Magnetostriction measurements

Chun Wang

14 April 2005

Outline Magnetostriction Strain gauge Interferometry M-rotation Summary

Magnetostriction Magnetostriction refers to magnetically induced shape change in ferromagnetic materials (Joule Effect) Villari effect is a change in magnetization state due to a mechanical stress
Transfers magnetic energy into mechanical energy Experiences a change in strain due to a magnetic field The internal strain causes a change in length which can be controlled by the magnetic field

History of Magnetostriction First observed by James Prescott Joule in 1842 First used during WWII in sonar and echolocation By 1980s materials were becoming commercially available James Prescott Joule

Strain gauge Metal foil strain gauge Semiconductor strain gauge (Temperature sensitive) Capacitance bridge

A metal strain gauge is composed of thin metal deposited in a pattern on a backing or carrier material

Measure magnetostriction using strain gauge Apply field H Resistance change cause voltage change Calculate elastic strain in film alone

Scheme of the magnetostriction measurement arrangement

Magnetostriction l curves of Steel 1860, St 37 compared to Nickel 99,9999%

Small-angle magnetization rotation method dc bias field H0 ac driving field hac Applying stress compensate change by decreasing H0
Stress
Vac = 2 s NAsin 2 max sin2i

V
M

H0 M
2max

sin max =

h ac H 0 + M s (N per N par ) + 3 s /M s

hac

H 0 =

3 s Ms

Ad: Sensitive to ribbon-shaped samples

Interferometry
Sample deflection instead of bending angle is measured. Thinner substrates would allow for a considerably smaller magnetostriction to be measured.

David N. Lambeth, Magnetostriction Measurement by Interferometry IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNEIICS, VOL. 29, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1993

Summary
Hk Methods Measures change in Field Sources of Error: Uniformity of strain Uniformity Hk Uniformity of Pickup Knowledge of elastic constants of film Displacement Methods Measures strain Sources of Error: Ability to measure small displacements Clamping/Elastic Constraint Elastic constants of film and substrate (primary)