1-Theorie Neutral Earthing

Neutral Grounding
Sector Energy PTI NC

Theodor Connor
Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Topics
Introduction Theoretical background Methods applied for neutral grounding Practical aspects
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 1
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Significance of earth faults for network operation
December November October September August July June May April March February January
1 year 8760 hours 31 536 000 seconds
Method of neutral earthing has no influence on behaviour in normal operation

Page 2
01.2008
Th. Connor
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Kaleidoscope of methods available

Isolated neutral Earth fault compensation Solid earthing NOSPE
High-impedance neutral earthing
KNOSPE
Arc suppression Low-impedance neutral earthing Floating neutral Effective earthing Petersen coil
Resonant earthing
Short-time earthing
Page 3
01.2008
Th. Connor
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Statistical data of German networks

Voltage level
Line lengths Overhead line Cable Amount of faults per 100 km and year Isolated neutral Earth fault compensation Low-impedance neutral earthing 28 000 km 98 000 km 6 23 % 60 % 8% 111 000 km 60 000 km 89 000 km 11 95 % 2% 4 000 km 6 78 % 22 % 17 000 km 16 km 3 100 %
10 kV
20 kV
110 kV
380 kV
Source: VDEW 1993
Page 4
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Display methods for system values

UL1 UL1
UL1(t) = L1 sint
t t
Mathematical equations Vector display
Time characteristic
UL1
Positive sequence Negative sequence Zero sequence
Phase-related display
Symmetrical components
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
The transient phase of an earth fault
Isolated neutral Discharge Charging oscillation
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Characteristics of transient phase
Frequency Discharge Charging oscillation
500 Hz . . . 100 000 Hz 100 Hz . . . 4 000 Hz
Overvoltage factor
kt =
3 2U
LE max
= 1.2...2.7...3.5
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01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Permanent earth fault
ICE
Isolated neutral
Page 8
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Vector diagram for system with isolated neutral
UL1
UL1 = 0
UL2 Normal operation
UL2 Earth fault
Page 9
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Characteristics of power frequent voltage rise
Coefficient of earthing Earth-fault factor

DIN VDE 0111 IEC 71-1
ULE Max ZE = Ub
3
1 3
... 1
cf =
ULE Max Ub
1 ...
Page 10
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Network calculation 3-phase short-circuit
IK =
UN 3 Z
Page 11
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Network calculation Symmetrical components

U1L1
Positive sequence
U1L2 UL1 U2 L1
U1 = 3 (UL1+ a UL2+ a UL3)
U2 L3 UL3 UL2
Negative sequence
U2 =
1 (UL1+ a UL2+ a UL3) 3
U0 L1
Zero sequence
U0 = 3 (UL1 + UL2 + UL3)
Page 12
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Symmetrical components Example
a2 UT a US UR U1
a2
US UR
a UT
U2
US UR UT
Page 13 01.2008 Th. Connor
U0
PTD SE PTI
Symmetrical components Example

a2 UT
a US UR
U1
U2
U0
Page 14
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Symmetrical components Line to ground fault

I 1 = I R + I S a + I T a2 I 2 = I R + I S a2 + I T a I0 = IR + IS + IT
T IS = 0 S
Boundary requirements at the fault location are fulfilled by series connection of component systems
Positive sequence
R UR = 0
Negative sequence Boundary requirements at the fault location IS = IT = 0 UR = 0 Zero sequence
Page 15
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation System with isolated neutral
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
IF =
3 UN Z1 + Z2 + Z0
Page 16
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Isolated neutral
ICE ICE - capacitive earth fault current
ICE = 3 UN C0
Isolated neutral
Transient overvoltages kt 3.0 Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf 3 ICE = f (Type of lines, voltage level, size of network) Operation under permanent earth fault possible
Page 17
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Estimation of capacitive earth fault current

Line type Overhead lines 110 kV 20 kV 10 kV Cables Oil cable XLPE cable Lead-sheath cable XLPE cable Lead-sheath cable XLPE cable 110 kV 110 kV 20 kV 20 kV 10 kV 10 kV 13.3 ... 36.1 A/km 7.5 ... 11.4 A/km 2.2 ... 5.3 A/km 1.6 ... 4.4 A/km 1.2 ... 2.7 A/km 1.2 ... 3.3 A/km 0.36 0.06 0.03 A/km A/km A/km Voltage level Capacitive earth fault current ICE
Page 18
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Intermittent earth fault
-0,5
First earth fault
Recovery
Second earth fault
Ice (t2) = 0
Page 19
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Intermittent earth fault
First earth fault Recovery Second earth fault
Page 20
01.2008
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Ferro resonances
Prerequisite: Circuit with non linear characteristic e.g. saturation on reactance Principle: Driving voltage UN From operational point 1 to point 2 But operational point 2 not stable Current reversal to operational point 3 Types: Nominal frequency, 3rd harmonic Trigger: Switching events
Page 21 01.2008 Th. Connor
About 2nd harmonic About 0.5 nominal frequency (subharmonic)

PTD SE PTI
Ferro resonances
Example in three phase system: Stable ferro resonance of 2nd harmonic level No disturbance of phase to phase voltage URS Possible configurations: Single phase voltage transformer with bus bar or short cable Energising reactor via short cable
Page 22
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Earth fault compensation
Petersen coil
Ires
Ires - Residual current
Earth fault compensation
Transient overvoltages kt 2.7 Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf 3 Ires = f (Detuning, Harmonics, quality factor of the coil ) Transient earth faults Operation under permanent earth fault possible Extinction limit
Page 23
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation System with earth fault compensation
Positive sequence
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
Page 24
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Estimation of residual current
Line type Overhead lines
Voltage level 110 kV 20 kV 10 kV
Residual current Ires approx. 5 % of ICE approx. 8 % of ICE approx. 8 % of ICE

i.e. 8 A per 100 A coil current
Cables
110 kV 20 kV 10 kV
i.e. 3 A per 100 A coil current
approx. 2 % of ICE approx. 3 % of ICE approx. 3 % of ICE
Page 25
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Reappearing of phase voltage
Exact tuning v = 0 Tuning v = -10
Page 26
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Solid earthing
Ik1 Ik1 short-circuit current

Solid earthing
Transient overvoltages kt < 1.8 Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf 1.4 Ik1 = f (Short-circuit capacity, zero-sequence impedance) Ik1 ~ Ik3 Selective fault clearing
Page 27
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation Solid earthing
Positive sequence
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
I k1 = 3I0 =
3 UN Z1 + Z2 + Z0
Page 28
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Vector diagram for system with solid earthing
UL1
UL1 = 0
UL2 Normal operation 1-phase short circuit
UL2
Page 29
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Examples for zero-sequence impedances of lines

Line type Overhead lines 110 kV 20 kV 10 kV Cables
Oil cable XLPE cable Lead-sheath cable XLPE cable Lead-sheath cable XLPE cable
Voltage level Zero sequence Zero sequence resistance R'0 reactance X'0
0.4 ... 0.2 /km 0.6 ... 0.2 /km 0.6 ... 0.2 /km
1.0 ... 1.5 /km 1.5 /km 1.6 /km
110 kV 110 kV 20 kV 20 kV 10 kV 10 kV
0.8 ... 0.4 /km 0.6 ... 0.5 /km 0.6 ... 0.4 /km 0.6 ... 0.4 /km 2.0 ... 1.1 /km 3.2 ... 1.4 /km
0.4 ... 0.2 /km 0.3 ... 0.2 /km 0.4 ... 0.3 /km 0.3 ... 0.2 /km 0.5 ... 0.2 /km 0.9 ... 0.3 /km
Page 30
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing
Ik1 Ik1 1-phase short-circuit current

Low-impedance neutral earthing
Transient overvoltages for earthing via resistor kt 1.8 Transient overvoltages for earthing via reactor kt 2.7 Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf 3 Ik1 = f (Neutral impedance, fault location) Ik1 << Ik3 Selective fault clearing
Page 31
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation Low-impedance neutral earthing
Positive sequence
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
I k1 = 3I0 =
3 UN Z1 + Z2 + Z0
Page 32
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
IF IF - Earth fault current

Transient overvoltages kt 2.7 Voltage rise of the fault-free phases cf 3 IF =
I +I
R
2 CE
IR ICE
Selective fault clearing possible
Page 33
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation System with high-impedance neutral earthing
Positive sequence
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
Page 34
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Practical aspects
Methods applied Criteria for comparison High voltage systems Medium voltage systems Isolated neutral Resonant grounding Low impedance neutral grounding
Page 35
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Neutral earthing practice in Germany

380/220 kV 110 kV Interconnected systems Regional systems City system (cable) 20 kV Regional & urban network Urban cable network 10 kV Small network Large network Urban cable network Industry 5 ... 20 kV Small systems Large systems NE EFC (Bavaria NG) NE with limitation EFC or EFC with SE NE IS EFC or EFC with SE NE IS EFC IK1 = 1.5 ... 2 kA ICE = 20 ... 100 A ICE 500 A IK1 = 1 ... 2 kA ICE = 5 ... 30 A ICE 300 A
EFC = Earth fault compensation
IK1 IK3
IK1 = 5 ... 10 kA
NE = Low-impedance neutral earthing
IS = Isolated neutral
SE = Short time earthing
Page 36
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Criteria for comparison of methods
Voltage stress Current stress Destruction at the fault location Potential rise Inductive interference; EMC Operational aspects Fault detection Fault localisation Amount of switching required Fail safe situation Investment costs Development in the future
Page 37
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Earth fault transients and voltage rise
Isolated neutral Earth fault compensation ICE = 100 A

Fault duration min ... h
Low-impedance neutral earthing Ik1 = 1.5 kA Neutral resistor
Fault duration ms
Page 38
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault current and voltage rise during earth fault
U / ULE IK1 / IK3

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Voltages of the fault-free phases U / ULE
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Fault current IK1 / IK3
0.2
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
Z0 / Z1
Solid Effective neutral earthing Low-impedance neutral earthing
Isolated neutral Earth fault compensation High-impedance neutral earthing

Page 39
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Fault current and voltage rise during earth fault
N S
Neutral earthing with voltage rise below 1.4 Neutral earthing with voltage rise exceeding 1.4
W Low impedance neutral earthing K I Earth fault compensation Isolated neutral
Page 40
01.2008
Th. Connor
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Neutral earthing in high voltage networks
IK1 IK3
IK1< IK3
IK1< IK3
Page 41
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Required protection for transmission systems
Low-impedance neutral earthing (110 kV ... 380 kV) Overhead line Distance protection, Overcurrent protection (Back-up) 1-phase auto reclosure Cable Differential protection, Distance protection , Overcurrent protection (Back-up) Earth fault compensation (110 kV) Overhead line Transient earth fault relay Cable For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 42
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Operational aspects System with isolated neutral
3I0A
3I0B
ICE
3I0C 3I0E 3I0D
Page 43
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Determination of zero sequence voltage
L1 L2 L3
UN
3
UL1 + UL2 + UL3 = 3 U0

100V
3
58 V Normal operation 100 V Earth fault

3 U0
Open delta winding
100V 3
100 V Earth fault
Page 44
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Determination of earth fault current Holmgreen
L1 L2 L3
IL1 + IL2 + IL3= 3 I0
Relay
Page 45
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Operational aspects System with earth fault compensation
Icoil 3I0A
3I0B
Ires
3I0C 3I0E
Icoil
3I0D
Page 46
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Petersen coil details
Type of coil Fixed coil Tapped coil Plunger coil 1:3 1:10
Connection point to network neutral Feeding transformer Neutral busbar Earthing transformer
Plunger coil with controller Location of coil in the network Central compensation Distributed coils in the network
Page 47
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Earth fault compensation Types of Petersen coil

Plunger coils for medium voltage
Fixed coil for 110 kV
Page 48
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Tuning of Petersen coil
IE Uneutral
Earth fault current

in case of fault
Overhead line
Voltage of neutral point

in normal operation Cable
under-compensated over-compensated
tuning
Page 49
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Double earth fault current distribution
L3 L1 L2
L3 L2 L1
L3 L2 L1
IEE IK2 =
3
2
IK3
Page 50
01.2008
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PTD SE PTI
Directional earth fault relay
U0
U0
Ires ICE ICE Icoil
Capacitive directional earth fault relay
Wattmetric directional earth fault relay
Page 51
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Required protection relays for earth fault detection

Signalling relay for zero sequence voltage Central earth fault detection relay Directional earth fault relay
Overcurrent relay with directional earth fault relay Distance relay with directional earth fault relay Differential relay + Back-up overcurrent relay with directional earth fault relay
Transient earth fault relay
Page 52
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Determination of residual current Window type current transformer
3 I0 = IL1 + IL2 + IL3
L1 L2 L3
I Fault
I Sheath I Earth
Page 53
01.2008
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PTD SE PTI
Transient earth fault relay
L1
L2
L3
t [ms]
Page 54
01.2008
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PTD SE PTI
Transient earth fault relay Fault indication survey
Page 55
01.2008
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PTD SE PTI
Increase of residual current
3I0ZA
3I0ZA
3I0ZB
3I0ZA
IAdditional
Ires
+ IAdditional
Page 56
01.2008
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Pulsating residual current
Icoil ICE
Ires
IPulse
IPulse
Page 57
01.2008
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Detection by 5th harmonic
ICoil ICE
Ires
Page 58
01.2008
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Combined method Earth fault compensation with phase grounding
Icoil 3I0A
3I0B
Ires
3I0C 3I0E
Icoil
3I0D
Page 59
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
3I0A
3I0B
3I0C 3I0E
Icoil
3I0D
Ires
Icoil
3I0
Page 60
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
L3 L1 Load current L2
L3 L2 L1
L3 L2 L1
Induced loop current
Page 61
01.2008
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Combined method Residual current compensation
Icoil 3I0A
3I0B
Ires = 0
3I0C 3I0E
Icoil
3I0D
Ires
Page 62
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Earth fault trial in 20 kV network

System circuit
110/20kV
150 2
3I0 in A
0
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
t/sec.
Residual current
1.6
1.2 150 2 1 pu 0.8 0 0.4
3I0 in A
0.0 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 t/sec. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 f/fg 14
3I0 in the feeding cable
Harmonic analysis of residual current
Page 63
01.2008
Th. Connor
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Earth fault trial in compensated network Voltages and current at the fault location
U [kV]
20 kV
110 kV
t [ms]
Ires
Ires [A]
Ires [A]
t [ms]
t [ms]
Page 64
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Operational aspects System with low-impedance neutral earthing
3I0 = IK1
IK1
Ineutral IK1 >> ICE Fault current indicator
Page 65
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Comparison of neutral resistor and reactor
UR US UT IR t
UR US UT IR t
Neutral resistor
Neutral reactor
Page 66
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Short circuit trial Voltages at medium- and low-voltage level

U [kV]
t [ms]
10 kV
U [V]
0.4 kV
t [ms]
Page 67
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing Design types of neutral resistors
Page 68
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing Connection possibilities for a neutral resistor
110 kV
110 kV
110 kV
10 (20) kV
10 (20) kV
10 (20) kV
Page 69
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing Design types of earthing transformers
Earthing transformer for 6 kV
Earthing transformer with increased zero sequence impedance for 10 kV
Page 70
01.2008
Th. Connor
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Required protection for low-impedance neutral earthing
3phase protection equipment necessary Overcurrent relay sensitive earth fault detection 0.1 IN Distance protection Overcurrent pick-up Earth fault for loop selection Impedance pick-up in meshed networks Transformer differential protection Suppression of neutral current
Page 71
01.2008
Th. Connor
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Test circuit for measurements
Remote station
Feeding station
Current source
Test voltage Active power
UE
V
Test current Sheath current
Earth current
Uind
Z0
Page 72
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Combined method Short term neutral earthing for detection
IK1
Fault current indicator
Ires/ IK1/ Ires
Short term earthing for detection
tSE < tprotection
Page 73
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Combined method Reverse short term neutral earthing
IK1
IK1/ Ires
Short term earthing for detection
tSE < tprotection
Page 74
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI
Combined method Short term neutral earthing for trip
IK1
Ires/ IK1
Short term earthing for trip
tSE > tprotection
Page 75
01.2008
Th. Connor
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Comparison of neutral earthing schemes France - Germany
Cable system
France Germany France
Overhead line system

Germany
Ik1 max = 1000A
Ik1 max = 300A
Ik1 max = 2000A
Trip
Page 76
01.2008
Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI

1-Theorie Neutral Earthing

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1-Theorie Neutral Earthing

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Neutral Grounding

Sector Energy PTI NC

Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Significance of earth faults for network operation

1 year 8760 hours 31 536 000 seconds

Method of neutral earthing has no influence on behaviour in normal operation

Kaleidoscope of methods available

Statistical data of German networks

Source: VDEW 1993

Display methods for system values

Mathematical equations Vector display

Positive sequence Negative sequence Zero sequence

The transient phase of an earth fault

Isolated neutral Discharge Charging oscillation

Characteristics of transient phase

Frequency Discharge Charging oscillation

500 Hz . . . 100 000 Hz 100 Hz . . . 4 000 Hz

Permanent earth fault

Vector diagram for system with isolated neutral

UL2 Normal operation

UL2 Earth fault

Characteristics of power frequent voltage rise

Coefficient of earthing Earth-fault factor

Network calculation 3-phase short-circuit

Network calculation Symmetrical components

U1 = 3 (UL1+ a UL2+ a UL3)

1 (UL1+ a UL2+ a UL3) 3

U0 = 3 (UL1 + UL2 + UL3)

Symmetrical components Example

Symmetrical components Example

Symmetrical components Line to ground fault

Negative sequence Boundary requirements at the fault location IS = IT = 0 UR = 0 Zero sequence

Fault current calculation System with isolated neutral

ICE ICE - capacitive earth fault current

Estimation of capacitive earth fault current

Intermittent earth fault

First earth fault

Second earth fault

Intermittent earth fault

First earth fault Recovery Second earth fault

About 2nd harmonic About 0.5 nominal frequency (subharmonic)

Earth fault compensation

Ires - Residual current

Earth fault compensation

Fault current calculation System with earth fault compensation

Estimation of residual current

Line type Overhead lines

Voltage level 110 kV 20 kV 10 kV

Residual current Ires approx. 5 % of ICE approx. 8 % of ICE approx. 8 % of ICE

i.e. 3 A per 100 A coil current

approx. 2 % of ICE approx. 3 % of ICE approx. 3 % of ICE

Reappearing of phase voltage

Exact tuning v = 0 Tuning v = -10

Ik1 Ik1 short-circuit current

Fault current calculation Solid earthing

Vector diagram for system with solid earthing

UL2 Normal operation 1-phase short circuit

Examples for zero-sequence impedances of lines

1.0 ... 1.5 /km 1.5 /km 1.6 /km

Low-impedance neutral earthing

Ik1 Ik1 1-phase short-circuit current

Fault current calculation Low-impedance neutral earthing

High-impedance neutral earthing

IF IF - Earth fault current