb Imcy-sf Ipdnsmw Atlw Fn. Chsb Ipdn hniw-Zmw-i- Jp-B-\n \o
I s - - n - n - p - t - m.
Jp- B - \ nse, Bi- b - h yw- K yX hXv \_n(- k )- h - N - \ - - f n- e q- s SbmWv hy-am-Ip--Xv. Camw AlvaZv l(-d)]d-bpp: Xncp-kpv hnip Jp-Bs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Ibpw hy-am-p-Ibpw sNp-p (A-Avemap apl-n-ko-: 9)-. \-_n (-k)- X--fpsS Iw,
samgn, kXw Fn-h-bn-eqsSbmWv Cu hymJym\w cq]-s-Sp--Xv.
\nkvIm-cw, kIm-v, lv Fnh kw_-n I]-\-I JpB\n- e p- s - nepw AXns dIvBvhJvXpIfpw IWns\]nbpw Icq]hpw t_m[yambXv \_n(k)XfneqsSbmWv.

AzmcnJv Fmsem-sWp \n-

v Adnhp \In- b - s Xv F- X n\v AtX Aym- b - nse

aqmw kqw hnh-c-W-am-Ip-p.

(-A-Xv)Xp-fp sNp-

Hcp \-{X-am-Ip-p.
C{]-Imcw Xs-bm-Wv A _J-d-bnse 37mw kqhpw.
BZw(A) Xs dn \nv Nne hN-\- kzoI-cn-p. As\
At-ln-s Xu_ Amlp kzoI-cn-p. Ah Gsd ]m-m]w
kzoI-cn-p--h\pw Imcp-Wy-hm-\p-am-Wv. CXn\v hnh-c-W-am-Ip-XmWv A AAv-dm^v kqd-bnse 23mw kq-w.

138

Hm hnizknhtc, \nfpsS apXepI \njn amneqsS

]ckv]cw `nmXncnpI. AXv D`b kXtm-sSbp {Ibhn{IbambncnWw FXv Hcp apkvenans [\w Ahs Xr]vXn
IqSmsX Hcmpw A\phZ\oba F \ _ n h N \ w s I m - v
kphyamsp (XmcoJv X^vko h ap^n- c o: 5659).
kzlm_Xm_nCu hN\neqsSbp hymJym\w: kqdpnkmCse 3mw kqns

139

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

s]mcp Bbni _ohn(d)tbmSv Xs ktlmZcn ]p{X DXp_v\p

kpss_(d) hniZoIcnp ]dp: Fs ktlmZcn ]p{Xm, ChnsS
]cmain A\mY Ah-fpsS hen-ns kwc--W-n-ep--hfpw
Ahs [\-n ]mfnbpam-b-h-fm-Wv. Ah-fpsS [\hpw `wKnbpw
Ahs\ hnkva- b n- n- p- I bpw Ahv \tI- al- d n \oXn sNm IgnbmsX ap--hv \Ip-Xv t]mse-bp-Xpw Ahp \In Ahsf hnhmlw sNm Dt-in-m AXv A\p-h-Zn-sSp-I-bn-, Ah-cn \oXn \S-m-m Ign-m-em-sX. As\
\oXn-sN-m Ign-bm--h-tcmSv bo-ap-I-f-m--h-cn \nv Ahn-jvS-ap kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNm I]n--s-Sp-p. (kzlolp _qJm-cn, JnXm-_p--^vko (-kq-d-p-n-km-Av)

\nbambpw BImifpw `qanbpw HntXmbncpp. Fnv AXns\ \mw thsSppIbpw Pen \nv Fm Poh\p km[\sbpw D- m pIbpw sNbvXpshXv AhnizmknI
Adnbpntbm? CXn\v hniZoIcWw Bcm hyntbmSv C_v\p Amkv(d) ]dXv, BImiw BZyw ag hjnmXmbncpp. `qan (kky-sf) apfnncpn. ]noSv Amlp BImis
ag sIm- p w `qansb kkyeXmZnI sIm- p w [\yamn
2X^vkodpw _ndAvbv: ta ]cmar am IqSmsX KthjW]cythjWfneqsS JpB\ns\ hymJym\np coXnbmWnXv. \_n Xncpta\n(k)bn \ntm kzlm_mfn \ntm
kXykhpw {]_ehpamb hgnIfneqsS Xm_nDIfn \ntm
e`yamIp JpB\nI hnm\ob ASnm\s- S pn XsbmWv Cu KthjWhpw \SpXv. ChnsS C_v\p ssXansb
t]mse CPvXnlmZns km[yX Xs \ntj[np- h cps- nepw
CPvXnlmZv kXyw Fnphv c- v {]X^e- h pw ]nghp kw`hnphv Hcp {]Xn^ehpw e`npXmsW- (_pJmcn, apkvenw) \_nhN\w CXns km[pXbpw km[yXbpw hyampp- v . ]t, Cu hymJym\ coXnIsf kzbpn am{X- s SppXn\\pkcnv X^vko aZvaqw(Bt]ml hymJym\w) Fpw {]amWbpn hgnbpw ASnm\hpamp- XneqsS D- m IpXns\ X^vko awZqlv ({]iwk\ob hymJym\w) Fpw ]nXm ths]Spn
hyampp-v.
kqdp
^mnlbnse
140

FXn\v Ckvemw, JpB, Bcm[\m amw,

Amlphn\pw dkqen\pw hgnsS Fns\ hnhn[ hymJym\ \IsSpXv dAvbnmb hymJym\neqsSbmWv.
3X^vkodp Cimco: JpB\nI kqsf ASnm\sSpn kq^n ]cnipv shfnsSp BcnImneqsS
hymJym\np coXnbmWnXv. CXv A\phZ\obtam Atbm
FXns\ kw_n ]WvUnXmnSbnse `n `mjy
[mcmfamWv. Camw X^vXmkm\n Xs idln (idlp AJmCZ)
tcJsSppp: _mlym\pkrXambn hmpIsf hymJym\nm\mhns kao]\w ImcWw \ncoizc hmZnIsf (apemlnZ) Rm \nKqV XXzm\nI Fp hnfnpp, m\nIv am{Xw Adnbmhp ]e kqvamfpaps- v Ah hmZnpp. icoAns kq XnckvIcWamWv AhcpsS eyw.
Fm hmpI _mlymsf sIm-v hymJymXamhWsamWv aplJnJpIfpsS A`n{]mbw. IqsS, DnjvSmpw
kqvamibpanSbn kwtbmP\n- \ v Ignhp ]nXmv am{Xw {Klnmhp ]e \nKqVm-fpsS kqNIfpw
Ahbnep-v. Fm kq hnizmkw, sXfn m\w Fnhbn \nv Cu kwtbmP\w km[yamIq.
Cimco hymJymXmfn {]apJ\mb Camw ss\km_qcn
Xs JpB hymJym\n hyampp:
""\n Hcp ]iphns\ AdpWsav \nbambpw Amlp
Bm]nppshp aqk(A) Xs P\XtbmSv ]d k`w
(HmpI)'' (A _Jd: 67) FXn\v ]iphns\ AdpemWv
{]Xymsanepw AXns kqN\m- w a\ns arKobX
amm\pw AXp hgn BnI lrZbn\v (J_p dqlm\n) Poh
]Icm\mIpw, AXs{X henb t]mcmw.

{]apJ hymJym\
1PmanD _bm ^o X^vkodn JpB: \nehnse
enJnXhpw e`yhpamb BZy hymJym\amWnXv. CXns temI
{]mamWnIX AZznZobw Xs. JpBs\bpw lZokns\bpw ASnm\amnbpw kzlm_Xm_nDIfpsS hymJym\ Ahew_npw A`n{]mbmc hniIe\w sNbvXpw hfsc ka{KambXmWnXns cN\mcoXn. Camw Pemepo kpbqXzn (d)]dbp141

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

p.aplZv_v\p Pcodn(d)s X^vko hymIcWhpw Iimkv{X

akvAeIfpw hniIe\w sNpXpw hymJym\nse hyXykvXambh ]cmainptXmsSmw {]_eambh hyampIbpw sNp AXyw t{ijvShpw anIXpas{X. AXn\m kIe X^vkodpIfnepw apKW\blnpXmWnXv. X^vko kw_ambn
C_v\p Amkv (d)bn\nv Av hgnIfneqsS Dcns apgph ]ccIsfbpw C_v\pPco(d) Xs X^vkodn Ahew_nnp- v . 10,000 GSp- I - f nepw 30,000 ]pd- - f n- e p- a mbn Fgp- X - s Cu
{K-w _rlvmb apXv hmfy--f-S-n-b-Xm-Wv. Camw C_v\p Pco
(d)s injy- m \o- Ggp hj- sIm- m Wv CXv ]I- n
Fgp-Xn-b-Xs{X! aplZp _v\p Pco-dp_v\p bko-Zn\n Iko-dp-_v\p
Kmen-_p-Xzn_vcn(-d) (ln. 224--310) FmWv Camw Xz_vcnbpsS ]q\maw. im^nCu aZvl- _ vIm- c - \ mb alm\v apl- n- k o- - f n Bdmwm\o-b-\m-bn-mWv Camw l_n KWn-p-Xv, Camw \km-C-(d)bpsSbpw Camw Xnap- Z n(- d )bpsSbpw ]Z- h n- b mWv Xz_vcnp- - s Xv
Camw \h- h n(- d ). lZo- k v, ^nJvlv, hymIc- W w, ]mcm- b - W - i m- k v{Xw,
\oXnimkv{Xw, `uXnI imkv{Xw, KWnX imkv{Xw, sshZy imkv{Xw
XpSnb m\ taJ- e - I - f n hnim- c Z\pw lm^n- f p- a mb Camw
C_v\p Pco(- d ) Jp- B hymJym\ cwKv henb tkh- \ - a m- b ncpp sNbvX-Xv.
2a^m- X o- l p ssK_v(- X - ^ vko- d p I_o): CkvemanI
temIv hnime hnm- \ o- b - \ mb Camw ^Jvdpo- \ pdm- k n (d)
(ln:544-606) bptS-XmWo {Kw. Cu {K-ns apgp-h cN-\bpw
\n-ln-Xv Camw dmkn-bm-sW--Xn ]WvUn-Xam `nm-`n-{]mb-m-cm-Wv. C_v\p Jn-Im\pw(d) C_v\p JmZn iplv_bpw(d) dmknv CXv ]qo-I-cn-m Ign-n-n-sv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. (h^-bmp AAvbm: 2/267, iZ-dm-p--l_v: 5/21) ]t, BcmWv
]qo-I-cn--sX--Xnepw GXv hscbmWv Camw dmkn(d)bpsS hymJym\ap- m bsXXnepw ]WvUn- X am `nm- ` n- { ]m- b - m- c m- W v.
kqd-p An-bm-Av hsc-bm-sW-mWv an ]WvUn-Xcpw A`n{]mbs-Sp--Xv. {]apJ Jp-B ]WvUn-X lpssk-\p--l_n(d) Xs
A-^vkodp h ap^-n-dq-\n(1/293) tcJ-s-Sp-p-p: ""`nm-`n{]mb-ap Cu {]iv\s Rm Cs\ kwtbm-Pn-n-p-p. AYhm Camw dmkn(-d) kqd-p An-bm-Av hsc am{X-amWv hymJym\nn-cp--Xv. Cam-ans h^m-n\v tijw inlm-_p-o Ju_n(d) GsSp- s - nepw ]cn- k - a m- ] vXn- b n- s e- n- m\mhm- Xv ImcWw _mn

`mKw CuPn- ] vXp- I m- c - \ mb \Pvap- o Jaq- e n(- d )bmWv ]qo- I - c nXv (a-_m-lnkp ^o Deq-an JpB/am-D Jm :378,379)
Cu X^vko-dn-\p ]WvUnX temIs m\hpw kzoIm-cy-Xbpw
AZznZo- b - a m- W v. I imkv{Xw, ^nJvlo \oZm\ imkv{Xw, hymI- c Ww, kmln-Xyw, sshZy imkv{Xw Fn-h-b-S-p N-bn-eq-sSbpw
_un- I hpw Akm- [ m- c - W - h p- a mb ka\ hnh- c - W - n- e q- s Sbpw
hnm- \ - ns Bghpw ]cpw hnim- e - a mbn Dsm- - X mWo
{Kns thdn hnti- j w. Camw "Jn^vXzn' C- X ns hyXy- k vXX-bmbn 5 Imcyw Fp-p. 1 Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hmp-I {]tbmKn-m-\p Ign-hv. 2 Akm-[m-c-W-amb Kth-jW ]mS-hw. 3hym-]I-amb [nj-Wm-i-n. 4sX-fn-hv--e-y--fpsS Nph-Sn DnjvT Imcy a\pjy Nnv DXIpw hn[-ap kaWw. 5hn-h-cW aqbn-eqsS Ckvemans i{Xp-sf JWvUn-p {XmWn. apl--Zp_v\p
lk Da-dp_v\p lpssk\p_v\p Aen-p--ao-an _Ivcn Xz_-dkvXm\n dmkn(-d) FmWv Cam-ans ]q \maw. ^Jvdp-o F
t]cn {]kn--\mb Cam-an\v A_q A_vZn-, A_p aB-en, A_p ^Zv, C_v\p AJ-Xzo-_p-d-Avbv Fo A]-c-\m-a-fpw ^Jvdpo ssiJp Ckvemw, dmkn Fo m\- t - c p- I - f p- a p- - v . ck- X {w, Fn-\o-b-dnw-Kv, sshZy imkv{Xw, XXz-im-kv{Xw, hN\im-kv{Xw,
I-im-kv{Xw, ^nJvlo \nZm-\-im-kv{Xw, JpB hymJym\w Fnh- b n ka- I m- e nI \n]pW.
3X^vko-dp ss_fmhn: Camw ss_fm-hn-bpsS hniz hn{ipX
{K-am-Wn-Xv. Camw ka-Jvi-cn-bpsS X^vko-dp -I-m-^ns kw{Kl
IrXn-bmbn hnti-jn-n--s-Sm-dp CXv hep--n \ne-hnse ay
\ne X^vko-dm-Wv. `mjm imkv{X \nb-am-\p-krXw X^vko-dn-s\bpw
XAvhoen- s \bpw Dsm- - n - p- - n - X v. \lvho \nb- a - - f psS ]mI hnime- X bpw ]mcm- b W coXn- I - f n apX- h m- X zndpw impw hy- a mbn
tcJ-s-Sp-pXpamb Cu {Kw {]amW s]mcp--tm-sS-bp
bpn. _unI ka\w sIm- v jmP- l m apX Bew- o
hsc-bp Imev NqSp hn\ hcn-Ibpw Am-ev Jp-Bt\msSmw ss_fmhn IqSn a\-x]m-T-am-p ]Xnhv apkvenwI-fn
kzoIm- c y- a m- b n- c p- p. Alveppap- A vXknen Bib X-
bYm hy-am-p-Ibpw Alvepp ho-W- {]_-e-s-Sp-pIbpw sNp- I CXns Hcp ssien hnti- j w. Jmfn \mkn- d p- o
A_vZp-m-ln_v\p Da-dp_v\p apl--Zn_v\p Aen--o-dm-kn ss_fmhn m^Cu (d) FmWv Camw ss_fm-hn-bp-sS(-d) ]q \maw.

142

143

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

iodm- k nse ss_fm- A vF {]tZ- i - t v tNmWv ss_fmhn

F-Xns Pw. Cam-an\pw X^vko-dn\pw ]WvUn-X-tem-Iv kzoImcyX hXn\v AXns lmin-bp ssiJp-m-Z,-lm-in-b-p inlm_p J^mPn, lmin-bp Jq\-hn, \hm-ln-Zp A_v-Im-cn h ihmln- Z p A^vIm(- P - e m- e p- o kpbq- Y n(- d ) Fo hymJym- \ -
Xs aXn-bmb sXfn-hv.
4C_v\p Iko: aAvkqdmb X^vko-dp-I-fn {]_-e-s-Xm- W n- X v. Camw C_v\p Iko- d m- ( d)Wn- X ns Im- h v. JpBs\
Jp-B--l-Zokv Fn-h-bn-eqsS A-hn-im-e-s-Sp-p ssienbm- W n- X n- s - X v. efn- X - a m- W n- X ns ssienbpw {]tbm- K - h pw. BZyw
Bbv D-cn-p-Ibpw ]noSv kwn]vX cqt]W Ah hni-Zo-Icn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. C{km-bo-en-m-p-I-fpsS hchv Camw AXy[nIw kqn- n- c p- p. ^nJvlp- a mbn _n- p Bb- p- I v
^nJvlo \nba hni-I-e-\-tm-sSmw ]WvUn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-fpw eyfpw \nc- p- Xns amv hn- n- p- p- - v . lm^nkv Cam- Z po
A_p ^nZm-Av CkvamCu-ep-_v\p JXzo_v A_q l^vkv Dadp_v\p Iko- d p- m^nC(d)bmWv {K- I m- h ns ]q \maw.
X^vko, lZo-kv, Ncn{Xw Fo hnj-b--fn Atlw sXfn-bn
]mShw B taJ-e-bnse _rlXv Ah-ew_ {K-tk-h-\-n\v D]mb- hcp-p-amdv hep-Xm-bn-cp-p.
5dq- l p aB\n: Amam Beq- k n- ( d)bpsS Jp- B
hymJym\ {K- a m- W n- X v. X\np apv hnc- N n- X - a mb Hp {K- fpsS cXv\kam-lm-c-am-bmWv ]WvUn-X-temIw Cu X^vko-dns\ ]cnK-Wnp t]mcp--Xv. Hcp kz]v\ Zi\ t{]c-W-bn-emWv alm Cu
{K cN\v Xp\n--Xv. InXm_v cNnp Ign-s-nepw AXphsc
AXns t]sc-sv Btem-N-\-bn hn-cp-n-, Ah-km\w Cu
{]iv\-hp-ambn a{n-bm-bn-cp Aen- dn-km -]m-jsb kao-]nv Atl- ns A`y\ {]Imcw dqlp aB\n ^o X^vkocn JpB-\n Afow h _v-D akm\n Fv \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. CXc-{K---fn \npcnp-p-sh-nepw \oXn-bp--ambn AXn-t\mSv
tbmPn- p- I bpw hntbm- P \ hy- a m- p- I bpw sNp- p- n Xn. C{kmCu- e n- m- X p- I - t fbpw I- - Y - I - t fbpw \ncq- ] n- p- - X ns ka-amb ssien-bm-Wn-Xn {]tbm-Kn--Xv. A_p--\m-Av inlm-_po apl--Zp_v\p A_vZn-mlv kzem-lp-o lpssk\n FmWv
{K-Im-hns ]q \maw. ln:1217 _mKvZm-Znse IJn
{]tZ- i - mWv At- l - ns P\- \ w. Adnhpw aX- h n- [ nbpw tXSn-

sb-p--hsc kzoI-cn-m-\p Hcp tI{w Xs-bm-bn-cpp Atlns hoSv. lZo- k v, I imkv{Xw, `mjm- i mkv{Xw XpS- nb
hnm- \ o- b - - f n \t sNdp- - n Xs Ah- K mlw t\Snb
Atlw 13mw hb-n Aym-]-\hpw cN-\bpw Bcw-`n-p.
6 JpXzp_n(A PmanD AlvIman JpB): Camw
JpXzp-_n(-d) F Npcp--t-cn-e-dn-b-s-Sp A_q A_vZnm apl-Zp_v\p Al--Zp_v\p A_o-_-dp_v\p ^dmZn A Akzmcn
AJ- k vd- P n- b psS Jp- B hymJym\ {K- a m- W n- X v. kvs]bn- \ nembncpp Cam- a ns P\- \ w. Jp- B lZo- k v hymJym\ hni- Z o- I cW- n AXoh kqvaX ]penb At- l - ns X^vko
ASnm\ cln-X-amb IY-I-fn \npw C{km-Cuen cnhm-b-n
\npw ap-am-Wv. hnm-\-ns hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn ss\]pWyw
t\Snb Camw Hcp m\ kap{Zw Xs-bm-bn-cp-p. At-l-ns
IrXn- I B ]mWvUn- X ys Af- m- \ p am\- Z - W vU- - f m- s Wv
Camw Zl_n(d) Xs Xmco- J p Ckveman tcJ- s - S p- p- p.
JpBs\ kw_n kw kzcq]nWsa {]Xn PohnXw
t]mse {][m\ambn I- Atlw ln:671({In:1272) h^mmbn.
7_lvdp aploXzv: A_qlm F t]cn hnJymX\mb Akodpo A_q A_vZnmln aplZv _v\p Aenn_v\n
bqkp^v_v\n lm(d) BWv Cu JpB\nI hymJym\ns
Imhv. kvs]bn\nse K\mXzv BWv PatZiw(ln:654). _rlmb Fv hmfyfnembn ASns Cu IrXn ]WvUnXnSbn Gsd AwKoImchpw {]Nmchpw knnncnpp. JpB\nI
hmN-Isf hymIcW]cambn Bgn {Klnmhp henb d^dkmbmWv CXv KWnsSpXv. Ckvemans hnime hnm\obfnse {KImhns AhKmlw hyampXmWv Cu
hymJym\nse Hmtcm Bib ka\hpw. ]ng Bibmsc
JnpXnepw I imkv{X {]iv\ hyampXnepap CXns ssien Hp thsd XsbmWv. PohnXw hnm\ ]mTimebmbn KWn A_qlm 45 ]WvUnXcn \nv Adnhv t\Sn
ln:745 ankzvdn h^mXmbn.

144

145

hnhn[ C\fnse hymJym\

aAvkqcn hymJym\fnse {][m\ {K:
1A^vkodp akq_v Cem C_v\n Amkv
2PmanD _bm ^o X^vkodn JpB (C_v-\p Pcodp
Xzn_vcn(d) )

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

3X^vkodp JpB\n Afow (C_v\p Iko(d)

4X^vko A_o ssiJp_v\plnm
5X^vkodp_v\p Dbbv\x
6X^vkodp A_nsskn kaJn(_lvdp Deqw)
7X^vkodp_v\p A_olmXnw
8Apdp akqdp ^n^vkocn _n aAvkq (Pemepo kpbqXzn (d) )
9X^vkodp_v\p AXznx
10aBenapko(Camw _Khn(d))

dAvbo hymJym\fnse {][m\ {K:

1a^mXolp ssK_v(Camw ^Jvdpo dmkn(d))
2A _lvdp aploXzv( Camw A_o lm(d))
3Ahmdpko h AkvdmdpAvho (Camw
ss_fmhn(d))
4aZmdnIpko h lJmCJpAvho (Camw
\k^n(d))
5X^vkodp Pemsse\n (Camw kpbqXzn(d),Camw
aln(d))
6ep_m_pAvho ^o aB\nko(Camw
Jmkn(d))

Cimco hymJym\fnse {][m\ {K:

1X^vko ss\km_qcn(Camw ss\km- _ q- c n(- d ))
2X^vkodp dqlp aB\n(Amam Beqkn(d))
3X^vkodpkvXcn(A_qaplZv klvep_v\p A_vZnm
AkvXcn(d))
4X^vkodp_v\p Ad_n(aplvbpo\p_v\p Ad_n(d))
JpB\nI hymJym\ cwKv Amkn Imew apX
henb `ojWnbmbn XpScpXmWv C{kmCuenmns cwK-hmgvN.blqZn\kzmdmfn \nv e`yamIp dntmpIfmWv C{kmCuenmv. BbpIfpsS hymJym\ns\mw AXns \nthZI ]cc(k\Zv) tNsgpXnbncpp. CXn knwl `mKhpw blqZn\kzmdmfn \nmbXp ImcWw k\Zp-I-fpsS kzoIm-cyX At\z-jn- AXymhiyhpambn. kzlm_nXm_nDIfn Nne apv
AlvepInXm_pIfpw Ckvemw Btjn tijw \nth- Z IcpambncpXn\m Ah JpB\n Ign kaqlnse ]e kw`h146

fpw ImWm\nSbmbn. CXv AhcpsS thZ{Kfnep- a p- m bncpp. As\ JpB\nI kw`hfpsS hnhcWtmsSm-w ta
{KfpsS ]cmaifpw hniZambn tNp. CXmWv tijw
X^vko {Kfn C{kmCuenmbn ]cn-W-an-Xv (aBcn^p JpB/ lkvdv auem\m ap^vXn aplZv i^oAv/1:52).
lm^nfv C_v\p Iko (d) Xs JpB hymJym\n C{kmCu-en-mv aqmbn hyhtOZnpp. 1 JpBlZokn\mepw AhbmXn\mepw km[pX ncoIcnsh. DZm: ^nHus apn \miw, aqkm \_n(A)bpsS Xzq ]X {]thiw. 2JpBlZokv _ebw hyampXpw AhbmXn\m-
nXoIcn- - s - S p- Xpambh. DZm: kpsseam \_n(A) Xs
Ah-km\ Ime-n apv Bbs{X! (\DuZp _nmlv) JpB
CXv JnXambn Xncppp.
A{]Imcw ZmhqZv \_n(A) Xs ssk\nI t\Xmhns (Hmdnb)
`mcybpambn kwkn Gspshtm hnhn[ X{fneqsS
t{am{Imkns `mcysb hnhmlw Ignpshtmbp \nco- Ww
(\:_n). CXpw Xpd IcamsWv JpB hyampp-v. 3 JpB\pw lZokpw id-Cse ap \nbafpw au\ahew_nh . DZm: Xudmv-C-o- XpS-nb ]q {K--fnse \nb-a t]mse, Ah kw_n dkq(k)s Adnbnv au\w sXcsSpemsWmWv. AXns\ AwKoIcnmt\m Bt]nmt \ m t ] m t I - X n (aBcn^p JpB/auem\ ap^vXn apl- Zv
i^o- A v : 1/52,53).
JpBs\ bpnbn am{XsSpn hymJym\npXn
henb A]mb IpSn sImpXmWv. Hmtcm hymJymXmfpw
AXmXp ImetmSv tNp hymJym\np coXnbp- v . JpB\nI hymJym\nv Ime hyXym- k - n- \ - \ p- k r- X - a mbn aqeytimjWw
ssIh- c pp. BZyIme JpB hymJym- \ - { K- - psS KpWhpw
aqeyhpw AXn\v tij- a p- - h - p- - m - I p- n. ap[mcW shv JpBs \nesmv Nnnm\mImsXhcp-tm XfpsS NnmktmNntev JpBs\ hen- n- g vsIm- p hv hymJym\np ssien Ckvemans t]cn h ]cnjvIcW {]m\-fpsS
krnbmWv. ssiJv XXzmhnbpsS "A Phmlndp ^o X^v-kocn
JpB', aplZv djoZv dnfbpsS X^vkodp a\m, kknZv
AlvaZv Jms X^vkosd JpB , auZqZnbpsS X^vloap
147

ka{KXbpsS `mjyw

X^vko

JpB , kn.F AlvaZv auehnbpsS X^vkodp JpB,

Aam\n auehnbpsS X^vko XpSnbh Cu hgnbn hhbmWv. CXns ]cnWXn AbpnIchpw A]ISIchpamsW-v CXpkw_n AhcpsS \b Xs hyampp. auZq-Zn FgpXpp: JpB\v GsXnepw Hcp X^vkodns Bhiyan, ]pXnb
coXnbn JpBs\ ]Tnm\pw ]Tnnm\pw tbmKyX-bp Hcp
hynv {]`mjWfneqsS CaoUnbv hnZymn- I fn JpB a\nemm\p AXymhiy koIcW D- m m
Ignbpw (XJolmXv:212). ]qoIcpsS hymJym\ coXnsb hnainv auZqZn Xs XPvZosZm Clvbmsb Zo t]Pv 77 FgpXpXv,
Cmev aXns ]cnjvIcW {]h- \ v th- n Fsnepw {]hnph kq^nIfpsS `mj, kmtXnI D]tbmK, Nn, hkv{X apXemb Fm Imcyfn \npw {]tal tcmKnI ]kmc HgnhmpXv t]mse HgnhmtI- X mWv.
XXzimkv{Xnsbpw `uXnIimkv{Xnsbpw \ov JpB\nI BbpIsf Aambn tNp]nSnp- Hcp
A]ISw IqSn Cu bpnam{XamIp hymJym\nep- v . \yqs
{]Xn{]h\ knms (Theory on reaction) ASn-m\sSpn Akm[mcW kw`hsf ]mmXy NnIamcp-ssS tIhew tXmepIfmbn ]cnlknp Xnbtm apkvenw ]cnjvIcWhmZnIfpw AXn\pIq-e-nI-fmbn. Ch hgn JpB\n {]Xn]mZyap Akm[mcW kw`h ZphymJym\v hnt[ambn. XobpsS kzm`mhnIX Iepw IcnepamIbm C_vdmlow \_n(A)
\wdqZns Xo Ipmcn \nv cspsh hnizmkw X\n
hambn k knZv AlvaZv Jm ZphymJym\npp. ]qIme ]nXcpsS Imev {]IrXnimkv{Xw(Natural Science)
]ptcmKXn {]m]nncpn. am{Xa, hkvXpXIsf {]IrXn \nbasf B[mcamn \nconpItbm AXnse sXpmcWI tbmKycm XncpsSpItbm sNbvXncpn. CXv JpB\nI hN\
a\nemp- Xnepw kw`- h np. DZmlcWn\v C_vdmlow \_n
(A)bpsS IYbn Xo Ipmcn Fdnp FXn\v hyamb sXfnhnmXncpnpw AXv Ku\nm Ah apXnnn. (apJnax X^vkosd JpB:1/17) Fm CXv JpBt\mSpw lZoknt\mSpw hyambn FXncmIpp- v . kqdp AnbmCse
148

Ah ]dp: \nv(hXpw) sNm\mIpsan \n

Chs\ Npscnp IfbpIbpw \nfpsS ssZhsf klmbnpIbpw sNpI F kqhpw kqdp kzm^mnse
""A- h ]dp: \n Ah- \ v(- C - _ vdm- l ow) - t h- n Hcp Nqf
]Wn- b p- I . - F - nv Ahs\ Pzen- p AKv\n- b n Ct- p- I . - A s\ At-l-ns Imcy-n Ah Hcp X{w Dt-in-p.- Fm \mw Ahs\ Ghpw A[- a am- c m- p- I - b mWv sNbvX- X v ''
(kqdv kzm^mv:97-,98) F kqhpw {]IrXnimkv{Xs ]npW k knZns Xev]c ZphymJym\w s]mfnpp. JpBs\ bpn]cambn am{Xw honpXn tIcfn A]ISIcamb Hcp Xmhgnv XpSan Bfmbncpp tNIq auehn. CXns A\c^ew JpB\pw lZokpw hyamp \nkvImct\mmZn Bcm[\mhnizmk Ifn henb {IatSpw aX
hncpXbpamWv Atlw hcpnbXv.

149