The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List

A The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List Scott Pakin <scott+clsl@pakin.
org> 9 November 2009
Abstract
A This document lists 5913 symbols and the corresponding L TEX commands that produce them. Some of A these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TEX 2 system; others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packages used to prepare this documentas well as this document itselfare freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org/).
Contents
Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Frequently Requested Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Body-text symbols A Table 1: L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Table 2: Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Table 3: L TEX 2 Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode Table 4: AMS Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 13: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 14: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 15: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 16: semtrans Transliteration Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 17: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 18: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 19: extraipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 21: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 22: metre Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 23: t4phonet Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 18 18 18 18 19
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The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander Holt. See Section 8.8 on page 129 for more information about who did what.
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24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: 34: 35: 36: 37: 38: 39: 40: 41:
arcs Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . semtrans Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ogonek Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . combelow Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . C in h A2e Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . teubner Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fourier Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons . textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols
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19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36
Mathematical symbols Table 42: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols . . . . . Table 43: cmll Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 44: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 45: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 46: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 47: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . Table 49: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . Table 50: MnSymbol Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . Table 51: mathdesign Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . Table 52: cmll Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 53: shue Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 54: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . Table 55: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . Table 56: MnSymbol Geometric Binary Operators . . . . Table 57: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . Table 58: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . Table 59: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . Table 60: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . Table 61: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . . Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators Table 63: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . Table 64: MnSymbol Variable-sized Math Operators . . Table 65: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators . . Table 66: cmll Large Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . Table 67: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 68: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 69: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . Table 70: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . Table 71: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . Table 72: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . Table 73: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . . Table 74: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . Table 75: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . .
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76: 77: 78: 79: 80: 81: 82: 83: 84: 85: 86: 87: 88: 89: 90: 91: 92: 93: 94: 95: 96: 97: 98: 99: 100: 101: 102: 103: 104: 105: 106: 107: 108: 109: 110: 111: 112: 113: 114: 115: 116: 117: 118: 119: 120: 121: 122: 123: 124: 125: 126: 127: 128: 129:
MnSymbol Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Negated Binary Relations . . . . . mathtools Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . turnstile Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . cmll Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . colonequals Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . fourier Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . . wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . . MnSymbol Subset and Superset Relations . . Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . . AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Negated Harpoons . . . . . . . . . harpoon Extensible Harpoons . . . . . . . . . chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fge Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Spoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Pitchforks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Smiles and Frowns . . . . . . . . . ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . . mathabx Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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36 38 39 39 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 45 46 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 51 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 55 56 56 56
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130: 131: 132: 133: 134: 135: 136: 137: 138: 139: 140: 141: 142: 143: 144: 145: 146: 147: 148: 149: 150: 151: 152: 153: 154: 155: 156: 157: 158: 159: 160: 161: 162: 163: 164: 165: 166: 167: 168: 169: 170: 171: 172: 173: 174: 175: 176: 177: 178: 179: 180: 181: 182: 183:
C in h A2e Number Sets . . . . . . . . . . . Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . fourier Variant Greek Letters . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . . mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . MnSymbol Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . mathdesign Letter-like Symbols . . . . . fge Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . fourier Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . AMS Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . MnSymbol Variable-sized Delimiters . . . mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters . . nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . fourier Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . metre Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Math-mode Accents . . . . . fge Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . . yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Extensible Accents . . . . . . mathtools Extensible Accents . . . . . . mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . . fourier Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . ushort Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . AMS Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . mathtools Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . chemarr Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . chemarrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . . 4
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56 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 62 62 62 63 64 64 64 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 69 69 69
Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 4
184: 185: 186: 187: 188: 189: 190: 191: 192: 193: 194: 195: 196: 197: 198: 199: 200: 201: 202: 203: 204: 205: 206: 207: 208: 209: 210: 211: 212: 213:
extarrows Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . extpfeil Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . DotArrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . trfsigns Extensible Transform Symbols . . . . . . holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols . . . Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wasysym Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . teubner Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marvosym Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fge Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dozenal Base-12 Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Miscellaneous L TEX 2 Math Symbols . . . . . . Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols . . . . . . Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols . . . Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols . . . . . . Miscellaneous MnSymbol Math Symbols . . . . . Miscellaneous Internal MnSymbol Math Symbols Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . Miscellaneous fge Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols . . . . . Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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69 70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 81 81 82 82 82 82 82 83
Science and technology symbols Table 214: gensymb Symbols Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Table 215: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Table 216: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 217: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 218: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols . . Table 219: steinmetz Extensible Phasor Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 220: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 221: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 222: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 223: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 224: wasysym APL Modiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 225: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Table 226: keystroke Computer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 227: ascii Control Characters (CP437) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 228: milstd Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 229: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 230: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 231: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 232: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 233: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 234: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Dingbats Table 235: Table 236: Table 237: Table 238: Table 239: Table 240: Table 241: Table 242: Table 243: Table 244: Table 245: Table 246: Table 247: Table 248: Table 249: Table 250: Table 251: Table 252: Table 253: Table 254: Table 255: Table 256: Table 257: Table 258: Table 259: Table 260: Table 261: Table 262: Table 263: Table 264: Table 265: Table 266: Table 267: Table 268:
bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . universal Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . dingbat Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fourier Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . universal Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . fourier Ornaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . MnSymbol Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . universal Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . .
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84 84 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 86 86 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 89 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97
Ancient languages Table 269: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk . . . . . . Table 270: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters . . . . . . . . . Table 271: hieroglf Hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 272: linearA Linear A Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 273: linearb Linear B Basic and Optional Letters . . . . Table 274: linearb Linear B Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 275: linearb Linear B Weights and Measures . . . . . . . Table 276: linearb Linear B Ideograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 277: linearb Unidentied Linear B Symbols . . . . . . . Table 278: cypriot Cypriot Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 279: sarabian South Arabian Letters . . . . . . . . . . . Table 280: teubner Archaic Greek Letters and Greek Numerals
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Other symbols Table 281: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . . Table 282: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 283: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 284: wasysym Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 285: arev Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 286: harmony Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . Table 287: harmony Musical Accents . . . . . . . . . . Table 288: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . Table 289: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . . Table 290: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . Table 291: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . . Table 292: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . Table 293: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Table 294: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . . . . . . Table 295: Miscellaneous universal Symbols . . . . . . Table 296: Miscellaneous fourier Symbols . . . . . . . Table 297: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 298: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 299: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 300: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 301: clock Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 302: epsdice Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 303: hhcount Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 304: hhcount Tally Markers . . . . . . . . . . . Table 305: skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 306: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . . Table 307: skak Chess Informator Symbols . . . . . . Table 308: skak Chess Pieces and Chessboard Squares Table 309: igo Go Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 310: metre Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Table 311: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols . Table 312: teubner Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . Table 313: dictsym Dictionary Symbols . . . . . . . . Table 314: simpsons Characters from The Simpsons . Table 315: pmboxdraw Box-Drawing Symbols . . . . . Table 316: staves Magical Staves . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 317: pigpen Cipher Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 318: C in h A2e Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . . Table 319: Other C in h A2e Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . Table 320: recycle Recycling Symbols . . . . . . . . . Additional Information 8.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . 8.2 Resizing symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Where can I nd the symbol for . . . ? 8.4 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . . 8.6 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . 8.7 Unicode characters . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 About this document . . . . . . . . . 8.9 Copyright and license . . . . . . . .
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98 98 98 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 102 102 103 103 103 103 103 104 104 105 105 105 106 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 109 110 110 110 113 123 123 124 126 129 132 133
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References
Index
134
Introduction
A A Welcome to the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of L TEX A X commands, packages, usage details, caveatseverything needed to put symbol information: font samples, L TE thousands of dierent symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:
1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).
A 2. All of their symbols have L TEX 2 bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name, not just by \char number . A These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List contains samples of 5913 A symbolsquite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every L TEX 2 system; others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help with installing new fonts and packages.
1.1
Document Usage
Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with the A corresponding L TEX command to the right of each symbol. A tables caption indicates what package needs to be loaded in order to access that tables symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 39, textcomp Old-Style Numerals, are made available by putting \usepackage{textcomp} in your documents preamble. AMS means to use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additional information about some or all the symbols in that table. One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain symbols do not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuths original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the default font A encoding for L TEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a dierent encoding, such as T1 (a common 8-bit font encoding). That means that you should put \usepackage[ encoding ]{fontenc} in your documents preamble, where encoding is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the current group, use \fontencoding{ encoding }\selectfont. Section 8 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It discusses how certain mathematical symbols can vary in height, shows which symbol names are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols, explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, A compares various schemes for boldfacing symbols, presents L TEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, shows how to input and output Unicode characters, and provides some information about this document itself. The Comprehensive A L TEX Symbol List ends with an index of all the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.
1.2
Frequently Requested Symbols
There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If youre looking for such a symbol the following list will help you nd it quickly. , as in Spaces are signicant. ` etc. (versus ` and , , , , , , i, ) e ......... ......... 10 16 20 20 21 22 31 34 35 43 9 .. . ............................... ............... ......................... ....................... 71 74 76 76 76
, as in 180 or 15 L, F, etc.
................................ ............................... ....................... ............................... ............................... ................................ and and .......................... ..........................
N, Z, R, etc.
r
, , and
................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 118
a e , `, etc. (i.e., several accents per character) <, >, and | (instead of , , and ) and (or )
. . . . . . . 124
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Body-text symbols
This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents, ligatures, and currency symbols.
A Table 1: L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters
\$
\%
\_
\}
&
\&
\#
\{
The underscore package redenes _ to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., it makes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).
A Table 2: Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands
\ | { } $ ... >
\textasciicircum \textasciitilde \textasteriskcentered \textbackslash \textbar \textbraceleft \textbraceright \textbullet \textcopyright \textdagger \textdaggerdbl \textdollar \textellipsis \textemdash \textendash \textexclamdown \textgreater
a o
r
TM
<
\textless \textordfeminine \textordmasculine \textparagraph \textperiodcentered \textquestiondown \textquotedblleft \textquotedblright \textquoteleft \textquoteright \textregistered \textsection \textsterling \texttrademark \textunderscore \textvisiblespace
A Where two symbols are present, the left one is the faked symbol that L TEX 2 provides by default, and the right one is the true symbol that textcomp makes available.
\^{} and \~{} can be used instead of \textasciicircum and \textasciitilde. See the discussion of on page 125. Its generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.
A Table 3: L TEX 2 Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
\$ \P \S
\_ \copyright \dag
...
\ddag \dots \pounds
{ }
\{ \}
10
Table 4: AMS Commands Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode \checkmark \circledR \maltese
Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) a A
\aa \AA \AE \ae
\DH \dh \DJ \dj
L l
\L \l \NG \ng
\o \O \OE \oe
SS
\ss \SS \TH \th
Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.
\B{D} \B{d} \B{H} \B{h} \B{t} \B{T} \m{b} \m{B} \m{C}
Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages \m{c} \m{D} \M{d} \M{D} \m{d} \m{E} \m{e} \M{E} \M{e}
\m{f} \m{F} \m{G} \m{g} \m{I} \m{i} \m{J} \m{j} \m{K}
\m{k} \m{N} \m{n} \m{o} \m{O} \m{P} \m{p} \m{s} \m{S}
\M{t} \M{T} \m{t} \m{T} \m{u} \m{U} \m{Y} \m{y} \m{z}
\m{Z} \T{E} \T{e} \T{O} \T{o}
These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package. \m{v} and \m{V} are synonyms for \m{u} and \m{U}.
Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese \OHORN \ohorn \UHORN \uhorn
These characters all need the T5 font encoding, which is provided by the vntex package.
Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 \guillemotleft \guillemotright \guilsinglleft \guilsinglright \quotedblbase \quotesinglbase " \textquotedbl
To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.
11
Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks \ding{123} \ding{124} d \ding{125} \ding{126} e f \ding{161} \ding{162} g \ding{163}
Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols b c d g 1 8 0 B \textbabygamma \textbarb \textbarc \textbard \textbardotlessj \textbarg \textbarglotstop \textbari \textbarl \textbaro \textbarrevglotstop \textbaru \textbeltl \textbeta \textbullseye \textceltpal \textchi \textcloseepsilon \textcloseomega \textcloserevepsilon \textcommatailz \textcorner \textcrb \textcrd \textcrg \textcrh \textcrinvglotstop \textcrlambda \textcrtwo \textctc \textctd \textctdctzlig \textctesh \textctj \textctn \textctt \textcttctclig \textctyogh P ; # H K : M _ O % \textglotstop \texthalflength \texthardsign \texthooktop \texthtb \texthtbardotlessj \texthtc \texthtd \texthtg \texthth \texththeng \texthtk \texthtp \texthtq \texthtrtaild \texthtscg \texthtt \texthvlig \textinvglotstop \textinvscr \textiota \textlambda \textlengthmark \textlhookt \textlhtlongi \textlhtlongy \textlonglegr \textlptr \textltailm \textltailn \textltilde \textlyoghlig \textObardotlessj \textOlyoghlig \textomega \textopencorner \textopeno \textpalhook $ @ I A g V Y tC T 5 4 \textrtailn \textrtailr \textrtails \textrtailt \textrtailz \textrthook \textsca \textscb \textsce \textscg \textsch \textschwa \textsci \textscj \textscl \textscn \textscoelig \textscomega \textscr \textscripta \textscriptg \textscriptv \textscu \textscy \textsecstress \textsoftsign \textstretchc \texttctclig \textteshlig \texttheta \textthorn \texttoneletterstem \texttslig \textturna \textturncelig \textturnh \textturnk \textturnlonglegr
^ g 2 C J C
(continued on next page)
12
(continued from previous page)
d S } = / { dz E S R G
\textctz \textdctzlig \textdoublebaresh \textdoublebarpipe \textdoublebarslash \textdoublepipe \textdoublevertline \textdownstep \textdyoghlig \textdzlig \textepsilon \textesh \textfishhookr \textg \textgamma \textglobfall \textglobrise
F | " 7 \ 9 3 Q ~
\textphi \textpipe \textprimstress \textraiseglotstop \textraisevibyi \textramshorns \textrevapostrophe \textreve \textrevepsilon \textrevglotstop \textrevyogh \textrhookrevepsilon \textrhookschwa \textrhoticity \textrptr \textrtaild \textrtaill
W 6 2 L U Z
\textturnm \textturnmrleg \textturnr \textturnrrtail \textturnscripta \textturnt \textturnv \textturnw \textturny \textupsilon \textupstep \textvertline \textvibyi \textvibyy \textwynn \textyogh
tipa denes shortcut characters for many of the above. It also denes a command \tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more information.
Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols " B . D 2 % & @ ) H G 7 5 ( ? T \textaolig \textbenttailyogh \textbktailgamma \textctinvglotstop \textctjvar \textctstretchc \textctstretchcvar \textctturnt \textdblig \textdoublebarpipevar \textdoublepipevar \textdownfullarrow \textfemale \textfrbarn \textfrhookd \textfrhookdvar \textfrhookt \textfrtailgamma \textglotstopvari 3 ; p ! I # < 1 > 6 9 F = v z \texthtbardotlessjvar \textinvomega \textinvsca \textinvscripta \textlfishhookrlig \textlhookfour \textlhookp \textlhti \textlooptoprevesh \textnrleg \textObullseye \textpalhooklong \textpalhookvar \textpipevar \textqplig \textrectangle \textretractingvar \textrevscl \textrevscr q r s t w x y $ P Q R S E u { \textrthooklong \textscaolig \textscdelta \textscf \textsck \textscm \textscp \textscq \textspleftarrow \textstretchcvar \textsubdoublearrow \textsubrightarrow \textthornvari \textthornvarii \textthornvariii \textthornvariv \textturnglotstop \textturnsck \textturnscu
13
U V , 0 4
\textglotstopvarii \textglotstopvariii \textgrgamma \textheng \texthmlig
* + : /
\textrhooka \textrhooke \textrhookepsilon \textrhookopeno \textrtailhth
C A 8
\textturnthree \textturntwo \textuncrfemale \textupfullarrow
Table 12: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols
3 9 F ` e C Y c ' 5 Q x @ e
\babygamma \barb \bard \bari \barl \baro \barp \barsci \barscu \baru \clickb \clickc \clickt \closedniomega \closedrevepsilon \crossb \crossd \crossh \crossnilambda \curlyc \curlyesh \curlyyogh \curlyz \dlbari \dz \ejective
V " w h ) 6 7 & 4 D d 8 s S q u 2
\eng \er \esh \eth \flapr \glotstop \hookb \hookd \hookg \hookh \hookheng \hookrevepsilon \hv \inva \invf \invglotstop \invh \invlegr \invm \invr \invscr \invscripta \invv \invw \invy \ipagamma
R G T i I $ 1 A P b g y U d a # f % 0
\labdentalnas \latfric \legm \legr \lz \nialpha \nibeta \nichi \niepsilon \nigamma \niiota \nilambda \niomega \niphi \nisigma \nitheta \niupsilon \nj \oo \openo \reve \reveject \revepsilon \revglotstop \scd \scg
! B X t ( r H W p v f E
\schwa \sci \scn \scr \scripta \scriptg \scriptv \scu \scy \slashb \slashc \slashd \slashu \taild \tailinvr \taill \tailn \tailr \tails \tailt \tailz \tesh \thorn \tildel \yogh
Table 13: wasysym Phonetic Symbols D \DH \Thorn \dh \inve \openo \thorn
14
Table 14: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

j w n x 4 s d p
\barj \barlambda \emgma \engma \enya \epsi \esh \eth \fj
f c f h k u h
\flap \glottal \hausaB \hausab \hausad \hausaD \hausak \hausaK \hookd
h
m r
\ibar \openo \planck \pwedge \revD \riota \rotm \rotOmega \rotr
e w y e p
u
u q
\rotvara \rotw \roty \schwa \thorn \ubar \udesc \vara \varg
i g
v
h x
\vari \varomega \varopeno \vod \voicedh \yogh
Table 15: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols \textcrd \textcrh \textepsilon \textesh \textfjlig \texthtb \texthtc
\texthtd \texthtk \texthtp \texthtt \textiota \textltailn \textopeno
\textpipe \textrtaild \textrtailt \textschwa \textscriptv \textteshlig \textyogh
The idea behind the t4phonet packages phonetic symbols is to provide an interface to some of the characters in the T4 font encoding (Table 6 on page 11) but using the same names as the tipa characters presented in Table 10 on page 12.
Table 16: semtrans Transliteration Symbols \Alif \Ayn
15
Table 17: Text-mode Accents a A a A Aa a A a A \"{A}\"{a} \{A}\{a} \.{A}\.{a} \={A}\={a} \^{A}\^{a} Aa

à A`
a A
a A Aa Aa
\{A}\{a} \|{A}\|{a} \~{A}\~{a} \b{A}\b{a} \c{A}\c{a} Aa
Aa .. a A
a A
\d{A}\d{a} \G{A}\G{a} \h{A}\h{a} \H{A}\H{a} \k{A}\k{a}
a A Aa a A
a A
a A
\r{A}\r{a} \t{A}\t{a} \u{A}\u{a} \U{A}\U{a} \v{A}\v{a}
\newtie{A}\newtie{a}
\textcircled{A}\textcircled{a}
Requires the textcomp package. Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding, such as T1. Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package. Requires the T5 font encoding, provided by the vntex package.
Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of i and j (viz., and ). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot in encodings that need to composite (i.e., combine) letters and accents. For example, na\"{\i}ve always produces a correct na ve, while na\"{i}ve yields the rather odd-looking na ive when using the OT1 font encoding and older versions A A of L TEX. Font encodings other than OT1 and newer versions of L TEX properly typeset na\"{i}ve as na ve.
Table 18: tipa Text-mode Accents a A a A Aa A< <a a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A a A à A` \textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a} \textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a} \textadvancing{A}\textadvancing{a} \textbottomtiebar{A}\textbottomtiebar{a} \textbrevemacron{A}\textbrevemacron{a} \textcircumacute{A}\textcircumacute{a} \textcircumdot{A}\textcircumdot{a} \textdotacute{A}\textdotacute{a} \textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a} \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a} \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a} \textgravecircum{A}\textgravecircum{a} \textgravedot{A}\textgravedot{a} \textgravemacron{A}\textgravemacron{a}
16
a A Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa A& &a Aa " " Aa >> Aa a A
\textgravemid{A}\textgravemid{a} \textinvsubbridge{A}\textinvsubbridge{a} \textlowering{A}\textlowering{a} \textmidacute{A}\textmidacute{a} \textovercross{A}\textovercross{a} \textoverw{A}\textoverw{a} \textpolhook{A}\textpolhook{a} \textraising{A}\textraising{a} \textretracting{A}\textretracting{a} \textringmacron{A}\textringmacron{a} \textroundcap{A}\textroundcap{a} \textseagull{A}\textseagull{a} \textsubacute{A}\textsubacute{a} \textsubarch{A}\textsubarch{a} \textsubbar{A}\textsubbar{a} \textsubbridge{A}\textsubbridge{a} \textsubcircum{A}\textsubcircum{a} \textsubdot{A}\textsubdot{a} \textsubgrave{A}\textsubgrave{a} \textsublhalfring{A}\textsublhalfring{a} \textsubplus{A}\textsubplus{a} \textsubrhalfring{A}\textsubrhalfring{a} \textsubring{A}\textsubring{a} \textsubsquare{A}\textsubsquare{a} \textsubtilde{A}\textsubtilde{a} \textsubumlaut{A}\textsubumlaut{a} \textsubw{A}\textsubw{a} \textsubwedge{A}\textsubwedge{a} \textsuperimposetilde{A}\textsuperimposetilde{a} \textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a} \texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a} \texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}
tipa denes shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentation for more information.
17
Aa Aa .. .. a A a A Aa Aa Aa A a Aa A a
Table 19: extraipa Text-mode Accents \bibridge{A}\bibridge{a} \crtilde{A}\crtilde{a} \dottedtilde{A}\dottedtilde{a} \doubletilde{A}\doubletilde{a} \finpartvoice{A}\finpartvoice{a} \finpartvoiceless{A}\finpartvoiceless{a} \inipartvoice{A}\inipartvoice{a} \inipartvoiceless{A}\inipartvoiceless{a} \overbridge{A}\overbridge{a} \partvoice{A}\partvoice{a} A a A a A a Aa ^^ Aa Aa "" "" Aa Aa Aa \partvoiceless{A}\partvoiceless{a} \sliding{A}\sliding{a} \spreadlips{A}\spreadlips{a} \subcorner{A}\subcorner{a} \subdoublebar{A}\subdoublebar{a} \subdoublevert{A}\subdoublevert{a} \sublptr{A}\sublptr{a} \subrptr{A}\subrptr{a} \whistle{A}\whistle{a}
Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents Aa gg Aa \dental{A}\dental{a} \underarch{A}\underarch{a}
Table 21: phonetic Text-mode Accents Aa

{ {
\hill{A}\hill{a} \od{A}\od{a} \ohill{A}\ohill{a}
Aa Aa A.. .. a
\rc{A}\rc{a} \syl{A}\syl{a} \td{A}\td{a}
Aa { { Aa
Aa
\ut{A}\ut{a}
The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents. \acbar and \acarc compose characters with multiple accents; for example, \acbar{\}{a} produces and \acarc{\"}{e} produces . \labvel joins two characters with a e an arc: \labvel{mn} mn. \upbar is intended to go between characters as in x\upbar{}y x y. Lastly, \uplett behaves like \textsuperscript but uses a smaller font. Contrast p\uplett{h} ph with p\textsuperscript{h} ph .
Table 22: metre Text-mode Accents Aa Aa Aa Aa `` Aa Aa \acutus{A}\acutus{a} \breve{A}\breve{a} \circumflexus{A}\circumflexus{a} \diaeresis{A}\diaeresis{a} \gravis{A}\gravis{a} \macron{A}\macron{a}
18
a A Aa a A
Table 23: t4phonet Text-mode Accents \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a} \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a}
The idea behind the t4phonet packages text-mode accents is to provide an interface to some of the accents in the T4 font encoding (accents marked with in Table 17 on page 16) but using the same names as the tipa accents presented in Table 18 on page 16.
Table 24: arcs Text-mode Accents Aa \overarc{A}\overarc{a} Aa \underarc{A}\underarc{a}
The accents shown above scale only to a few characters wide. An optional macro argument alters the eective width of the accented characters. See the arcs documentation for more information.
Table 25: semtrans Accents Aa \D{A}\D{a} aA Aa Aa ,, Aa \U{A}\U{a}
\T{A}\T{a}
\T is not actually an accent but a command that rotates its argument 180 using the graphicx packages \rotatebox command.
Table 26: ogonek Accents \k{A}\k{a}
Table 27: combelow Accents \cb{A}\cb{a}
\cb places a comma above letters with descenders. Hence, while \cb{s} produces s, \cb{g} produces g. ,
19
Table 28: wsuipa Diacritics
s k u m p
\ain \corner \downp \downt \halflength
v n q { z
\leftp \leftt \length \midtilde \open
x ~ w o i
\overring \polishhook \rightp \rightt \secstress
h j r y |
\stress \syllabic \underdots \underring \undertilde
} t l
\underwedge \upp \upt
The wsuipa package denes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents. However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to compose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a] produces x, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces r. See the wsuipa documentation a a for more information.
Table 29: textcomp Diacritics \textacutedbl \textasciiacute \textasciibreve \textasciicaron \textasciidieresis \textasciigrave \textasciimacron \textgravedbl
The textcomp package denes all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.
Table 30: textcomp Currency Symbols \textbaht \textcent \textcentoldstyle \textcolonmonetary \textcurrency
\textdollar \textdollaroldstyle \textdong \texteuro \textflorin
\textguarani \textlira \textnaira \textpeso \textsterling
\textwon \textyen
Its generally preferable to use the corresponding symbol from Table 3 on page 10 because the symbols in that table work properly in both text mode and math mode.
Table 31: marvosym Currency Symbols \Denarius \Ecommerce e d \EUR \EURcr D c \EURdig \EURhv e \EURtm \EyesDollar \Pfund \Shilling
The dierent euro signs are meant to be visually compatible with dierent fonts Courier (\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times Roman (\EURtm), and the marvosym digits listed in Table 197 (\EURdig). The mathdesign package redenes \texteuro to be visually compatible with one of three additional fonts: Utopia ( ), Charter ( ), or Garamond ( ).
Table 32: wasysym Currency Symbols \cent 20 \currency
Table 33: C in h A2e Currency Symbols
\Euro
\Pound
Table 34: teubner Currency Symbols \denarius \dracma \hemiobelion \stater \tetartemorion
Table 35: eurosym Euro Signs A C \geneuro B C \geneuronarrow C C \geneurowide e \officialeuro
\euro is automatically mapped to one of the aboveby default, \officialeuro based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for more information. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current body fonts C character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.
Table 36: fourier Euro Signs \eurologo \texteuro
Table 37: textcomp Legal Symbols \textcircledP \textcopyleft c r \textcopyright \textregistered

TM
\textservicemark \texttrademark
A Where two symbols are present, the left one is the faked symbol that L TEX 2 provides by default, and the right one is the true symbol that textcomp makes available. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solutions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a r when you expected to get a ).
Table 38: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons

\
CC
\cc
BY:
\ccby
\ccnd
These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in some DVI viewers.
21
\ccnc
\ccsa
Table 39: textcomp Old-style Numerals \textzerooldstyle \textoneoldstyle \texttwooldstyle \textthreeoldstyle \textfouroldstyle \textfiveoldstyle \textsixoldstyle \textsevenoldstyle \texteightoldstyle \textnineoldstyle
Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commands shown above, consider using \oldstylenums{. . .} to typeset an old-style number.
Table 40: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols \textasteriskcentered \textbardbl \textbigcircle \textblank \textbrokenbar \textbullet \textdagger \textdaggerdbl \textdblhyphen \textdblhyphenchar \textdiscount \textestimated \textinterrobang \textinterrobangdown \textmusicalnote \textnumero \textopenbullet
a o
'
\textordfeminine \textordmasculine \textparagraph \textperiodcentered \textpertenthousand \textperthousand \textpilcrow \textquotesingle \textquotestraightbase \textquotestraightdblbase \textrecipe \textreferencemark \textsection \textthreequartersemdash \texttildelow \texttwelveudash
Table 41: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols \permil
22
Mathematical symbols
Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a Missing $ inserted error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operators marked as variable-sized are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter still when used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts. Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., L and ) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets in Table 213 rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there rst if you need a symbol for a transform, number set, or some other alphanumeric. Although there have been many requests on comp.text.tex for a contradiction symbol, the ensuing discussion invariably reveals innumerable ways to represent contradiction in a proof, including (\blitza), (\Rightarrow\Leftarrow), (\bot), (\nleftrightarrow), and (\textreferencemark). Because of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out Contradiction! than to use a symbol for this purpose. Similarly, discussions on comp.text.tex have revealed that there are a variety of ways to indicate the mathematical notion of is dened as. Common candidates include (\triangleq), (\equiv), (vardef ious 1 ), and = (\stackrel{\text{\tiny def}}{=}). See also the example of \equalsfill on page 118. De pending upon the context, disjoint union may be represented as (\coprod), (\sqcup), (\dotcup), (\oplus), or any of a number of other symbols.2 Finally, the average value of a variable x is written by some people as x (\overline{x}), by some people as x (\langle x \rangle), and by some people as x or x (\diameter x or \varnothing x). The moral of the story is that you should be careful always to explain your notation to avoid confusing your readers.
Table 42: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols $ ... \mathdollar \mathellipsis \mathparagraph \mathsection \mathsterling \mathunderscore
Table 43: cmll Unary Operators !
\oc \shift
\shneg \shpos
\wn
\oc and \wn dier from ! and ? in terms of their math-mode spacing: $A=!B$ produces A =!B, for example, while $A=\oc B$ produces A = !B.
1 In txfonts, pxfonts, and mathtools the symbol is called \coloneqq. In mathabx and MnSymbol its called \coloneq. In colonequals its called \colonequals. 2 Bob Tennent listed these and other disjoint-union symbol possibilities in a November 2007 post to comp.text.tex.
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Table 44: Binary Operators \amalg \ast \bigcirc \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup \bullet \cap \cdot \circ \cup \dagger \ddagger \diamond \div \lhd \mp \odot \ominus \ \oplus \oslash \otimes \pm \rhd \setminus \sqcap \sqcup \star \times \triangleleft \triangleright \unlhd \unrhd \uplus \vee \wedge \wr
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 45: AMS Binary Operators \barwedge \boxdot \boxminus \boxplus \boxtimes \Cap \centerdot \circledast
\circledcirc \circleddash \Cup \curlyvee \curlywedge \divideontimes \dotplus \doublebarwedge
\intercal \leftthreetimes \ltimes \rightthreetimes \rtimes \smallsetminus \veebar
Some people use a superscripted \intercal for matrix transpose: A^\intercal A . (See the May 2009 comp.text.tex thread, raising math symbols, for suggestions about altering the height of the superscript.) \top (Table 139 on page 59), T, and \mathsf{T} are other popular choices: A , AT , AT .
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Table 46: stmaryrd Binary Operators \baro \bbslash \binampersand \bindnasrepma \boxast \boxbar \boxbox \boxbslash \boxcircle \boxdot \boxempty \boxslash \curlyveedownarrow \curlyveeuparrow \curlywedgedownarrow \curlywedgeuparrow \fatbslash \fatsemi \fatslash \interleave \leftslice \merge \minuso \moo \nplus \obar \oblong \obslash \ogreaterthan \olessthan \ovee \owedge \rightslice \sslash \talloblong \varbigcirc \varcurlyvee \varcurlywedge \varoast \varobar \varobslash \varocircle \varodot \varogreaterthan \varolessthan \varominus \varoplus \varoslash \varotimes \varovee \varowedge \vartimes \Ydown \Yleft \Yright \Yup
Table 47: wasysym Binary Operators \lhd \LHD \ocircle \rhd \RHD \unlhd \unrhd
Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators \circledbar \circledbslash \circledvee \circledwedge \invamp \medbullet \medcirc \sqcapplus \sqcupplus
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Table 49: mathabx Binary Operators

y
\ast \Asterisk \barwedge \bigstar \bigvarstar \blackdiamond \cap \circplus \coasterisk \coAsterisk \convolution \cup \curlyvee

\curlywedge \divdot \divideontimes \dotdiv \dotplus \dottimes \doublebarwedge \doublecap \doublecup \ltimes \pluscirc \rtimes \sqbullet
\sqcap \sqcup \sqdoublecap \sqdoublecup \square \squplus \udot \uplus \varstar \vee \veebar \veedoublebar \wedge
Many of the above glyphs go by multiple names. \centerdot is equivalent to \sqbullet, and \ast is equivalent to *. \asterisk produces the same glyph as \ast, but as an ordinary symbol, not a binary operator. Similarly, \bigast produces a large-operator version of the \Asterisk binary operator, and \bigcoast produces a large-operator version of the \coAsterisk binary operator.
Table 50: MnSymbol Binary Operators \amalg \ast \backslashdiv \bowtie \bullet \cap \capdot \capplus \cdot \circ \closedcurlyvee \closedcurlywedge \cup \cupdot \cupplus \curlyvee \curlyveedot \curlywedge \curlywedgedot \ddotdot \diamonddots \doublesqcup \doublevee \doublewedge \downtherefore \downY \dtimes \fivedots \hbipropto \hdotdot \lefthalfcap \lefthalfcup \lefttherefore \leftthreetimes \leftY \ltimes \medbackslash \medcircle \medslash \medvert \medvertdot \minus \righttherefore \rightthreetimes \rightY \rtimes \slashdiv \smallprod \sqcap \sqcapdot \sqcapplus \sqcup \sqcupdot \sqcupplus \squaredots \times \udotdot \uptherefore \upY \utimes \vbipropto \vdotdot \vee
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\div \dotmedvert \dotminus \doublecap \doublecup \doublecurlyvee \doublecurlywedge \doublesqcap
\minusdot \mp \neswbipropto \nwsebipropto \plus \pm \righthalfcap \righthalfcup
\veedot \vertbowtie \vertdiv \wedge \wedgedot \wreath
MnSymbol denes \setminus and \smallsetminus as synonyms for \medbackslash; \Join as a synonym for \bowtie; \wr as a synonym for \wreath; \shortmid as a synonym for \medvert; \Cap as a synonym for \doublecap; \Cup as a synonym for \doublecup; and, \uplus as a synonym for \cupplus.
Table 51: mathdesign Binary Operators \dtimes \udtimes \utimes
The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the binary operators shown in Table 45 on page 24.
Table 52: cmll Binary Operators `
\parr
&
\with
\with diers from & in terms of its math-mode spacing: $A \& B$ produces A&B, for example, while $A \with B$ produces A & B.
Table 53: shue Binary Operators
\cshuffle
\shuffle
Table 54: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators
\odplus
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f n k e g d h
Table 55: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators \blacktriangledown \blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright \blacktriangleup \boxasterisk \boxbackslash \boxbot \boxcirc \boxcoasterisk \boxdiv \boxdot \boxleft \boxminus \boxplus
i m j o l
f n k e g d h
\boxright \boxslash \boxtimes \boxtop \boxtriangleup \boxvoid \oasterisk \obackslash \obot \ocirc \ocoasterisk \odiv \odot \oleft
i m j o l
\ominus \oplus \oright \oslash \otimes \otop \otriangleup \ovoid \smalltriangledown \smalltriangleleft \smalltriangleright \smalltriangleup
Table 56: MnSymbol Geometric Binary Operators \boxbackslash \boxbox \boxdot \boxminus \boxplus \boxslash \boxtimes \boxvert \diamondbackslash \diamonddiamond \diamonddot \diamondminus \diamondplus \diamondslash \diamondtimes \diamondvert \downslice \filleddiamond \filledmedsquare \filledmedtriangledown \filledmedtriangleleft \filledmedtriangleright \filledmedtriangleup \filledsquare \filledstar \filledtriangledown \filledtriangleleft \filledtriangleright \filledtriangleup \meddiamond \medsquare \medstar \medtriangledown \medtriangleleft \medtriangleright \medtriangleup \oast \obackslash \ocirc \odot \ominus \oplus \oslash \ostar \otimes \otriangle \overt \pentagram \smalldiamond \smallsquare \smallstar \smalltriangledown \smalltriangleleft \smalltriangleright \smalltriangleup \thinstar \upslice
MnSymbol denes \blacksquare as a synonym for \filledmedsquare; \square and \Box as synonyms for \medsquare; \diamond as a synonym for \smalldiamond; \Diamond as a synonym for \meddiamond; \star as a synonym for \thinstar; \circledast as a synonym for \oast; \circledcirc as a synonym for \ocirc; and, \circleddash as a synonym for \ominus.
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Table 57: Variable-sized Math Operators \bigcap \bigcup \bigodot \bigoplus \bigotimes \bigsqcup \biguplus \bigvee \bigwedge \coprod \int \oint \prod \sum
Table 58: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators \iint \iiiint \iiint \idotsint
Table 59: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators \bigbox \bigcurlyvee \bigcurlywedge \biginterleave \bignplus \bigparallel \bigsqcap \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup
Table 60: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators \int \varint \iint \varoint \iiint \oiint
None of the preceding symbols are dened when wasysym is passed the nointegrals option.

Not dened when wasysym is passed the integrals option. Dened only when wasysym is passed the integrals option. Otherwise, the default A L TEX \int glyph (as shown in Table 57) is used.
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Table 61: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigcurlyvee \bigsqcap \bigcurlywedge \bigboxasterisk \bigboxbackslash \bigboxbot \bigboxcirc \bigboxcoasterisk \bigboxdiv \bigboxdot \bigboxleft \bigboxminus \bigboxplus \bigboxright
\bigboxslash \bigboxtimes \bigboxtop \bigboxtriangleup \bigboxvoid \bigcomplementop \bigoasterisk \bigobackslash \bigobot \bigocirc \bigocoasterisk \bigodiv \bigoleft \bigominus
\bigoright \bigoslash \bigotop \bigotriangleup \bigovoid \bigplus \bigsquplus \bigtimes \iiint \iint \int \oiint \oint
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Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigsqcapplus \bigsqcupplus \fint \idotsint \iiiint \iiint \iint \oiiintclockwise \oiiintctrclockwise \oiiint \oiintclockwise \oiintctrclockwise \oiint
\ointclockwise \ointctrclockwise \sqiiint \sqiint \sqint \varoiiintclockwise \varoiiintctrclockwise \varoiintclockwise \varoiintctrclockwise \varointclockwise \varointctrclockwise \varprod
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Table 63: esint Variable-sized Math Operators % # \iiiint \iiint \iint & \landdownint $ \landupint \oiint \dotsint \fint ! \sqiint \sqint " \varoiint \varointclockwise \varointctrclockwise \ointclockwise \ointctrclockwise
Table 64: MnSymbol Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigcap \bigcapdot \bigcapplus \bigcircle \bigcup \bigcupdot \bigcupplus \bigcurlyvee \bigcurlyveedot \bigcurlywedge \bigcurlywedgedot
\bigominus \bigoplus \bigoslash \bigostar \bigotimes \bigotriangle \bigovert \bigplus \bigsqcap \bigsqcapdot \bigsqcapplus
\complement \coprod \idotsint \iiiint \iiint \iint \int \landdownint \landupint \lcircleleftint \lcirclerightint
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\bigdoublecurlyvee \bigdoublecurlywedge \bigdoublevee \bigdoublewedge \bigoast \bigobackslash \bigocirc \bigodot
\bigsqcup \bigsqcupdot \bigsqcupplus \bigtimes \bigvee \bigveedot \bigwedge \bigwedgedot
\oiint \oint \prod \rcircleleftint \rcirclerightint \strokedint \sum \sumint
MnSymbol denes \biguplus as a synonym for \bigcupplus.
Table 65: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators \intclockwise \ointclockwise
\oiiint
\ointctrclockwise
\oiint
The mathdesign package provides three versions of each integralin fact, of every symbolto accompany dierent text fonts: Utopia ( ), Garamond ( ), and Charter ( ).
Table 66: cmll Large Math Operators \bigparr \bigwith
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Table 67: Binary Relations \approx \asymp \bowtie \cong \dashv \doteq \equiv \frown \Join \mid \models \parallel \perp \prec \preceq \propto \sim \simeq \smile \succ \succeq \vdash
| |=
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
The dierence between \mid and | is that the former is a binary relation while A the latter is a math ordinal. Consequently, L TEX typesets the two with dierent surrounding spacing. Contrast P(A | B) P (A|B) with P(A \mid B) P (A | B).
Table 68: AMS Binary Relations \approxeq \backepsilon \backsim \backsimeq \because \between \Bumpeq \bumpeq \circeq \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \doteqdot \eqcirc \fallingdotseq \multimap \pitchfork \precapprox \preccurlyeq \precsim \risingdotseq \shortmid \shortparallel \smallfrown \smallsmile \succapprox \succcurlyeq \succsim \therefore \thickapprox \thicksim \varpropto \Vdash \vDash \Vvdash
Table 69: AMS Negated Binary Relations \ncong \nmid \nparallel \nprec \npreceq \nshortmid \nshortparallel \nsim \nsucc \nsucceq \nvDash \nvdash \nVDash \precnapprox \precnsim \succnapprox \succnsim
Table 70: stmaryrd Binary Relations \inplus \niplus
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Table 71: wasysym Binary Relations \invneg \Join \leadsto \logof \wasypropto
Table 72: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations \circledgtr \circledless \colonapprox \Colonapprox \coloneq \Coloneq \Coloneqq \coloneqq \Colonsim \colonsim \Eqcolon \eqcolon \eqqcolon \Eqqcolon \eqsim
\lJoin \lrtimes \multimap \multimapboth \multimapbothvert \multimapdot \multimapdotboth \multimapdotbothA \multimapdotbothAvert \multimapdotbothB \multimapdotbothBvert \multimapdotbothvert \multimapdotinv \multimapinv \openJoin
\opentimes \Perp \preceqq \precneqq \rJoin \strictfi \strictif \strictiff \succeqq \succneqq \varparallel \varparallelinv \VvDash
As an alternative to using txfonts/pxfonts, a := symbol can be constructed with \mathrel{\mathop:}=.
Table 73: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations \napproxeq \nasymp \nbacksim \nbacksimeq \nbumpeq \nBumpeq \nequiv \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceqq \nprecsim \nsimeq \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceqq \nsuccsim \nthickapprox \ntwoheadleftarrow \ntwoheadrightarrow \nvarparallel \nvarparallelinv \nVdash
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2 % # & ! ) A
A
Table 74: mathabx Binary Relations \between \botdoteq \Bumpedeq \bumpedeq \circeq \coloneq \corresponds \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \DashV \Dashv \dashVv
#
$ ' "
\divides \dotseq \eqbumped \eqcirc \eqcolon \fallingdotseq \ggcurly \llcurly \precapprox \preccurlyeq \precdot \precsim
T
@ D
@ D
\risingdotseq \succapprox \succcurlyeq \succdot \succsim \therefore \topdoteq \vDash \Vdash \VDash \Vvdash
Table 75: mathabx Negated Binary Relations

' )

C G 9
C G
$ 0 1 %
\napprox \ncong \ncurlyeqprec \ncurlyeqsucc \nDashv \ndashV \ndashv \nDashV \ndashVv \neq \notasymp \notdivides \notequiv

& (
\notperp \nprec \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceq \nprecsim \nsim \nsimeq \nsucc \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceq \nsuccsim
B
F 8
\nvDash \nVDash \nVdash \nvdash \nVvash \precnapprox \precneq \precnsim \succnapprox \succneq \succnsim
The \changenotsign command toggles the behavior of \not to produce either a vertical or a diagonal slash through a binary operator. Thus, $a \not= b$ can be made to produce either a = b or a = b.
Table 76: MnSymbol Binary Relations \approx \approxeq \backapprox \backapproxeq \backcong \backeqsim \eqbump \eqcirc \eqdot \eqsim \equal \equalclosed \nwfootline \nwfree \nwmodels \nwModels \nwsecrossing \nwseline \seVdash \shortparallel \sim \simeq \succ \succapprox
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\backsim \backsimeq \backtriplesim \between \bumpeq \Bumpeq \circeq \closedequal \closedprec \closedsucc \coloneq \cong \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \doteq \Doteq \downfootline \downfree \downmodels \downModels \downpropto \downvdash \downVdash
\equiv \equivclosed \fallingdotseq \hateq \hcrossing \leftfootline \leftfree \leftmodels \leftModels \leftpropto \leftrightline \Leftrightline \leftslice \leftvdash \leftVdash \nefootline \nefree \nemodels \neModels \neswline \Neswline \nevdash \neVdash
\Nwseline \nwvdash \nwVdash \prec \precapprox \preccurlyeq \preceq \precsim \rightfootline \rightfree \rightmodels \rightModels \rightpropto \rightslice \rightvdash \rightVdash \risingdotseq \sefootline \sefree \semodels \seModels \separated \sevdash
\succcurlyeq \succeq \succsim \swfootline \swfree \swmodels \swModels \swvdash \swVdash \triplesim \updownline \Updownline \upfootline \upfree \upmodels \upModels \uppropto \upvdash \upVdash \vcrossing \Vvdash
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols: \dashv \diagdown \diagup \divides \doteqdot \models \parallel \perp \propto \relbar \Relbar \varpropto \vDash \VDash \vdash \Vdash (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as \leftvdash) \nwseline) \neswline) \updownline) \Doteq) \rightmodels) \Updownline) \upvdash) \leftpropto) \leftrightline) \Leftrightline) \leftpropto) \rightmodels) \rightModels) \rightvdash) \rightVdash)
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Table 77: MnSymbol Negated Binary Relations \napprox \napproxeq \nbackapprox \nbackapproxeq \nbackcong \nbackeqsim \nbacksim \nbacksimeq \nbacktriplesim \nbumpeq \nBumpeq \ncirceq \nclosedequal \ncong \ncurlyeqprec \ncurlyeqsucc \ndoteq \nDoteq \ndownfootline \ndownfree \ndownmodels \ndownModels \ndownvdash \ndownVdash \neqbump \neqcirc \neqdot \neqsim \nequal \nequalclosed \nequiv \nequivclosed \neswcrossing \nfallingdotseq \nhateq \nleftfootline \nleftfree \nleftmodels \nleftModels \nleftrightline \nLeftrightline \nleftvdash \nleftVdash \nnefootline \nnefree \nnemodels \nneModels \nneswline \nNeswline \nnevdash \nneVdash \nnwfootline \nnwfree \nnwmodels \nnwModels \nnwseline \nNwseline \nnwvdash \nnwVdash \nprec \nprecapprox \npreccurlyeq \npreceq \nprecsim \nrightfootline \nrightfree \nrightmodels \nrightModels \nrightvdash \nrightVdash \nrisingdotseq \nsefootline \nsefree \nsemodels \nseModels \nsevdash \nseVdash \nshortmid \nshortparallel \nsim \nsimeq \nsucc \nsuccapprox \nsucccurlyeq \nsucceq \nsuccsim \nswfootline \nswfree \nswmodels \nswModels \nswvdash \nswVdash \ntriplesim \nupdownline \nUpdownline \nupfootline \nupfree \nupmodels \nupModels \nupvdash \nupVdash \precnapprox \precnsim \succnapprox \succnsim
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols: \ndashv \ndiagdown \ndiagup \ndivides \ne \neq \nmid \nmodels \nparallel \nperp \nrelbar \nRelbar \nvDash \nvdash \nVdash \nVDash (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as \nleftvdash) \nnwseline) \nneswline) \nupdownline) \nequal) \nequal) \nupdownline) \nrightmodels) \nUpdownline) \nupvdash) \nleftrightline) \nLeftrightline) \nrightmodels) \nrightvdash) \nrightVdash) \nrightModels)
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Table 78: mathtools Binary Relations :: : := ::= :: \Colonapprox \colonapprox \coloneqq \Coloneqq \Coloneq : : :: :: : \coloneq \colonsim \Colonsim \dblcolon \eqcolon :: =: =:: \Eqcolon \eqqcolon \Eqqcolon
Similar symbols can be dened using mathtoolss \vcentcolon, which produces a colon centered on the fonts math axis:
=:= =:=
vs.
=:=
=\vcentcolon=
Table 79: turnstile Binary Relations

def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\dddtstile{abc}{def} \ddststile{abc}{def} \ddtstile{abc}{def} \ddttstile{abc}{def} \dndtstile{abc}{def} \dnststile{abc}{def} \dntstile{abc}{def} \dnttstile{abc}{def} \dsdtstile{abc}{def} \dsststile{abc}{def} \dststile{abc}{def} \dsttstile{abc}{def} \dtdtstile{abc}{def} \dtststile{abc}{def}
def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
def
\nntstile{abc}{def} \nnttstile{abc}{def} \nsdtstile{abc}{def} \nsststile{abc}{def} \nststile{abc}{def} \nsttstile{abc}{def} \ntdtstile{abc}{def} \ntststile{abc}{def} \nttstile{abc}{def} \ntttstile{abc}{def} \sddtstile{abc}{def} \sdststile{abc}{def} \sdtstile{abc}{def} \sdttstile{abc}{def}
abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\stdtstile{abc}{def} \stststile{abc}{def} \sttstile{abc}{def} \stttstile{abc}{def} \tddtstile{abc}{def} \tdststile{abc}{def} \tdtstile{abc}{def} \tdttstile{abc}{def} \tndtstile{abc}{def} \tnststile{abc}{def} \tntstile{abc}{def} \tnttstile{abc}{def} \tsdtstile{abc}{def} \tsststile{abc}{def}
39

def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\dttstile{abc}{def} \dtttstile{abc}{def} \nddtstile{abc}{def} \ndststile{abc}{def} \ndtstile{abc}{def} \ndttstile{abc}{def} \nndtstile{abc}{def} \nnststile{abc}{def}
def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\sndtstile{abc}{def} \snststile{abc}{def} \sntstile{abc}{def} \snttstile{abc}{def} \ssdtstile{abc}{def} \ssststile{abc}{def} \sststile{abc}{def} \ssttstile{abc}{def}
def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc def abc
\tststile{abc}{def} \tsttstile{abc}{def} \ttdtstile{abc}{def} \ttststile{abc}{def} \tttstile{abc}{def} \ttttstile{abc}{def}
Each of the above takes an optional argument that controls the size of the upper and lower expressions. See the turnstile documentation for more information.
Table 80: trsym Binary Relations \InversTransformHoriz \InversTransformVert \TransformHoriz \TransformVert
Table 81: trfsigns Binary Relations

.. ..
.. ..
\dfourier \fourier \laplace \ztransf
.. ..
.. ..
\Dfourier \Fourier \Laplace \Ztransf
Table 82: cmll Binary Relations \coh \incoh \scoh \sincoh
40
Table 83: colonequals Binary Relations : :: : :: :: ::= \approxcolon \approxcoloncolon \colonapprox \coloncolon \coloncolonapprox \coloncolonequals :: :: := : : =: \coloncolonminus \coloncolonsim \colonequals \colonminus \colonsim \equalscolon =:: : :: : : :: \equalscoloncolon \minuscolon \minuscoloncolon \ratio \simcolon \simcoloncolon
Table 84: fourier Binary Relations \nparallelslant \parallelslant
Table 85: Subset and Superset Relations \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset
\sqsupseteq \subset \subseteq
\supset \supseteq
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 86: AMS Subset and Superset Relations \nsubseteq \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \sqsubset \sqsupset \Subset \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \Supset \supseteqq \supsetneq \supsetneqq \varsubsetneq \varsubsetneqq \varsupsetneq \varsupsetneqq
Table 87: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations \subsetplus \subsetpluseq \supsetplus \supsetpluseq
Table 88: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations \sqsubset \sqsupset
Table 89: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations \nsqsubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsupset \nsqsupseteq \nSubset \nsubseteqq 41 \nSupset
Table 90: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations \nsqsubset \nsqSubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsubseteqq \nsqsupset \nsqSupset \nsqsupseteq \nsqsupseteqq \nsubset \nSubset \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq

\nsupset \nSupset \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \sqsubset \sqSubset \sqsubseteq \sqsubseteqq \sqsubsetneq \sqsubsetneqq \sqSupset \sqsupset
\sqsupseteq \sqsupseteqq \sqsupsetneq \sqsupsetneqq \subset \Subset \subseteq \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \supset \Supset
\supseteq \supseteqq \supsetneq \supsetneqq \varsqsubsetneq \varsqsubsetneqq \varsqsupsetneq \varsqsupsetneqq \varsubsetneq \varsubsetneqq \varsupsetneq \varsupsetneqq
Table 91: MnSymbol Subset and Superset Relations \nSqsubset \nsqsubset \nsqsubseteq \nsqsubseteqq \nSqsupset \nsqsupset \nsqsupseteq \nsqsupseteqq \nSubset \nsubset \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \nSupset \nsupset \nsupseteq \nsupseteqq \Sqsubset \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsubseteqq \sqsubsetneq \sqsubsetneqq \Sqsupset \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqsupseteqq \sqsupsetneq \sqsupsetneqq \Subset \subset \subseteq \subseteqq \subsetneq \subsetneqq \Supset \supset \supseteq \supseteqq \supsetneq \supsetneqq
MnSymbol additionally denes \varsubsetneq as a synonym for \subsetneq, \varsubsetneqq as a synonym for \subsetneqq, \varsupsetneq as a synonym for \supsetneq, and \varsupsetneqq as a synonym for \supsetneqq.
Table 92: Inequalities \geq \gg \leq \ll \neq
42
Table 93: AMS Inequalities \eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geqq \geqslant \ggg \gnapprox \gneq \gneqq \gnsim \gtrapprox \gtrdot \gtreqless \gtreqqless \gtrless \gtrsim \gvertneqq \leqq \leqslant \lessapprox \lessdot \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr \lesssim \lll \lnapprox \lneq \lneqq \lnsim \lvertneqq \ngeq \ngeqq \ngeqslant \ngtr \nleq \nleqq \nleqslant \nless
Table 94: wasysym Inequalities \apprge \apprle
Table 95: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities \ngg \ngtrapprox \ngtrless \ngtrsim \nlessapprox \nlessgtr \nlesssim \nll
43
Table 96: mathabx Inequalities

4
\eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geq \geqq \gg \ggg \gnapprox \gneq \gneqq \gnsim \gtrapprox \gtrdot
\gtreqless \gtreqqless \gtrless \gtrsim \gvertneqq \leq \leqq \lessapprox \lessdot \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr
\lesssim \ll \lll \lnapprox \lneq \lneqq \lnsim \lvertneqq \neqslantgtr \neqslantless \ngeq \ngeqq
\ngtr \ngtrapprox \ngtrsim \nleq \nleqq \nless \nlessapprox \nlesssim \nvargeq \nvarleq \vargeq \varleq
mathabx denes \leqslant and \le as synonyms for \leq, \geqslant and \ge as synonyms for \geq, \nleqslant as a synonym for \nleq, and \ngeqslant as a synonym for \ngeq.
44
Table 97: MnSymbol Inequalities \eqslantgtr \eqslantless \geq \geqclosed \geqdot \geqq \geqslant \geqslantdot \gg \ggg \gnapprox \gneqq > \gnsim \gtr \gtrapprox \gtrclosed \gtrdot \gtreqless \gtreqlessslant < \gtreqqless \gtrless \gtrneqqless \gtrsim \leq \leqclosed \leqdot \leqq \leqslant \leqslantdot \less \lessapprox \lessclosed \lessdot \lesseqgtr \lesseqgtrslant \lesseqqgtr \lessgtr \lessneqqgtr \lesssim \ll \lll \lnapprox \lneqq \lnsim \neqslantgtr \neqslantless \ngeq \ngeqclosed \ngeqdot \ngeqq \ngeqslant \ngeqslantdot \ngg \nggg \ngtr \ngtrclosed \ngtrdot \ngtreqless \ngtreqlessslant \ngtreqqless \ngtrless \nleq \nleqclosed \nleqdot \nleqq \nleqslant \nleqslantdot \nless \nlessclosed \nlessdot \nlesseqgtr \nlesseqgtrslant \nlesseqqgtr \nlessgtr \nll \nlll
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols: \gggtr \gvertneqq \lhd \llless \lvertneqq \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleleft \ntrianglerighteq \ntriangleright \rhd \trianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \unlhd \unrhd \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as \ggg) \gneqq) \lessclosed) \lll) \lneqq) \nleqclosed) \nlessclosed) \ngeqclosed) \ngtrclosed) \gtrclosed) \leqclosed) \geqclosed) \leqclosed) \geqclosed) \lessclosed) \gtrclosed)
45
Table 98: AMS Triangle Relations \blacktriangleleft \blacktriangleright \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \trianglelefteq \triangleq \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright
Table 99: stmaryrd Triangle Relations \trianglelefteqslant \ntrianglelefteqslant \trianglerighteqslant \ntrianglerighteqslant
Table 100: mathabx Triangle Relations

\ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq \triangleleft \trianglelefteq
\triangleright \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
46
Table 101: MnSymbol Triangle Relations \filledmedtriangledown \filledmedtriangleleft \filledmedtriangleright \filledmedtriangleup \filledtriangledown \filledtriangleleft \filledtriangleright \filledtriangleup \largetriangledown \largetriangleleft \largetriangleright \largetriangleup \medtriangledown \medtriangleleft \medtriangleright \medtriangleup \ntriangleeq \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \otriangle \smalltriangledown \smalltriangleleft \smalltriangleright \smalltriangleup \triangleeq \trianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \vartriangleleft \vartriangleright
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for many of the preceding symbols: \triangleq is a synonym for \triangleeq; \lhd and \lessclosed are synonyms for \vartriangleleft; \rhd and \gtrclosed are synonyms for \vartriangleright; \unlhd and \leqclosed are synonyms for \trianglelefteq; \unrhd and \geqclosed are synonyms for \trianglerighteq; \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright, and \blacktriangle [sic] are synonyms for, respectively, \filledmedtriangledown, \filledmedtriangleleft, \filledmedtriangleright, and \filledmedtriangleup; \triangleright is a synonym for \medtriangleright; \triangle, \vartriangle, and \bigtriangleup are synonyms for \medtriangleup; \triangleleft is a synonym for \medtriangleleft; \triangledown and \bigtriangledown are synonyms for \medtriangledown; \nlessclosed is a synonym for \ntriangleleft; \ngtrclosed is a synonym for \ntriangleright; \nleqclosed is a synonym for \ntrianglelefteq; and \ngeqclosed is a synonym for \ntrianglerighteq. The title Triangle Relations is a bit of a misnomer here as only \triangleeq and \ntriangleeq are dened as TEX relations (class 3 symbols). The \largetriangle. . . symbols are dened as TEX ordinary characters (class 0) and all of the remaining characters are dened as TEX binary operators (class 2).
Table 102: Arrows
\Downarrow \downarrow \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leadsto \leftarrow \Leftarrow \Leftrightarrow \leftrightarrow
= =
\longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \Longrightarrow \longrightarrow \mapsto \nearrow
\nwarrow \Rightarrow \rightarrow \searrow \swarrow \uparrow \Uparrow \updownarrow \Updownarrow
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
See the note beneath Table 169 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow across a mathematical expression (as in B
0
) .
47
Table 103: Harpoons \leftharpoondown \leftharpoonup \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpoons
Table 104: textcomp Text-mode Arrows \textdownarrow \textleftarrow \textrightarrow \textuparrow
Table 105: AMS Arrows \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright \dashleftarrow \dashrightarrow \downdownarrows \leftarrowtail \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftrightsquigarrow \Lleftarrow \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \rightarrowtail \rightleftarrows \rightrightarrows \rightsquigarrow \Rsh \twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow \upuparrows
Table 106: AMS Negated Arrows \nLeftarrow \nleftarrow \nLeftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \nRightarrow \nrightarrow
Table 107: AMS Harpoons \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \leftrightharpoons \rightleftharpoons \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright
Table 108: stmaryrd Arrows \leftarrowtriangle \leftrightarroweq \leftrightarrowtriangle \lightning \Longmapsfrom \longmapsfrom \Longmapsto \Mapsfrom \mapsfrom \Mapsto \nnearrow \nnwarrow \rightarrowtriangle \shortdownarrow \shortleftarrow \shortrightarrow \shortuparrow \ssearrow \sswarrow
= =
48
Table 109: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows \boxdotLeft \boxdotleft \boxdotright \boxdotRight \boxLeft \boxleft \boxright \boxRight \circleddotleft \circleddotright \circleleft \circleright \dashleftrightarrow \DiamonddotLeft \Diamonddotleft \Diamonddotright \DiamonddotRight \DiamondLeft \Diamondleft \Diamondright \DiamondRight \leftsquigarrow \Nearrow \Nwarrow \Rrightarrow \Searrow \Swarrow
Table 110: mathabx Arrows \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowbotleft \curvearrowbotleftright \curvearrowbotright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowleftright \curvearrowright \dlsh \downdownarrows \downtouparrow \downuparrows \drsh
\leftarrow \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrow \leftrightarrows \leftrightsquigarrow \leftsquigarrow \lefttorightarrow \looparrowdownleft \looparrowdownright \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \nearrow
\nwarrow \restriction \rightarrow \rightleftarrows \rightrightarrows \rightsquigarrow \righttoleftarrow \Rsh \searrow \swarrow \updownarrows \uptodownarrow \upuparrows
Table 111: mathabx Negated Arrows

\nLeftarrow \nleftarrow
\nleftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow
\nrightarrow \nRightarrow
Table 112: mathabx Harpoons \barleftharpoon \barrightharpoon \downdownharpoons \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \downupharpoons \leftbarharpoon \leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup \leftleftharpoons \leftrightharpoon \leftrightharpoons \rightbarharpoon \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftharpoon
\rightleftharpoons \rightrightharpoons \updownharpoons \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \upupharpoons
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Table 113: MnSymbol Arrows \curvearrowdownup \curvearrowleftright \curvearrownesw \curvearrownwse \curvearrowrightleft \curvearrowsenw \curvearrowswne \curvearrowupdown \dasheddownarrow \dashedleftarrow \dashednearrow \dashednwarrow \dashedrightarrow \dashedsearrow \dashedswarrow \dasheduparrow \Downarrow \downarrow \downarrowtail \downdownarrows \downlsquigarrow \downmapsto \downrsquigarrow \downuparrows \lcirclearrowdown \lcirclearrowleft \lcirclearrowright \lcirclearrowup \lcurvearrowdown \lcurvearrowleft \lcurvearrowne \lcurvearrownw \lcurvearrowright \lcurvearrowse \lcurvearrowsw \lcurvearrowup \Leftarrow \leftarrow \leftarrowtail \leftleftarrows \leftlsquigarrow \leftmapsto \leftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow \leftrightarrows \leftrsquigarrow \lhookdownarrow \longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \longrightarrow \Longrightarrow \looparrowleft \looparrowright \Lsh \nearrow \Nearrow \nearrowtail \nelsquigarrow \nemapsto \nenearrows \nersquigarrow \neswarrow \Neswarrow \neswarrows \nwarrow \Nwarrow \nwarrowtail \nwlsquigarrow \nwmapsto \nwnwarrows \nwrsquigarrow \nwsearrow \Nwsearrow \nwsearrows \partialvardlcircleleftint \partialvardlcirclerightint \partialvardrcircleleftint \partialvardrcirclerightint \partialvartlcircleleftint \partialvartlcirclerightint \partialvartrcircleleftint \partialvartrcirclerightint \rcirclearrowdown \rcirclearrowleft \rcirclearrowright \rcirclearrowup \rcurvearrowdown \rcurvearrowleft \rcurvearrowne \rcurvearrownw \rcurvearrowright \rhookswarrow \rhookuparrow \rightarrow \Rightarrow \rightarrowtail \rightleftarrows \rightlsquigarrow \rightmapsto \rightrightarrows \rightrsquigarrow \Rrightarrow \Rsh \searrow \Searrow \searrowtail \selsquigarrow \semapsto \senwarrows \sersquigarrow \sesearrows \squigarrowdownup \squigarrowleftright \squigarrownesw \squigarrownwse \squigarrowrightleft \squigarrowsenw \squigarrowswne \squigarrowupdown \swarrow \Swarrow \swarrowtail \swlsquigarrow \swmapsto \swnearrows \swrsquigarrow \swswarrows \twoheaddownarrow \twoheadleftarrow \twoheadnearrow \twoheadnwarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadsearrow \twoheadswarrow \twoheaduparrow \uparrow \Uparrow \uparrowtail
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\lhookleftarrow \lhooknearrow \lhooknwarrow \lhookrightarrow \lhooksearrow \lhookswarrow \lhookuparrow \lightning \Lleftarrow
\rcurvearrowse \rcurvearrowsw \rcurvearrowup \rhookdownarrow \rhookleftarrow \rhooknearrow \rhooknwarrow \rhookrightarrow \rhooksearrow
\updownarrow \Updownarrow \updownarrows \uplsquigarrow \upmapsto \uprsquigarrow \upuparrows
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols: \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright \dashleftarrow \dashrightarrow \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leadsto \leftrightsquigarrow \mapsto \rightsquigarrow
(same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same
as as as as as as as as as as as as
\rcirclearrowup) \lcirclearrowup) \rcurvearrowleft) \lcurvearrowright) \dashedleftarrow) \dashedrightarrow) \rhookleftarrow) \lhookrightarrow) \rightlsquigarrow) \squigarrowleftright) \rightmapsto) \rightlsquigarrow)
The \partialvar. . . int macros are intended to be used internally by MnSymbol to produce various types of integrals.
Table 114: MnSymbol Negated Arrows \ncurvearrowdownup \ncurvearrowleftright \ncurvearrownesw \ncurvearrownwse \ncurvearrowrightleft \ncurvearrowsenw \ncurvearrowswne \ncurvearrowupdown \ndasheddownarrow \ndashedleftarrow \ndashednearrow \ndashednwarrow \ndashedrightarrow \ndashedsearrow \nlhooknwarrow \nlhookrightarrow \nlhooksearrow \nlhookswarrow \nlhookuparrow \nLleftarrow \nnearrow \nNearrow \nnearrowtail \nnelsquigarrow \nnemapsto \nnenearrows \nnersquigarrow \nNeswarrow \nrightleftarrows \nrightlsquigarrow \nrightmapsto \nrightrightarrows \nrightrsquigarrow \nRrightarrow \nSearrow \nsearrow \nsearrowtail \nselsquigarrow \nsemapsto \nsenwarrows \nsersquigarrow \nsesearrows
51
\ndashedswarrow \ndasheduparrow \ndownarrow \nDownarrow \ndownarrowtail \ndowndownarrows \ndownlsquigarrow \ndownmapsto \ndownrsquigarrow \ndownuparrows \nlcirclearrowdown \nlcirclearrowleft \nlcirclearrowright \nlcirclearrowup \nlcurvearrowdown \nlcurvearrowleft \nlcurvearrowne \nlcurvearrownw \nlcurvearrowright \nlcurvearrowse \nlcurvearrowsw \nlcurvearrowup \nLeftarrow \nleftarrow \nleftarrowtail \nleftleftarrows \nleftlsquigarrow \nleftmapsto \nleftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \nleftrightarrows \nleftrsquigarrow \nlhookdownarrow \nlhookleftarrow \nlhooknearrow
\nneswarrow \nneswarrows \nNwarrow \nnwarrow \nnwarrowtail \nnwlsquigarrow \nnwmapsto \nnwnwarrows \nnwrsquigarrow \nnwsearrow \nNwsearrow \nnwsearrows \nrcirclearrowdown \nrcirclearrowleft \nrcirclearrowright \nrcirclearrowup \nrcurvearrowdown \nrcurvearrowleft \nrcurvearrowne \nrcurvearrownw \nrcurvearrowright \nrcurvearrowse \nrcurvearrowsw \nrcurvearrowup \nrhookdownarrow \nrhookleftarrow \nrhooknearrow \nrhooknwarrow \nrhookrightarrow \nrhooksearrow \nrhookswarrow \nrhookuparrow \nrightarrow \nRightarrow \nrightarrowtail
\nsquigarrowdownup \nsquigarrowleftright \nsquigarrownesw \nsquigarrownwse \nsquigarrowrightleft \nsquigarrowsenw \nsquigarrowswne \nsquigarrowupdown \nswarrow \nSwarrow \nswarrowtail \nswlsquigarrow \nswmapsto \nswnearrows \nswrsquigarrow \nswswarrows \ntwoheaddownarrow \ntwoheadleftarrow \ntwoheadnearrow \ntwoheadnwarrow \ntwoheadrightarrow \ntwoheadsearrow \ntwoheadswarrow \ntwoheaduparrow \nuparrow \nUparrow \nuparrowtail \nupdownarrow \nUpdownarrow \nupdownarrows \nuplsquigarrow \nupmapsto \nuprsquigarrow \nupuparrows
MnSymbol additionally denes synonyms for some of the preceding symbols:
52
\ncirclearrowleft \ncirclearrowright \ncurvearrowleft \ncurvearrowright \ndasharrow \ndashleftarrow \ndashrightarrow \ngets \nhookleftarrow \nhookrightarrow \nleadsto \nleftrightsquigarrow \nmapsto \nrightsquigarrow \nto
(same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same (same
as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as
\nrcirclearrowup) \nlcirclearrowup) \nrcurvearrowleft) \nlcurvearrowright) \ndashedrightarrow) \ndashedleftarrow) \ndashedrightarrow) \nleftarrow) \nrhookleftarrow) \nlhookrightarrow) \nrightlsquigarrow) \nsquigarrowleftright) \nrightmapsto) \nrightlsquigarrow) \nrightarrow)
Table 115: MnSymbol Harpoons \downharpoonccw \downharpooncw \downupharpoons \leftharpoonccw \leftharpooncw \leftrightharpoondownup \leftrightharpoons \leftrightharpoonupdown \neharpoonccw \neharpooncw \neswharpoonnwse
\neswharpoons \neswharpoonsenw \nwharpoonccw \nwharpooncw \nwseharpoonnesw \nwseharpoons \nwseharpoonswne \rightharpoonccw \rightharpooncw \rightleftharpoons \seharpoonccw
\seharpooncw \senwharpoons \swharpoonccw \swharpooncw \swneharpoons \updownharpoonleftright \updownharpoonrightleft \updownharpoons \upharpoonccw \upharpooncw
Where marked, the ccw sux can be replaced with up and the cw sux can be replaced with down. (In addition, \upharpooncw can be written as \restriction.)
Table 116: MnSymbol Negated Harpoons \ndownharpoonccw \ndownharpooncw \ndownupharpoons \nleftharpoonccw \nleftharpooncw \nleftrightharpoondownup \nleftrightharpoons \nleftrightharpoonupdown \nneharpoonccw \nneharpooncw \nneswharpoonnwse

\nneswharpoons \nneswharpoonsenw \nnwharpoonccw \nnwharpooncw \nnwseharpoonnesw \nnwseharpoons \nnwseharpoonswne \nrightharpoonccw \nrightharpooncw \nrightleftharpoons \nseharpoonccw
\nseharpooncw \nsenwharpoons \nswharpoonccw \nswharpooncw \nswneharpoons \nupdownharpoonleftright \nupdownharpoonrightleft \nupdownharpoons \nupharpoonccw \nupharpooncw
Where marked, the ccw sux can be replaced with up and the cw sufx can be replaced with down. (In addition, \nupharpooncw can be written as \nrestriction.) 53
Table 117: harpoon Extensible Harpoons abc abc abc \overleftharp{abc} \overleftharpdown{abc} \overrightharp{abc} abc abc abc \overrightharpdown{abc} \underleftharp{abc} \underleftharpdown{abc} abc abc \underrightharp{abc} \underrightharpdown{abc}
All of the harpoon symbols are implemented using the graphics package (specically, graphicss \resizebox command). Consequently, only TEX backends that support graphical transformations (e.g., not Xdvi) can properly display these symbols.
Table 118: chemarrow Arrows A \chemarrow
Table 119: fge Arrows ! \fgerightarrow " \fgeuparrow
Table 120: MnSymbol Spoons \downfilledspoon \downspoon \leftfilledspoon \leftspoon \ndownfilledspoon \ndownspoon \nefilledspoon \nespoon \nleftfilledspoon \nleftspoon \nnefilledspoon
\nnespoon \nnwfilledspoon \nnwspoon \nrightfilledspoon \nrightspoon \nsefilledspoon \nsespoon \nswfilledspoon \nswspoon \nupfilledspoon \nupspoon
\nwfilledspoon \nwspoon \rightfilledspoon \rightspoon \sefilledspoon \sespoon \swfilledspoon \swspoon \upfilledspoon \upspoon
MnSymbol denes \multimap as a synonym for \rightspoon and \nmultimap as a synonym for \nrightspoon.
Table 121: MnSymbol Pitchforks \downpitchfork \leftpitchfork \ndownpitchfork \nepitchfork \nleftpitchfork \nnepitchfork
\nnwpitchfork \nrightpitchfork \nsepitchfork \nswpitchfork \nuppitchfork \nwpitchfork
\rightpitchfork \sepitchfork \swpitchfork \uppitchfork
MnSymbol denes \pitchfork as a synonym for \uppitchfork and \npitchfork as a synonym for \nuppitchfork. 54
Table 122: MnSymbol Smiles and Frowns \doublefrown \doublefrowneq \doublesmile \doublesmileeq \eqfrown \eqsmile \frown \frowneq \frowneqsmile \frownsmile \frownsmileeq \ndoublefrown \ndoublefrowneq \ndoublesmile \ndoublesmileeq \neqfrown \neqsmile \nfrown \nfrowneq \nfrowneqsmile \nfrownsmile \nfrownsmileeq \nsmile
\nsmileeq \nsmileeqfrown \nsmilefrown \nsmilefrowneq \nsqdoublefrown \nsqdoublefrowneq \nsqdoublesmile \nsqdoublesmileeq \nsqeqfrown \nsqeqsmile \nsqfrown \nsqfrowneq \nsqfrowneqsmile \nsqfrownsmile \nsqsmile \nsqsmileeq \nsqsmileeqfrown \nsqsmilefrown \nsqtriplefrown \nsqtriplesmile \ntriplefrown \ntriplesmile \smile
\smileeq \smileeqfrown \smilefrown \smilefrowneq \sqdoublefrown \sqdoublefrowneq \sqdoublesmile \sqdoublesmileeq \sqeqfrown \sqeqsmile \sqfrown \sqfrowneq \sqfrowneqsmile \sqfrownsmile \sqsmile \sqsmileeq \sqsmileeqfrown \sqsmilefrown \sqtriplefrown \sqtriplesmile \triplefrown \triplesmile
MnSymbol denes \smallsmile as a synonym for \smile, \smallfrown as a synonym for \frown, \asymp as a synonym for \smilefrown, and \nasymp as a synonym for \nsmilefrown.
\blitza
Table 123: ulsy Contradiction Symbols \blitzb
\blitzc
\blitzd
\blitze
Table 124: Extension Characters \relbar = \Relbar
Table 125: stmaryrd Extension Characters \Arrownot \arrownot \Mapsfromchar \mapsfromchar \Mapstochar
Table 126: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters \Mappedfromchar \mappedfromchar \Mmappedfromchar \mmappedfromchar 55 \Mmapstochar \mmapstochar
Table 127: mathabx Extension Characters

\mapsfromchar \Mapsfromchar
\mapstochar \Mapstochar
Table 128: Log-like Symbols \arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \cos \cosh \cot \coth \csc \deg \det \dim \exp \gcd \hom \inf \ker \lg \lim \liminf \limsup \ln \log \max \min \Pr \sec \sin \sinh \sup \tan \tanh
Calling the above symbols may be a bit misleading.3 Each log-like symbol merely produces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing. See Section 8.4 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and \pmod are A arguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for samples.
Table 129: AMS Log-like Symbols inj lim proj lim \injlim \projlim lim lim \varinjlim \varliminf lim lim \varlimsup \varprojlim
Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 8.4 for some additional comments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbols A we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for samples.

3 Michael
\Complex \COMPLEX
Table 130: C in h A2e Number Sets \Integer \INTEGER
\Natural \NATURAL
\Rational \RATIONAL
\Real \REAL
J. Downes prefers the more general term, atomic math objects.
56
Table 131: Greek Letters \alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \Gamma \Delta \Theta \theta \vartheta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \Lambda \Xi \Pi o o \pi \varpi \rho \varrho \sigma \varsigma \tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omega
\Sigma \Upsilon \Phi
\Psi \Omega
The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. The symbol M, for instance, is used for both an uppercase m and an uppercase . See Section 8.5 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters. The symbols in this table are intended to be used in mathematical typesetting. Greek body text can be typeset using the babel packages greek (or polutonikogreek) option and, of course, a font that provides the glyphs for the Greek alphabet.
Table 132: AMS Greek Letters \digamma \varkappa
Table 133: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters \alphaup \betaup \gammaup \deltaup \epsilonup \varepsilonup \zetaup \etaup \thetaup \varthetaup \iotaup \kappaup \lambdaup \muup \nuup \xiup \piup \varpiup \rhoup \varrhoup \sigmaup \varsigmaup \tauup \upsilonup \phiup \varphiup \chiup \psiup \omegaup
57
Table 134: upgreek Upright Greek Letters \upalpha \upbeta \upgamma \updelta \upepsilon \upvarepsilon \upzeta \upeta \Upgamma \Updelta \Uptheta \uptheta \upvartheta \upiota \upkappa \uplambda \upmu \upnu \upxi \Uplambda \Upxi \Uppi \uppi \upvarpi \uprho \upvarrho \upsigma \upvarsigma \uptau \upupsilon \Upsigma \Upupsilon \Upphi \upphi \upvarphi \upchi \uppsi \upomega
\Uppsi \Upomega
upgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font (depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightly dierent from the above. Contrast, for example, (Symbol) with (Euler).
Table 135: fourier Variant Greek Letters
\pi \varpi \varvarpi
\rho \varrho \varvarrho
Table 136: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters \varg \varv \varw \vary in
Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with , , , and every mathematical expression in your document.
Table 137: AMS Hebrew Letters \beth \gimel \daleth
\aleph () appears in Table 201 on page 73.
Table 138: MnSymbol Hebrew Letters \aleph \beth \gimel \daleth
58
Table 139: Letter-like Symbols \bot \ell \exists \forall \hbar \Im \imath \in \jmath \ni \partial \Re \top \wp
Table 140: AMS Letter-like Symbols k \Bbbk \circledR \circledS \complement \Finv \Game \hbar \hslash \nexists
Table 141: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols
\mathcent
\mathsterling
\notin
\notni
Table 142: mathabx Letter-like Symbols

e h p q
\barin \complement \exists \Finv \Game
i w
\in \nexists \notbot \notin \notowner
v f g
\nottop \owns \ownsbar \partial \partialslash
\varnotin \varnotowner
Table 143: MnSymbol Letter-like Symbols
\bot \exists \forall
\in \nexists \nin
\nowns \owns \powerset
\top \wp
MnSymbol provides synonyms \notin for \nin, \ni for \owns, and \intercal for \top.
Table 144: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols e \e j \im
59
Table 145: mathdesign Letter-like Symbols \in \notin \notsmallin \notsmallowns \owns \smallin \smallowns
The mathdesign package additionally provides versions of each of the letter-like symbols shown in Table 140 on the previous page.
Table 146: fge Letter-like Symbols A c p e
\fgeA \fgec \fged \fgee
F f
\fgeeszett \fgeF \fgef \fgelb
D C B s
\fgeleftB \fgeleftC \fgerightB \fges
\fgeU
The fge package denes \fgeeta, \fgeN, and \fgeoverU as synonyms for \fgelb.
Table 147: fourier Letter-like Symbols
\partial \varpartialdiff
Table 148: AMS Delimiters \ulcorner \llcorner \urcorner \lrcorner
Table 149: stmaryrd Delimiters \Lbag \llceil \llparenthesis \Rbag \rrceil \rrparenthesis \lbag \llfloor \rbag \rrfloor
Table 150: mathabx Delimiters \lcorners \ulcorner \llcorner
\rcorners \urcorner \lrcorner
x z
y {
Table 151: nath Delimiters \niv 60 \vin
Table 152: Variable-sized Delimiters \downarrow \langle \lceil \lfloor ( / ( / ) \ \Downarrow \rangle \rceil \rfloor ) \backslash { [ | [ | \uparrow \updownarrow \{ } ] ] \| \Uparrow \Updownarrow \}
When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of the enclosed math expression. Note that \vert is a synonym for |, and \Vert is a synonym for \|. -TEX provides a \middle analogue to \left and \right. \middle can be used, for example, to make an internal | expand to the height of the surrounding \left and \right symbols. (This capability is commonly needed when typesetting adjacent bras and kets in Dirac notation: | ). A similar eect can be achieved in conventional A L TEX using the braket package.
\lmoustache
\arrowvert
Table 153: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters \lgroup \rmoustache \Arrowvert \bracevert
\rgroup
These symbols must be used with \left and \right. The mathabx package, however, redenes \lgroup and \rgroup so that those symbols can work without \left and \right.
Table 154: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters | \lvert \lVert | \rvert \rVert
According to the amsmath documentation [AMS99], the preceding symbols are intended to be used as delimiters (e.g., as in |z|) while the \vert and \Vert symbols (Table 152) are intended to be used as operators (e.g., as in p|q).
61
Table 155: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters \llbracket \rrbracket
Table 156: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters

v
1
\ldbrack
9
\rdbrack
7 7 7 7
\lfilet \thickvert
? ? ? ? \rfilet ? ~ \vvvert
Table 157: MnSymbol Variable-sized Delimiters
\lceil
\rceil
\ulcorner
\urcorner
\lfloor
\rfloor
\llcorner
\lrcorner
\lwavy
\rwavy
\langle
\rangle
\lWavy
\rWavy
\langlebar
\ranglebar
\lgroup
\rgroup
\lsem
\rsem
\llangle
\rrangle
\lmoustache
\rmoustache
\lbrace
\rbrace
\backslash
<
>
62
\ullcorner
\ulrcorner
\|
\bracevert
\arrowvert
\Arrowvert
\vert is a synonym for |. \Vert is a synonym for \|. \mid and \mvert produce the same symbol as \vert but designated as math relations instead of ordinals. \divides produces the same symbol as \vert but designated as a binary operator instead of an ordinal. \parallel and \mVert produce the same symbol as \Vert but designated as math relations instead of ordinals.
Table 158: mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters \leftwave \leftevaw \rightwave \rightevaw
The denitions of these symbols include a preceding \left or \right. It is therefore an error to specify \left or \right explicitly. The internal, primitive versions of these symbols are called \lwave, \rwave, \levaw, and \revaw.
63
Table 159: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) \lAngle [[ \lBrack \lCeil \lFloor ||
\rAngle ]] \rBrack \rCeil \rFloor || \rVert
\lVert
nath redenes all of the above to include implicit \left and \right commands. Hence, separate \lVert and \rVert commands are needed to disambiguate whether | is a left or right delimiter. All of the symbols in Table 159 can also be expressed using the \double macro. See the nath documentation for examples and additional information.
Table 160: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) \triple< [[[ |||
\triple> ]]] ||| \triple] \rtriple|
\triple[ \ltriple|
Similar to \lVert and \rVert in Table 159, \ltriple and \rtriple must be used instead of \triple to disambiguate whether | is a left or right delimiter. Note that \tripleand the corresponding \doubleis actually a macro that takes a delimiter as an argument.
Table 161: fourier Variable-sized Delimiters \llbracket \rrbracket
\VERT
64
Table 162: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters \textlangle \textlbrackdbl \textlquill \textrangle \textrbrackdbl \textrquill
Table 163: metre Text-mode Delimiters } { \alad \alas \angud \angus
} {
\Alad \Alas \Angud \Angus
]] [[
\crux \quadrad \quadras
\Crux
]] [[ \Quadrad \Quadras
Table 164: Math-mode Accents a a a \acute{a} \bar{a} \breve{a} a a a \check{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a} a ` a a \grave{a} \hat{a} \mathring{a} a a \tilde{a} \vec{a}
Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of i and j . (See Table 201 on page 73.) These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the dot. For example, \hat{\imath} produces a correct , while \hat{i} would yield the rather odd-looking . i
Table 165: AMS Math-mode Accents ... .... a \dddot{a} a \ddddot{a} These accents are also provided by the mathabx and accents packages and are redened by the mathdots package if the amsmath and amssymb packages have previously been loaded. All of the variations except for the original AMS ones tighten the space ... between the dots (from a to The mathabx and mathdots versions also function a). ... a properly within subscripts and superscripts (x instead of x a ) .
Table 166: MnSymbol Math-mode Accents a \vec{a}
Table 167: fge Math-mode Accents A a
\spirituslenis{A}\spirituslenis{a}
When fge is passed the crescent option, \spirituslenis instead uses a crescent accent as in . a 65
Table 168: yhmath Math-mode Accents a \ring{a}
A This symbol is largely obsolete, as standard L TEX 2 has supported \mathring since A June, 1998 [L T98].
Table 169: Extensible Accents abc abc abc abc abc \widetilde{abc} \overleftarrow{abc} \overline{abc} \overbrace{abc} \sqrt{abc} abc abc abc abc \widehat{abc} \overrightarrow{abc} \underline{abc} \underbrace{abc}
As demonstrated in a 1997 TUGboat article about typesetting long-division problems [Gib97], an extensible long-division sign ( )abc ) can be faked by putting a \big) in a tabular environment with an \hline or \cline in the preceding row. The article also presents a piece of code (uploaded to CTAN as longdiv.tex) that automatically solves and typesetsby putting an \overline atop \big) and the desired textlong-division problems. See also the polynom package, which automatically solves and typesets polynomial-division problems in a similar manner.
These symbols are made more extensible by the MnSymbol package and even more extensible by the yhmath package. If youre looking for an extensible diagonal line or arrow to be used for canceling or 5 reducing mathematical subexpressions (e.g., x + x or 3 + 2 ) then consider using the cancel package. With an optional argument, \sqrt typesets nth roots. For example, 3 n \sqrt[3]{abc} produces abc and \sqrt[n]{abc} produces abc .
Table 170: overrightarrow Extensible Accents = abc \Overrightarrow{abc}
Table 171: yhmath Extensible Accents abc abc \wideparen{abc} \widering{abc} abc \widetriangle{abc}
66
Table 172: AMS Extensible Accents abc abc \overleftrightarrow{abc} \underleftarrow{abc} abc abc \underleftrightarrow{abc} \underrightarrow{abc}
Table 173: MnSymbol Extensible Accents abc abc abc abc abc abc \overbrace{abc} \overgroup{abc} \overlinesegment{abc} \overleftharpoon{abc} \widehat{abc} \wideparen{abc} abc abc abc abc abc \underbrace{abc} \undergroup{abc} \underlinesegment{abc} \overrightharpoon{abc} \widetilde{abc}
Table 174: mathtools Extensible Accents abc abc
\overbrace{abc} \overbracket{abc}
abc abc
\underbrace{abc} \underbracket{abc}
\overbracket and \underbracket accept optional arguments that specify the bracket height and thickness. See the mathtools documentation for more information.
hkkikkj hkkk j
abc abc
Table 175: mathabx Extensible Accents \overbrace{abc} \overgroup{abc}
abc | abc abc

abc
\widebar{abc} \widecheck{abc} \wideparen{abc} \widering{abc}
abc loomoon \underbrace{abc} abc looo n abc \undergroup{abc} \widearrow{abc}
The braces shown for \overbrace and \underbrace appear in their minimum size. They can expand arbitrarily wide, however.
67
Table 176: fourier Extensible Accents abc abc \widearc{abc} \wideOarc{abc} abc abc \wideparen{abc} \widering{abc}
Table 177: esvect Extensible Accents # abc \vv{abc} with package option a # abc \vv{abc} with package option b # abc \vv{abc} with package option c # abc \vv{abc} with package option d # abc \vv{abc} with package option e # abc \vv{abc} with package option f # abc \vv{abc} with package option g # abc \vv{abc} with package option h esvect also denes a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector variables with subscripts. See the esvect documentation for more information.
Table 178: undertilde Extensible Accents abc \utilde{abc}
Because \utilde is based on \widetilde it is also made more extensible by the yhmath package.
Table 179: ushort Extensible Accents abc \ushortdw{abc} abc \ushortw{abc}
\ushortw and \ushortdw are intended to be used with multi-character arguments (words) while \ushortand \ushortd are intended to be used with single-character arguments. The underlines produced by the ushort commands are shorter than those produced by the \underline command. Consider the output from the expression \ushort{x} \ushort{y}\underline{x}\underline{y}, which looks like xyxy.
Table 180: AMS Extensible Arrows

abc
\xleftarrow{abc} 68
abc
\xrightarrow{abc}
Table 181: mathtools Extensible Arrows = =

abc abc abc abc abc
\xhookleftarrow{abc} \xhookrightarrow{abc} \xLeftarrow{abc} \xleftharpoondown{abc} \xleftharpoonup{abc} \xleftrightarrow{abc} \xLeftrightarrow{abc}
= =
abc abc abc abc abc
abc
\xleftrightharpoons{abc} \xmapsto{abc} \xRightarrow{abc} \xrightharpoondown{abc} \xrightharpoonup{abc} \xrightleftharpoons{abc}
=
abc
abc
Table 182: chemarr Extensible Arrows

abc
\xrightleftharpoons{abc}
Table 183: chemarrow Extensible Arrows abc DG G G G G GG def abc EG G C G GG G G G G def abc GG G G G G GA def abc GG G G G G FG G B G def
\autoleftarrow{abc}{def}
\autorightarrow{abc}{def}
\autoleftrightharpoons{abc}{def}
\autorightleftharpoons{abc}{def}
In addition to the symbols shown above, chemarrow also provides \larrowfill, \rarrowfill, \leftrightharpoonsfill, and \rightleftharpoonsfill macros. Each of these takes a length argument and produces an arrow of the specied length.
Table 184: extarrows Extensible Arrows = == == = =

abc abc abc abc abc
\xLeftrightarrow{abc} \xleftrightarrow{abc} \xlongequal{abc} \xLongleftarrow{abc} \xlongleftarrow{abc}
= = = =
abc abc abc
abc
\xLongleftrightarrow{abc} \xlongleftrightarrow{abc} \xLongrightarrow{abc} \xlongrightarrow{abc}
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Table 185: extpfeil Extensible Arrows == ==

abc abc
\xlongequal{abc} \xtwoheadleftarrow{abc}

abc
abc
\xmapsto{abc} \xtwoheadrightarrow{abc}
The extpfeil package also provides a \newextarrow command to help you dene your own extensible arrow symbols. See the extpfeil documentation for more information.
Table 186: DotArrow Extensible Arrows

a
\dotarrow{a}
The DotArrow package provides mechanisms for lengthening the arrow, adjusting the distance between the arrow and its symbol, and altering the arrowhead. See the DotArrow documentation for more information.
Table 187: trfsigns Extensible Transform Symbols

a
\dft{a}
\DFT{a}
Table 188: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols abc def \holter{abc}{def} abc def \polter{abc}{def}
Table 189: Dots
\cdotp \cdots
: ..
\colon . \ddots
. ...
\ldotp \ldots
. . .
\vdots
While : is valid in math mode, \colon uses dierent surrounding spacing. See A Section 8.4 and the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for more information on math-mode spacing. The mathdots package redenes \ddots and \vdots to make them scale properly with font size. (They normally scale horizontally but not vertically.) \fixedddots and A \fixedvdots provide the original, xed-height functionality of L TEX 2 s \ddots and \vdots macros.
70
Table 190: AMS Dots ...
\because \dotsb \dotsc
...
\dotsi \dotsm \dotso
\therefore
\because and \therefore are dened as binary relations and therefore also appear in Table 68 on page 34. The AMS \dots symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb between pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsi between pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotso between other symbol pairs.
Table 191: wasysym Dots \wasytherefore
Table 192: MnSymbol Dots \cdot \ddotdot \ddots \diamonddots \downtherefore \fivedots \hdotdot \hdots \lefttherefore \righttherefore \squaredots \udotdot \udots \uptherefore \vdotdot \vdots
MnSymbol denes \therefore as \uptherefore and \because as \downtherefore. Furthermore, \cdotp and \colon produce the same glyphs as \cdot and \vdotdot respectively but serve as TEX math punctuation (class 6 symbols) instead of TEX binary operators (class 2). All of the above except \hdots and \vdots are dened as binary operators and therefore also appear in Table 50 on page 26. Also, unlike most of the other dot symbols in this document, MnSymbols dots are dened as single characters instead of as composites of multiple single-dot characters.
Table 193: mathdots Dots . .. \iddots
Table 194: yhmath Dots .. . \adots
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. .
\:
Table 195: teubner Dots . . . . \; . . \antilabe . \? . . ..
Table 196: mathcomp Math Symbols \tccentigrade \tcmu \tcohm \tcpertenthousand \tcperthousand
Table 197: marvosym Digits 0 1 \MVZero \MVOne 2 3 \MVTwo \MVThree 4 5 \MVFour \MVFive 6 7 \MVSix \MVSeven 8 9 \MVEight \MVNine
Table 198: fge Digits 0 \fgestruckzero 1 \fgestruckone
Table 199: dozenal Base-12 Digits
\x
\e
H I
Table 200: mathabx Mayan Digits \maya{0} \maya{1}
P Q
\maya{2} \maya{3}
R S
\maya{4} \maya{5}
72
A Table 201: Miscellaneous L TEX 2 Math Symbols
\aleph \angle \backslash \Box, \clubsuit
\Diamond \diamondsuit \emptyset \flat \heartsuit
\infty \mho \nabla \natural \neg
\prime \sharp \spadesuit \surd \triangle
A Not predened in L TEX 2 . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym. Note, however, that amsfonts and amssymb dene \Diamond to produce the same glyph as \lozenge (); the other packages produce a squarer \Diamond as depicted above.
To use \Boxor any other symbolas an end-of-proof (Q.E.D.) marker, consider using the ntheorem package, which properly juxtaposes a symbol with the end of the proof text. Many people prefer the look of AMSs \varnothing (, Table 202) to that of A L TEXs \emptyset.
Table 202: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols \angle \backprime \bigstar \blacklozenge \blacksquare \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown \diagdown \diagup \eth \lozenge \measuredangle \mho \sphericalangle \square \triangledown \varnothing \vartriangle
Table 203: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols \Box
\Diamond
\mho
\varangle
wasysym also denes an \agemO symbol, which is the same glyph as \mho but is intended for use in text mode.
Table 204: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols \Diamondblack \Diamonddot \lambdabar \lambdaslash \varclubsuit \vardiamondsuit \varheartsuit \varspadesuit
Table 205: Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols

H
\degree \diagdown \diagup \diameter
R 5 V
\fourth \hash \infty \leftthreetimes
b 8
W
7
73
\measuredangle \pitchfork \propto \rightthreetimes
c
Q
\second \sphericalangle \third \varhash
Table 206: Miscellaneous MnSymbol Math Symbols \angle \backneg \backprime \checkmark \clubsuit \diameter \diamondsuit \flat \heartsuit \infty \invbackneg \invneg \maltese \measuredangle \nabla \natural \neg \prime \sharp \smallint \spadesuit \sphericalangle
MnSymbol denes \emptyset and \varnothing as synonyms for \diameter; \lnot and \minushookdown as synonyms for \neg; \minushookup as a synonym for \invneg; \hookdownminus as a synonym for \backneg; and, \hookupminus as a synonym for \invbackneg.
Table 207: Miscellaneous Internal MnSymbol Math Symbols \partialvardint \partialvardlanddownint \partialvardlandupint \partialvardlcircleleftint \partialvardlcirclerightint \partialvardoiint \partialvardoint \partialvardrcircleleftint \partialvardrcirclerightint \partialvardstrokedint \partialvardsumint \partialvartint \partialvartlanddownint \partialvartlandupint \partialvartlcircleleftint \partialvartlcirclerightint \partialvartoiint \partialvartoint \partialvartrcircleleftint \partialvartrcirclerightint \partialvartstrokedint \partialvartsumint
These symbols are intended to be used internally by MnSymbol to construct the integrals appearing in Table 64 on page 32 but can nevertheless be used in isolation.
Table 208: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols
\textdegree \textdiv \textfractionsolidus \textlnot \textminus
\textonehalf \textonequarter \textonesuperior \textpm \textsurd
\textthreequarters \textthreesuperior \texttimes \texttwosuperior
If you prefer a larger degree symbol you might consider dening one as \ensuremath{^\circ} ( ). nicefrac (part of the units package) or the newer xfrac package can be used to construct vulgar fractions like 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, and even c/o.
Table 209: Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols W = \Anglesign \Corresponds p \Squaredot \Vectorarrow 74 P \Vectorarrowhigh
Table 210: Miscellaneous fge Math Symbols K M O \fgebackslash \fgebaracute \fgebarcap S Q N \fgecap \fgecapbar \fgecup R P i \fgecupacute \fgecupbar \fgeinfty h L \fgelangle \fgeupbracket
Table 211: Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols \rightangle
Table 212: Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols \steaming \varclub \vardiamond \varheart \varspade
75
Table 213: Math Alphabets Font sample ABCdef123 ABCdef123 ABCdef ABC ABC or ABC or ABCdef123 ABC Generating command \mathrm{ABCdef123} \mathit{ABCdef123} \mathnormal{ABCdef123} \mathcal{ABC} \mathscr{ABC} \mathcal{ABC} \mathcal{ABC} \mathscr{ABC} \mathpzc{ABCdef123} \mathbb{ABC} \varmathbb{ABC} \mathbb{ABCdef123} \mathbb{ABCdef123} \mathbbm{ABCdef12} \mathbbmss{ABCdef12} \mathbbmtt{ABCdef12} \mathds{ABC1} \mathds{ABC1} \symA\symB\symC \mathfrak{ABCdef123} \textfrak{ABCdef123} \textswab{ABCdef123} \textgoth{ABCdef123} Required package none none none none mathrsfs calrsfs euscript with the mathcal option euscript with the mathscr option none; manually dened amsfonts, amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts txfonts or pxfonts bbold or mathbbol mbboard bbm bbm bbm dsfont dsfont with the sans option china2e eufrak yfonts yfonts yfonts
ABCdef12 ABC1 ABC1
ABCdef12 ABCdef12
ABCdef123 ABCdef123
ABCdef123 ABCdef123 ABCdef123 ABCf123
Put \DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it} in your documents preamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery. As a similar trick, you can typeset the Calligra fonts script r (or other calligraphic symbols) in math mode by loading the calligra package and putting \DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathcalligra}{T1}{calligra}{m}{n} in your documents preamble to make \mathcalligra typeset its argument in the Calligra font. (You may also want to specify \DeclareFontShape{T1}{calligra}{m}{n}{<->s*[2.2]callig15}{} to set Calligra at 2.2 times its design size for a better blend with typical body fonts.) The mathbbol package denes some additional blackboard bold characters: parentheses, square brackets, angle brackets, andif the bbgreekl option is passed to mathbbolGreek letters. For instance, <[( )]> is produced by \mathbb{\Langle \Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen\Rbrack\Rangle}. mbboard extends the blackboard bold symbol set signicantly further. It supports not only the Greek alphabetincluding Greek-like symbols such as \bbnabla () but also all punctuation marks, various currency symbols such as \bbdollar ($) and \bbeuro (), and the Hebrew alphabet (e.g., \bbfinalnun\bbyod\bbqof \bbpe ).
76
The \sym. . . commands provided by the C in h A2e package are actually text-mode commands. They are included in Table 213 because they resemble the blackboard-bold symbols that appear in the rest of the table. In addition to the 26 letters of the English alphabet, C in h A2e provides three umlauted blackboard-bold letters: \symAE ( ), \symOE ( ), and \symUE ( ). Note that C in h A2e does provide math-mode commands for the most common number-set symbols. These are presented in Table 130 on page 56.
As their \text. . . names imply, the fonts provided by the yfonts package are actually text fonts. They are included in Table 213 because they are frequently used in a mathematical context. An older (i.e., prior to 1991) version of the AMSs fonts rendered C, N, R, S, and Z as C, N, R, S, and Z. As some people prefer the older glyphsmuch to the AMSs surpriseand because those glyphs fail to build under modern versions of METAFONT, Berthold Horn uploaded PostScript fonts for the older blackboard-bold glyphs to CTAN, to the fonts/msym10 directory. As of this writing, however, there are no A L TEX 2 packages for utilizing the now-obsolete glyphs.
77
Science and technology symbols

This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering.
Table 214: gensymb Symbols Dened to Work in Both Math and Text Mode \celsius \degree \micro \ohm \perthousand
Table 215: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols \AC \VHF \photon F \HF \gluon
3 8
\FallingEdge \LongPulseHigh
9 6
m M
Table 216: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols \LongPulseLow \PulseHigh
7 2
\PulseLow \RaisingEdge
4 5
\ShortPulseHigh \ShortPulseLow
In addition, within \textifsym{. . .}, the following codes are valid:
l v
l L
m w
h r
h H
d h
d D
` a
< <<
b c
> >>
This enables one to write \textifsym{mm<DDD>mm} to get or \textifsym{L|H|L|H|L} to get . See also the timing package, which provides a wide variety of pulse-diagram symbols within an environment designed specically for typesetting pulse diagrams.
v|r|v|r|v V
mm`hhhbmm
Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appear on an LCD: \textifsym{-123.456} produces . \textifsym{b} outputs a blank with the same width as an .
EIPQFRST
Table 217: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol
\AR
Table 218: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols \textcelsius \textmho \textmu \textohm
78
Table 219: steinmetz Extensible Phasor Symbol abc \phase{abc}
The \phase command uses the pict2e package to draw a horizontally and vertically scalable Steinmetz phasor symbol. Consequently, \phase works only with those TEX backends supported by pict2e. See the pict2e documentation for more information.
Table 220: wasysym Astronomical Symbols \mercury \venus \astrosun \aries \taurus \gemini \ascnode \earth \mars \fullmoon \cancer \leo \virgo \descnode \jupiter \saturn \leftmoon \libra \scorpio \sagittarius \conjunction \uranus \neptune \newmoon \aquarius \capricornus \pisces \opposition \vernal \pluto
\rightmoon
Table 221: marvosym Astronomical Symbols \Mercury \Venus \Moon \Aries \Taurus \Gemini \Earth \Mars \Sun \Cancer \Leo \Virgo \Libra \Scorpio \Sagittarius \Capricorn \Aquarius \Pisces \Jupiter \Saturn \Uranus \Neptune \Pluto
Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specied with \Zodiac{1} . . . \Zodiac{12}.
e f w
\Mercury \Venus \fullmoon \Aries
g h u
Table 222: mathabx Astronomical Symbols \Earth \Mars \leftmoon \Taurus
i p
\Jupiter \Saturn \newmoon \Gemini
q r v
\Uranus \Neptune \rightmoon
s t d
\Pluto \varEarth \Sun
mathabx also denes \girl as an alias for \Venus, \boy as an alias for \Mars, and \Moon as an alias for \leftmoon.
79
Table 223: wasysym APL Symbols \APLbox \APLcomment \APLdown \APLdownarrowbox \APLinput \APLinv \APLleftarrowbox \APLlog \APLminus \APLrightarrowbox \APLstar \APLup \APLuparrowbox \notbackslash \notslash
\ /
Table 224: wasysym APL Modiers \APLcirc{} \APLnot{} | \APLvert{}
Table 225: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols \ComputerMouse \Keyboard \ParallelPort \Printer \SerialInterface \SerialPort
Table 226: keystroke Computer Keys

Alt AltGr Break Ctrl Del End
\Alt \AltGr \Break \Ctrl \DArrow \Del \End

Enter Esc Home Ins Num Page Page
\Enter \Esc \Home \Ins \LArrow \NumLock \PgDown \PgUp

PrtSc Scroll Shift
\PrtSc \RArrow \Return \Scroll \Shift \Spacebar \Tab \UArrow
\BSpace
Changes based on the language option passed to the keystroke package. For example, the german option makes \Del produce Entf instead of Del . These symbols utilize the rotating package and therefore display improperly in most DVI viewers. The \keystroke command draws a key with an arbitrary label. \keystroke{F7} produces F7 . For example,
80
Table 227: ascii Control Characters (CP437) \SOH \STX \ETX \EOT \ENQ \ACK \BEL \DEL \BS \HT \LF \VT \FF \CR \SO \NBSP \SI \DLE \DCa \DCb \DCc \DCd \NAK \NUL \SYN \ETB \CAN \EM \SUB \ESC \FS \splitvert \GS \RS \US
Code Page 437 (CP437), which was rst utilized by the original IBM PC, uses the symbols \SOH through \US to depict ASCII characters 131 and \DEL to depict ASCII character 127. The \NUL symbol, not part of CP437, represents ASCII character 0. \NBSP, also not part of CP437, represents a nonbreaking space. \splitvert is merely the | character drawn as it was on the IBM PC.
Table 228: milstd Logic Gates

\ANDd
\BUFu

\NANDl

\ORd
\ANDl
" # ! $
\BusWidth
\NANDr
\ORl
\ANDr
\INVd
\NANDu
\ORr
\ANDu
\INVl
\NORd
\ORu
\BUFd
\INVr
\NORl
\BUFl
\INVu
\NORr
\BUFr
\NANDd
\NORu
The milstd package, which provides the digital logic-gate symbols specied by the A U.S. Department of Defenses MIL-STD-806 standard, was written as a L TEX 2.09 A .tex le, not as a L TEX 2 package. Consequently, it must be loaded into a document with \input milstd, not with the more modern \usepackage{milstd}.
81
Table 229: marvosym Communication Symbols k z \Email \Emailct t u \fax \FAX v B \Faxmachine \Letter E H \Lightning \Mobilefone A T \Pickup \Telefon
Table 230: marvosym Engineering Symbols " # % \Beam \Bearing \Circpipe \Circsteel \Fixedbearing \Flatsteel
l & L $
\Force \Hexasteel \Lefttorque \Lineload \Loosebearing \Lsteel
'
\Octosteel \Rectpipe \Rectsteel \Righttorque \RoundedLsteel \RoundedTsteel
\RoundedTTsteel \Squarepipe \Squaresteel \Tsteel \TTsteel
\RoundedLsteel and \RoundedTsteel seem to be swapped, at least in the 2000/05/01 version of marvosym.
Table 231: wasysym Biological Symbols \female \male
Table 232: marvosym Biological Symbols ~ \Female \FEMALE \FemaleFemale } \FemaleMale \Hermaphrodite \HERMAPHRODITE | \MALE \Male \MaleMale { \Neutral
Table 233: marvosym Safety-related Symbols h n \Biohazard \BSEfree C J \CEsign \Estatically ` a \Explosionsafe \Laserbeam j ! \Radioactivity \Stopsign
82
Table 234: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols
{ ' f d l o k
\bigbosonloop \bigbosonloopA \bigbosonloopV \gvcropped
k l |
\hfermion \shfermion \smallbosonloop \smallbosonloopA
d m
\smallbosonloopV \wfermion \whfermion
\feyn{a} \feyn{c} \feyn{f} \feyn{fd} \feyn{fl} \feyn{flS} \feyn{fs}
e g q y { v
\feyn{fu} \feyn{fv} \feyn{g} \feyn{g1} \feyn{gd} \feyn{gl} \feyn{glB}
| z } }s u h j
\feyn{glS} \feyn{glu} \feyn{gu} \feyn{gv} \feyn{gvs} \feyn{h} \feyn{hd}
u i m p x
\feyn{hs} \feyn{hu} \feyn{m} \feyn{ms} \feyn{p} \feyn{P} \feyn{x}
All other arguments to the \feyn command produce a symbol. The feyn package provides various commands for composing the preceding symbols into complete Feynman diagrams. See the feyn documentation for examples and additional information.
83
Dingbats
Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets in itemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows. A The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a L TEX interface to the Zapf Dingbats font (one of the standard 35 PostScript fonts). However, rather than name each of the dingbats individually, pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character that lies at a given position in the font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols cant be listed by name in this documents index, so be mindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.
y {
Table 235: bbding Arrows \ArrowBoldDownRight \ArrowBoldRightCircled
z w
\ArrowBoldRightShort \ArrowBoldRightStrobe
\ArrowBoldUpRight
Table 236: pifont Arrows \ding{212} \ding{213} \ding{214} \ding{215} \ding{216} \ding{217} \ding{218} \ding{219} \ding{220} \ding{221} \ding{222} \ding{223} \ding{224} \ding{225} \ding{226} \ding{227} \ding{228} \ding{229} \ding{230} \ding{231} \ding{232} \ding{233} \ding{234} \ding{235} \ding{236} \ding{237} \ding{238} \ding{239} \ding{241} \ding{242} \ding{243} \ding{244} \ding{245} \ding{246} \ding{247} \ding{248} \ding{249} \ding{250} \ding{251} \ding{252} \ding{253} \ding{254}
Table 237: universal Arrows \bauarrow
\bauwhitearrow
Table 238: marvosym Scissors s r \Cutleft \Cutline q R \Cutright \Kutline S Q \Leftscissors \Rightscissors
Table 239: bbding Scissors \ScissorHollowLeft \ScissorHollowRight \ScissorLeft \ScissorLeftBrokenBottom
\ScissorLeftBrokenTop \ScissorRight \ScissorRightBrokenBottom \ScissorRightBrokenTop
84
Table 240: pifont Scissors \ding{33} \ding{34} \ding{35} \ding{36}
Table 241: dingbat Pencils
\largepencil
\smallpencil
0 ) 2 1

Table 242: bbding Pencils and Nibs \NibLeft \NibRight \NibSolidLeft \NibSolidRight
$ ( & #
\PencilLeft \PencilLeftDown \PencilLeftUp \PencilRight
' %
\PencilRightDown \PencilRightUp
Table 243: pifont Pencils and Nibs \ding{46} \ding{47} i \ding{48} \ding{49} \ding{50}
Table 244: dingbat Fists
R D U
\leftpointright \leftthumbsdown \leftthumbsup
L d u
\rightpointleft \rightthumbsdown \rightthumbsup
\rightpointright

Table 245: bbding Fists \HandCuffLeft \HandCuffLeftUp \HandCuffRight

\HandCuffRightUp \HandLeft \HandLeftUp
"
\HandPencilLeft \HandRight \HandRightUp
Table 246: pifont Fists \ding{42} \ding{43} \ding{44} \ding{45}
Table 247: fourier Fists \lefthand 85 \righthand
B E R F
Table 248: bbding Crosses and Plusses \Cross \CrossBoldOutline \CrossClowerTips \CrossMaltese
C D 9 @
\CrossOpenShadow \CrossOutline \Plus \PlusCenterOpen
8 A
\PlusOutline \PlusThinCenterOpen
Table 249: pifont Crosses and Plusses % & \ding{57} \ding{58} ' ( \ding{59} \ding{60} \ding{61} \ding{62} \ding{63} \ding{64}
3 4
Table 250: bbding Xs and Check Marks \Checkmark \CheckmarkBold
5 6
\XSolid \XSolidBold
\XSolidBrush
Table 251: pifont Xs and Check Marks \ding{51} \ding{52} ! " \ding{53} \ding{54} # $ \ding{55} \ding{56}
Table 252: wasysym Xs and Check Marks \CheckedBox \Square \XBox
Table 253: universal Xs
\baucross
86
Table 254: pifont Circled Numbers x y z { | } ~ \ding{172} \ding{173} \ding{174} \ding{175} \ding{176} \ding{177} \ding{178} \ding{179} \ding{180} \ding{181} \ding{182} \ding{183} \ding{184} \ding{185} \ding{186} \ding{187} \ding{188} \ding{189} \ding{190} \ding{191} \ding{192} \ding{193} \ding{194} \ding{195} \ding{196} \ding{197} \ding{198} \ding{199} \ding{200} \ding{201} \ding{202} \ding{203} \ding{204} \ding{205} \ding{206} \ding{207} \ding{208} \ding{209} \ding{210} \ding{211}
pifont (part of the psnfss package) provides a dingautolist environment which resembles enumerate but uses circled numbers as bullets.4 See the psnfss documentation for more information.
Table 255: wasysym Stars \davidsstar \hexstar \varhexstar
x e f g h H G r s p i
4 In
Table 256: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes \Asterisk \AsteriskBold \AsteriskCenterOpen \AsteriskRoundedEnds \AsteriskThin \AsteriskThinCenterOpen \DavidStar \DavidStarSolid \EightAsterisk \EightFlowerPetal \EightFlowerPetalRemoved \EightStar \EightStarBold \EightStarConvex \EightStarTaper \FiveFlowerOpen
V Y c U W X ` a b d I S T
\FiveFlowerPetal \FiveStar \FiveStarCenterOpen \FiveStarConvex \FiveStarLines \FiveStarOpen \FiveStarOpenCircled \FiveStarOpenDotted \FiveStarOutline \FiveStarOutlineHeavy \FiveStarShadow \FourAsterisk \FourClowerOpen \FourClowerSolid \FourStar \FourStarOpen
P Q y w v q u t
\JackStar \JackStarBold \SixFlowerAlternate \SixFlowerAltPetal \SixFlowerOpenCenter \SixFlowerPetalDotted \SixFlowerPetalRemoved \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal \SixStar \SixteenStarLight \Snowflake \SnowflakeChevron \SnowflakeChevronBold \Sparkle \SparkleBold \TwelweStar
fact, dingautolist can use any set of consecutive Zapf Dingbats symbols.
87
Table 257: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 \ding{65} \ding{66} \ding{67} \ding{68} \ding{69} \ding{70} \ding{71} \ding{72} \ding{73} 7 8 9 @ A B C D E \ding{74} \ding{75} \ding{76} \ding{77} \ding{78} \ding{79} \ding{80} \ding{81} \ding{82} F G H I P Q R S T \ding{83} \ding{84} \ding{85} \ding{86} \ding{87} \ding{88} \ding{89} \ding{90} \ding{91} U V W X Y ` a b c \ding{92} \ding{93} \ding{94} \ding{95} \ding{96} \ding{97} \ding{98} \ding{99} \ding{100} d e f g h i p \ding{101} \ding{102} \ding{103} \ding{104} \ding{105} \ding{106} \ding{107}
Table 258: fourier Ornaments \aldine \aldineleft \aldineright \aldinesmall \decofourleft \decofourright \decoone \decosix \decothreeleft \decothreeright \decotwo \floweroneleft \floweroneright \leafleft \leafNE \leafright \starredbullet
Table 259: wasysym Geometric Shapes \hexagon \octagon \pentagon \varhexagon
Table 260: MnSymbol Geometric Shapes \filledlargestar \filledlozenge \filledmedlozenge \largecircle \largediamond \largelozenge \largepentagram \largesquare \largestar \largestarofdavid \medlozenge \medstarofdavid \smalllozenge
MnSymbol denes \bigcirc as a synonym for \largecircle; \bigstar as a synonym for \filledlargestar; \lozenge as a synonym for \medlozenge; and, \blacklozenge as a synonym for \filledmedlozenge.
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Table 261: ifsym Geometric Shapes
7 8 & G 2 5 4 6 3 ) S T
\BigCircle \BigCross \BigDiamondshape \BigHBar \BigLowerDiamond \BigRightDiamond \BigSquare \BigTriangleDown \BigTriangleLeft \BigTriangleRight \BigTriangleUp \BigVBar \Circle \Cross \DiamondShadowA \DiamondShadowB \DiamondShadowC \Diamondshape \FilledBigCircle \FilledBigDiamondshape \FilledBigSquare \FilledBigTriangleDown \FilledBigTriangleLeft
e f u v p s r t q d ' o c
\FilledBigTriangleRight \FilledBigTriangleUp \FilledCircle \FilledDiamondShadowA \FilledDiamondShadowC \FilledDiamondshape \FilledSmallCircle \FilledSmallDiamondshape \FilledSmallSquare \FilledSmallTriangleDown \FilledSmallTriangleLeft \FilledSmallTriangleRight \FilledSmallTriangleUp \FilledSquare \FilledSquareShadowA \FilledSquareShadowC \FilledTriangleDown \FilledTriangleLeft \FilledTriangleRight \FilledTriangleUp \HBar \LowerDiamond \RightDiamond
i p ( y d g f h e 1 B A H Q P R I 0
\SmallCircle \SmallCross \SmallDiamondshape \SmallHBar \SmallLowerDiamond \SmallRightDiamond \SmallSquare \SmallTriangleDown \SmallTriangleLeft \SmallTriangleRight \SmallTriangleUp \SmallVBar \SpinDown \SpinUp \Square \SquareShadowA \SquareShadowB \SquareShadowC \TriangleDown \TriangleLeft \TriangleRight \TriangleUp \VBar
The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combine some of the above into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and \FilledSmallCircle combine to give . Likewise, \Square and \Cross combine to give . See Section 8.3 for more information about constructing new symbols out of existing symbols.
7 u
H
d p e s r
\CircleShadow \CircleSolid \DiamondSolid \Ellipse \EllipseShadow \EllipseSolid \HalfCircleLeft \HalfCircleRight
u v t f k m l h
Table 262: bbding Geometric Shapes \Rectangle \RectangleBold \RectangleThin \Square \SquareCastShadowBottomRight \SquareCastShadowTopLeft \SquareCastShadowTopRight \SquareShadowBottomRight
j i g o n
\SquareShadowTopLeft \SquareShadowTopRight \SquareSolid \TriangleDown \TriangleUp
89
Table 263: pifont Geometric Shapes q r s \ding{108} \ding{109} \ding{110} t u \ding{111} \ding{112} \ding{113} v w \ding{114} \ding{115} \ding{116} x \ding{117} \ding{119} \ding{120} \ding{121} \ding{122}
Table 264: universa Geometric Shapes \baucircle
\bausquare
\bautriangle
Table 265: universal Geometric Shapes \baucircle \baueclipse
\bauhole \baupunct
\bausquare \bautriangle
O C D
q
Table 266: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats \anchor \carriagereturn \checkmark
C I
\eye \filledsquarewithdots \satellitedish
S B Z

\Sborder \squarewithdots \Zborder
Table 267: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats \Envelope \OrnamentDiamondSolid
\Peace \Phone
\PhoneHandset \Plane
\SunshineOpenCircled \Tape
Table 268: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats w \ding{37} \ding{38} \ding{39} v u y \ding{40} \ding{41} \ding{118} h j k \ding{164} \ding{165} \ding{166} l p n \ding{167} \ding{168} \ding{170} m o \ding{171} \ding{169}
90
Ancient languages
This section presents letters and ideograms from various ancient scripts. Some of these symbols may also be useful in other typesetting contexts. Table 269: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk J h X R K b D S c E M W U T f \PHarrow \PHbee \PHbeehive \PHboomerang \PHbow \PHbullLeg \PHcaptive \PHcarpentryPlane \PHcat \PHchild \PHclub \PHcolumn \PHcomb \PHdolium \PHdove e o H p G a Z Q m N O n k A i \PHeagle \PHflute \PHgaunlet \PHgrater \PHhelmet \PHhide \PHhorn \PHlid \PHlily \PHmanacles \PHmattock \PHoxBack \PHpapyrus \PHpedestrian \PHplaneTree B d l P L Y V r q C I g j s F \PHplumedHead \PHram \PHrosette \PHsaw \PHshield \PHship \PHsling \PHsmallAxe \PHstrainer \PHtattooedHead \PHtiara \PHtunny \PHvine \PHwavyBand \PHwoman
Table 270: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters a A b B g d D e \Aaleph \AAaleph \Abeth \AAbeth \Agimel \Adaleth \AAdaleth \Ahe E z w H h T y Y \AAhe \Azayin \Avav \Aheth \AAheth \Ateth \Ayod \AAyod k K l L m n o O \Akaph \AAkaph \Alamed \AAlamed \Amem \Anun \Aayin \AAayin s p P x X q Q r \Asamekh \Ape \AApe \Asade \AAsade \Aqoph \AAqoph \Aresh R S v V t \AAresh \Ashin \Ahelmet \AAhelmet \Atav
The protosem package denes abbreviated control sequences for each of the above. In addition, single-letter shortcuts can be used within the argument to the \textproto command (e.g., \textproto{Pakyn} produces Pakyn). See the protosem documentation for more information.
91
Table 271: hieroglf Hieroglyphics A a B b c C D d e E f F G g h H \HA \Ha \HB \Hb \Hc \HC \HD \Hd \Hdual \He \HE \Hf \HF \HG \Hg \Hh \HH I i J j k K L l m M N \HI \Hi \Hibl \Hibp \Hibs \Hibw \HJ \Hj \Hk \HK \HL \Hl \Hm \HM \Hman \Hms \HN n O o p P + Q q ? R r s S / \Hn \HO \Ho \Hp \HP \Hplural \Hplus \HQ \Hq \Hquery \HR \Hr \Hs \HS \Hscribe \Hslash \Hsv T t U u V v | w W X x Y y z Z \HT \Ht \Htongue \HU \Hu \HV \Hv \Hvbar \Hw \HW \HX \Hx \HY \Hy \Hz \HZ
| 2
\Hone \Hten
3 4
\Hhundred \Hthousand
5 6
\HXthousand \HCthousand
\Hmillion
The hieroglf package denes alternate control sequences and single-letter shortcuts for each of the above which can be used within the argument to the \textpmhg command (e.g., \textpmhg{Pakin} produces Pakin). See the hieroglf documentation for more information.
Table 272: linearA Linear A Script \LinearAI \LinearAII \LinearAIII \LinearAIV \LinearAV \LinearAVI \LinearAVII \LinearAVIII \LinearAIX \LinearAXCIX \LinearAC \LinearACI \LinearACII \LinearACIII \LinearACIV \LinearACV \LinearACVI \LinearACVII \LinearACXCVII \LinearACXCVIII \LinearACXCIX \LinearACC \LinearACCI \LinearACCII \LinearACCIII \LinearACCIV \LinearACCV \LinearACCXCV \LinearACCXCVI \LinearACCXCVII \LinearACCXCVIII \LinearACCXCIX \LinearACCC \LinearACCCI \LinearACCCII \LinearACCCIII
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\LinearAX \LinearAXI \LinearAXII \LinearAXIII \LinearAXIV \LinearAXV \LinearAXVI \LinearAXVII \LinearAXVIII \LinearAXIX \LinearAXX \LinearAXXI \LinearAXXII \LinearAXXIII \LinearAXXIV \LinearAXXV \LinearAXXVI \LinearAXXVII \LinearAXXVIII \LinearAXXIX \LinearAXXX \LinearAXXXI \LinearAXXXII \LinearAXXXIII \LinearAXXXIV \LinearAXXXV \LinearAXXXVI \LinearAXXXVII \LinearAXXXVIII \LinearAXXXIX \LinearAXL \LinearAXLI \LinearAXLII \LinearAXLIII \LinearAXLIV \LinearAXLV \LinearAXLVI \LinearAXLVII \LinearAXLVIII \LinearAXLIX \LinearAL \LinearALI \LinearALII \LinearALIII \LinearALIV \LinearALV \LinearALVI \LinearALVII \LinearALVIII
\LinearACVIII \LinearACIX \LinearACX \LinearACXI \LinearACXII \LinearACXIII \LinearACXIV \LinearACXV \LinearACXVI \LinearACXVII \LinearACXVIII \LinearACXIX \LinearACXX \LinearACXXI \LinearACXXII \LinearACXXIII \LinearACXXIV \LinearACXXV \LinearACXXVI \LinearACXXVII \LinearACXXVIII \LinearACXXIX \LinearACXXX \LinearACXXXI \LinearACXXXII \LinearACXXXIII \LinearACXXXIV \LinearACXXXV \LinearACXXXVI \LinearACXXXVII \LinearACXXXVIII \LinearACXXXIX \LinearACXL \LinearACXLI \LinearACXLII \LinearACXLIII \LinearACXLIV \LinearACXLV \LinearACXLVI \LinearACXLVII \LinearACXLVIII \LinearACXLIX \LinearACL \LinearACLI \LinearACLII \LinearACLIII \LinearACLIV \LinearACLV \LinearACLVI
\LinearACCVI \LinearACCVII \LinearACCVIII \LinearACCIX \LinearACCX \LinearACCXI \LinearACCXII \LinearACCXIII \LinearACCXIV \LinearACCXV \LinearACCXVI \LinearACCXVII \LinearACCXVIII \LinearACCXIX \LinearACCXX \LinearACCXXI \LinearACCXXII \LinearACCXXIII \LinearACCXXIV \LinearACCXXV \LinearACCXXVI \LinearACCXXVII \LinearACCXXVIII \LinearACCXXIX \LinearACCXXX \LinearACCXXXI \LinearACCXXXII \LinearACCXXXIII \LinearACCXXXIV \LinearACCXXXV \LinearACCXXXVI \LinearACCXXXVII \LinearACCXXXVIII \LinearACCXXXIX \LinearACCXL \LinearACCXLI \LinearACCXLII \LinearACCXLIII \LinearACCXLIV \LinearACCXLV \LinearACCXLVI \LinearACCXLVII \LinearACCXLVIII \LinearACCXLIX \LinearACCL \LinearACCLI \LinearACCLII \LinearACCLIII \LinearACCLIV
\LinearACCCIV \LinearACCCV \LinearACCCVI \LinearACCCVII \LinearACCCVIII \LinearACCCIX \LinearACCCX \LinearACCCXI \LinearACCCXII \LinearACCCXIII \LinearACCCXIV \LinearACCCXV \LinearACCCXVI \LinearACCCXVII \LinearACCCXVIII \LinearACCCXIX \LinearACCCXX \LinearACCCXXI \LinearACCCXXII \LinearACCCXXIII \LinearACCCXXIV \LinearACCCXXV \LinearACCCXXVI \LinearACCCXXVII \LinearACCCXXVIII \LinearACCCXXIX \LinearACCCXXX \LinearACCCXXXI \LinearACCCXXXII \LinearACCCXXXIII \LinearACCCXXXIV \LinearACCCXXXV \LinearACCCXXXVI \LinearACCCXXXVII \LinearACCCXXXVIII \LinearACCCXXXIX \LinearACCCXL \LinearACCCXLI \LinearACCCXLII \LinearACCCXLIII \LinearACCCXLIV \LinearACCCXLV \LinearACCCXLVI \LinearACCCXLVII \LinearACCCXLVIII \LinearACCCXLIX \LinearACCCL \LinearACCCLI \LinearACCCLII
93
\LinearALIX \LinearALX \LinearALXI \LinearALXII \LinearALXIII \LinearALXIV \LinearALXV \LinearALXVI \LinearALXVII \LinearALXVIII \LinearALXIX \LinearALXX \LinearALXXI \LinearALXXII \LinearALXXIII \LinearALXXIV \LinearALXXV \LinearALXXVI \LinearALXXVII \LinearALXXVIII \LinearALXXIX \LinearALXXX \LinearALXXXI \LinearALXXXII \LinearALXXXIII \LinearALXXXIV \LinearALXXXV \LinearALXXXVI \LinearALXXXVII \LinearALXXXVIII \LinearALXXXIX \LinearALXXXX \LinearAXCI \LinearAXCII \LinearAXCIII \LinearAXCIV \LinearAXCV \LinearAXCVI \LinearAXCVII \LinearAXCVIII
\LinearACLVII \LinearACLVIII \LinearACLIX \LinearACLX \LinearACLXI \LinearACLXII \LinearACLXIII \LinearACLXIV \LinearACLXV \LinearACLXVI \LinearACLXVII \LinearACLXVIII \LinearACLXIX \LinearACLXX \LinearACLXXI \LinearACLXXII \LinearACLXXIII \LinearACLXXIV \LinearACLXXV \LinearACLXXVI \LinearACLXXVII \LinearACLXXVIII \LinearACLXXIX \LinearACLXXX \LinearACLXXXI \LinearACLXXXII \LinearACLXXXIII \LinearACLXXXIV \LinearACLXXXV \LinearACLXXXVI \LinearACLXXXVII \LinearACLXXXVIII \LinearACLXXXIX \LinearACLXXXX \LinearACXCI \LinearACXCII \LinearACXCIII \LinearACXCIV \LinearACXCV \LinearACXCVI
\LinearACCLV \LinearACCLVI \LinearACCLVII \LinearACCLVIII \LinearACCLIX \LinearACCLX \LinearACCLXI \LinearACCLXII \LinearACCLXIII \LinearACCLXIV \LinearACCLXV \LinearACCLXVI \LinearACCLXVII \LinearACCLXVIII \LinearACCLXIX \LinearACCLXX \LinearACCLXXI \LinearACCLXXII \LinearACCLXXIII \LinearACCLXXIV \LinearACCLXXV \LinearACCLXXVI \LinearACCLXXVII \LinearACCLXXVIII \LinearACCLXXIX \LinearACCLXXX \LinearACCLXXXI \LinearACCLXXXII \LinearACCLXXXIII \LinearACCLXXXIV \LinearACCLXXXV \LinearACCLXXXVI \LinearACCLXXXVII \LinearACCLXXXVIII \LinearACCLXXXIX \LinearACCLXXXX \LinearACCXCI \LinearACCXCII \LinearACCXCIII \LinearACCXCIV
\LinearACCCLIII \LinearACCCLIV \LinearACCCLV \LinearACCCLVI \LinearACCCLVII \LinearACCCLVIII \LinearACCCLIX \LinearACCCLX \LinearACCCLXI \LinearACCCLXII \LinearACCCLXIII \LinearACCCLXIV \LinearACCCLXV \LinearACCCLXVI \LinearACCCLXVII \LinearACCCLXVIII \LinearACCCLXIX \LinearACCCLXX \LinearACCCLXXI \LinearACCCLXXII \LinearACCCLXXIII \LinearACCCLXXIV \LinearACCCLXXV \LinearACCCLXXVI \LinearACCCLXXVII \LinearACCCLXXVIII \LinearACCCLXXIX \LinearACCCLXXX \LinearACCCLXXXI \LinearACCCLXXXII \LinearACCCLXXXIII \LinearACCCLXXXIV \LinearACCCLXXXV \LinearACCCLXXXVI \LinearACCCLXXXVII \LinearACCCLXXXVIII \LinearACCCLXXXIX
94
Table 273: linearb Linear B Basic and Optional Letters a ; < = d D f g x > ? e i \Ba \Baii \Baiii \Bau \Bda \Bde \Bdi \Bdo \Bdu \Bdwe \Bdwo \Be \Bi j J b L k K c h v m M y A \Bja \Bje \Bjo \Bju \Bka \Bke \Bki \Bko \Bku \Bma \Bme \Bmi \Bmo B n N C E F @ o p [ P G H \Bmu \Bna \Bne \Bni \Bno \Bnu \Bnwa \Bo \Bpa \Bpaiii \Bpe \Bpi \Bpo ] I \ q Q X 8 r ^ _ R O U \Bpte \Bpu \Bpuii \Bqa \Bqe \Bqi \Bqo \Bra \Braii \Braiii \Bre \Bri \Bro V s S Y 1 2 { | t } T 3 \Broii \Bru \Bsa \Bse \Bsi \Bso \Bsu \Bswa \Bswi \Bta \Btaii \Bte \Bti 4 5 ~ u w W 6 7 z Z 9 \Bto \Btu \Btwo \Bu \Bwa \Bwe \Bwi \Bwo \Bza \Bze \Bzo
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textlinb or following the \linbfamily font-selection command within a scope. Single-character shortcuts are also supported: Both \textlinb{\Bpa\Bki\Bna} and \textlinb{pcn} produce pcn, for example. See the linearb documentation for more information.
Table 274: linearb Linear B Numerals \BNi \BNii \BNiii \BNiv \BNv \BNvi \BNvii \BNviii \BNix \BNx \BNxx \BNxxx \BNxl \BNl \BNlx \BNlxx \BNlxxx \BNxc \BNc \BNcc \BNccc \BNcd \BNd \BNdc ff fi \BNdcc \BNdccc \BNcm \BNm
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textlinb or following the \linbfamily font-selection command within a scope.
Table 275: linearb Linear B Weights and Measures \BPtalent \BPvola \BPvolb \BPvolcd \BPvolcf \BPwta \BPwtb \BPwtc \BPwtd
95
Table 276: linearb Linear B Ideograms \BPamphora \BParrow \BPbarley \BPbilly \BPboar \BPbronze \BPbull \BPcauldroni \BPcauldronii \BPchariot \BPchassis \BPcloth \BPcow \BPcup \BPewe \BPfoal \BPgoat \BPgoblet \BPgold \BPhorse \BPman \BPnanny \BPolive \BPox \BPpig \BPram \BPsheep \BPsow \BPspear \BPsword \BPwheat \BPwheel \BPwine \BPwineiih \BPwineiiih \BPwineivh \BPwoman \BPwool
Table 277: linearb Unidentied Linear B Symbols fl ffi ffl \BUi \BUii \BUiii ! " \BUiv \BUv \BUvi # $ % \BUvii \BUviii \BUix & \BUx \BUxi \BUxii \Btwe
Table 278: cypriot Cypriot Letters a e g i j b k K c h \Ca \Ce \Cga \Ci \Cja \Cjo \Cka \Cke \Cki \Cko v l L d f q m M y A \Cku \Cla \Cle \Cli \Clo \Clu \Cma \Cme \Cmi \Cmo B n N C E F o p P G \Cmu \Cna \Cne \Cni \Cno \Cnu \Co \Cpa \Cpe \Cpi H I r R O U V s S Y \Cpo \Cpu \Cra \Cre \Cri \Cro \Cru \Csa \Cse \Csi 1 2 t T 3 4 5 u w W \Cso \Csu \Cta \Cte \Cti \Cto \Ctu \Cu \Cwa \Cwe 6 7 x X j b g 9 \Cwi \Cwo \Cxa \Cxe \Cya \Cyo \Cza \Czo
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textcypr or following the \cyprfamily font-selection command within a scope. Single-character shortcuts are also supported: Both \textcypr{\Cpa\Cki\Cna} and \textcypr{pcn} produce pcn, for example. See the cypriot documentation for more information.
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Table 279: sarabian South Arabian Letters a b g d h w \SAa \SAb \SAg \SAd \SAh \SAw z H T y k l \SAz \SAhd \SAtd \SAy \SAk \SAl m n s f o \SAm \SAn \SAs \SAf \SAlq \SAo x q r S t I \SAsd \SAq \SAr \SAsv \SAt \SAhu D J G Z X B \SAdb \SAtb \SAga \SAzd \SAsa \SAdd
These symbols must appear either within the argument to \textsarab or following the \sarabfamily font-selection command within a scope. Single-character shortcuts are also supported: Both \textsarab{\SAb\SAk\SAn} and \textsarab{bkn} produce bkn, for example. See the sarabian documentation for more information.
Table 280: teubner Archaic Greek Letters and Greek Numerals
\Coppa \coppa \digamma,
\Digamma \koppa \Sampi
\sampi \Stigma \stigma
\varstigma
Technically, these symbols do not require teubner; it is sucient to load the babel package with the greek option (upon which teubner depends)but use \qoppa for \koppa and \ddigamma for \digamma. For compatibility with other naming conventions teubner denes \Koppa as a synonym for \Coppa and \varcoppa as a synonym for \coppa. If both teubner and amssymb are loaded, teubners \digamma replaces amssymbs \digamma, regardless of package-loading order.
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Other symbols
The following are all the symbols that didnt t neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections. (Do weather symbols belong under Science and technology? Should dice be considered mathematics?) While some of the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motley assortments of whatever the font designer felt like drawing.
Table 281: textcomp Genealogical Symbols \textborn \textdied \textdivorced \textleaf \textmarried
Table 282: wasysym General Symbols \ataribox \bell \blacksmiley \Bowtie \brokenvert \checked \clock \diameter \DOWNarrow \frownie \invdiameter \kreuz \LEFTarrow \lightning \phone \pointer \recorder \RIGHTarrow \smiley \sun \UParrow \wasylozenge
Table 283: wasysym Circles \CIRCLE \Circle \LEFTCIRCLE \LEFTcircle \Leftcircle \RIGHTCIRCLE \RIGHTcircle \Rightcircle \leftturn \rightturn
Table 284: wasysym Musical Symbols \eighthnote \halfnote \twonotes \fullnote \quarternote
See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 201 on page 73).
Table 285: arev Musical Symbols \quarternote \eighthnote \sixteenthnote
See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 201 on page 73).
98
Table 286: harmony Musical Symbols
= = = =( = = ?
D D
\AAcht \Acht \AchtBL \AchtBR \AcPa \DD
D / D
\DDohne \Dohne \Ds \DS \Ganz \GaPa
/ D
s s S S
< = =) == =
\Halb \HaPa \Pu \Sech \SechBL \SechBl
= = = = = @
<
\SechBR \SechBr \SePa \UB \Vier \ViPa
>
\VM \Zwdr \ZwPa
* A
<
>
The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.
Table 287: harmony Musical Accents .. Aa \Ferli{A}\Ferli{a} .. Aa \Fermi{A}\Fermi{a} ll \Kr{A}\Kr{a} A a
// Aa
A a
\Ohne{A}\Ohne{a} \Umd{A}\Umd{a}
These symbols take an optional argument which shifts the accent either horizontally or vertically (depending on the command) by the given distance. In addition to the accents shown above, \HH is a special accent command which accepts ve period-separated characters and typesets them such that b c \HH.X.a.b.c.d. produces Xd. All arguments except the rst can be omitted: a \HH.X..... produces X. \Takt takes two arguments and composes them into a musical time signature. For example, \Takt{12}{8} produces 12 . As two special 8 cases, \Takt{c}{0} produces S and \Takt{c}{1} produces R . The musixtex package must be installed to use harmony.
Table 288: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols \dbend \lhdbend \reversedvideodbend
Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also denes nondescending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend, and \textreversedvideodbend.
99
Table 289: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols \manboldkidney \manconcentriccircles \manconcentricdiamond \mancone \mancube \manerrarrow \manfilledquartercircle \manhpennib \manimpossiblecube \mankidney \manlhpenkidney \manpenkidney \manquadrifolium \manquartercircle \manrotatedquadrifolium \manrotatedquartercircle \manstar \mantiltpennib \mantriangledown \mantriangleright \mantriangleup \manvpennib
Table 290: marvosym Navigation Symbols \Forward \ForwardToEnd \ForwardToIndex \MoveDown \MoveUp \Rewind \RewindToIndex \RewindToStart \ToBottom \ToTop
Table 291: marvosym Laundry Symbols \AtForty \AtNinetyFive \AtSixty \Bleech \CleaningA \CleaningF \CleaningFF \CleaningP \CleaningPP \Dontwash \Handwash \IroningI \IroningII \IroningIII \NoBleech \NoChemicalCleaning \NoIroning \NoTumbler \ShortFifty \ShortForty \ShortNinetyFive \ShortSixty \ShortThirty \SpecialForty \Tumbler \WashCotton \WashSynthetics \WashWool
Table 292: marvosym Information Symbols V U K X \Bicycle \Checkedbox \Clocklogo \Coffeecup \Crossedbox o x I i y \Football \Gentsroom \Industry \Info \Ladiesroom Z w b \Pointinghand \Wheelchair \Writinghand
100
Table 293: Other marvosym Symbols \Ankh \Bat \Bouquet \Celtcross \CircledA F f \Cross \FHBOlogo \FHBOLOGO \Frowny \FullFHBO m @ : \Heart \MartinVogel \Mundus \MVAt \MVRightarrow Y \Smiley \Womanface \Yinyang
Table 294: Miscellaneous universa Symbols
\bauforms
\bauhead
Table 295: Miscellaneous universal Symbols \baudash \bauequal \bauface
\bauforms \bauhead \bauplus
\bauquarter \bauquestion \bauwindow
\varQ
Table 296: Miscellaneous fourier Symbols \bomb \danger
\grimace \noway
\textthing \textxswdown
\textxswup
fourier denes math-mode aliases for a few of the preceding \thething ( ), \xswordsup ( ), and \xswordsdown ( ).
symbols:
Table 297: ifsym Weather Symbols

' 2 3 5 4
\Cloud \FilledCloud \FilledRainCloud \FilledSunCloud \FilledWeakRainCloud \Fog
# & ! (
\Hail \HalfSun \Lightning \NoSun \Rain \RainCloud
$ % 1 0
\Sleet \Snow \SnowCloud \Sun \SunCloud \ThinFog
" ) 6
\WeakRain \WeakRainCloud \FilledSnowCloud
In addition, \Thermo{0}. . .\Thermo{6} produce thermometers that are between 0/6 and 6/6 full of mercury:

Similarly, \wind{ sun }{ angle }{ strength } will draw wind symbols with a given amount of sun (04), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0 100). For example, \wind{0}{0}{0} produces H , \wind{2}{0}{0} produces H , and \wind{4}{0}{100} produces X .
101

Table 298: ifsym Alpine Symbols \SummitSign \StoneMan \Hut \FilledHut \Village
! " # $
\Summit \Mountain \IceMountain \VarMountain \VarIceMountain
% & ' ) (
\SurveySign \Joch \Flag \VarFlag \Tent
1 0
\HalfFilledHut \VarSummit
Table 299: ifsym Clocks \StopWatchStart \Taschenuhr
\Interval \StopWatchEnd
\VarClock \VarTaschenuhr
\Wecker
ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock{ hours }{ minutes } outputs a clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, \showclock{5}{40} produces . hours must be an integer from 0 to 11, and minutes must be an integer multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.
X X
Table 300: Other ifsym Symbols \FilledSectioningDiamond \Fire \Irritant \Cube{1} \Cube{2} \StrokeOne \StrokeTwo
XX XX
\Letter \PaperLandscape \PaperPortrait \Cube{3} \Cube{4} \StrokeThree \StrokeFour
@ Y
\Radiation \SectioningDiamond \Telephone \Cube{5} \Cube{6} \StrokeFive
Table 301: clock Clocks \ClockStyle 0 1 2 3 \ClockFramefalse
i 1 i 2 i 3 i
\ClockFrametrue
0 i 0 1 i 0 2 i 0 3 i
The clock package provides a \clock command to typeset an arbitrary time on an analog clock (and \clocktime to typeset the documents build time). For example, the clocks in the above table were produced with \clock{15}{41}. Clock symbols are composed from a font of clock-face fragments using one of four values for \ClockStyle and either \ClockFrametrue or \ClockFrametrue as illustrated above. See the clock documentation for more information. 102
Table 302: epsdice Dice \epsdice{1} \epsdice{2} \epsdice{3} \epsdice{4} \epsdice{5} \epsdice{6}
Table 303: hhcount Dice \fcdice{1} \fcdice{2} \fcdice{3} \fcdice{4} \fcdice{5} \fcdice{6}
The \fcdice command accepts values larger than 6. For example, \fcdice{47} produces .
Table 304: hhcount Tally Markers \fcscore{1} \fcscore{2} \fcscore{3} \fcscore{4} \fcscore{5}
The \fcscore command accepts values larger than 5. For example, \fcscore{47} produces .
Table 305: skull Symbols
\skull
Table 306: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols
\rip
103
Table 307: skak Chess Informator Symbols g i b a e X O I + RR P l n V t G \bbetter \bdecisive \betteris \bishoppair \bupperhand \capturesymbol \castlingchar \castlinghyphen \centre \checksymbol \chesscomment \chessetc \chesssee \compensation \counterplay \devadvantage \diagonal d L j H O O-O-O x y m S U N F o r M s \doublepawns \ending \equal \file \kside \longcastling \markera \markerb \mate \morepawns \moreroom \novelty \onlymove \opposbishops \passedpawn \qside \samebishops q O-O T k u R f h J v A E C w c D \seppawns \shortcastling \timelimit \unclear \unitedpawns \various \wbetter \wdecisive \weakpt \with \withattack \withidea \withinit \without \wupperhand \zugzwang
Table 308: skak Chess Pieces and Chessboard Squares
a b Z j k m n o p l q
\BlackBishopOnBlack \BlackBishopOnWhite \BlackEmptySquare \BlackKingOnBlack \BlackKingOnWhite \BlackKnightOnBlack \BlackKnightOnWhite \BlackPawnOnBlack \BlackPawnOnWhite \BlackQueenOnBlack \BlackQueenOnWhite
s r
B K N p Q R
\BlackRookOnBlack \BlackRookOnWhite \symbishop \symking \symknight \sympawn \symqueen \symrook \WhiteBishopOnBlack \WhiteBishopOnWhite \WhiteEmptySquare
A B 0
J K M N O P L Q S R
\WhiteKingOnBlack \WhiteKingOnWhite \WhiteKnightOnBlack \WhiteKnightOnWhite \WhitePawnOnBlack \WhitePawnOnWhite \WhiteQueenOnBlack \WhiteQueenOnWhite \WhiteRookOnBlack \WhiteRookOnWhite
The skak package also provides commands for drawing complete chessboards. See the skak documentation for more information.
104
} | ~
Table 309: igo Go Stones \blackstone[\igocircle] \blackstone[\igocross] \blackstone[\igonone] \blackstone[\igosquare] \blackstone[\igotriangle]
} | ~
\whitestone[\igocircle] \whitestone[\igocross] \whitestone[\igonone] \whitestone[\igosquare] \whitestone[\igotriangle]
In addition to the symbols shown above, igos \blackstone and \whitestone commands accept numbers from 1 to 99 and display them circled as , , , . . . and , , , . . . , respectively.
The igo package is intended to typeset Go boards (goban). See the igo documentation for more information.
Table 310: metre Metrical Symbols
\a \B \b \Bb \BB \bb \bB \bba \bbb \BBm
\bBm \bbm \Bbm \bbmb \bbmx \bm \Bm \c \C \Cc
\cc \Ccc \m \M \ma \Mb \mb \mBb \mbB \mbb
\Mbb \mbbx \oo \p \pm \pp \Pp \ppm \ppp \Ppp
\Pppp \pppp \Ppppp \ppppp \ps \pxp \Pxp \R \r \T
\t \tsbm \tsmb \tsmm \vppm \vpppm \x
The preceding symbols are valid only within the argument to the metre command.
Table 311: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols
< <
> >
\anaclasis \antidiple \antidiple* \antisigma \asteriscus \catalexis \diple \diple* \obelus \obelus* \respondens \terminus \terminus*
< <
> >
\Anaclasis \Antidiple \Antidiple* \Antisigma \Asteriscus \Catalexis \Diple \Diple* \Obelus \Obelus* \Respondens \Terminus \Terminus*
105
Table 312: teubner Metrical Symbols \aeolicbii \aeolicbiii \aeolicbiv \anceps \ancepsdbrevis \banceps \barbbrevis \barbrevis \bbrevis \brevis \catal \corona \coronainv \hiatus \ipercatal \longa \ubarbbrevis \ubarbrevis \ubarsbrevis \ubrevislonga
The teubner package provides a \newmetrics command that helps users combine the preceding symbols as well as other teubner symbols. For example, the predened \pentam symbol uses \newmetrics to juxtapose six \longas, two \barbbrevises, four \brevises, and a \dBar into ||. See the teubner documentation for more information.
Table 313: dictsym Dictionary Symbols a G A B C \dsaeronautical \dsagricultural \dsarchitectural \dsbiological \dschemical c H J L M \dscommercial \dsheraldical \dsjuridical \dsliterary \dsmathematical m X R T \dsmedical \dsmilitary \dsrailways \dstechnical
Table 314: simpsons Characters from The Simpsons
\Bart
\Homer
\Maggie
\SNPP
\Burns
\Lisa
\Marge
The location of the characters pupils can be controlled with the \Goofy command. See A METAFONT of Simpsons characters [Che97] for more information. Also, each of the above can be prexed with \Left to make the character face left instead of right:
\Left\Bart
106
Table 315: pmboxdraw Box-Drawing Symbols \textblock \textdkshade \textdnblock \textlfblock \textltshade \textrtblock \textSFi \textSFii \textSFiii \textSFiv \textSFix \textSFl \textSFli \textSFlii \textSFliii \textSFliv \textSFv \textSFvi \textSFvii \textSFviii \textSFx \textSFxi \textSFxix \textSFxl \textSFxli \textSFxlii \textSFxliii \textSFxliv \textSFxlix \textSFxlv \textSFxlvi \textSFxlvii \textSFxlviii \textSFxx \textSFxxi \textSFxxii \textSFxxiii \textSFxxiv \textSFxxv \textSFxxvi \textSFxxvii \textSFxxviii \textSFxxxix \textSFxxxvi \textSFxxxvii \textSFxxxviii \textshade \textupblock
Code Page 437 (CP437), which was rst utilized by the original IBM PC, contains the set of box-drawing symbols (sides, corners, and intersections of single- and doubleruled boxes) shown above in character positions 176223. These symbols also appear in the Unicode Box Drawing and Block Element tables. The pmboxdraw package draws the CP437 box-drawing symbols using TEX rules (specically, \vrule) instead of with a font and thereby provides the ability to alter both rule width and the separation between rules. See the pmboxdraw documentation for more information.
Table 316: staves Magical Staves \staveI \staveII \staveIII \staveIV \staveV \staveVI \staveVII \staveVIII \staveIX \staveXXIV \staveXXV \staveXXVI \staveXXVII \staveXXVIII \staveXXIX \staveXXX \staveXXXI \staveXXXII \staveXLVII \staveXLVIII \staveXLIX \staveL \staveLI \staveLII \staveLIII \staveLIV \staveLV
107
\staveX \staveXI \staveXII \staveXIII \staveXIV \staveXV \staveXVI \staveXVII \staveXVIII \staveXIX \staveXX \staveXXI \staveXXII \staveXXIII
\staveXXXIII \staveXXXIV \staveXXXV \staveXXXVI \staveXXXVII \staveXXXVIII \staveXXXIX \staveXL \staveXLI \staveXLII \staveXLIII \staveXLIV \staveXLV \staveXLVI
\staveLVI \staveLVII \staveLVIII \staveLIX \staveLX \staveLXI \staveLXII \staveLXIII \staveLXIV \staveLXV \staveLXVI \staveLXVII \staveLXVIII
The meanings of these symbols are described on the Web site for the Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft at http://www.galdrasyning.is/index.php?option= com content&task=category&sectionid=5&id=18&Itemid=60 (TinyURL: http:// tinyurl.com/25979m). For example, \staveL ( ) is intended to ward o ghosts and evil spirits.
Table 317: pigpen Cipher Symbols A B C D E F G H I {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont A} B} C} D} E} F} G} H} I} J K L M N O P Q R {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont J} K} L} M} N} O} P} Q} R} S T U V W X Y Z {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont {\pigpenfont S} T} U} V} W} X} Y} Z}
Table 318: C in h A2e Phases of the Moon \MoonPha{1}
\MoonPha{2} 108
\MoonPha{3}
\MoonPha{4}
<
Table 319: Other C in h A2e Symbols \Greenpoint \Info
# >
\Postbox \Request
\Telephone
The METAFONT code that implements the recycling symbols shown above is, in the words of its author, awful code [that] doesnt even put the logo in a box (properly). Expect to receive Inconsistent equation (off by number ) errors from METAFONT. Fortunately, if you tell METAFONT to proceed past those errors (e.g., by pressing Enter after each one or by specifying -interaction=nonstopmode on the METAFONT command line) it should produce a valid font. The commands listed above should be used within a group (e.g., {\recycle}) because they exhibit the side eect of changing the font to the recycle font.
A
A
\recycle 109
Table 320: recycle Recycling Symbols
\Recycle
\RECYCLE
Additional Information
Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 8 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it provides A additional help in using the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names used by multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for nding symbols and gives some examples regarding how to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Then, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbols in math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all of A the standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in L TEX. And nally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.
8.1
Symbol Name Clashes
Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Depending A on how the symbols are dened in each package, L TEX will either output an error message or replace an earlierdened symbol with a later-dened symbol. Table 321 on the following page presents a selection of name clashes that appear in this document. Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same documentor even merely loading conicting symbol packagescan be tricky but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 321, not impossible. The general procedure is to load the rst package, rename the conicting symbols, and then load the second package. Examine the A L TEX source for this document (symbols.tex) for examples of this and other techniques for handling symbol conicts. Note that symbols.texs \savesymbol and \restoresymbol macros have been extracted into the savesym package, which can be downloaded from CTAN. txfonts and pxfonts redene a huge number of symbolsessentially, all of the symbols dened by latexsym, A textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and L TEX 2 itself. Similarly, mathabx redenes a vast number of math symbols in an attempt to improve their look. The txfonts, pxfonts, and mathabx conicts are not listed in Table 321 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 322 on page 112 illustrates what compatible means in this context. To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the documents main font, merely reset the default font families back to their original values after loading one of those packages: \renewcommand\rmdefault{cmr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{cmss} \renewcommand\ttdefault{cmtt}
8.2
Resizing symbols
Mathematical symbols listed in this document as variable-sized are designed to stretch vertically. Each variablesized symbol comes in one or more basic sizes plus a variation comprising both stretchable and nonstretchable segments. Table 323 on page 112 presents the symbols \} and \uparrow in their default size, in their \big, \Big, \bigg, and \Bigg sizes, in an even larger size achieved using \left/\right, andfor contrastin a large size A achieved by changing the font size using L TEX 2 s \fontsize command. Because the symbols shown belong to the Computer Modern family, the type1cm package needs to be loaded to support font sizes larger than 24.88 pt. Note how \fontsize makes the symbol wider and thicker. (The graphicx packages \scalebox or \resizebox commands would produce a similar eect.) Also, the \fontsize-enlarged symbol is vertically centered relative to correspondingly large text, unlike the symbols enlarged using \big et al. or \left/\right, which all use the same math axis regardless of symbol size. However, \fontsize is not limited to mathematical delimiters. Also, \scalebox and \resizebox are more robust to poorly composed symbols (e.g., two symbols made to overlap by backspacing a xed distance) but do not work with every TEX backend and will produce jagged symbols when scaling a bitmapped font. All variable-sized delimiters are dened (by the corresponding .tfm le) in terms of up to ve segments, as illustrated by Figure 1 on page 112. The top, middle, and bottom segments are of a xed size. The top-middle and middle-bottom segments (which are constrained to be the same character) are repeated as many times as necessary to achieve the desired height.
110
Table 321: Symbol Name Clashes

A L TEX 2
Symbol AMS
stmaryrd
wasysym
mathabx
marvosym
bbding
ifsym
dingbat
wsuipa
D
B
S
111 B E
&
\baro \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup \checkmark \Circle \Cross \ggg \Letter \lightning \Lightning \lll \Square \Sun \TriangleDown \TriangleUp
f o n
H Q I
Table 322: Example of a Benign Name Clash Symbol R \textrecipe Default (Computer Modern) txfonts (Times Roman)
Table 323: Sample resized delimiters Symbol Default size \big \Big \bigg \Bigg \left / \right \fontsize
\} }
\uparrow
top top-middle (extensible) middle
middle-bottom (extensible) bottom
Figure 1: Implementation of variable-sized delimiters
112
8.3
Where can I nd the symbol for . . . ?
If you cant nd some symbol youre looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations: The symbol isnt intuitively named. As a few examples, the ifsym command to draw dice is \Cube; a plus sign with a circle around it (exclusive or to computer engineers) is \oplus; and lightning bolts in fonts designed by German speakers may have blitz in their names as in the ulsy package. The moral of the story is to be creative with synonyms when searching the index. The symbol is dened by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If theres some symbol A package that you think should be included in the Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List, please send me e-mail at the address listed on the title page. The symbol isnt dened in any package whatsoever.
A Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no L TEX binding for it. For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a symbol, which may be useful for representing a carriage return, but there is no package (as far as I know) for accessing that symbol. To produce an unnamed symbol, you A A need to switch to the font explicitly with L TEX 2 s low-level font commands [L T00] and use TEXs primitive \char 5 command [Knu86a] to request a specic character number in the font. In fact, \char is not strictly necesssary; the character can often be entered symbolically. For example, the symbol for an impulse train or Tate-Shafarevich group ( ) is actually an uppercase sha in the Cyrillic alphabet. (Cyrillic is supported by the OT2 font encoding, for instance). While a sha can be dened numerically as {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char88} it may be more intuitive to use the OT2 font encodings SH ligature: {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont SH}.
Reecting and rotating existing symbols A common request on comp.text.tex is for a reversed or rotated version of an existing symbol. As a last resort, these eects can be achieved with the graphicx (or graphics) packages \reflectbox and \rotatebox macros. For example, \textsuperscript{\reflectbox{?}} produces an irony mark ( ? ; cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony mark), and \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{$\iota$} produces the denite-description operator ( ). The disadvantage of the graphicx/graphics approach is that not every TEX backend handles graphical transformations.6 Far better is to nd a suitable font that contains the desired symbol in the correct orientation. For instance, if the phonetic package is available, then \textit{\riota} will yield a backend-independent . Similarly, tipas \textrevepsilon (3) or wsuipas \revepsilon (%) may be used to express the mathematical notion of such that in a cleaner manner than with \reflectbox or \rotatebox.7
Joining and overlapping existing symbols

A Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The L TEX 2 source le fontdef.dtx contains a number of such denitions. For example, \models (see Table 67 on page 34) is dened in that le with:
\def\models{\mathrel|\joinrel=} where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. \def is the TEX primitive upon which A L TEXs \newcommand is based. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information on all three of those commands. With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily dene a backward \models sign (=|): \def\ismodeledby{=\joinrel\mathrel|}
5 pifont denes a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number. \Pisymbol{psy}{191} produces . 6 As an example, Xdvi ignores both \reflectbox and \rotatebox. 7 More common symbols for representing such that include |, :, and s.t..
For example,
113
In general, arrows/harpoons, horizontal lines (=, -, \relbar, and \Relbar), and the various mathextension characters can be combined creatively with miscellaneous other characters to produce a variety of new A symbols. Of course, new symbols can be composed from any set of existing characters. For instance, L TEX denes \hbar ( ) as a character (\mathchar26) followed by a backspace of 9 math units (\mkern-9mu), followed by the letter h: \def\hbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-9muh}} We can just as easily dene other barred letters: \def\bbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-9mu b}} \def\dbar{{\mathchar26\mkern-12mu d}} (The space after the mu is optional but is added for clarity.) \bbar and \dbar dene and respectively. b d, Note that \dbar requires a greater backward math kern than \bbar; a 9 mu kern would have produced the less-attractive glyph. d The amsmath package provides \overset and \underset commands for placing one symbol respectively above G or below another. For example, \overset{G}{\sim}8 produces (sometimes used for equidecomposable with respect to G). Sometimes an ordinary tabular environment can be co-opted into juxtaposing existing symbols into a new symbol. Consider the following denition of \asterism (**) from a June 2007 post to comp.text.tex by Peter * Flynn: \newcommand{\asterism}{\smash{% \raisebox{-.5ex}{% \setlength{\tabcolsep}{-.5pt}% \begin{tabular}{@{}cc@{}}% \multicolumn2c*\\[-2ex]*&*% \end{tabular}}}} Note how the space between columns (\tabcolsep) and rows (\\[. . . ]) is made negative to squeeze the asterisks closer together. There is a TEX primitive called \mathaccent that centers one mathematical symbol atop another. For example, one can dene \dotcup ()the composition of a \cup and a \cdotas follows: \newcommand{\dotcup}{\ensuremath{\mathaccent\cdot\cup}} The catch is that \mathaccent requires the accent to be a math character. That is, it must be a character in a math font as opposed to a symbol dened in terms of other symbols. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information. Another TEX primitive that is useful for composing symbols is \vcenter. \vcenter is conceptually similar A to \begin{tabular}{l} in L TEX but takes a list of vertical material instead of \\-separated rows. Also, it vertically centers the result on the math axis. (Many operators, such as + and are also vertically centered on the math axis.) Enrico Gregorio posted the following symbol denition to comp.text.tex in March 2004 in response to a query about an alternate way to denote equivalence: \newcommand*{\threesim}{% \mathrel{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip \hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}} The \threesim symbol, which vertically centers three \sim () symbols with 0.35 x-heights of space between them, is rendered as . \offinterlineskip is a macro that disables implicit interline spacing. Without it, \threesim would have a full line of vertical spacing between each \sim. Because of \vcenter, \threesim aligns properly with other math operators: a b c d.
8L T A
EXs \stackrel command is similar but is limited to placing a symbol above a binary relation.
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A A related L TEX command, borrowed from Plain TEX, is \ooalign. \ooalign vertically overlaps symbols and works both within and outside of math mode. Essentially, it creates a single-column tabular environment with zero vertical distance between rows. However, because it is based directly on TEXs \ialign primitive, \ooalign A uses TEXs tabular syntax instead of L TEXs (i.e., with \cr as the row terminator instead of \\). The following example of \ooalign, a macro that denes a standard-state symbol (\stst, ) as a superscripted Plimsoll 9 line (\barcirc, ), is due to an October 2007 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau:
\makeatletter \providecommand\barcirc{\mathpalette\@barred\circ} \def\@barred#1#2{\ooalign{\hfil$#1-$\hfil\cr\hfil$#1#2$\hfil\cr}} \newcommand\stst{^{\protect\barcirc}} \makeatother In the preceding code, note the \ooalign calls use of \hfil to horizontally center a minus sign () and a \circ (). As another example of \ooalign, consider the following code (due to Enrico Gregorio in a June 2007 post to comp.text.tex) that overlaps a \ni ( ) and two minus signs ( to produce an obscure variation on ) , the infrequently used 3 symbol for such thatdiscussed on page 113: \newcommand{\suchthat}{% \mathrel{\ooalign{$\ni$\cr\kern-1pt$-$\kern-6.5pt$-$}}} The slashed package, although originally designed for producing Feynman slashed-character notation, in fact facilitates the production of arbitrary overlapped symbols. The default behavior is to overwrite a given character / with /. For example, \slashed{D} produces D. However, the \declareslashed command provides the exibility to specify the mathematical context of the composite character (operator, relation, punctuation, etc., as will be discussed in Section 8.4), the overlapping symbol, horizontal and vertical adjustments in symbolrelative units, and the character to be overlapped. Consider, for example, the symbol for reduced quadrupole moment (I). This can be declared as follows: \newcommand{\rqm}{{% \declareslashed{}{\text{-}}{0.04}{0}{I}\slashed{I}}} \declareslashed{}{}{}{}{I} aects the meaning of all subsequent \slashed{I} commands in the same scope. The preceding denition of \rqm therefore uses an extra set of curly braces to limit that scope to a single \slashed{I}. In addition, \rqm uses amstexts \text macro (described on page 117) to make \declareslashed use a text-mode hyphen (-) instead of a math-mode minus sign () and to ensure that the hyphen scales properly in size in subscripts and superscripts. See slasheds documentation (located in slashed.sty itself) for a detailed usage description of the \slashed and \declareslashed commands. Somewhat simpler than slashed is the centernot package. centernot provides a single command, \centernot, which, like \not, puts a slash over the subsequent mathematical symbol. However, instead of putting the slash at a xed location, \centernot centers the slash over its argument. \centernot might be used, for example, to create a does not imply symbol: = = \not\Longrightarrow vs. \centernot\Longrightarrow
See the centernot documentation for more information.

9 While \barcirc illustrates how to combine symbols using \ooalign, the stmaryrd packages \minuso command (Table 46 on page 25) provides a similar glyph ( ) as a single, indivisible symbol.
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Making new symbols work in superscripts and subscripts To make composite symbols work properly within subscripts and superscripts, you may need to use TEXs \mathchoice primitive. \mathchoice evaluates one of four expressions, based on whether the current math style is display, text, script, or scriptscript. (See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for a more complete description.) For examA ple, the following L TEX codeposted to comp.text.tex by Torsten Brongercomposes a sub/superscriptable symbol out of \top and \bot ( and ): \def\topbotatom#1{\hbox{\hbox to 0pt{$#1\bot$\hss}$#1\top$}} \newcommand*{\topbot}{\mathrel{\mathchoice{\topbotatom\displaystyle} {\topbotatom\textstyle} {\topbotatom\scriptstyle} {\topbotatom\scriptscriptstyle}}} The following is another example that uses \mathchoice to construct symbols in dierent math modes. The code denes a principal value integral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it. \def\Xint#1{\mathchoice {\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle{#1}}% {\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle{#1}}% {\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}% {\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}% \!\int} \def\XXint#1#2#3{{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1{#2#3}{\int}$} \vcenter{\hbox{$#2#3$}}\kern-.5\wd0}} \def\ddashint{\Xint=} \def\dashint{\Xint-} (The preceding code was taken verbatim from the UK TEX Users Group FAQ at http://www.tex.ac.uk/ faq.) \dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed one (=). The \Xint macro dened above can also be used to generate a wealth of new integrals: (\Xint\circlearrowright), (\Xint\circlearrowleft), (\Xint\subset), (\Xint\infty), and so forth. A L TEX 2 provides a simple wrapper for \mathchoice that sometimes helps produce terser symbol denitions. The macro is called \mathpalette and it takes two arguments. \mathpalette invokes the rst argument, passing it one of \displaystyle, \textstyle, \scriptstyle, or \scriptscriptstyle, followed by the second argument. \mathpalette is useful when a symbol macro must know which math style is currently in use (e.g., to set it explicitly within an \mbox). Donald Arseneau posted the following \mathpalette-based denition of a probabilistic-independence symbol ( to comp.text.tex in June 2000: ) \newcommand\independent{\protect\mathpalette{\protect\independenT}{\perp}} \def\independenT#1#2{\mathrel{\rlap{$#1#2$}\mkern2mu{#1#2}}} The \independent macro uses \mathpalette to pass the \independenT helper macro both the current math style and the \perp symbol. \independenT typesets \perp in the current math style, moves two math units to the right, and nally typesets a secondoverlappingcopy of \perp, again in the current math style. \rlap, which enables text overlap, is described on the following page. ) as this helps visually distinguish Some people like their square-root signs with a trailing hook (i.e., expressions like 3x from those like 3x. In March 2002, Dan Luecking posted a \mathpalette-based denition of a hooked square-root symbol to comp.text.tex: \def\hksqrt{\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt} \def\DHLhksqrt#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1\sqrt{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0 \advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0 \setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}% {\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}} 116
Notice how \DHLhksqrt uses \mathpalette to recover the outer math style (argument #1) from within an \hbox. The rest of the code is simply using TEX primitives to position a hook of height 0.2 times the \sqrt height at the right of the \sqrt. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more understanding of TEX boxes and dimens. Sometimes, however, amstexts \text macro is all that is necessary to make composite symbols appear correctly in subscripts and superscripts, as in the following denitions of \neswarrow ( ) and \nwsearrow ( ):10 \newcommand{\neswarrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nearrow$\llap{$\swarrow$}}}} \newcommand{\nwsearrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nwarrow$\llap{$\searrow$}}}}
A \text resembles L TEXs \mbox command but shrinks its argument appropriately when used within a subscript or superscript. \llap (left overlap) and its counterpart, \rlap (right overlap), appear frequently when creating composite characters. \llap outputs its argument to the left of the current position, overlapping whatever text is already there. Similarly, \rlap overlaps whatever text would normally appear to the right of its argument. For example, A\llap{B} and \rlap{A}B each produce A. However, the result of the former is the width B of A, and the result of the latter is the width of B\llap{. . . } and \rlap{. . . } take up zero space. In a June 2002 post to comp.text.tex, Donald Arseneau presented a general macro for aligning an arbitrary number of symbols on their horizontal centers and vertical baselines:
\makeatletter \def\moverlay{\mathpalette\mov@rlay} \def\mov@rlay#1#2{\leavevmode\vtop{% \baselineskip\z@skip \lineskiplimit-\maxdimen \ialign{\hfil$#1##$\hfil\cr#2\crcr}}} \makeatother

A The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce L TEX into accepting @ as part of a A macro name. \moverlay takes a list of symbols separated by \cr (TEXs equivalent of L TEXs \\). For example, the \topbot command dened on the previous page could have been expressed as \moverlay{\top\cr\bot} and the \neswarrow command dened above could have been expressed as \moverlay{\nearrow\cr\swarrow}. The basic concept behind \moverlays implementation is that \moverlay typesets the given symbols in a table that utilizes a zero \baselineskip. This causes every row to be typeset at the same vertical position. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for explanations of the TEX primitives used by \moverlay. A Modifying L TEX-generated symbols A Oftentimes, symbols composed in the L TEX 2 source code can be modied with minimal eort to produce useful variations. For example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 189 on page 70) out of three periods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:
\def\ddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise7\p@ \vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu \raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}}

A \p@ is a L TEX 2 shortcut for pt or 1.0pt. The remaining commands are dened in The TEXbook [Knu86a]. To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely have to reorder the \raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:
\makeatletter \def\revddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise\p@ \vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu \raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}} \makeatother \revddots is essentially identical to the mathdots packages \iddots command or the yhmath packages \adots command.
10 Note that if your goal is to typeset commutative diagrams or pushout/pullback diagrams, then you should probably be using X -pic. Y
117
Producing complex accents Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables in this document show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterations from nonLatin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writes his name as A H`n Th Th`nh. The dblaccnt package enables L TEX to stack accents, as in H\an Th\{\ê} Th\anh (albeit a e a not in the OT1 font encoding). In addition, the wsuipa package denes \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting one or more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[{\diatop[\|\=]}| \textsubdot{r}] produces . See the wsuipa documentation for more information. r The accents package facilitates the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command enables any character to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset{\star}{f} produces f and \accentset{e}{X} e produces X. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath the character. This enables constructs like \underaccent{\tilde}{V}, which produces V . accents provides other accent-related features as well; see the documentation for more information. Creating extensible symbols A relatively simple example of creating extensible symbols stems from a comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau A (June 2003). The following code denes an equals sign that extends as far to the right as possible, just like L TEXs \hrulefill command: \makeatletter \def\equalsfill{$\m@th\mathord=\mkern-7mu \cleaders\hbox{$\!\mathord=\!$}\hfill \mkern-7mu\mathord=$} \makeatother TEXs \cleaders and \hfill primitives are the key to understanding \equalsfills extensibility. Essentially, \equalsfill repeats a box containing = plus some negative space until it lls the maximum available horizontal A space. \equalsfill is intended to be used with L TEXs \stackrel command, which stacks one mathematical a expression (slightly reduced in size) atop another. Hence, \stackrel{a}{\rightarrow} produces and X \stackrel{\text{definition}}{\hbox{\equalsfill}} Y produces X = = = = Y . === If all that needs to extend are horizontal and vertical linesas opposed to repeated symbols such as the = A in the previous exampleL TEXs array or tabular environments may suce. Consider the following code (due to a February 1999 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau and subsequent modications by Billy Yu and Scott Pakin) for typesetting annuity and life-insurance symbols: \DeclareRobustCommand{\actuarial}[2][]{% \def\arraystretch{0}% \setlength\arraycolsep{0.5pt}% \setlength\arrayrulewidth{0.5pt}% \setbox0=\hbox{$\scriptstyle#1#2$}% \begin{array}[b]{*2{@{}>{\scriptstyle}c}|} \cline{2-2}% \rule[1.25pt]{0pt}{\ht0}% #1 & #2% \end{array}% } Using the preceding denition, one can type, e.g., $a_{\actuarial{n}}$ to produce an and $a_{\actuarial[x:]{n}}$ to produce ax:n A more complex example of composing accents is the following denition of extensible \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis symbols, taken from a May 2002 comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau:
denition
118
\makeatletter \def\overbracket#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@} \downbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits} \def\underbracket#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} \upbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits} \def\overparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@} \downparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits} \def\underparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip} \upparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits} \def\downparenthfill{$\m@th\braceld\leaders\vrule\hfill\bracerd$} \def\upparenthfill{$\m@th\bracelu\leaders\vrule\hfill\braceru$} \def\upbracketfill{$\m@th\makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}% \leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill \makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$} \def\downbracketfill{$\m@th \makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}% \leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill \makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$} \makeatother Table 324 showcases these accents. The TEXbook [Knu86a] or another book on TEX primitives is indispensible for understanding how the preceding code works. The basic idea is that \downparenthfill, \upparenthfill, \downbracketfill, and \upbracketfill do all of the work; they output a left symbol (e.g., \braceld [ ] for \downparenthfill), a horizontal rule that stretches as wide as possible, and a right symbol (e.g., \bracerd [ ] for \downparenthfill). \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis merely create a table whose width is determined by the given text, thereby constraining the width of the horizontal rules. Table 324: Manually Composed Extensible Accents abc abc \overbracket{abc} \underbracket{abc} abc abc \overparenthesis{abc} \underparenthesis{abc}
Note that the simplewick package provides mechanisms for typesetting Wick contractions, which utilize \overbracket- and \underbracket-like brackets of variable width and height (or depth). For example, \acontraction{}{A}{B}{C}\acontraction[2ex]{A}{B}{C}{D}\bcontraction{}{A}{BC}{D}ABCD produces ABCD See the simplewick documentation for more information. Developing new symbols from scratch Sometimes is it simply not possible to dene a new symbol in terms of existing symbols. Fortunately, most, if not all, TEX distributions are shipped with a tool called METAFONT which is designed specically for creating fonts to be used with TEX. The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the authoritative text on METAFONT. If you plan to design your own symbols with METAFONT, The METAFONTbook is essential reading. You may also want to read the freely available METAFONT primer located at http://metafont.tutorial.free.fr/. The following is A an extremely brief tutorial on how to create a new L TEX symbol using METAFONT. Its primary purpose is to 119 .
A cover the L TEX-specic operations not mentioned in The METAFONTbook and to demonstrate that symbol-font creation is not necessarily a dicult task. Suppose we need a symbol to represent a light bulb (A).11 The rst step is to draw this in METAFONT. It is common to separate the font into two les: a size-dependent le, which species the design size and various font-specic parameters that are a function of the design size; and a size-independent le, which draws characters in the given size. Figure 2 shows the METAFONT code for lightbulb10.mf. lightbulb10.mf species various parameters that produce a 10 pt. light bulb then loads lightbulb.mf. Ideally, one should produce lightbulb size .mf les for a variety of size s. This is called optical scaling. It enables, for example, the lines that make up the light bulb to retain the same thickness at dierent font sizes, which looks much nicer than the alternativeand defaultmechanical scaling. When a lightbulb size .mf le does not exist for a given size size , the computer mechanically produces a wider, taller, thicker symbol:
A
10 pt.
vs.
20 pt.
vs.
30 pt.
vs.
A
40 pt.
vs.
A A
vs.
50 pt. 60 pt.
vs.
A
70 pt.
font identier := "LightBulb10"; font size 10pt#; em# := 10pt#; cap# := 7pt#; sb# := 1/4pt#; o# := 1/16pt#; input lightbulb
% Name the font. % Specify the design size. % M width is 10 points. % Capital letter height is 7 points above the baseline. % Leave this much space on the side of each character. % Amount that curves overshoot borders. % Load the le that draws the actual glyph.
Figure 2: Sample METAFONT size-specic le (lightbulb10.mf) lightbulb.mf, shown in Figure 3, draws a light bulb using the parameters dened in lightbulb10.mf. Note that the the lenames lightbulb10.mf and lightbulb.mf do not follow the Berry font-naming scheme [Ber01]; the Berry font-naming scheme is largely irrelevant for symbol fonts, which generally lack bold, italic, small-caps, slanted, and other such variants. The code in Figures Figure 2 and Figure 3 is heavily commented and should demonstrate some of the basic concepts behind METAFONT usage: declaring variables, dening points, drawing lines and curves, and preparing to debug or ne-tune the output. Again, The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the denitive reference on METAFONT programming. METAFONT can produce proofs of fontslarge, labeled versions that showcase the logical structure of each character. In fact, proof mode is METAFONTs default mode. To produce a proof of lightbulb10.mf, issue the following commands at the operating-system prompt: prompt > mf lightbulb10.mf prompt > gftodvi lightbulb10.2602gf Produces lightbulb10.2602gf Produces lightbulb10.dvi
You can then view lightbulb10.dvi with any DVI viewer. The result is shown in Figure 4. Observe how the grid dened with makegrid at the bottom of Figure 3 draws vertical lines at positions 0, sb, w/2, and w sb and horizontal lines at positions 0, 1pt, y2 , and h. Similarly, observe how the penlabels command labels all of the important coordinates: z1 , z2 , . . . , z8 and z67 , which lightbulb.mf denes to lie between z6 and z7 . Most, if not all, TEX distributions include a Plain TEX le called testfont.tex which is useful for testing new fonts in a variety of ways. One useful routine produces a table of all of the characters in the font: prompt > tex testfont
11 Im
not a very good artist; youll have to pretend that A looks like a light bulb.
120
mode setup; dene pixels(em, cap, sb); dene corrected pixels(o);
% Target a given printer. % Convert to device-specic units. % Same, but add a device-specic fudge factor.
%% Dene a light bulb at the character position for A %% with width 1/2em#, height cap#, and depth 1pt#. beginchar("A", 1/2em#, cap#, 1pt#); "A light bulb"; pickup pencircle scaled 1/2pt; %% Dene the points we need. top z1 = (w/2, h + o); rt z2 = (w + sb + o x4 , y4 ); bot z3 = (z1 (0, w sb o)); lft z4 = (sb o, 1/2[y1 , y3 ]); path bulb; bulb = z1 . . z2 . . z3 . . z4 . . cycle; z5 = point 2 1/3 of bulb; z6 = (x5 , 0); z7 = (x8 , 0); z8 = point 2 + 1/3 of bulb; bot z67 = ( 1/2[x6 , x7 ], pen bot o 1/8pt); %% Draw the bulb and the base. draw bulb; draw z5 - - z6 . . z67 . . z7 - - z8 ;
% Use a pen with a small, circular tip.
% z1 is at the top of a circle. % z2 is at the same height as z4 but the opposite side. % z3 is at the bottom of the circle. % z4 is on the left of the circle. % Dene a path for the bulb itself. % The bulb is a closed path. % z5 lies on the bulb, a little to the right of z3 . % z6 is at the bottom, directly under z5 . % z7 is at the bottom, directly under z8 . % z8 lies on the bulb, a little to the left of z3 . % z67 lies halfway between z6 and z7 but a jot lower. % Draw the bulb proper. % Draw the base of the bulb.
%% Display key positions and points to help us debug. makegrid(0, sb, w/2, w sb)(0, 1pt, y2 , h); % Label interesting x and y coordinates. penlabels(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 67, 7, 8); % Label control points for debugging. endchar; end Figure 3: Sample METAFONT size-independent le (lightbulb.mf)
67
Figure 4: Proof diagram of lightbulb10.mf
121
This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.1) (/usr/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/testfont.tex Name of the font to test = lightbulb10 Now type a test command (\help for help):) *\table *\bye [1] Output written on testfont.dvi (1 page, 1516 bytes). Transcript written on testfont.log. The resulting table, stored in testfont.dvi and illustrated in Figure 5, shows every character in the font. To understand how to read the table, note that the character code for Athe only character dened by lightbulb10.mfis 41 in hexadecimal (base 16) and 101 in octal (base 8).
Test of lightbulb10 on March 11, 2003 at 1127
0 10x 11x 8
1 A 9
7 4x
Figure 5: Font table produced by testfont.tex

A The LightBulb10 font is now usable by TEX. L TEX 2 , however, needs more information before documents A can use the font. First, we create a font-description le that tells L TEX 2 how to map fonts in a given font family and encoding to a particular font in a particular font size. For symbol fonts, this mapping is fairly simple. Symbol fonts almost always use the U (Unknown) font encoding and frequently occur in only one variant: normal weight and non-italicized. The lename for a font-description le important; it must be of the form encoding family .fd, where encoding is the lowercase version of the encoding name (typically u for symbol fonts) and family is the name of the font family. For LightBulb10, lets call this bulb. Figure 6 lists A A the contents of ubulb.fd. The document L TEX 2 Font Selection [L T00] describes \DeclareFontFamily and \DeclareFontShape in detail, but the gist of ubulb.fd is rst to declare a U-encoded version of the bulb font A family and then to specify that a L TEX 2 request for a U-encoded version of bulb with a (m)edium font series (as opposed to, e.g., bold) and a (n)ormal font shape (as opposed to, e.g., italic) should translate into a TEX request for lightbulb10.tfm mechanically scaled to the current font size.
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{bulb}{} \DeclareFontShape{U}{bulb}{m}{n}{<-> lightbulb10}{}

A Figure 6: L TEX 2 font-description le (ubulb.fd) A The nal step is to write a L TEX 2 style le that denes a name for each symbol in the font. Because we have only one symbol our style le, lightbulb.sty (Figure 7), is rather trivial. Note that instead of typesetting A we could have had \lightbulb typeset \char65, \char"41, or \char101 (respectively, decimal, hexadecimal, and octal character osets into the font). For a simple, one-character symbol font such as LightBulb10 it would be reasonable to merge ubulb.fd into lightbulb.sty instead of maintaining two separate les. In either case, a document need only include \usepackage{lightbulb} to make the \lightbulb symbol available.
METAFONT normally produces bitmapped fonts. However, it is also possible, with the help of some external tools, to produce PostScript Type 1 fonts. These have the advantages of rendering better in Adobe Acrobat (at least in versions prior to 6.0) and of being more memory-ecient when handled by a PostScript interpreter. See 122
\newcommand{\lightbulb}{{\usefont{U}{bulb}{m}{n}A}}
A Figure 7: L TEX 2 style le (lightbulb.sty)
http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=textrace for pointers to tools that can produce Type 1 fonts from METAFONT.
8.4
Math-mode spacing
Terms such as binary operators, relations, and punctuation in Section 3 primarily regard the surrounding A spacing. (See the Short Math Guide for L TEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use a symbol for a dierent purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen, \mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an ordinary symbol) instead of a delimiter, you can write $3 x + \mathord{\downarrow}$ to get the properly spaced 3x+ rather than the awkward-looking 3x+ . Similarly, to create a dotted-union symbol () that spaces like the ordinary set-union symbol (\cup) it must be dened with \mathbin, just as \cup is. Contrast $A \dot{\cup} B$ (AB) with $A \mathbin{\dot{\cup}} B$ (A B). See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for the denitive description of math-mode spacing. The purpose of the log-like symbols in Table 128 and Table 129 is to provide the correct amount of spacing around and within multiletter function names. Table 325 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols with various, na alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. For example, ve \max_{p \in P} produces maxpP in text, but max as part of a displayed formula.
pP
Table 325: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols

A L TEX expression
Output r sin rsin rsin rsin (best)
$r $r $r $r
\sin \theta$ sin \theta$ \mbox{sin} \theta$ \mathrm{sin} \theta$
The amsmath package makes it straightforward to dene new log-like symbols: \DeclareMathOperator{\atan}{atan} \DeclareMathOperator*{\lcm}{lcm} The dierence between \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* involves the handling of subscripts. With \DeclareMathOperator*, subscripts are written beneath log-like symbols in display style and to the right in text style. This is useful for limit operators (e.g., \lim) and functions that tend to map over a set (e.g., \min). In contrast, \DeclareMathOperator tells TEX that subscripts should always be displayed to the right of the operator, as is common for functions that take a single parameter (e.g., \log and \cos). Table 326 contrasts symbols declared with \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* in both text style ($. . .$) and display style (\[. . .\]).12 It is common to use a thin space (\,) between the words of a multiword operators, as in \DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}. \liminf, \limsup, and all of the log-like symbols shown in Table 129 utilize this spacing convention.
8.5
Bold mathematical symbols
A L TEX does not normally use bold symbols when typesetting mathematics. However, bold symbols are occasionally needed, for example when naming vectors. Any of the approaches described at http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/
12 Note that \displaystyle can be used to force display style within $. . .$ and \textstyle can be used to force text style within \[. . .\].
123
Table 326: Dening new log-like symbols Declaration function \DeclareMathOperator \DeclareMathOperator* $\newlogsym {p \in P}$ newlogsympP newlogsympP \[ \newlogsym {p \in P} \] newlogsympP newlogsym
pP
texfaq2html?label=boldgreek can be used to produce bold mathematical symbols. Table 327 contrasts the output produced by these various techniques. As the table illustrates, these techniques exhibit variation in their formatting of Latin letters (upright vs. italic), formatting of Greek letters (bold vs. normal), formatting of operators and relations (bold vs. normal), and spacing. Table 327: Producing bold mathematical symbols Package none none none amsbsy amsbsy bm xmath Code $\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ $\mathbf{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ \boldmath$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$ $\pmb{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ $\boldsymbol{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ $\bm{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ $\mathbold{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$ Output +b=D +b=D +b=D +b=D +b=D +b=D +b= D (no bold)
(faked bold)
8.6
ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference
Table 328 on the next page amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenient A reference for L TEX 2 typesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical U.S. computer keyboard. The rst two columns list the characters ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third column A shows what the character looks like. The fourth column lists the L TEX 2 command to typeset the character as a A text character. And the fourth column lists the L TEX 2 command to typeset the character within a \texttt{. . .} command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in eect). The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 328: " is not available in the OT1 font encoding. Table 328 shows a close quote for character 39 for consistency with the open quote shown for character 96. A straight quote can be typeset using \textquotesingle (cf. Table 40). The characters <, >, and | do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively, , , and in text mode when using the OT1 font encoding.13 The following are some alternatives for typesetting <, >, and |: Specify a document font encoding other than OT1 (as described on page 9). Use the appropriate symbol commands from Table 2 on page 10, viz. \textless, \textgreater, and \textbar. Enter the symbols in math mode instead of text mode, i.e., $<$, $>$, and $|$. Note that for typesetting metavariables many people prefer \textlangle and \textrangle to \textless and \textgreater; i.e., lename instead of <lename>.
13 Donald
Knuth didnt think such symbols were important outside of mathematics so he omitted them from his text fonts.
124
A Table 328: L TEX 2 ASCII Table
Dec 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 . . . 57 58 59 60 61
Hex 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 . . . 39 3A 3B 3C 3D
Char ! " # $ % & ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 . . . 9 : ; < =
Body text ! \textquotedbl \# \$ \% \& ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 . . . 9 : ; \textless =
\texttt ! " \# \$ \% \& ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 . . . 9 : ; < =
Dec 62 63 64 65 66 67 . . . 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 . . . 122 123 124 125 126
Hex 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 . . . 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 . . . 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E
Char > ? @ A B C . . . Z [ \ ] a b c . . . z { | }
Body text \textgreater ? @ A B C . . . Z [ \textbackslash ] \^{} \_ a b c . . . z \{ \textbar \} \~{}
\texttt > ? @ A B C . . . Z [ \char\\ ] \^{} \char\_ a b c . . . z \char\{ | \char\} \~{}
A Although / does not require any special treatment, L TEX additionally denes a \slash command which outputs the same glyph but permits a line break afterwards. That is, increase/decrease is always typeset as a single entity while increase\slash{}decrease may be typeset with increase/ on one line and decrease on the next.
\textasciicircum can be used instead of \^{}, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~{}. Note that \textasciitilde and \~{} produce raised, diacritic tildes. Text (i.e., vertically centered) tildes can be generated with either the math-mode \sim command (shown in Table 67 on page 34), which produces a somewhat wide , or the textcomp packages \texttildelow (shown in Table 40 on page 22), which produces a vertically centered ~ in most fonts but a baseline-oriented in Computer Modern, txfonts, pxfonts, and various other fonts originating from the TEX world. If your goal is to typeset tildes in URLs or Unix lenames, your best bet is to use the url package, which has a number of nice features such as proper line-breaking of such names. The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. In other encodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \{, \}, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly. The code page 437 (IBM PC) version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package. See Table 227 on page 81. To replace and with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) ` and ' within a verbatim environment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and \char13 to get the modied quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)
125
Similar to Table 328, Table 329 on the next page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in this document. While Table 328 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 329 shows the Latin 1 (Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1. The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 329: A (tc) after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol. A (T1) means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the font encoding document-wide. Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 17 on page 16 plus an empty argument. For instance, \={} is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.
A The commands in the L TEX 2 columns work both in body text and within a \texttt{. . .} command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in eect).
The and $ glyphs occupy the same slot (36) of the OT1 font encoding, with appearing in italic A fonts and $ appearing in roman fonts. A problem with L TEXs default handling of this double-mapping is that {\sffamily\slshape\pounds} produces $, not . Other font encodings use separate slots for the two characters and are therefore robust to the problem of /$ conicts. Authors who use \pounds should select a font encoding other than OT1 (as explained on page 9) or use the textcomp package, which redenes \pounds to use the TS1 font encoding. Character 173, \-, is shown as - but is actually a discretionary hyphen; it appears only at the end of a line. Microsoft Windows normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called Code Page 1252 or CP1252 for short. CP1252 introduces symbols in the Latin 1 invalid range (characters 128159). Table 330 presents the characters with which CP1252 augments the standard Latin 1 table. The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 330: As in Table 329, a (tc) after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol. A (T1) means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the font encoding document-wide. Not all characters in the 128159 range are dened. Look up euro signs in the index for alternatives to \texteuro. While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entities A and their L TEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characters A presented there make use of isoent, a L TEX 2 package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of the A X picture environment.14 missing ISO glyphs using the L TE
8.7
Unicode characters
Unicode is a universal character seta standard for encoding (i.e., assigning unique numbers to) the symbols appearing in many of the worlds languages. While ASCII can represent 128 symbols and Latin 1 can represent 256 symbols, Unicode can represent an astonishing 1,114,112 symbols. A Because TEX and L TEX predate the Unicode standard and Unicode fonts by almost a decade, support for A A Unicode has had to be added to the base TEX and L TEX systems. Note rst that L TEX distinguishes between input encodingthe characters used in the .tex leand output encodingthe characters that appear in the generated .dvi, .pdf, etc. le.
14 isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not true characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body texts font size.
126
A Table 329: L TEX 2 Latin 1 Table
Dec 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
Hex A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB BC BD BE BF C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 CA CB CC CD CE CF D0
Char ` A A A A A A C ` E E E E ` I I I I
A L TEX 2
Dec (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255
Hex D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DA DB DC DD DE DF E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 EA EB EC ED EE EF F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FA FB FC FD FE FF
Char N ` O O O O O ` U U U U Y a ` a a a a a c ` e e e e ` n o ` o o o o u ` u u u y y
A L TEX 2
! \textcent \pounds \textcurrency \textyen \textbrokenbar \S \textasciidieresis \textcopyright \textordfeminine \guillemotleft \textlnot \\textregistered \textasciimacron \textdegree \textpm \texttwosuperior \textthreesuperior \textasciiacute \textmu \P \textperiodcentered \c{} \textonesuperior \textordmasculine \guillemotright \textonequarter \textonehalf \textthreequarters ? \{A} \{A} \^{A} \~{A} \"{A} \AA \AE \c{C} \{E} \{E} \^{E} \"{E} \{I} \{I} \^{I} \"{I} \DH
(T1) (tc)
(tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc) (tc)
(tc) (T1) (tc) (tc) (tc)
\~{N} \{O} \{O} \^{O} \~{O} \"{O} \texttimes \O \{U} \{U} \^{U} \"{U} \{Y} \TH \ss \{a} \{a} \^{a} \~{a} \"{a} \aa \ae \c{c} \{e} \{e} \^{e} \"{e} \{} \{} \^{} \"{} \dh \~{n} \{o} \{o} \^{o} \~{o} \"{o} \textdiv \o \{u} \{u} \^{u} \"{u} \{y} \th \"{y}
(tc)
(T1)
(T1)
(tc)
(T1)
(T1) 127
A Table 330: L TEX 2 Code Page 1252 Table
Dec 128 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 142
Hex 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8A 8B 8C 8E
Char f ... S Z
A L TEX 2
Dec (tc) (T1) (T1) 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 158 159
Hex 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9E 9F
Char s z Y
A L TEX 2
\texteuro \quotesinglbase \textit{f} \quotedblbase \dots \dag \ddag \textasciicircum \textperthousand \v{S} \guilsinglleft \OE \v{Z}
(tc) (T1)
\textbullet ---\textasciitilde \texttrademark \v{s} \guilsinglright \oe \v{z} \"{Y}
(T1)
Inputting Unicode characters To include Unicode characters in a .tex le, load the ucs package and load the inputenc package with the utf8x A A (UTF-8 extended) option.15 These packages enable L TEX to translate UTF-8 sequences to L TEX commands, which are subsequently processed as normal. For example, the UTF-8 text Copyright 2009 is not an ASCII character and therefore cannot be input directly without packages such as ucs/inputencis converted internally by inputenc to Copyright \textcopyright{} 2009 and therefore typeset as Copyright 2009. The ucs/inputenc combination supports only a tiny subset of Unicodes million-plus symbols. Additional symbols can be added manually using the \DeclareUnicodeCharacter command. \DeclareUnicodeCharacter A takes two arguments: a Unicode number and a L TEX command to execute when the corresponding Unicode character is encountered in the input. For example, the Unicode character degree celsius ( ) appears at character position U+2103.16 However, is not one of the characters that ucs and inputenc recognize. The A following document shows how to use \DeclareUnicodeCharacter to tell L TEX that the character should be treated as a synonym for \textcelsius: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{ucs} \usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \usepackage{textcomp} \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{"2103}{\textcelsius} \begin{document} It was a balmy 21 . \end{document} which produces It was a balmy 21 . See the ucs documentation for more information and for descriptions of the various options that control ucss behavior.
15 UTF-8 is the 8-bit Unicode Transformation Format, a popular mechanism for representing Unicode symbol numbers as sequences of one to four bytes. 16 The Unicode convention is to express character positions as U+ hexadecimal number .
% Enable direct input of U+2103.
128
Outputting Unicode characters

A Orthogonal to the ability to include Unicode characters in a L TEX input le is the ability to include a given A Unicode character in the corresponding output le. By far the easiest approach is to use XEL TEX instead of A A X or ordinary L T X. X L T X handles Unicode input and output natively and can utilize system fonts A pdfL TE E E E directly without having to expose them via .tfm, .fd, and other such les. To output a Unicode character, a A XEL TEX document can either include that character directly as UTF-8 text or use TEXs \char primitive, which A XEL TEX extends to accept numbers larger than 255. Suppose we want to output the symbols for versicle ( ) and response ( ) in a document. The Unicode charts list versicle at position U+2123 and response at position U+211F. We therefore need to install a font that contains those characters at their proper positions. One such font that is freely available from CTAN is Junicode Regular (Junicode-Regular.ttf) from the junicode package. The fontspec package makes it easy for A a XEL TEX document to utilize a system font. The following example denes a \textjuni command that uses fontspec to typeset its argument in Junicode Regular:
\documentclass{article} \usepackage{fontspec} \newcommand{\textjuni}[1]{{\fontspec{Junicode-Regular}#1}} \begin{document} We use \textjuni{\char"2123} for a versicle and \textjuni{\char"211F} for a response. \end{document} which produces We use for a versicle and for a response. (Typesetting the entire document in Junicode Regular would be even easier. See the fontspec documentation for more information regarding font selection.) Note how the preceding example uses \char to specify a Unicode character by number. The double quotes before the number indicate that the number is represented in hexadecimal instead of decimal.
8.8
About this document
History David Carlisle wrote the rst version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained all of A the native L TEX symbols (Table 44, Table 57, Table 67, Table 102, Table 128, Table 131, Table 152, Table 153, Table 164, Table 169, Table 201, and a few tables that have since been reorganized) and was designed to be nearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamports book [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the order of the symbols within each table matched! The AMS symbols (Table 45, Table 68, Table 69, Table 105, Table 106, Table 132, Table 137, Table 148, and Table 202) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 213) were added thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrd tables (Table 46, Table 59, Table 70, Table 108, Table 125, and Table 149). In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implemented A a complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List, includes the following new features: the addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of new symbols the categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science and technology symbols, dingbats, ancient languages, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure an index, table of contents, hyperlinks, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols 129
symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order

A appendices providing additional information relevant to using symbols in L TEX
tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David Carlisles original version. Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat. Build characteristics Table 331 lists some of this documents build characteristics. Most important is the list A of packages that L TEX couldnt nd, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able to take advantage of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/ or one of its many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive. Table 332 shows the package date (specied in the .sty le with \ProvidesPackage) for each package that was used to build this document and that species a package date. Packages are not listed in any particular order in either Table 331 or Table 332. Table 331: Document Characteristics Characteristic Source le: Build date: Symbols documented: Packages included: Value symbols.tex November 9, 2009 5913 textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa tipx extraipa wsuipa phonetic ulsy ar metre txfonts mathabx fclfont skak ascii dingbat skull eurosym esvect yfonts yhmath esint mathdots trsym universa upgreek overrightarrow chemarr chemarrow nath trfsigns mathtools phaistos arcs vietnam t4phonet holtpolt semtrans dictsym extarrows protosem harmony hieroglf cclicenses mathdesign arev MnSymbol cmll extpfeil keystroke fge turnstile simpsons epsdice feyn universal staves igo colonequals shue fourier dozenal pmboxdraw pigpen clock teubner linearA linearb cypriot sarabian china2e harpoon steinmetz milstd recycle DotArrow ushort hhcount ogonek combelow accents nicefrac bm mathrsfs chancery calligra bbold mbboard dsfont bbm none
Packages omitted:
Table 332: Package versions used in the preparation of this document Name textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym pifont manfnt Date 2005/09/27 1998/08/17 2002/01/22 1994/03/03 2001/10/01 2003/10/30 2005/04/12 1999/07/01
130
Name bbding undertilde ifsym tipa tipx wsuipa metre txfonts mathabx skak ascii dingbat skull eurosym yfonts mathdots trsym universa upgreek chemarr mathtools phaistos arcs t4phonet semtrans dictsym extarrows protosem harmony hieroglf cclicenses arev MnSymbol extpfeil keystroke fge turnstile epsdice feyn universal colonequals shue pmboxdraw pigpen clock teubner linearA linearb
Date 1999/04/15 2000/08/08 2000/04/18 2002/08/08 2003/01/01 1994/07/16 2001/12/05 2008/01/22 2003/07/29 2008/10/09 2006/05/30 2001/04/27 2002/01/23 1998/08/06 2003/01/08 2006/03/16 2000/06/25 98/08/01 2003/02/12 2006/02/20 2008/08/01 2004/04/23 2004/05/09 2004/06/01 1998/02/10 2004/07/26 2008/05/15 2005/03/18 2007/05/03 2000/09/23 2005/05/20 2005/06/14 2007/01/21 2006/07/27 2003/08/15 2007/06/03 2007/06/23 2007/02/15 2008/02/29 97/12/24 2006/08/01 2008/10/27 2006/05/03 2008/12/07 2001/04/10 2008/02/10 2006/03/13 2005/06/22
131
Name cypriot sarabian china2e harpoon steinmetz DotArrow ushort hhcount ogonek combelow accents nicefrac bm calligra
Date 1999/06/20 2005/11/12 1997/06/01 1994/11/02 2009/06/14 2007/02/12 2001/06/13 1995/03/31 95/07/17 2009/08/23 2006/05/12 1998/08/04 2004/02/26 1996/07/18
8.9
Copyright and license
A The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List Copyright 2009, Scott Pakin A This work may be distributed and/or modied under the conditions of the L TEX Project Public License, either version 1.3c of this license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version of this license is in
http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
A and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions of L TEX version 2006/05/20 or later.
This work has the LPPL maintenance status maintained. The current maintainer of this work is Scott Pakin.
132
References
[AMS99] American Mathematical Society. Users Guide for the amsmath Package (Version 2.0), December 13, 1999. Available from ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf. [Ber01] [Che97] Karl Berry. Fontname: Filenames for TEX fonts, June 2001. Available from http://www.ctan.org/ tex-archive/info/fontname. Raymond Chen. A METAFONT of Simpsons characters. Baskerville, 4(4):19, September 1997. ISSN 1354-5930. Available from http://tug.ctan.org/usergrps/uktug/baskervi/4 4/bask4 4.ps.
A [Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for L TEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http:// www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.
[Gib97]
Jeremy Gibbons. Heyit works! TUGboat, 18(2):7578, June 1997. Available from http:// www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf.
[Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. [Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. The METAFONTbook, volume C of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
A [Lam86] Leslie Lamport. L TEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986. A [L T98] A A L TEX3 Project Team. A new math accent. L TEX News. Issue 9, June 1998. Available from http:// www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf (also included in many TEX distributions). A A L TEX3 Project Team. L TEX 2 font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://www.ctan.org/ tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distributions).
A [L T00]
133
Index
If youre having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under T for \text. . .. Many text-mode commands begin with that prex. Also, accents are shown over/under a gray box (e.g., a for \). Some symbol entries appear to be listed repeatedly. This happens when multiple packages dene identical (or nearly identical) glyphs with the same symbol name.17 Symbols ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ A a (esvect package option) \a () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \AA ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . A) \aa ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) \AAaleph (A) . . . . . . . . \AAayin (O) . . . . . . . . . \AAbeth (B) . . . . . . . . . = = multiple per character 1617, 118 ogonek ( ) . . . . . . . . 1619 ring ( . . 1617, 20, 65, 66 a) Romanian comma-belo accent see accents, comma-below trema . see accents, diresis umlaut see accents, diresis accents (package) 65, 118, 130, 132 \accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 \AchtBL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 = = \Acht ( ( )= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 =
\" () a \# (#) \$ ($) \% (%) \& (&) \ () a ( (() .
.. . .. . . .. ..
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . 16 10, 125 10, 125 10, 125 10, 125 . . . . 16 . . . . 61
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. 68 105 . 11 . 11 . 91 . 91 . 91
( ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ) ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ) ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 * (*) . \, . . . \- (-) \. (a) / (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . 123 126, 127 . . . . . 16 . . . . . 61
/ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \: \; ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .) . .) ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
< ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 . . .) \? ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 [ ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 [ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 ] (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ]( ) .. \^ () . . a \^{} () \| ( ) . . \| ( ) . . \| (a) . . \= () . . a \={} () |( ) .. | (|) . . . \_ ( ) . . \{ ({) . . \} (}) . . \ (`) . . a \~ () . . a \~{} ()
17 This
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . 63 . . . . 16 10, 125 . . . . 61 . 61, 63 . . . . 16 . . . . 16 . . . 126
. . . . . . . . 63 34, 61, 63, 64 . . . . 10, 125 . 10, 61, 125 . 10, 61, 125 . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . 10, 125
\AAcht ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \AAdaleth (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAhe (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAhelmet (V) . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAheth (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAkaph (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAlamed (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Aaleph (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AApe (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAqoph (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAresh (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAsade (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Aayin (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AAyod (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Abeth (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 absolute value . . see \lvert and \rvert abzglich . . see \textdiscount u \AC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \acarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \acbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 accents . . . 1620, 6568, 80, 99, 118119 acute () . . . . 1618, 20, 65 a any character as . . . . . . 118 arc (a) . . . . . . 1619, 6668 breve () . . . . 1618, 20, 65 a caron () . . . . 16, 20, 65, 67 a cedilla () . . . . . . . . . . . 16 circumex () a 1617, 6567 comma-below (a) . . . . . . 19 , diresis () 16, 18, 20, 65, 77 a dot (a or . ) . . . . 1617, 65 double acute () . . . . 16, 20 a extensible 6668, 70, 118119 grave (`) . . . . 1618, 20, 65 a hek . . . see accents, caron ac hook () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Hungarian umlaut . . . . see accents, double acute krouek . . see accents, ring z macron () 16, 18, 20, 6567 a
\AchtBR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \ACK ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \acontraction . . . . . . . . . . 119 \AcPa (? ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \actuarial ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 118 actuarial symbols . . . . . . . . 118 \acute () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 acute () . . . . . . . . . see accents a \acutus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \Adaleth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 adeles (A) . . see alphabets, math adjoint () . . . . . . . . . . see \dag Adobe Acrobat . . . . . . . . . . 122 . \adots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . 71, 117 advancing . . see \textadvancing \AE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \ae () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \aeolicbii () . . . . . . . . . . 106 \aeolicbiii () . . . . . . . . 106 \aeolicbiv () . . . . . . . . 106 \agemO ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \Agimel (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Ahe (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Ahelmet (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Aheth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \ain (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \Akaph (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Alad (}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \alad (}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \Alamed (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Alas ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \alas ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \aldine ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 \aldineleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88 \aldineright ( ) . . . . . . . . . 88 \aldinesmall ( ) . . . . . . . . . 88
occurs frequently between amssymb and mathabx, for example.
134
\aleph () . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 73 \aleph () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \Alif ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \alpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 alphabets African . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Cypriot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Greek . . . . . . 57, 58, 76, 97 Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . 58, 76 hieroglyphic . . . . . . . . . . 92 Linear A . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Linear B . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 phonetic . . . . . . . . . 1215 proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 91 South Arabian . . . . . . . . 97 Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . 11 \alphaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \Alt ( Alt ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 alternative denial . . see \uparrow and | \AltGr ( AltGr ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 \amalg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \amalg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \Amem (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 ampersand . . . . . . . . . . . see \& AMS 9, 11, 24, 29, 34, 41, 43, 46, 48, 5661, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73, 77, 110, 129 amsbsy (package) . . . . . . . . . 124 amsfonts (package) 24, 34, 41, 47, 73, 76 amsmath (package) 9, 56, 65, 114, 123 amssymb (package) 9, 24, 34, 41, 47, 65, 73, 76, 97, 130, 134 amstext (package) . . . . 115, 117 \Anaclasis () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \anaclasis () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \anceps () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \ancepsdbrevis () . . . . . . . 106 \anchor ( ) . . . . . . . . . ancient-language symbols . and . . . . . . . . . . . . . see AND gates . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 90 9197 \wedge . . . 81
\ANDd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \ANDl () . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \ANDr () . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \ANDu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\angle () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \angle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \angle () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 angle notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7375 \Anglesign (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Angstrm unit o math mode . see \mathring text mode . . . . . . . see \AA \Angud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \angud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 angular minutes . . . . see \prime angular seconds . . . . see \second \Angus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \angus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 animals . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 92, 96 \Ankh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 annuity symbols . . . . . . . . . 118 \Antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . 105 \antidiple (<) . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Antidiple* (<) . . . . . . . . . 105 ) . . . . . . . . . 105 \antidiple* (< \antilabe (. . ) . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .. \Antisigma () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \antisigma () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Anun (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Ape (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 APL modiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLbox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLcomment ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLdownarrowbox ( ) . . . . . 80 \APLinput ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLinv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLleftarrowbox ( ) . . . . . 80 \APLlog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLminus () . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLnot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLrightarrowbox ( ) . . . . . 80 \APLstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \APLuparrowbox ( ) . . . . . . . 80 \APLvert ( | ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \apprge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \apprle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \approx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \approx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \approxcolon (:) . . . . . . . . 41 \approxcoloncolon (::) . . . . 41 \approxeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \approxeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \Aqoph (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Aquarius () . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \aquarius ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \AR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
ar (package) . . . . . . . . . 78, 130 arc (a) . . . . . . . . . . see accents \arccos (arccos) . . . . . . . . . . 56 arcminutes . . . . . . . see \prime arcs (package) . . . . . 19, 130, 131 arcseconds . . . . . . . . see \second \arcsin (arcsin) . . . . . . . . . . 56 \arctan (arctan) . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Aresh (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 arev (package) . . 75, 98, 130, 131 \arg (arg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Aries () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \aries ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \ArrowBoldDownRight ( ) . . 84 \ArrowBoldRightCircled ( ) 84 \ArrowBoldRightShort ( ) . . . 84 \ArrowBoldRightStrobe ( ) . 84 \ArrowBoldUpRight ( ) . . . . 84 \Arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 arrows 4750, 54, 6870, 80, 84, 91, 96, 101, 113 diagonal, for reducing subexpressions . . . . . . . . . . 66 dotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 double-headed, diagonal 117 extensible . . . . . . . . 6670 etched . . . . . . . . . . 54, 84 negated . . . . . . . 48, 49, 51 \Arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 61
y { z w x
\Arrowvert \arrowvert
( ) . . . . . . . . . . 63 () . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Arseneau, Donald . . . . . 115118 \Asade (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Asamekh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 ASCII . . 9, 11, 81, 110, 124126, 128, 130 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 ascii (package) . 81, 125, 130, 131 \ascnode ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Ashin (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \Asteriscus () . . . . . . . . . 105 \asteriscus () . . . . . . . . . 105 \Asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \Asterisk ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \AsteriskBold ( ) . . . . . . . . 87 \AsteriskCenterOpen ( ) . . . 87 \AsteriskRoundedEnds ( ) . . 87
135
asterisks . . . . . . . . . . 26, 87, 88 \AsteriskThin ( ) . . . . . . . . 87 \AsteriskThinCenterOpen ( ) 87 \asterism (**) . . . . . . . . . . 114 * astrological symbols . . . . . . . . 79 astronomical symbols . . . 79, 108 \astrosun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \asymp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \asymp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \atan (atan) . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 \ataribox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \Atav (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Ateth (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \AtForty () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \AtNinetyFive () . . . . . . 100 atomic math objects . . . 56, 123 \AtSixty () . . . . . . . . . . 100
G GG) . . . . 69 \autoleftarrow (DG G \autoleftrightharpoons (EG C) GG GG G G . . . . . . . . . 69 G GA) \autorightarrow (GG G . . . 69
GG GG G G \autorightleftharpoons (FG B) ......... \Avav (w) . . . . . . average . . . . . . . . \Ayn ( ) . . . . . . . \Ayod (y) . . . . . . \Azayin (z) . . . . 69 ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 23 15 91 91
\backslashdiv ( ) . . . . . . . . 26 \backtriplesim ( ) . . . . . . . . 37 \Baii (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Baiii (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 banana brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \llparenthesis and \rrparenthesis \banceps () . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \bar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \barb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \barbbrevis () . . . . . . . . 106 \barbrevis () . . . . . . . . . . 106 \barcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . 115 \bard () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \bari (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \barin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \barj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \barl (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \barlambda () . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \barleftharpoon () . . . . . . 49 \baro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \baro ( vs. `) . . . . . . . . . . 111 \baro (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \barp (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 barred letters . . . . . . . . . . . 114 \barrightharpoon () . . . . . 49 \barsci (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \barscu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\Bart ()
B \B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \B () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b (esvect package option) \b (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \b ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \Ba (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . babel (package) . . . . . . . \babygamma (3) . . . . . . . \backapprox ( ) . . . . . . \backapproxeq ( ) . . . . \backcong ( ) . . . . . . . . \backepsilon ( ) . . . . . \backeqsim ( ) . . . . . . . \backneg () . . . . . . . . . \backprime ( ) . . . . . . . \backprime ( ) . . . . . . . \backsim ( ) . . . . . . . . \backsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . \backsimeq ( ) . . . . . . \backsimeq ( ) . . . . . . . \backslash (\) . . . . . . . \backslash ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 11 . 105 . . 68 . . 16 . 105 . . 95 57, 97 . . . 14 . . . 36 . . . 36 . . . 36 . . . 34 . . . 36 . . . 74 . . . 73 . . . 74 . . . 34 . . . 37 . . . 34 . . . 37 61, 73
. . . . . .
\baru () . . . . . \barwedge () . \barwedge ( ) . . base-twelve digits \Bat () . . . . . . \Bau (=) . . . . . \bauarrow ( ) . \baucircle ( ) . \baucircle ( ) \baucross ( ) . \baudash ( ) . . \baueclipse ( ) \bauequal ( ) . \bauface ( ) . . \bauforms ( ) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\bauforms ( ) . . . . . . . . . 101 \bauhead ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \bauhead ( ) . \bauhole ( ) . . \bauplus ( ) . . \baupunct ( ) . \bauquarter ( ) \bauquestion ( ) \bausquare ( ) . \bausquare ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106 14 26 24 72 101 . 95 . 84 . 90 . 90 . 86 101 . 90 101 101 101 . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 62
. . . . . . .. ..
. . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
101 . 90 101 . 90 101 101 . 90 . 90
\bautriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 90 \bautriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 90 \bauwhitearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 84 \bauwindow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101 \BB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Bb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \bB ( \bb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \bba ( \bbalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 b \bbb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \bbbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \Bbbk (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 bbding (package) . 8487, 89, 90, 111, 130, 131 \bbdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bbetter (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \bbeuro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bbfinalnun () . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bbgamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 bbgreekl (mathbbol package option) . . . . . . . . . 76 \BBm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Bbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \bBm ( bbm (package) . . . . . . . . 76, 130 \bbm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \bbmb ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ( \bbmx ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 () . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bbnabla bbold (package) . . . . . . . 76, 130 \bbpe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bbqof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bbrevis () . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \bbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \bbyod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \bcontraction . . . . . . . . . . 119 \Bda (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bde (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \bdecisive (i) . . . . . . . . . 104 \Bdi (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bdo (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bdu (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bdwe (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bdwo (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Be (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Beam (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Bearing (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \because ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34, 71 \because ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \BEL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \bell ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Berry, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 \beta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \betaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \beth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
136
\beth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \betteris (b) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \between (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \between ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \between ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \Bi (i) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \bibridge (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 biconditional see \leftrightarrow and \equiv \Bicycle () . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \Big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 112 \big . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 112 big O (O) . . see alphabets, math \bigast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \bigbosonloop ()
\bigbosonloopA ()
'
. . . . . . . . . 83 . . . . . . . . 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 32 32 32 24 88 89 32 26 30 89 29 32 32 33 32 30 29 32 32 30 29
\bigbosonloopV () . . . . \bigbox ( ) . . . .. . . . . \bigboxasterisk ( . . ) \bigboxbackslash ( ) . \bigboxbot ( . . . . . . ) \bigboxcirc ( ) . . . . . \bigboxcoasterisk ( ) \bigboxdiv () . . . . . . \bigboxdot ( . . . . . . ) \bigboxleft ( . . . . . ) \bigboxminus ) . . . . ( \bigboxplus ( . . . . . ) \bigboxright () . . . . \bigboxslash () . . . . \bigboxtimes ( ) . . . . \bigboxtop ( ) . . . . . . \bigboxtriangleup ( ) \bigboxvoid ( ) . . . . . \bigcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcapdot ( ) . . . . . . . \bigcapplus ( ) . . . . . . \bigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . \BigCircle ( ) . . . . . . \bigcircle ( ) . . . . . . \bigcoast () . . .. . . . \bigcomplementop ( ) . . \BigCross ( ) . . . . . . . \bigcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . \bigcupdot ( ) . . . . . . . \bigcupplus ( ) . . . . . \bigcupplus ( . . . . . . ) \bigcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . \bigcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . \bigcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . \bigcurlyveedot ) . . ( \bigcurlywedge ( ) . . . \bigcurlywedge ( ) . . .
\bigcurlywedge ( ) . . . \bigcurlywedgedot ( ) . \BigDiamondshape ( ) . \bigdoublecurlyvee ( ) \bigdoublecurlywedge ( \bigdoublevee ( ) . . . . \bigdoublewedge ( ) . . \Bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . \bigg . . . . . . . . . . . . . \BigHBar ( ) . . . . . . . . \biginterleave ( ) . . . \BigLowerDiamond ( ) . \bignplus ( ) . . . . . . . \bigoast ( ) . . . . . . .. \bigoasterisk ( . . . . ) \bigobackslash ( ) . . . \bigobackslash ( ) . . . \bigobot ( . . . . . . . . ) \bigocirc ( ) . . . . . . . \bigocirc ( ) . .. . . . . \bigocoasterisk ( ) . . \bigodiv ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigodot ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigodot ( . . . . . . . . ) \bigoleft ( . . . . . . . ) \bigominus ( ) . . . . . . \bigominus ( ) . . . . . . \bigoplus ( ) . . . . . . . \bigoplus ( . . . . . . . ) \bigoright () . . . . . . \bigoslash ( ) . . . . . . \bigoslash ( ) . . . . . . \bigostar ( ) . . . . . . . \bigotimes ( ) . . . . . . \bigotimes ( ) . . . . . . \bigotop ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigotriangle ( ) . . . . \bigotriangleup ( ) . . \bigovert ( . . . . . . . ) \bigovoid ( ) . . . . . . . \bigparallel ( ) . . . . . \bigparr () . . . . . . . . \bigplus ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigplus ( ) . . . . . . . . \BigRightDiamond ( ) . \bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . \bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . \bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigsqcapdot ( ) . . . . . \bigsqcapplus ( ) . . . . \bigsqcapplus ( ) . . . . \bigsqcup ( ) . . . . . . . \bigsqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . \bigsqcupdot ( ) . . . . . \bigsqcupplus ( ) . . . . \bigsqcupplus ( ) . . . . \BigSquare ( ) . . . . . .
&
. . . . 32 . . . . 32 . . . . 89 . . . . 33 ) . . 33 . . . . 33 . . . . 33 110, 112 110, 112 . . . . 89 . . . . 29 . . . . 89 . . . . 29 . . . . 33 . . . . 30 . . . . 30 . . . . 33 . . . . 30 . . . . 30 . . . . 33 . . . . 30 . . . . 30 . . . . 29 . . . . 33 . . . . 30 . . . . 30 . . . . 32 . . . . 29 . . . . 32 . . . . 30 . . . . 30 . . . . 32 . . . . 32 . . . . 29 . . . . 32 . . . . 30 . . . . 32 . . . . 30 . . . . 32 . . . . 30 . . . . 29 . . . . 33 . . . . 30 . . . . 32 . . . . 89 . . . . 30 . . . . 29 . . . . 32 . . . . 32 . . . . 31 . . . . 32 . . . . 29 . . . . 33 . . . . 33 . . . . 31 . . . . 33 . . . . 89
\bigsquplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 30 \bigstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \bigstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \bigstar ( . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 ) \bigtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \bigtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \BigTriangleDown ( ) . . . . . 89 \bigtriangledown ( ) . . . . . 29 \bigtriangledown ( vs. ) 111 \bigtriangledown ( ) . . . . . 24 \bigtriangledown ( ) . . . . . 47 \BigTriangleLeft ( ) . . . . . 89 \BigTriangleRight ( ) . . . . 89 \BigTriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . . 89 \bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . . 29 \bigtriangleup ( vs. ) . 111 \bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \bigtriangleup ( ) . . . . . . . 47 \biguplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \biguplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \bigvarstar () . . . . . . . . . . 26 \BigVBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \bigvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \bigvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \bigveedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \bigwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \bigwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \bigwedgedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 33 \bigwith ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \binampersand ( ) . . . . . . . . 25 binary operators . . . . . . . 2428 binary relations 3436, 3945, 54, 55 negated . . . . . . . 3436, 38 \bindnasrepma ( ) . . . . . . . . 25 \Biohazard (h) . . . . . . . . . . 82 biological symbols . . . . . . . . . 82 birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 bishop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \bishoppair (a) . . . . . . . . . 104 \Bja (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bje (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bjo (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bju (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bka (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bke (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bki (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bko (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bku (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4 6
\BlackBishopOnBlack (
a) \BlackBishopOnWhite (b)
blackboard bold math
104
104 . see alphabets,
137
\blackdiamond ()
. . . . . . . . 26 104 104 104 104
\BlackEmptySquare (
Z) . \BlackKingOnBlack (j) . \BlackKingOnWhite (k) . \BlackKnightOnBlack (m) \BlackKnightOnWhite (n)

\BlackPawnOnBlack (
104 \blacklozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . 73 \blacklozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . 88
o) . \BlackPawnOnWhite (p) . \BlackQueenOnBlack (l) \BlackQueenOnWhite (q) \BlackRookOnBlack (s) . \BlackRookOnWhite (r) .
104 104 104 104 104
104 \blacksmiley ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98 \blacksquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73 \blacksquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28 \blackstone . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \blacktriangle ( ) . . . . . . . 73 \blacktriangle ( ) . . . . . . . 47 \blacktriangledown () . . . . 28 \blacktriangledown ( ) . . . . 73 \blacktriangledown ( ) . . . . 47 \blacktriangleleft () . . . . 28 \blacktriangleleft ( ) . . . . 46 \blacktriangleleft ( ) . . . . 47 \blacktriangleright () . . . 28 \blacktriangleright ( ) . . . 46 \blacktriangleright ( ) . . . 47 \blacktriangleup () . . . . . . 28 blank . . . . . . . . see \textblank \Bleech () . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \blitza ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23, 55 \blitzb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \blitzc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \blitzd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \blitze ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 block-element symbols . . . . . 107 \Bm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 bm (package) . . . . . 124, 130, 132 \bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 \bm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

\Bma (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bme (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bmi (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bmo (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Bmu (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bna (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNcc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNccc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNcd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNcm (ff) . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNdc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNdcc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNdccc () . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bne (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bni (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNiii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNix () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNlx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNlxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNlxxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNm (fi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bno (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bnu (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNvi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNvii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNviii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bnwa (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNxc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNxl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BNxxx () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bo (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 body-text symbols . . . . . . 1022 bold symbols . . . . . . . . . 123124 \boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 \boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 \bomb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Boolean domain (B) . . . . . . see alphabets, math Boolean logic gates . . . . . . . . 81 born . . . . . . . . . . see \textborn bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \bot () . . . . . . . . . 23, 59, 116 \bot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \botdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\Bouquet () . . . . . \Bowtie ( ) . . . . . . \bowtie ( ) . . . . . . \bowtie ( ) . . . . . . \Box ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Box ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Box ( ) . . . . . . . . . box-drawing symbols \boxast ( ) . . . . . . \boxasterisk (f) . . \boxbackslash (n) . \boxbackslash ( ) . \boxbar ( ) . . . . . . \boxbot (k) . . . . . . \boxbox ( ) . . . . . . \boxbox ( ) . . . . . . \boxbslash ( ) . . . . \boxcirc (e) . . . . . \boxcircle ( ) . . . . \boxcoasterisk (g) \boxdiv () . . . . . . \boxdot (d) . . . . . . \boxdot ( ) . . . . . . \boxdot ( ) . . . . . . \boxdotLeft ( ) . . \boxdotleft ( ) . . \boxdotRight ( ) . \boxdotright ( ) . \boxempty ( ) . . . . \boxLeft ( ) . . . . \boxleft (h) . . . . . \boxleft ( ) . . . . \boxminus () . . . . \boxminus ( ) . . . . \boxminus ( ) . . . . . \boxplus () . . . . . \boxplus ( ) . . . . . \boxplus ( ) . . . . . . \boxRight ( ) . . . \boxright (i) . . . . \boxright ( ) . . . \boxslash (m) . . . . \boxslash ( ) . . . . . \boxslash ( ) . . . . . \boxtimes () . . . . \boxtimes ( ) . . . . \boxtimes ( ) . . . . . \boxtop (j) . . . . . . \boxtriangleup (o) \boxvert ( ) . . . . . . \boxvoid (l) . . . . . \boy (h) . . . . . . . . . \Bpa (p) . . . . . . . . . \Bpaiii ([) . . . . . . \BPamphora () . . . . \BParrow () . . . . . \BPbarley () . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 101 . . . 98 . . . 34 26, 27 . . . 73 . . . 73 . . . 28 . . 107 . . . 25 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 25 . . . 28 . . . 25 . . . 28 . . . 25 . . . 28 . . . 25 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 28 24, 25 . . . 28 . . . 49 . . . 49 . . . 49 . . . 49 . . . 25 . . . 49 . . . 28 . . . 49 . . . 28 . . . 24 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 24 . . . 28 . . . 49 . . . 28 . . . 49 . . . 28 . . . 25 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 24 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 28 . . . 79 . . . 95 . . . 95 . . . 96 . . . 96 . . . 96
138
\BPbilly () . . . . \BPboar () . . . . . \BPbronze () . . . \BPbull () . . . . . \BPcauldroni () \BPcauldronii () \BPchariot () . \BPchassis () . \BPcloth () . . . . \BPcow () . . . . . \BPcup () . . . . . \Bpe (P) . . . . . . . . \BPewe () . . . . . \BPfoal () . . . . \BPgoat () . . . . . \BPgoblet () . . . \BPgold () . . . . . \BPhorse () . . . \Bpi (G) . . . . . . . . \BPman () . . . . . . \BPnanny () . . . . \Bpo (H) . . . . . . . . \BPolive () . . . . \BPox () . . . . . . \BPpig () . . . . . \BPram () . . . . . \BPsheep () . . . . \BPsow () . . . . . \BPspear () . . . . \BPsword () . . . . . \BPtalent () . . \Bpte (]) . . . . . . \Bpu (I) . . . . . . . . \Bpuii (\) . . . . . \BPvola () . . . . \BPvolb () . . . . . \BPvolcd () . . . . \BPvolcf () . . . . \BPwheat () . . . . \BPwheel () . . . . \BPwine () . . . . . \BPwineiih () . . \BPwineiiih () . \BPwineivh () . . \BPwoman () . . . . \BPwool () . . . . . \BPwta () . . . . . . \BPwtb () . . . . . . \BPwtc () . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 96 96 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95
\BPwtd ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
\Bqa (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bqe (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bqi (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bqo (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bra (r) . . . . . bra . . . . . . . . . \braceld ( ) . . \bracerd ( ) . . \bracevert () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . 61 119 119 . 61
\BUFr ()
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . . 26 \textbullseye . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . . 104
\bracevert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 63 brackets . . . . . . . see delimiters \Braii (^) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Braiii (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 braket (package) . . . . . . . . . . 61 \Bre (R) . . . . \Break ( Break \breve () . . \breve (a) . . breve () . . . . a \brevis () . .. ) .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . 18 see accents . . . . . . 106
\BUFu ( ) .... \BUi (fl) . . . . . . . \BUii (ffi) . . . . . . \BUiii (ffl) . . . . \BUiv () . . . . . . \BUix (%) . . . . . \bullet () . . . . . \bullet ( ) . . . . . bullseye . . . see \Bumpedeq (%) . . \bumpedeq (#) . . \Bumpeq ( ) . . . . \Bumpeq ( ) . . . . . \bumpeq ( ) . . . . \bumpeq ( ) . . . . . \bupperhand (e) .
\Burns ()
\BusWidth () \BUv (!) . . . . \BUvi (") . . . \BUvii (#) . \BUviii ($) \BUx (&) . . . \BUxi () . . \BUxii () . . \Bwa (w) . . . . \Bwe (W) . . . . \Bwi (6) . . . . \Bwo (7) . . . . \Bza (z) . . . \Bze (Z) . . . . \Bzo (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\Bri (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bro (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Broii () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \brokenvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Bronger, Torsten . . . . . . . . . 116 \Bru (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Bsa (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bse (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BSEfree (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Bsi (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bso (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \BSpace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 \Bsu (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bswa ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bswi (|) \Btaii (}) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bta (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bte (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bti (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Bto (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Btu (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 \Btwe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Btwo (~) \Bu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
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106 81 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 95 95 95 95 95 95 95
\BUFd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 buers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \BUFl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C \C ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 c (esvect package option) . . . . 68 \c () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 127 a \c ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Ca (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 calligra (package) . . . 76, 130, 132 Calligra (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 calrsfs (package) . . . . . . . . . . 76 \CAN ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 cancel (package) . . . . . . . . . . 66 \Cancer () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \cancer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Cap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \Cap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
139
\cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \capdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \capplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \Capricorn () . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \capricornus ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79 \capturesymbol (X) . . . . . . 104 card suits . . . . . . . . . 7375, 90 cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph care of (c/o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \^ Carlisle, David . . . . 1, 129, 130 caron () . . . . . . . . . see accents a carriage return . . 80, 81, 90, 113 \carriagereturn ( ) . . . . . . 90 Cartesian product . . see \times castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \castlingchar (O) . . . . . . . 104 \castlinghyphen (-) . . . . . . 104 \catal () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \Catalexis () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \catalexis () . . . . . . . . . . 105 catamorphism see \llparenthesis and \rrparenthesis \cb (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 , \Cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \cc ( CC ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \cc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \ccby ( BY: ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \Ccc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 cclicenses (package) . 21, 130, 131 \ccnc ( $ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \ccnd ( = ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \ccsa ( \cdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 114 \cdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 71 \cdotp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \cdotp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \cdots ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \Ce (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Cedi . . see \textcolonmonetary cedilla () . . . . . . . . see accents celestial bodies . . . . . . . 79, 108 \celsius ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Celtcross () . . . . . . . . . . 101 \cent () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \centerdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 centernot (package) . . . . . . . 115 \centernot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 centigrade . . . see \textcelsius \centre (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 cents . . . . . . . . . . see \textcent \CEsign (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Cga (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 chancery (package) . . . . . . . . 130 \changenotsign . . . . . . . . . . 36 \char . . . . 9, 113, 122, 125, 129 Charter (font) . . . . . . . . . 20, 33
\check () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 check marks . 11, 74, 86, 90, 98, 100, 111 \checked ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \CheckedBox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 86 \Checkedbox (V) . . . . . . . . . 100 \Checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 86 \checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 11 \checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 74 \checkmark ( vs. ) . . . . . 111 \checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 90 \CheckmarkBold ( ) . . . . . . . 86 \checksymbol (+) . . . . . . . . 104 chemarr (package) . . 69, 130, 131 chemarrow (package) 54, 69, 130 \chemarrow (A) . . . . . . . . . . 54 Chen, Raymond . . . . . . . . . 133 chess symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \chesscomment (RR) . . . . . . 104 \chessetc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \chesssee (l) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \chi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 china2e (package) . 21, 56, 76, 77, 108, 109, 130, 132 \chiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \Ci (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 cipher symbols . . . . . . . . . . 108 \circ () . . . . . . . . 24, 74, 115 \circ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \circeq (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \circeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \circeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \CIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \Circle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \Circle ( vs. ) . . . . . . . 111 \Circle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \circlearrowleft () . . . . . 49 \circlearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 48 \circlearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 51 \circlearrowright () . . . . . 49 \circlearrowright ( ) . . . . 48 \circlearrowright ( ) . . . . 51 circled numbers . . . . . . . 87, 105 \CircledA () . . . . . . . . . . 101 \circledast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24 \circledast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \circledbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25 \circledbslash ( ) . . . . . . . 25 \circledcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24 \circledcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28 \circleddash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24 \circleddash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28 \circleddot . . . . . . . see \odot \circleddotleft ( ) . . . . . 49 \circleddotright ( ) . . . . . 49 \circledgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 \circledless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35
\circledminus . . . . see \ominus \circledotleft . . . . . . . . . see \circleddotleft \circledotright . . . . . . . . see \circleddotright \circledplus . . . . . see \oplus \circledR ( ) . . . . . . . . 11, 59 \circledS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \circledslash . . . . see \oslash \circledtimes . . . . see \otimes \circledvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25 \circledwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . 25 \circleleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . 49 \circleright ( ) . . . . . . . . 49 circles . . . . . . . . . 8990, 98, 105 \CircleShadow ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 \CircleSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \Circpipe () . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \circplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \Circsteel () . . . . . . . . . . 82 circumex () . . . . . see accents a \circumflexus (a) . . . . . . . . 18 \Cja (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cjo (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cka (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cke (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cki (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cko (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cku (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cla (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cle (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \CleaningA () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \CleaningF () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \CleaningFF () . . . . . . . . . 100 \CleaningP () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \CleaningPP ( ) . . . . . . . . . 100 \Cli (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \clickb (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \clickc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \clickt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \Clo (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 clock (package) . . . 102, 130, 131
\
C
\clock ( ) ...... \clock ( ) . . . . . . . clock symbols . . . . . \ClockFramefalse . . \ClockFrametrue . . \Clocklogo (U) . . . . \ClockStyle . . . . . . \clocktime . . . . . . . \closedcurlyvee ( ) \closedcurlywedge ( \closedequal ( ) . . \closedniomega (c) \closedprec ( ) . . .
1 i
. . . . . . 102 . . . . . . . 98 98, 100, 102 . . . . . . 102 . . . . . . 102 . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . 102 . . . . . . 102 . . . . . . . 26 ) . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 37
140
\closedrevepsilon (') . . . . . 14 \closedsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \Cloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 88 \Clu (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . 7375, 90 \clubsuit () . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \clubsuit () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \Cma (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cme (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cmi (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 cmll (package) 23, 27, 33, 40, 130 \Cmo (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cmu (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cna (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cne (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cni (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cno (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cnu (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Co (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \coAsterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 26 \coasterisk () . . . . . . . . . . 26 code page 1252 . . . . . . . . . . 126 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 code page 437 . . . . . 81, 107, 125 \Coffeecup (K) . . . . . . . . . 100 \coh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 coins, ancient . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \colon ( : ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \colon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \Colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 35 \Colonapprox (::) . . . . . . . . 39 \colonapprox (:) . . . . . . . . 41 \colonapprox (:) . . . . . . . . . 39 \colonapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \coloncolon (::) . . . . . . . . . . 41 \coloncolonapprox (::) . . . . 41 \coloncolonequals (::=) . . . . 41 \coloncolonminus (::) . . . . . 41 \coloncolonsim (::) . . . . . . 41 \Coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \Coloneq (::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \coloneq (!) . . . . . . . . . 23, 36 \coloneq (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \coloneq ( =) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \Coloneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \Coloneqq (::=) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \coloneqq (:=) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \coloneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . 23, 35 colonequals (package) 23, 41, 130, 131 \colonequals (:=) . . . . . 23, 41 \colonminus (:) . . . . . . . . . 41 \Colonsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Colonsim (::) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \colonsim (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 41 \colonsim (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \colonsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35 combelow (package) . 19, 130, 132 combinatorial logic gates . . . . 81 comma-below accent (a) . . . . see , accents communication symbols . . . . . 82 commutative diagrams . . . . . 117 comp.text.tex (newsgroup) 9, 23, 24, 113118 \compensation (n) . . . . . . . 104 \complement (e) . . . . . . . . . . 59 \complement ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 59 \complement ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32 complete shue product ( ) . 27 \COMPLEX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Complex ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 complex numbers (C) . . . . . see alphabets, math composited accents . . . . . . . . 16 Comprehensive TEX Archive Network 1, 9, 66, 77, 110, 126, 129, 130 computer hardware symbols . . 80 computer keys . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Computer Modern (font) 110, 112, 125 \ComputerMouse () . . . . . . . . 80 \cong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \cong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 congruent . . . . . . . . see \equiv \conjunction ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79 conjunction, logical . see \wedge and \& consequence relations . . . . . . . 39 contradiction symbols . . . 23, 55 control characters . . . . . . . . . 81 converse implication . . . . . . see \leftarrow and \subset converse nonimplication . . . . see \nleftarrow and \nsubset \convolution () . . . . . . . . . 26 \Coppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \coppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \coprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23, 29 \coprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 copyright . . . . . . . . 10, 21, 127 \copyright () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \corner (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 corners, box . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 \corona ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \coronainv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 106 \Corresponds (=) . . . . . . . . . 74 \corresponds ()) . . . . . . . . . 36 \cos (cos) . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123 \cosh (cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\cot (cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \coth (coth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \counterplay (V) . . . . . . . . 104 Courier (font) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 CP1252 . . . . see code page 1252 CP437 . . . . . see code page 437 \Cpa (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cpe (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cpi (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cpo (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cpu (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \CR ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \cr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 \Cra (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cre (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Creative Commons licenses . . 21 crescent (fge package option) . 65 \Cri (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cro (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \Cross ( vs. vs. ) . . . . . 111 \Cross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 \Cross () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 cross ratio . . . . see \textrecipe \crossb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \CrossBoldOutline ( ) . . . . . 86 \CrossClowerTips ( ) . . . . . 86 \crossd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \Crossedbox (X) . . . . . . . . . 100 crosses . . . . . . . . . . 86, 101, 105 \crossh (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \CrossMaltese ( ) . . . . . . . . 86 \crossnilambda (Q) . . . . . . . 14 \CrossOpenShadow ( ) . . . . . . 86 \CrossOutline ( ) . . . . . . . . 86 crotchet . . . see musical symbols \crtilde () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 a \Cru (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 crucixes . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 101 \Crux () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \crux () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \Csa (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \csc (csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Cse (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \cshuffle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \Csi (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cso (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Csu (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cta (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 CTAN . see Comprehensive TEX Archive Network \Cte (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cti (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
B
E R
F D
141
\Cto (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Ctrl ( Ctrl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \Ctu (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 \Cube ( ) 102, 113 cube root . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt \Cup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \Cup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \cup () . . . . . . . . . 24, 114, 123 \cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \cupdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \cupplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27 \curlyc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \curlyeqprec () . . . . . . . . . 36 \curlyeqprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \curlyeqprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \curlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . . . 36 \curlyeqsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \curlyeqsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \curlyesh (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \curlyvee (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \curlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \curlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \curlyveedot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 26 \curlyveedownarrow ( ) . . . . 25 \curlyveeuparrow ( ) . . . . . . 25 \curlywedge (x) . . . . . . . . . . 26 \curlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24 \curlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 26 \curlywedgedot ( ) . . . . . . . 26 \curlywedgedownarrow ( ) . . 25 \curlywedgeuparrow ( ) . . . . 25 \curlyyogh () . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \curlyz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \currency () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 currency symbols . . . . 20, 21, 76 \curvearrowbotleft () . . . 49 \curvearrowbotleftright () 49 \curvearrowbotright () . . . 49 \curvearrowdownup ( ) . . . . . 50 \curvearrowleft () . . . . . . 49 \curvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . . 48 \curvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . . 51 \curvearrowleftright () . . 49 \curvearrowleftright ( ) . . 50 \curvearrownesw ( ) . . . . . . 50 \curvearrownwse ( ) . . . . . . 50 \curvearrowright () . . . . . 49 \curvearrowright ( ) . . . . . 48 \curvearrowright ( ) . . . . . 51 \curvearrowrightleft ( ) . . 50 \curvearrowsenw ( ) . . . . . . 50 \curvearrowswne ( ) . . . . . . 50 \curvearrowupdown ( ) . . . . . 50 \Cutleft (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 \Cutline (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 cuto subtraction . . see \dotdiv
\Cutright (q) . \Cwa (w) . . . . . \Cwe (W) . . . . . . \Cwi (6) . . . . . \Cwo (7) . . . . . . \Cxa (x) . . . . . . \Cxe (X) . . . . . . \Cya (j) . . . . . . \Cyo (b) . . . . . \cyprfamily . . . Cypriot . . . . . . . cypriot (package) \Cza (g) . . . . . \Czo (9) . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 84 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96 96, 130, 132 . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . 96
\DCc ( ) . . . . \DCd ( ) . . . . \DD (D ) . . . . D \ddag () . . . \ddagger () . \ddashint (= ) .... \ddddot ( ) . ... \dddot ( ) . . \dddtstile ( \ddigamma () \DDohne (D ) . / D \ddot () . . . \ddotdot ( ) . . \ddots ( . . ) . \ddots ( ) . . \ddststile ( \ddtstile (
. . . . . . . .
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. . . . 81 . . . . 81 . . . . 99 10, 128 . . . . 24 . . . 116 . . . . 65 . . . . 65 . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. 26, 39 97 99 65 71
) .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . 70, 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
142
D \D (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 d (esvect package option) . . . . 68 \d (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . \dag () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 128 \dagger () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \daleth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \daleth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \danger ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 dangerous bend symbols . . . . 99 \DArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \dasharrow see \dashrightarrow \dasheddownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 50 \dashedleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 50 \dashednearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \dashednwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \dashedrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 50 \dashedsearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \dashedswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \dasheduparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 50 \dashint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 116 \dashleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 48 \dashleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 51 \dashleftrightarrow ( ) . . . 49 \dashrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . 48 \dashrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . 51 \DashV (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \Dashv (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \dashv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \dashv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \dashVv (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \davidsstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87 \DavidStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87 \DavidStarSolid ( ) . . . . . . 87 \dBar (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \dbar ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 d) \dbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 dblaccnt (package) . . . . . . . . 118 \dblcolon (::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \DCa ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \DCb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\ddttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 39 \DeclareFontFamily . . . . . . 122 \DeclareFontShape . . . . . . . 122 \DeclareMathOperator . . . . 123 \DeclareMathOperator* . . . 123 \declareslashed . . . . . . . . 115 \DeclareUnicodeCharacter . 128 \decofourleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 88 \decofourright ( ) . . . . . . . 88 \decoone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 \decosix ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 \decothreeleft ( ) . . . . . . . 88 \decothreeright ( ) . . . . . . 88 \decotwo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 denite-description operator ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 113 denition symbols . . . . . 23, 118 \deg (deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \degree (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \degree () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 degrees . . . . . . see \textdegree \DEL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Del ( Del ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \Deleatur . . . . . . see \Denarius delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . 6065 text-mode . . . . . . . . . . . 65 variable-sized . . . . . . 6164 wavy-line . . . . . . . . . 62, 63 \Delta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \delta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \deltaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 demisemiquaver . . . . see musical symbols \Denarius () . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \denarius () . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \dental (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 g derivitive, partial . . see \partial \descnode ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \det (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\devadvantage (t) . . . . . . . 104 \Dfourier ( \dfourier ( \DFT (

.. .. .. ..
) )
. . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . 40
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\dft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \DH (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \DH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 127 \dh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \dh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 127 diacritics . . . . . . . . . see accents \diaeresis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 18 diresis () . . . . . . . see accents a \diagdown () . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \diagdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \diagdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \diagonal (G) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \diagup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \diagup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \diagup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \diameter (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \diameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \Diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \diamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \diamondbackslash ( ) . . . . . 28 \Diamondblack ( ) . . . . . . . . 73 \diamonddiamond ( ) . . . . . . 28 \Diamonddot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 73 \diamonddot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \DiamonddotLeft ( ) . . . . . 49 \Diamonddotleft ( ) . . . . . 49 \DiamonddotRight ( ) . . . . . 49 \Diamonddotright ( ) . . . . . 49 \diamonddots ( ) . . . . . . 26, 71 \DiamondLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 49 \Diamondleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 49 \diamondminus ( ) . . . . . . . . 28 \diamondplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28 \DiamondRight ( ) . . . . . . . 49 \Diamondright ( ) . . . . . . . 49 diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . 8990 diamonds (suit) . . . . . 7375, 90 \DiamondShadowA ( ) . . . . . . 89 \DiamondShadowB ( ) . . . . . . 89 \DiamondShadowC ( ) . . . . . . 89 \Diamondshape ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 \diamondslash ( ) . . . . . . . . 28 \DiamondSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 \diamondsuit () . . . . . . . . . 73 \diamondsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \diamondtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . 28 \diamondvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28 \diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 118
\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 118 dice . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 103, 113 dictionary symbols . . . 1215, 106 dictsym (package) . 106, 130, 131 died . . . . . . . . . . see \textdied dierential, inexact . . see \dbar \Digamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \digamma ( ) . . . . . . . . . 57, 97 \digamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 digital logic gates . . . . . . . . . 81 digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Mayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 segmented . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \dim (dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \ding . . . . . . . . . . 12, 8488, 90 dingautolist . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 dingbat (package) 85, 90, 111, 130, 131 dingbat symbols . . . . . . . 8490 \Diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \diple (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Diple* (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \diple* (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Dirac notation . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 discount . . . see \textdiscount discretionary hyphen . . . . . . 126 disjoint union . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 disjunction . . . . . . . . . see \vee \displaystyle . . . 116, 118, 123 ditto marks . see \textquotedbl \div () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \div () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \divdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \divideontimes () . . . . . . . 26 \divideontimes ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \divides (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \divides ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 66 non-commutative . . . . . . 70 division times see \divideontimes divorced . . . see \textdivorced \DJ () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \dj () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \dlbari (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \DLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \dlsh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \dndtstile ( \dnststile ( \dntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . see \noway . . see \nmid see \nexists . . . . . . . 115 . . . . . . . . 99
dollar . . . . . . . see \textdollar dollar sign . . . . . . . . . . . . see \$ \Dontwash () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \dot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 dot accent (a or . ) . . see accents dot symbols . . . . 10, 7072, 117 DotArrow (package) . 70, 130, 132 \dotarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 70 \dotcup () . . . . . . . . . 23, 114 \dotdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \Doteq . . . . . . . . see \doteqdot \Doteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \doteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \doteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \doteqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \doteqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 dotless j () text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 16 dotless i () math mode . . . . . . . 65, 73 text mode . . . . . . . . . . . 16 dotless j () math mode . . . . . . . 65, 73 \dotmedvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 27 \dotminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \dotplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \dotplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \dots (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . 10, 128 dots (ellipses) . . . 10, 7073, 117 \dotsb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \dotsc (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \dotseq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \dotsi ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ) \dotsint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \dotsm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 \dotso (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 dotted arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 dotted union () . . . . . . . . . 123 .. \dottedtilde () . . . . . . . . . 18 a \dottimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 double acute () . . . see accents a \doublebarwedge () . . . . . . 26 \doublebarwedge ( ) . . . . . . 24 \doublecap . . . . . . . . . see \Cap \doublecap () . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \doublecap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \doublecup . . . . . . . . . see \Cup \doublecup () . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \doublecup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \doublecurlyvee ( ) . . . . . . 27 \doublecurlywedge ( ) . . . . . 27 \doublefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . 55 \doublefrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \doublepawns (d) . . . . . . . . 104 \doublesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 55 \doublesmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \doublesqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . 27
\dnttstile ( ) do not enter . . . does not divide . does not exist . . does not imply . \Dohne (D) . . . . /
143
\doublesqcup ( ) . . . . \doubletilde () . . . . a \doublevee ( ) . . . . . . \doublewedge ( ) . . . . \DOWNarrow ( ) . . . . . . \Downarrow () . . . . . . \Downarrow () . . . . . . \downarrow . . . . . . . . . \downarrow () . . . . . . \downarrow () . . . . . . \downarrowtail ( ) . . . \downbracketfill . . . . \downdownarrows () . \downdownarrows ( ) . \downdownarrows ( ) . \downdownharpoons () Downes, Michael J. . . . \downfilledspoon ( ) . \downfootline ( ) . . . . \downfree ( ) . . . . . . . \downharpoonccw ( ) . . \downharpooncw ( ) . . . \downharpoonleft () . \downharpoonleft ( ) . \downharpoonright () \downharpoonright ( ) \downlsquigarrow ( ) . \downmapsto ( ) . . . . . \downModels ( ) . . . . . \downmodels ( ) . . . . . \downp (u) . . . . . . . . . . \downparenthfill . . . . \downpitchfork ( ) . . . \downpropto ( ) . . . . . \downrsquigarrow ( ) . \downslice ( ) . . . . . . \downspoon ( ) . . . . . . \downt (m) . . . . . . . . . . \downtherefore ( ) . . \downtouparrow () . . \downuparrows () . . . \downuparrows ( ) . . . \downupharpoons () . . \downupharpoons ( ) . . \downVdash ( ) . . . . . . \downvdash ( ) . . . . . . \downY ( ) . . . . . . . . . dozenal (package) . . . . . dozenal digits . . . . . . . \dracma ( ) . . . . . . . . . \drsh () . . . . . . . . . . \DS (S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . S \Ds (s . . . . . . . . . . . . s) \dsaeronautical (a) . \dsagricultural (G) . \dsarchitectural (A) \dsbiological (B) . . . \dschemical (C) . . . . . \dscommercial (c) . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 26 . . 18 . . 26 . . 26 . . 98 47, 61 . . . 50 . . 123 47, 61 . . . 50 . . . 50 . . 119 . . . 49 . . . 48 . . . 50 . . . 49 56, 133 . . . 54 . . . 37 . . . 37 . . . 53 . . . 53 . . . 49 . . . 48 . . . 49 . . . 48 . . . 50 . . . 50 . . . 37 . . . 37 . . . 20 . . 119 . . . 54 . . . 37 . . . 50 . . . 28 . . . 54 . . . 20 26, 71 . . . 49 . . . 49 . . . 50 . . . 49 . . . 53 . . . 37 . . . 37 . . . 26 72, 130 . . . 72 . . . 21 . . . 49 . . . 99 . . . 99 . . 106 . . 106 . . 106 . . 106 . . 106 . . 106
. . . . .
\dsdtstile ( ) . . . dsfont (package) . . . \dsheraldical (H) . \dsjuridical (J) . . \dsliterary (L) . . . \dsmathematical (M) \dsmedical (m) . . . . \dsmilitary (X) . . . \dsrailways (R) . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . 39 76, 130 . . . 106 . . . 106 . . . 106 . . . 106 . . . 106 . . . 106 . . . 106
\dsststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 \dstechnical (T) . . . . . . . . 106 \dststile ( \dsttstile ( \dtdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\EM ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Email (k) . . . . . . \Emailct (z) . . . . \emgma (w) . . . . . . \emptyset () . . . . \emptyset ( ) . . . . \End ( End ) . . . . . end of proof . . . . . \ending (L) . . . . . \eng (V) . . . . . . . . engineering symbols \engma (n) . . . . . . \ENQ ( ) . . . . . . . . entails . . . . . . . . . . \Enter ( Enter ) . .
\dtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \dtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \dtststile ( \dttstile ( \dtttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ) . . . . . . . . . 40
duodecimal (base-12) digits . . 72 DVI . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 80, 120 \dz () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 E e (esvect package option) . . . . 68 \e (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \e (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 -TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \Earth (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Earth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \earth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Ecommerce () . . . . . . . . . . 20 \EightAsterisk ( ) . . . . . . . 87 \EightFlowerPetal ( ) . . . . 87 \EightFlowerPetalRemoved ( ) . . . . . . . . . 87 eighth note . see musical symbols \eighthnote () . . . . . . . . . . 98 \eighthnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98 \EightStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87 \EightStarBold ( ) . . . . . . . 87 \EightStarConvex ( ) . . . . . 87 \EightStarTaper ( ) . . . . . . 87 \ejective (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 electrical symbols . . . . . . . . . 78 electromotive force (E) . . . . . see alphabets, math element of . . . . . . . . . . . see \in \ell ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \Ellipse ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ellipses (dots) . . . 10, 7073, 117 ellipses (ovals) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \EllipseShadow ( ) . . . . . . . 89 \EllipseSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
s p i
\Envelope ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 109 \enya (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \EOT ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 epsdice (package) . . 103, 130, 131 ) . . . . . 103 \epsdice ( \epsi (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \epsilon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \epsilonup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \eqbump ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \eqbumped ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \eqcirc (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \eqcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \eqcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \Eqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \Eqcolon (::) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \eqcolon (") . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \eqcolon (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \eqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \eqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \eqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \Eqqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \Eqqcolon (=::) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \eqqcolon (=:) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \eqqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \eqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \eqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \eqslantgtr () . . . . . . . . . . 44 \eqslantgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 \eqslantgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 45 \eqslantless () . . . . . . . . . 44 \eqslantless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 43 \eqslantless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 \eqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \equal (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \equal (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \equalclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . . 36 \equalscolon (=:) . . . . . . . . 41 \equalscoloncolon (=::) . . . . 41 \equalsfill . . . . . . . . . 23, 118 equidecomposable . . . . . . . . 114 equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \rightleftharpoons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... see ...
. . . . 81 . . . . 82 . . . . 82 . . . . 15 . . . . 73 . . . . 74 . . . . 80 . . . . 73 . . . 104 . . . . 14 . 78, 82 . . . . 15 . . . . 81 \models . . . . 80
144
\equiv () . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 34 \equiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \equiv, \leftrightarrow, and \threesim \equivclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \er (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 es-zet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ss \ESC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Esc ( Esc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 escapable characters . . . . . . . 10 \esh (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \esh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 esint (package) . . . . . . . . 32, 130 \Estatically (J) . . . . . . . . . 82 estimated . . see \textestimated esvect (package) . . . . . . . 68, 130 \eta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \etaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \ETB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \eth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \ETX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 eufrak (package) . . . . . . . . . . 76 Euler Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \EUR (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \EURcr (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \EURdig (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \EURhv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \Euro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21 blackboard bold . . . . . . . 76 \eurologo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 eurosym (package) . . 21, 130, 131 \EURtm (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 euscript (package) . . . . . 76, 130 evaluated at . . . . . . . see \vert evil spirits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 exclusive disjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \nleftrightarrow \nequiv, and \oplus exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 \exists (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \exists () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \exists () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \exp (exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Explosionsafe (`) . . . . . . . 82 extarrows (package) . 69, 130, 131 extensible accents . . . 6668, 70, 118119 extensible arrows . . . . . . . 6670 extensible symbols, creating 118 119 extensible tildes . . . . . . . . 66, 68 extension characters . . . . 55, 56 extpfeil (package) . . . 70, 130, 131
extraipa (package) . . . . . 18, 130 \eye ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \EyesDollar () . . . . . . . . . . 20
F f (esvect package option) . . . . 68 faces . . . 81, 91, 98, 101, 106, 108 \fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . . 36 \fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . . 34 \fallingdotseq ( ) . . . . . . . . 37 \FallingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78 \fatbslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \fatsemi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \fatslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \FAX (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \fax (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Faxmachine (v) . . . . . . . . . 82 fc (package) . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16 ) . . . . 103 \fcdice ( fclfont (package) . . . . . . . . . 130 \fcscore ( ) . . . . . . 103 feet . . . . . . . . . . see \prime and \textquotesingle \FEMALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Female (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 female . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 79, 82 \female () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \FemaleFemale () . . . . . . . . 82 \FemaleMale () . . . . . . . . . . 82 . \Ferli (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . \Fermi (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 fermions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 feyn (package) . . . . . 83, 130, 131 Feynman slashed character notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Feynman-diagram symbols . . . 83 \feyn{a} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{c} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{fd} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{flS} () . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{fl} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{fs} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{fu} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{fv} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{f} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{g1} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{gd} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
d o l k e f q v \feyn{glB} () . . . . . . . . . . . . { \feyn{glS} () . . . . . . . . . . . . | \feyn{glu} () . . . . . . . . . . . . z \feyn{gl} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . y \feyn{gu} (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . \feyn{gvs} () . . . . . . . . . . . . }s \feyn{gv} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . } \feyn{g} (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . \feyn{hd} (j) . . . . . . . . . . . .
145
83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83
\feyn{hs} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{hu} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{h} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{ms} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{m} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{P} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{p} ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \feyn{x} () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \FF ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 fge (package) . 54, 60, 65, 72, 75, 130, 131 fge-digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \fgeA (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgebackslash (K) . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgebaracute (M) . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgebarcap (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgec (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgecap (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgecapbar (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgecup (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgecupacute (R) . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgecupbar (P) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \fged (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgee (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeeszett () . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeF (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgef (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeinfty (i) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgelangle (h) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \fgelb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgelb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeleftB (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeleftC (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeoverU () . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgerightarrow (!) . . . . . . 54 \fgerightB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fges (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgestruckone (1) . . . . . . . . . 72 \fgestruckzero (0) . . . . . . . . 72 \fgeU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \fgeuparrow (") . . . . . . . . . . 54 \fgeupbracket (L) . . . . . . . . 75 \FHBOLOGO (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \FHBOlogo (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 101 eld (F) . . . see alphabets, math \file (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \FilledBigCircle ( ) . . . . . 89 \FilledBigDiamondshape ( ) 89 \FilledBigSquare ( ) . . . . . 89 \FilledBigTriangleDown ( ) 89 \FilledBigTriangleLeft ( ) 89 \FilledBigTriangleRight ( ) 89 \FilledBigTriangleUp ( ) . . 89 \FilledCircle ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 \FilledCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . 101
u i h m p x
\filleddiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 28 \FilledDiamondShadowA ( ) . 89
\FilledDiamondShadowC () . 89 \FilledDiamondshape (f) . . . 89 \FilledHut () . . . . . . . . . . 102
\filledlargestar ( ) . . . . . 88 \filledlozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . 88 \filledmedlozenge ( ) . . . . . 88 \filledmedsquare ( ) . . . . . . 28 \filledmedtriangledown ( ) 28, 47 \filledmedtriangleleft ( ) 28, 47 \filledmedtriangleright ( ) 28, 47 \filledmedtriangleup ( ) 28, 47 \FilledRainCloud (
!)
. . . . 101
\FilledSectioningDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . 102 \FilledSmallCircle ( )
. . . 89
\FilledSmallDiamondshape ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \FilledSmallSquare ( ) \FilledSmallTriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89
s \FilledSmallTriangleLeft (r) . . . . . . . . . 89 \FilledSmallTriangleRight (t) . . . . . . . . . 89 \FilledSmallTriangleUp (q) 89 \FilledSnowCloud ($) . . . . 101 \FilledSquare () . . . . . . . . 89 \filledsquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28 \FilledSquareShadowA () . . 89 \FilledSquareShadowC () . . 89
\filledsquarewithdots ( ) . 90 \filledstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \FilledSunCloud ( ) . . . . . 101
. . . 89
nger, pointing . . . . . . . see sts nite eld (F) . . . see alphabets, math \finpartvoice (a) . . . . . . . . 18 \finpartvoiceless (a) . . . . . 18 \fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\FilledTriangleLeft () . . . 89 \filledtriangleleft ( ) 28, 47 \FilledTriangleRight (d) . . 89 \filledtriangleright ( ) 28, 47 \FilledTriangleUp () . . . . 89 \filledtriangleup ( ) . . 28, 47 \FilledWeakRainCloud (") . 101
\FilledTriangleDown ( ) . . . 89 \filledtriangledown ( ) 28, 47
\fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \Finv (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \Finv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \Fire ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 sh hook . . . . . . . see \strictif sts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 \fivedots ( ) . . . . . . . . . 26, 71 \FiveFlowerOpen ( ) . . . . . . 87 \FiveFlowerPetal ( ) . . . . . 87 \FiveStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \FiveStarCenterOpen ( ) . . . 87 \FiveStarConvex ( ) . . . . . . 87 \FiveStarLines ( ) . . . . . . . 87 \FiveStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . . 87 \FiveStarOpenCircled ( ) . . 87 \FiveStarOpenDotted ( ) . . . 87 \FiveStarOutline ( ) . . . . . 87 \FiveStarOutlineHeavy ( ) . 87 \FiveStarShadow ( ) . . . . . . 87 \Fixedbearing (%) . . . . . . . . 82 . \fixedddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . 70 . \fixedvdots (. . . . . . . . . . . . 70 .) xmath (package) . . . . . . . . 124 \fj (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \Flag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \flap (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \flapr (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \flat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 98 \flat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \Flatsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . 82 etched arrows . . . . . . . . 54, 84 eurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 90 orin . . . . . . . see \textflorin \floweroneleft ( ) . . . . . . . 88 \floweroneright ( ) . . . . . . 88 owers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 88 Flynn, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 \Fog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 font encodings Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 font encodings . . . . . 9, 124, 126 7-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 document . . . . . . . . . . . 126 limiting scope of . . . . . . . . 9 LY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 OT1 9, 11, 16, 118, 124126 OT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 T1 . . . . . 9, 11, 16, 125, 126 T4 . . . . . . . . . 11, 15, 16, 19 T5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16 TS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 fontdef.dtx (le) . . . . 113, 117
c U W
X ` a b d
fontenc (package) . . 9, 11, 16, 126 \fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 fonts Calligra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Charter . . . . . . . . . . 20, 33 Computer Modern 110, 112, 125 Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Garamond . . . . . . . . 20, 33 Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Symbol . . . . . . . . . 58, 113 Times Roman . . . . 20, 112 Type 1 . . . . . . . . 122, 123 Utopia . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 33 Zapf Chancery . . . . . . . . 76 Zapf Dingbats . . . . . 84, 87 \fontsize . . . . . . . . . . 110, 112 fontspec (package) . . . . . . . . 129 \Football (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \forall () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \forall () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \Force (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Forward () . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \ForwardToEnd () . . . . . . . 100 \ForwardToIndex () . . . . 100
'
I) . . . . . . . . 87 \FourClowerSolid () . . . . . 87
\FourAsterisk ( \FourClowerOpen ( ) . . . . . . 87 \Fourier ( ) .......... fourier (package) . 21, 41, 58, 64, 68, 85, 88, 101, 130 ) .......... \fourier ( Fourier transform (F) . . . . . alphabets, math \FourStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 40 60,
40 see 87
\FourStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . . 87 \fourth (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 fraktur . . . . see alphabets, math Freemasons cipher . . . . . . . 108 Frege logic symbols 54, 60, 72, 75 \frown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \frown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 frown symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \frowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \frowneqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \frownie ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \frownsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 \frownsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \Frowny () . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 frowny faces . . . . . . 81, 98, 101 \FS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \FullFHBO () . . . . . . . . . . 101 \fullmoon (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \fullmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \fullnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
146
G \G (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 g (esvect package option) . . . . 68 \Game (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \Game ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \Gamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \gamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \gammaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \Ganz ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \GaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Garamond (font) . . . . . . . 20, 33 \gcd (gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq \Gemini () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Gemini () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \gemini ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 genealogical symbols . . . . . . . 98 \geneuro (A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 C \geneuronarrow (B ) . . . . . . . 21 C \geneurowide (C ) . . . . . . . . . 21 C gensymb (package) . . . . . . . . . 78 \Gentsroom (x) . . . . . . . . . . 100 geometric shapes . . . . 8890, 105 \geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44 \geq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \geqclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . 45, 47 \geqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \geqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \geqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \geqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \geqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \geqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \geqslantdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 german (keystroke package option) . . . . . . . . . 80 \gets . . . . . . . . see \leftarrow \gg (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \gg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \ggcurly () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \ggg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \ggg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \ggg ( vs. ) . . . . . . . . . 111 \ggg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg \gggtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Gibbons, Jeremy . . . . . . . . . 133 \gimel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \gimel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \girl (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \glotstop () . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \glottal (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \gluon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 78 gluons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \gnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\gnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \gneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \gneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \gneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \gnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \gnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Go boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Go stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 goban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Goofy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 graphics (package) . . . . . 54, 113 graphicx (package) . . 19, 110, 113 \grave (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 grave (`) . . . . . . . . . see accents a \gravis (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ` greater-than signs see inequalities greatest lower bound see \sqcap Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58 blackboard bold . . . . . . . 76 bold . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 124 polytonic . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 upright . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58 greek (babel package option) . 57, 97 Greek coins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \Greenpoint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 109 Gregorio, Enrico . . . . . 114, 115 \grimace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \GS ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \gtr (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \gtrapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gtrapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 \gtrapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \gtrclosed ( ) . . . . . . . . 45, 47 \gtrdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gtrdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \gtrdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \gtreqless () . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \gtreqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 \gtreqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \gtreqlessslant ( ) . . . . . . . 45 \gtreqqless () . . . . . . . . . . 44
\guilsinglright () \gvcropped ( ) . . . \gvertneqq () . . . . \gvertneqq ( ) . . . \gvertneqq ( ) . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
11, 128 . . . 83 . . . 44 . . . 43 . . . 45
H \H () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a h (esvect package option) \h () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \HA (A) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
16 68 16 92
\gtreqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 \gtreqqless ( ) \gtrless () . . \gtrless ( ) . . \gtrless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 44 43 45
\gtrneqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 \gtrsim () . . . . . . \gtrsim ( ) . . . . . . \gtrsim ( ) . . . . . . . \guillemotleft () . \guillemotright () \guilsinglleft () . . . . . 44 . . . . 43 . . . . 45 11, 127 11, 127 11, 128
\Ha (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 hek () . . . . . . . . see accents ac a \Hail ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \Halb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 half note . . . see musical symbols \HalfCircleLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 89 \HalfCircleRight ( ) . . . . . . 89 \HalfFilledHut ( ) . . . . . . 102 \halflength (p) . . . . . . . . . . 20 \halfnote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \HalfSun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Hamiltonian (H) . see alphabets, math \HandCuffLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 85 \HandCuffLeftUp ( ) . . . . . . 85 \HandCuffRight ( ) . . . . . . . 85 \HandCuffRightUp ( ) . . . . . 85 \HandLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 85 \HandLeftUp ( ) . . . . . . . . . 85 \HandPencilLeft ( ) . . . . . . 85 \HandRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 85 \HandRightUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 85 hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see sts \Handwash () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \HaPa (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 harmony (package) . . 99, 130, 131 harpoon (package) . . 54, 130, 132 harpoons . . . . . . . . 48, 49, 53, 54 \hash (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 hash mark . . . . . . . . . . . . see \# \hat () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \hateq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \hausaB (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \hausab () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \hausaD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \hausad (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \hausaK (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \hausak (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \HB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
"

\Hb (b) . . . \HBar ( ) . . \hbar ( ) . . \hbipropto ( \HC (C) . . . .
'
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. . . . 92 . . . . 89 59, 114 . . . . 26 . . . . 92
147
\Hc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \hcrossing ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \HCthousand (6) . . . . . . . . . 92 \HD (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hd (d) . . . . . . . . . \hdotdot ( ) . . . . . . \hdots ( ) . . . . . . . \Hdual () . . . . . . . \HE (E) . . . . . . . . . \He (e) . . . . . . . . . heads . . . . . . . . . . . \Heart () . . . . . . . hearts (suit) . . . . . . \heartsuit () . . . . \heartsuit ( ) . . . . Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . Helvetica (font) . . . . \hemiobelion () . . \HERMAPHRODITE () \Hermaphrodite (}) \hexagon ( ) . . . . . \Hexasteel () . . . . \hexstar ( ) . . . . . \HF (F) . . . . . . . . . . \HF (F) . . . . . . . . \Hf (f) . . . . . . . . \hfermion ( ) . . . . . \hfil . . . . . . . . . . . \HG (G) . . . . . . . . . . \Hg (g) . . . . . . . . . \HH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 . 26, 71 . . . . 71 . . . . 92 . . . . 92 . . . . 92 see faces . . . . 101 7375, 90 . . . . . 73 . . . . . 74 . . 58, 76 . . . . . 20 . . . . . 21 . . . . . 82 . . . . . 82 . . . . . 88 . . . . . 82 . . . . . 87 . . . . . 78 . . . . . 92 . . . . . 92 . . . . . 83 . . . . 115 . . . . . 92 . . . . . 92 . . . . . 99
\Hm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hman () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hmillion (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hms () \HN (N) \Hn (n) \HO (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 92 92 92
\HU (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hu (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Hungarian umlaut () see accents a \Hut ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
\Ho (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Holt, Alexander . . . . . . . . 1, 129 \holter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
\HV (V) . . \Hv (v) . \hv (4) . . \Hvbar (|) \HW (W) . .
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92 92 14 92 92
\Hw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \HX (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hx (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \HXthousand (5) . . . . . . . . . . 92 \HY (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
holtpolt (package) . . . . . 70, 130 \hom (hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Home ( Home ) . . . . . . . . . . 80
\HH (H) . . . . . . . . \Hh (h) . . . . . . . hhcount (package) \Hhundred (3) . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . 92 . . . . . . . . 92 103, 130, 132 . . . . . . . . 92
\HI (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hi (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \hiatus (H ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \Hibl () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hibp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hibs () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hibw () . . . . hieroglf (package) hieroglyphics . . . Hilbert space (H) math \hill (a) . . . . .
{
... \Hone (|) . . . . . . . . . . hook accent () . . . . \hookb () . . . . . . . . \hookd () . . . . . . . . \hookd (h) . . . . . . . . \hookdownminus () . \hookg ()) . . . . . . . . \hookh (6) . . . . . . . . \hookheng (7) . . . . . . \hookleftarrow ( ) . \hookleftarrow ( ) . \hookrevepsilon (&) . \hookrightarrow ( ) \hookrightarrow ( ) \hookupminus ( ) . . . Horn, Berthold . . . . . \HP (P) . . . . . . . . . \Hp (p) . . . . . . . . . . . \Hplural () . . . . .
\Homer ()
. . . . . 106 . . . . . . 92 see accents . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . 74 . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 47 . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . 47 . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . 74 . . . . . . 77 . . . . . . 92 . . . . . . 92 . . . . . . 92
\Hy (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 hyphen, discretionary . . . . . . 126 \HZ (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hz (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 I .............. i \i () . . . . . . . . . . \ialign . . . . . . . . \ibar () . . . . . . . i IBM PC . . . . . . . . Icelandic staves . . . \IceMountain ( ) . . \iddots ( . . ) . . . . . \iddots () . . . . . . \idotsint ( ) \idotsint ( ) .
"
. . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . 16 115, 117, 118 . . . . . . . . 15 . 81, 107, 125 . . . . . . . 107 . . . . . . . 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 117 . 29 . 31
\Hplus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \HQ (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hq (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hquery (?) \HR (R) . . \Hr (r) . \HS (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 92 92 92
. . . . . . . . . . 92 . . 92, 130, 131 . . . . . . . . . . 92 see alphabets, . . . . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 92 92 92 116 . 92 . 92 . 92 . . . .
\Hs (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hscribe () . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Hslash (/) \hslash ( ) \Hsv () . \HT (T) . . \HT ( ) . . . \Ht (t) . . \Hten (2) . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 59 92 92 81 92 92
\HJ (J) . . . \Hj (j) . . \HK (K) . . . \Hk (k) . . \hksqrt ( \HL (L) . . \Hl (l) . . \HM (M) . .
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\Hthousand (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \Htongue () . . . . . . . . . . . 92
\idotsint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \iff . see \Longleftrightarrow ifsym (package) 78, 89, 101, 102, 111, 113, 130, 131 igo (package) . . . . . . . . 105, 130 \igocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105 \igocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105 \igocross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 105 \igocross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 105 \igonone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \igonone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \igosquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105 \igosquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105 \igotriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 105 \igotriangle ( ) . . . . . . . . 105 \iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 29 \iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \iiiint ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ( \iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 29, 31
} } | | ~ ~

148
\iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \iiint ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ( \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 31 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \Im ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \im (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \imath () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 65 \impliedby . see \Longleftarrow \implies . see \Longrightarrow and \vdash impulse train . . . . . . . . . see sha \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \in () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 inches . . . . . . . see \second and \textquotedbl \incoh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 independence probabilistic . . . . . . . . . 116 statistical . . . . . . . . . . . 116 stochastic . . . . . . see \bot \independent ( . . . . . . . . 116 ) \Industry (I) . . . . . . . . . . 100 inequalities . . . . . . . . 10, 4245 inexact dierential . . . see \dbar \inf (inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 inmum . . see \inf and \sqcap innity () . . . . . . . see \infty \Info ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 \Info (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 information symbols . . . . . . 100 informator symbols . . . . . . . 104 \infty (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \infty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \infty () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \inipartvoice (a) . . . . . . . . 18 \inipartvoiceless (a) . . . . . 18 \injlim (inj lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56 \inplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 inputenc (package) . . . . . . . . 128 \Ins ( Ins ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \int () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \intclockwise ( ) . . . . . . . . 33
\intercal ( ) . . \intercal ( ) . . \interleave ( ) intersection . . . . \Interval ( ) . \inva () . . . . . \invamp ( ) . . . \invbackneg ( )
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. . . . . 24 . . . . . 59 . . . . . 25 see \cap . . . . 102 . . . . . 14 . . . . . 25 . . . . . 74
\INVd (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \invdiameter ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98 \inve ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 inverse limit . . see \varprojlim \InversTransformHoriz ( ) 40 \InversTransformVert ( ) . . 40 inverted symbols . 1215, 19, 113 inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \invf (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \invglotstop (d) . . . . . . . . . 14 \invh (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \INVl (#) \invlegr (s) \invm (S) . . \invneg ( ) \invneg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 14 14 35 74 81 14 14 14
\Joch ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \Join ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 35 \Join ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \joinrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 joint denial . . . . see \downarrow junicode (package) . . . . . . . . 129 Junicode-Regular.ttf (le) 129 \Jupiter (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Jupiter () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \jupiter ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 K \k (a) . . . . . . . . . \k ( ) . . . . . . . . . \kappa () . . . . . \kappaup () . . . . \ker (ker) . . . . . . ket . . . . . . . . . . . \Keyboard () . . keyboard symbols keys, computer . . keystroke (package) ) \keystroke ( king . . . . . . . . . . knight . . . . . . . . . Knuth, Donald E. symbols by . . \Koppa () . . . . . \koppa () . . . . . . ) \Kr ( l . . . . . . \kreuz ( ) . . . . . Kronecker product Kronecker sum . . krouek ( . . . . . z a) \kside (O) . . . . . \Kutline (R) . . .
&
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\INVr (!) . . . \invr (q) . . . . . \invscr (u) . . . \invscripta ()
<
\INVu ($) . . . . . . . \invv () . . . . . . . . . \invw () . . . . . . . . . \invy () . . . . . . . . . \iota () . . . . . . . . . . iota, upside-down . . . \iotaup () . . . . . . . . \ipagamma (2) . . . . . . \ipercatal () . . . . . \IroningI () . . . . . \IroningII () . . . . \IroningIII () . . . irony mark (? ) . . . . . . irrational numbers (J) alphabets, math \Irritant ( ) . . . . . \ismodeledby (=|) . . . ISO character entities isoent (package) . . . . .
81 14 14 14 57 113 . 57 . 14 106 100 100 100 113 see 102 114 126 126
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . 61 . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . . 80 80, 130, 131 . . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . 104 . . . . . . 104 9, 124, 133 . . . 99, 100 . . . . . . . 97 . . . . . . . 97 . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . 98 see \otimes see \oplus see accents . . . . . . 104 . . . . . . . 84
\INTEGER ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Integer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 integers (Z) . see alphabets, math integrals . . . . . . . 2933, 74, 116 integrals (wasysym package option) . . . . . . . . . 29
J \j () . . . . . . . . \JackStar ( ) . \JackStarBold ( Jewish star . . . . \jmath () . . . . .
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16 87 87 87 65
L \L (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \l (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \labdentalnas (R) . . . . . . . . 14 \labvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \Ladiesroom (y) . . . . . . . . . 100 Lagrangian (L) . . see alphabets, math \Lambda () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \lambda () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \lambdabar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \lambdaslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73 \lambdaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . 129, 133 \land . . . . . . % . . . . see \wedge . \landdownint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 \landdownint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32 # \landupint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \landupint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \Langle (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \lAngle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
149
\langle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 61 \langle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \langlebar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \Laplace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . 40 . . . . . see see see ... ... ... \Delta \nabla . . . 88 . . . 88 . . . 88
) .... \laplace ( Laplace transform (L) alphabets, math Laplacian () . . . . . Laplacian ( 2 ) . . . . \largecircle ( ) . . . \largediamond ( ) . \largelozenge ( ) . .
\largepencil (
W)
. . . . . . . . 85
\largepentagram ( ) . . . . . . 88 \largesquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 88 \largestar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88 \largestarofdavid ( ) . . . . 88 \largetriangledown ( ) . . . 47 \largetriangleleft ( ) . . . 47 \largetriangleright ( ) . . 47 \largetriangleup ( ) . . . . . 47 \LArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 \larrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \Laserbeam (a) . . . . . . . . . 82 A L TEX 1, 9, 16, 29, 34, 56, 61, 70, 73, 81, 84, 110, 113120, 123, 125, 126, 128130, 132, 133 A L TEX 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 9, 10, 21, 22, 24, 34, 41, 47, 66, 70, 73, 77, 81, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 122128, 133 latexsym (package) 24, 34, 41, 47, 73, 110, 130 \latfric (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Latin 1 . . . . . . . 9, 125126, 130 table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . 100 \Lbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \lbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \lbrace ( ) \Lbrack ([) . \lBrack ([[) . LCD digits . \lCeil ( ) . . \lceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 76 64 78 64 61 62 50 50 50 50
\lcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . 32 \lcm (lcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 \lcorners (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \lcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . . . 50 \lcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 50 \lcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \lcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \lcurvearrowright ( ) . . . . . 50 \lcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \lcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \lcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . . 50 \ldbrack (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \ldotp (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \ldots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 \le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq \leadsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35, 47 \leadsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 leaf . . . . . . . . . . . see \textleaf \leafleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 88 \leafNE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 \leafright ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88 leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 90 Lefschetz motive (L) . . . . . . see alphabets, math \Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \left . . . . . 61, 63, 64, 110, 112 \LEFTarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \Leftarrow () . . . . . . . 23, 47 \Leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 50 \leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 49 \leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 47 \leftarrow () . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \leftarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . 48 \leftarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \leftarrowtriangle ( ) . . . 48 \leftbarharpoon () . . . . . . 49 \LEFTCIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98 \LEFTcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98 \Leftcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98 \leftevaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 37 37 26 26 85 53 53 49 48 49 48 49 48 50 49 50
. . . . .
\lceil ( ) . . . . . . . . \lcirclearrowdown ( \lcirclearrowleft ( \lcirclearrowright ( \lcirclearrowup ( )
.. ) ) ) ..
.... .... .... ... ....
\lcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . 32
\leftfilledspoon ( ) \leftfootline ( ) . . . \leftfree ( ) . . . . . . \lefthalfcap ( ) . . . . \lefthalfcup ( ) . . . . \lefthand ( ) . . . . . . \leftharpoonccw ( ) . \leftharpooncw ( ) . . \leftharpoondown () \leftharpoondown ( ) \leftharpoonup () . . \leftharpoonup ( ) . . \leftleftarrows () . \leftleftarrows ( ) . \leftleftarrows ( ) . \leftleftharpoons () \leftlsquigarrow ( )
\leftmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \leftModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \leftmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \leftmoon (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . \leftmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \leftp (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \leftpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . \leftpointright ( ) ..... \leftpropto () . . . . . . . . . . \Leftrightarrow () . . . . . . \Leftrightarrow () . . . . . . \leftrightarrow () . . . . . . \leftrightarrow () . . . . . . \leftrightarrow () . . . . . . \leftrightarroweq ( ) . . . . . \leftrightarrows () . . . . . \leftrightarrows ( ) . . . . . \leftrightarrows ( ) . . . . . \leftrightarrowtriangle ( ) \leftrightharpoon () . . . . \leftrightharpoondownup ( ) \leftrightharpoons () . . . \leftrightharpoons ( ) . . . \leftrightharpoons ( ) . . . . \leftrightharpoonsfill . . . . \leftrightharpoonupdown ( ) \Leftrightline ( ) . . . . . . . \leftrightline ( ) . . . . . . . \leftrightsquigarrow () \leftrightsquigarrow ( ) . \leftrightsquigarrow ( ) . . \leftrsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . \Leftscissors (S) . . . . . . . . \leftslice ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \leftslice ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \leftspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \leftsquigarrow () . . . . . \leftsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . \leftt (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \lefttherefore ( ) . . . . 26, \leftthreetimes (6) . . . . . . \leftthreetimes ( ) . . . . . . \leftthreetimes ( ) . . . . . . . \leftthumbsdown ( ) ..... \leftthumbsup ( ) ....... \lefttorightarrow () . . . . \Lefttorque (&) . . . . . . . . . \leftturn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \leftVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \leftvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . .
D U
50 37 37 79 79 20 54 85 37 47 50 49 47 50 48 49 48 50 48 49 53 49 48 53 69 53 37 37 49 48 51 50 84 25 37 54 49 49 20 71 73 24 26 85 85 49 82 98 37 37
\leftwave ( ) \leftY ( ) . legal symbols \legm (T) . . \legr (i) . . \length (q) . \Leo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 10, .... .... .... .... . . . 26 21, 127 . . . 14 . . . 14 . . . 20 . . . 79
150
\leo ( ) . . . . . . . \leq () . . . . . . . \leq () . . . . . . . \leq () . . . . . . . \leqclosed ( ) . . \leqdot ( ) . . . . . \leqq () . . . . . . \leqq ( ) . . . . . . \leqq ( ) . . . . . . \leqslant ( ) . . \leqslant ( ) . . . \leqslantdot ( ) \less (<) . . . . . . less-than signs . . \lessapprox () . \lessapprox ( ) . \lessapprox ( ) . \lessclosed ( ) . \lessdot () . . . \lessdot ( ) . . . \lessdot ( ) . . . . \lesseqgtr () . . \lesseqgtr ( ) . \lesseqgtr ( ) . . \lesseqgtrslant ( \lesseqqgtr () . \lesseqqgtr ( ) \lessgtr () . . \lessgtr ( ) . . \lessgtr ( ) . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 79 . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . 42, 44 . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . 45, 47 . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . 45 see inequalities . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . 45, 47 . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . . 45 ) . . . . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 44 43 45
\lgroup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \LHD ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \lhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25 \lhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47 \lhdbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \lhookdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \lhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 51 \lhooknearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \lhooknwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \lhookrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 51 \lhooksearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \lhookswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \lhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 51 \Libra () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \libra ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Lie derivative (L) see alphabets, math life-insurance symbols . . . . . 118 \lightbulb (A) . . . . . . . . . . 122 lightbulb.mf (le) . . . 120, 121 lightbulb.sty (le) . . 122, 123 lightbulb10.2602gf (le) . . 120 lightbulb10.dvi (le) . . . . 120 lightbulb10.mf (le) . . 120122 lightbulb10.tfm (le) . . . . 122 \Lightning (E vs. \Lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . 101 \Lightning (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \lightning ( vs. ) . . . . . . 111 \lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \lim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123 \liminf (lim inf) . . . . . . 56, 123 limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \limsup (lim sup) . . . . . 56, 123 \linbfamily . . . . . . . . . . 95, 96 Linear A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Linear B . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 96 linear implication see \multimap linear logic symbols 2325, 28, 29, 3233, 40, 59 linearA (package) . . . 92, 130, 131 \LinearAC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \LinearACC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \LinearACCC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 92 \LinearACCCI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 92 \LinearACCCII ( ) . . . . . . . . 92 \LinearACCCIII ( ) . . . . . . . 92 \LinearACCCIV ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearACCCIX ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearACCCL ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearACCCLI ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearACCCLII ( ) . . . . . . . 93 \LinearACCCLIII ( ) . . . . . . . 94 \LinearACCCLIV ( ) . . . . . . . . 94 \LinearACCCLIX ( ) . . . . . . . 94
\lesseqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
)
. . . . . 111
\lessneqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 \lesssim () . . . \lesssim ( ) . . . \lesssim ( ) . . . . \Letter ( ) . . . . \Letter (B vs. ) \Letter (B) . . . . letter-like symbols letters . . . . . . . . . barred . . . . . non-ASCII . . slashed . . . . variant Latin ... ... ... ... ... ... ... see ... ... ... ... . . . . . 44 . . . . . 43 . . . . . 45 . . . . 102 . . . . 111 . . . . . 82 . . 59, 60 alphabets . . . . 114 . . . . . 11 . . . . 115 . . . . . 58
\levaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \LF ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \lfilet (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7 \lFloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \lfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \lfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \lg (lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \lgroup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7 7
\LinearACCCLV ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCLVI ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLVII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLVIII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLX ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCLXI ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLXII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLXIII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLXIV ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLXIX ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLXV ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLXVI ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLXVII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLXVIII ( ) . . \LinearACCCLXX ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCLXXI ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLXXII ( ) . . \LinearACCCLXXIII ( ) . \LinearACCCLXXIV ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLXXIX ( ) . . \LinearACCCLXXV ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLXXVI ( ) . . \LinearACCCLXXVII ( ) . . \LinearACCCLXXVIII ( ) . \LinearACCCLXXX ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCLXXXI ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLXXXII ( ) . . \LinearACCCLXXXIII ( ) . \LinearACCCLXXXIV ( ) . \LinearACCCLXXXIX ( ) . \LinearACCCLXXXV ( ) . . . \LinearACCCLXXXVI ( ) . . \LinearACCCLXXXVII ( ) . \LinearACCCLXXXVIII ( ) \LinearACCCV ( ) . . . . . . . \LinearACCCVI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCVII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCVIII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCX ( ) . . . . . . \LinearACCCXI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCXII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXIII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXIV ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXIX ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXL ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCXLI ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXLII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXLIII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXLIV ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXLIX ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXLV ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXLVI ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXLVII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXLVIII ( ) . . \LinearACCCXV ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCXVI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCCXVII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCCXVIII ( ) . . \LinearACCCXX ( ) . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93
151
\LinearACCCXXI ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXII ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXIII ( ) . . \LinearACCCXXIV ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXIX ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXV ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXVI ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXVII ( ) . . \LinearACCCXXVIII ( ) . \LinearACCCXXX ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXXI ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXXII ( ) . \LinearACCCXXXIII ( ) . \LinearACCCXXXIV ( ) . . \LinearACCCXXXIX ( ) . . \LinearACCCXXXV ( ) . . . \LinearACCCXXXVI ( ) . . \LinearACCCXXXVII ( ) \LinearACCCXXXVIII ( ) \LinearACCI ( ) . . . . . . \LinearACCII ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCIII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCIV ( ) . . . . \LinearACCIX ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCL ( ) . . . . . . \LinearACCLI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCLII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLIII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLIV ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCLIX ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCLV ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCLVI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCLVII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLVIII ( ) . . \LinearACCLX ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCLXI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACCLXII ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLXIII ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXIV ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXIX ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXV ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLXVI ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLXVII ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXVIII ( ) . . \LinearACCLXX ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLXXI ( ) . . . . \LinearACCLXXII ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXXIII ( ) . \LinearACCLXXIV ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXXIX ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXXV ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXXVI ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXXVII ( ) . . \LinearACCLXXVIII ( ) . \LinearACCLXXX ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXXXI ( ) . . . \LinearACCLXXXII ( ) . . \LinearACCLXXXIII ( ) . \LinearACCLXXXIV ( ) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94
\LinearACCLXXXIX ( ) \LinearACCLXXXV ( ) \LinearACCLXXXVI ( ) \LinearACCLXXXVII ( ) \LinearACCLXXXVIII ( \LinearACCLXXXX ( ) \LinearACCV ( ) . . . . \LinearACCVI ( ) . . . \LinearACCVII ( ) . . \LinearACCVIII ( ) . . \LinearACCX ( ) . . . . \LinearACCXCI ( ) . . \LinearACCXCII ( ) . \LinearACCXCIII ( ) . \LinearACCXCIV ( ) . \LinearACCXCIX ( ) . \LinearACCXCV ( ) . . \LinearACCXCVI ( ) . \LinearACCXCVII ( ) . \LinearACCXCVIII ( ) \LinearACCXI ( ) . . . \LinearACCXII ( ) . . \LinearACCXIII ( ) . \LinearACCXIV ( ) . . \LinearACCXIX ( ) . . \LinearACCXL ( ) . . . \LinearACCXLI ( ) . . \LinearACCXLII ( ) . . \LinearACCXLIII ( ) \LinearACCXLIV ( ) . . \LinearACCXLIX ( ) . \LinearACCXLV ( ) . . \LinearACCXLVI ( ) . \LinearACCXLVII ( ) . \LinearACCXLVIII ( ) \LinearACCXV ( ) . . . \LinearACCXVI ( ) . . . \LinearACCXVII ( ) . . \LinearACCXVIII ( ) . \LinearACCXX ( ) . . . \LinearACCXXI ( ) . . \LinearACCXXII ( ) . \LinearACCXXIII ( ) . \LinearACCXXIV ( ) . . \LinearACCXXIX ( ) . \LinearACCXXV ( ) . . \LinearACCXXVI ( ) . \LinearACCXXVII ( ) \LinearACCXXVIII ( ) \LinearACCXXX ( ) . . \LinearACCXXXI ( ) . . \LinearACCXXXII ( ) . \LinearACCXXXIII ( ) \LinearACCXXXIV ( ) \LinearACCXXXIX ( ) \LinearACCXXXV ( ) . . \LinearACCXXXVI ( ) . \LinearACCXXXVII ( )
.... .... .... ... ) .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...
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94 94 94 94 94 94 92 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93
\LinearACCXXXVIII ( ) \LinearACI ( ) . . . . . . \LinearACII ( ) . . . . . \LinearACIII ( ) . . . . \LinearACIV ( ) . . . . . \LinearACIX ( ) . . . . . \LinearACL ( ) . . . . . . \LinearACLI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACLII ( ) . . . . \LinearACLIII ( ) . . . \LinearACLIV ( ) . . . . \LinearACLIX ( ) . . . . \LinearACLV ( ) . . . . . \LinearACLVI ( ) . . . . \LinearACLVII ( ) . . . \LinearACLVIII ( ) . . \LinearACLX ( ) . . . . . \LinearACLXI ( ) . . . . \LinearACLXII ( ) . . . \LinearACLXIII ( ) . . . \LinearACLXIV ( ) . . . \LinearACLXIX ( ) . . . \LinearACLXV ( ) . . . . \LinearACLXVI ( ) . . \LinearACLXVII ( ) . . \LinearACLXVIII ( ) . \LinearACLXX ( ) . . . . \LinearACLXXI ( ) . . . \LinearACLXXII ( ) . . \LinearACLXXIII ( ) . \LinearACLXXIV ( ) . . \LinearACLXXIX ( ) . . . \LinearACLXXV ( ) . . . \LinearACLXXVI ( ) . . \LinearACLXXVII ( ) . . \LinearACLXXVIII ( ) . \LinearACLXXX ( ) . . . \LinearACLXXXI ( ) . . \LinearACLXXXII ( ) . . \LinearACLXXXIII ( ) . \LinearACLXXXIV ( ) . \LinearACLXXXIX ( ) . . \LinearACLXXXV ( ) . . . \LinearACLXXXVI ( ) . \LinearACLXXXVII ( ) . \LinearACLXXXVIII ( ) \LinearACLXXXX ( ) . . \LinearACV ( ) . . . . . . \LinearACVI ( ) . . . . . \LinearACVII ( ) . . . . \LinearACVIII ( ) . . . \LinearACX ( ) . . . . . . \LinearACXCI ( ) . . . . \LinearACXCII ( ) . . . \LinearACXCIII ( ) . . . \LinearACXCIV ( ) . . . \LinearACXCIX ( ) . . . \LinearACXCV ( ) . . . . .
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93 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 93 94 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 92 92 92 93 93 94 94 94 94 92 94
152
\LinearACXCVI ( ) . . \LinearACXCVII ( ) . \LinearACXCVIII ( ) . \LinearACXI ( ) . . . . \LinearACXII ( ) . . . \LinearACXIII ( ) . . \LinearACXIV ( ) . . . \LinearACXIX ( ) . . . \LinearACXL ( ) . . . . \LinearACXLI ( ) . . . \LinearACXLII ( ) . . \LinearACXLIII ( ) . \LinearACXLIV ( ) . . \LinearACXLIX ( ) . . \LinearACXLV ( ) . . . \LinearACXLVI ( ) . . \LinearACXLVII ( ) . \LinearACXLVIII ( ) \LinearACXV ( ) . . . . \LinearACXVI ( ) . . . \LinearACXVII ( ) . . \LinearACXVIII ( ) . . \LinearACXX ( ) . . . . \LinearACXXI ( ) . . . \LinearACXXII ( ) . . \LinearACXXIII ( ) . \LinearACXXIV ( ) . . \LinearACXXIX ( ) . . \LinearACXXV ( ) . . . \LinearACXXVI ( ) . . \LinearACXXVII ( ) . \LinearACXXVIII ( ) \LinearACXXX ( ) . . . \LinearACXXXI ( ) . . \LinearACXXXII ( ) . \LinearACXXXIII ( ) . \LinearACXXXIV ( ) . . \LinearACXXXIX ( ) . \LinearACXXXV ( ) . . \LinearACXXXVI ( ) . \LinearACXXXVII ( ) . \LinearACXXXVIII ( ) \LinearAI ( ) . . . . . . \LinearAII ( ) . . . . . \LinearAIII ( ) . . . . \LinearAIV ( ) . . . . . \LinearAIX ( ) . . . . . \LinearAL ( ) . . . . . . \LinearALI ( ) . . . . . \LinearALII ( ) . . . . \LinearALIII ( ) . . . \LinearALIV ( ) . . . . \LinearALIX ( ) . . . . \LinearALV ( ) . . . . . \LinearALVI ( ) . . . . \LinearALVII ( ) . . . \LinearALVIII ( ) . .
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94 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 94 93 93 93 93
\LinearALX ( ) . . . . . \LinearALXI ( ) . . . . \LinearALXII ( ) . . . \LinearALXIII ( ) . . \LinearALXIV ( ) . . . \LinearALXIX ( ) . . . \LinearALXV ( ) . . . . \LinearALXVI ( ) . . . \LinearALXVII ( ) . . \LinearALXVIII ( ) . . \LinearALXX ( ) . . . . \LinearALXXI ( ) . . . \LinearALXXII ( ) . . \LinearALXXIII ( ) . \LinearALXXIV ( ) . . \LinearALXXIX ( ) . . \LinearALXXV ( ) . . . \LinearALXXVI ( ) . . \LinearALXXVII ( ) . \LinearALXXVIII ( ) . \LinearALXXX ( ) . . . \LinearALXXXI ( ) . . \LinearALXXXII ( ) . . \LinearALXXXIII ( ) . \LinearALXXXIV ( ) . \LinearALXXXIX ( ) . \LinearALXXXV ( ) . . . \LinearALXXXVI ( ) . \LinearALXXXVII ( ) . \LinearALXXXVIII ( ) \LinearALXXXX ( ) . . \LinearAV ( ) . . . . . . \LinearAVI ( ) . . . . . \LinearAVII ( ) . . . . \LinearAVIII ( ) . . . \LinearAX ( ) . . . . . . \LinearAXCI ( ) . . . . \LinearAXCII ( ) . . . \LinearAXCIII ( ) . . \LinearAXCIV ( ) . . . \LinearAXCIX ( ) . . . \LinearAXCV ( ) . . . . \LinearAXCVI ( ) . . . \LinearAXCVII ( ) . . . \LinearAXCVIII ( ) . . \LinearAXI ( ) . . . . . \LinearAXII ( ) . . . . \LinearAXIII ( ) . . . \LinearAXIV ( ) . . . . \LinearAXIX ( ) . . . . \LinearAXL ( ) . . . . . \LinearAXLI ( ) . . . . \LinearAXLII ( ) . . . \LinearAXLIII ( ) . . \LinearAXLIV ( ) . . . \LinearAXLIX ( ) . . .
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94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 92 92 92 92 93 94 94 94 94 92 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93
\LinearAXLV ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXLVI ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXLVII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXLVIII ( ) . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXV ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXVI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXVII ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXII ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXIII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXIV ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXIX ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXV ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXVI ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXVII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXI ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXII ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXIII ( ) . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXIV ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXIX ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXV ( ) . . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXVI ( ) . . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXVII ( ) . . . . . . . 93 \LinearAXXXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . 93 linearb (package) 95, 96, 130, 131 \Lineload (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 82 linguistic symbols . . . . . . 1215
\Lisa ( \lJoin ( ) \ll (3) . . . \ll ( ) . . \ll ( ) . .
)
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106 35 44 42 45
\llangle ( )
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\llap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 \llbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \llbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \llceil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \llcorner (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \llcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \llcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \llcurly () . . \Lleftarrow ( ) \Lleftarrow ( ) \llfloor ( ) . . . \lll () . . . . . . \lll ( ) ..... \lll ( vs. ) .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 48 51 60 44 43 111
153
\lll ( ) . . . . . . . \llless . . . . . . . . \llless ( ) . . . . \llparenthesis ( ) \lmoustache ()
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\lmoustache ( ) . . . . . . . . . 62 \ln (ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \lnapprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \lnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \lnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \lneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \lneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \lneqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \lneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \lneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg \lnot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \lnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \lnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \lnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 local ring (O) see alphabets, math \log (log) . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123 log-like symbols . . . . . . . 56, 123 logic gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 logical operators and . . . . . . . . . see \wedge not . . . . see \neg and \sim or . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee \logof ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 lollipop . . . . . . . . see \multimap long division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 \longa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 \longcastling (O-O-O) . . . 104 longdiv (package) . . . . . . . . . . 66 \Longleftarrow (=) . . . . . . 47 \Longleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 50 \longleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 50 \longleftarrow () . . . . . . 47 \Longleftrightarrow () . 47 \Longleftrightarrow () . 50 \longleftrightarrow () . . 50 \longleftrightarrow () . 47 \Longmapsfrom (=) . . . . . . . 48 \longmapsfrom () . . . . . . . 48 \Longmapsto (=) . . . . . . . . 48 \longmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \longmapsto () . . . . . . . . 47 \LongPulseHigh ( ) . . . . . . 78 \LongPulseLow ( ) . . . . . . 78 \Longrightarrow (=) . . . . . 47 \Longrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 50 \longrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 50 \longrightarrow () . . . . . 47 \looparrowdownleft () . . . 49 \looparrowdownright () . . . 49 \looparrowleft () . . . . . . . 49 \looparrowleft ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\looparrowleft ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \looparrowright () . . . . . . 49 \looparrowright ( ) . . . . . . 48 \looparrowright ( ) . . . . . . 50 \Loosebearing ($) . . . . . . . . 82 \lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee \LowerDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 lowering . . . see \textlowering \lozenge () . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \lozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 \Lparen (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \lrcorner ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \lrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\lrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \lrJoin . . . . . . . . . . see \Join \lrtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \lsem ( ) . . . \lsemantic . . . \Lsh () . . . . . \Lsh ( ) . . . . . \Lsh ( ) . . . . . \Lsteel () . . \ltimes () . . \ltimes ( ) . . \ltimes ( ) . . \ltriple . . . . Luecking, Dan . \lVert ( ) . . . \lVert (||) . . . . \lvert (|) . . . . \lvertneqq () \lvertneqq ( ) \lvertneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 see \ldbrack . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . 82 . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . 116 . . . . . . . . 61 . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . . 61 . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . 43 . . . . . . . . 45
\Male (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 82 \male () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \MaleMale () . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \maltese ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \maltese ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 101 \manboldkidney ( ) . . . . . . . 100 \manconcentriccircles ( ) 100 \manconcentricdiamond ( ) 100 \mancone ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \mancube ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \manerrarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 100 \manfilledquartercircle ( ) 100 manfnt (package) . . . 99, 100, 130 \manhpennib ( ) . . . . . . . . . 100 \manimpossiblecube ( ) . . . 100 \mankidney ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 100 \manlhpenkidney ( ) . . . . . . 100 \manpenkidney ( ) . . . . . . . 100 \manquadrifolium ( ) . . . . 100 \manquartercircle ( ) . . . . 100 \manrotatedquadrifolium ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 100 \manrotatedquartercircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 100 \manstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \mantiltpennib ( ) . . . . . . 100 \mantriangledown ( ) . . . . . 100 \mantriangleright ( ) . . . . 100 \mantriangleup ( ) . . . . . . 100 \manvpennib ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 100 \Mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . . 55 \mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . . 55 \Mapsfrom () . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \mapsfrom () . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \Mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 56 \Mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 55 \mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 56 \mapsfromchar () . . . . . . . . . 55 \Mapsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \mapsto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 \mapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 \Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \mapstochar () . . . . . . . . . . . 56
\lwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \lWavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\lwavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \lz (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 M ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8 9
\M . . . . . . . \M () . . . . \m . . . . . . . \m ( ) . . . . \ma ) . . . ( \macron (a) macron () a
magical signs . majuscules . . \makeatletter \makeatother \MALE ( ) . . .
\Maggie () . . . . . . . . .
... ... .. ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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106 107 . 57 117 117 . 82
. . . . . . . . . 106 \markera (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \markerb (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 married . . . . . see \textmarried \Mars (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \mars () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \MartinVogel () . . . . . . . . 101
\Marge ()
154
marvosym (package) 20, 72, 74, 79, 80, 82, 84, 100, 101, 111 masonic cipher . . . . . . . . . . 108 \mate (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 material biconditional . . . . . . . . . see \leftrightarrow and \equiv material conditional . . . . . . . see \rightarrow and \supset material equivalence . . . . . . . . . . see \leftrightarrow and \equiv material implication . . . . . . . see \rightarrow and \supset material nonimplication . . . . see \nrightarrow and \nsupset math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . 76 mathabx (package) . . . 23, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 41, 42, 44, 46, 49, 56, 5962, 65, 67, 72, 73, 79, 103, 110, 111, 130, 131, 134 \mathaccent . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 \mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 mathbbol (package) . . . . . . . . 76 \mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 \mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 \mathbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 mathcal (euscript package option) . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathcent () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \mathchoice . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 \mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 mathcomp (package) . . . . . . . 72 mathdesign (package) . 20, 27, 33, 60, 63, 75, 130 \mathdollar ($) . . . . . . . . . . 23 mathdots (package) . . 65, 70, 71, 117, 130, 131 \mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathellipsis (. . .) . . . . . . . 23 mathematical symbols . . . 2377 \mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 \mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 \mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 \mathpalette . . . . . . . 116, 117 \mathparagraph () . . . . . . . 23 \mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 \mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathrel . . . . . . . . . . 113, 123 \mathring () . . . . . . . . . 65, 66 \mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 mathrsfs (package) . . . . . 76, 130
mathscr (euscript package option) . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \mathsection () . . . . . . . . . 23 \mathsterling () . . . . . . . . . 59 \mathsterling () . . . . . . . . 23 mathtools (package) 23, 39, 67, 69, 130, 131 \mathunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . 23 \max (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Maxwell-Stefan diusion coecient . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \DH \maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \Mb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \mb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Mbb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \mBb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \mbB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \mbb ( (package) . . . . . 76, 130 mbboard \mbbx ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 . \mbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 117 \measuredangle (b) . . . . . . . 73 \measuredangle ( ) . . . . . . . 73 \measuredangle ( ) . . . . . . . 74 mechanical scaling . . . . 120, 122 \medbackslash ( ) . . . . . 26, 27 \medbullet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \medcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \medcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \meddiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \medlozenge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88 \medslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \medsquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \medstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \medstarofdavid ( ) . . . . . . 88 \medtriangledown ( ) . . 28, 47 \medtriangleleft ( ) . . 28, 47 \medtriangleright ( ) . . 28, 47 \medtriangleup ( ) . . . . 28, 47 \medvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27 \medvertdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 26 membership . . . . . . . . . see \in \Mercury (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Mercury () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \mercury ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \merge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 METAFONT . . . . . . . 77, 119123 METAFONTbook symbols . . . 100 metre (package) 18, 65, 105, 130, 131 metre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 metrical symbols . . . . . 105, 106 \mho ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 micro . . . . . . . . . . . see \textmu \micro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Microsoft Windows . . . . 126
\mid (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 63 \middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \midtilde ({) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 MIL-STD-806 . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 millesimal sign . . . . . . . . . . see \textperthousand milstd (package) . . . . . . . 81, 130 \min (min) . . . . . . . . . . 56, 123 minim . . . . . see musical symbols minus . . . . . . . . see \textminus \minus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \minuscolon (:) . . . . . . . . . 41 \minuscoloncolon (::) . . . . . 41 \minusdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \minushookdown () . . . . . . . 74 \minushookup ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \minuso ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25, 115 minutes, angular . . . see \prime miscellaneous symbols 7375, 90, 98109 Missing $ inserted . . . . . 23 \Mmappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . . 55 \mmappedfromchar ( ) . . . . . . . 55 \Mmapstochar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 \mmapstochar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 MnSymbol (package) . . . . . . 23, 2628, 32, 33, 3638, 42, 45, 47, 5055, 58, 59, 62, 6567, 71, 74, 88, 130, 131 \Mobilefone (H) . . . . . . . . . . 82 \mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \models (|=) . . . . . . . . . 34, 113 \models ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 moduli space see alphabets, math monetary symbols . . . 20, 21, 76 monus . . . . . . . . . . . see \dotdiv \moo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \Moon (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Moon () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \MoonPha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 \morepawns (S) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \moreroom (U) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \Mountain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 102 mouse . . . . . see \ComputerMouse \MoveDown () . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \moverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 \MoveUp () . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \mp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \mp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \mu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \multimap ( ) . . . . . . . . 34, 35 \multimap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \multimapboth ( ) . . . . . . . 35 \multimapbothvert ( ) . . . . . 35 \multimapdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \multimapdotboth ( ) . . . . . 35 \multimapdotbothA ( ) . . . . 35 \multimapdotbothAvert ( ) . . 35 \multimapdotbothB ( ) . . . . 35
155
\multimapdotbothBvert ( ) . . 35 \multimapdotbothvert ( ) . . . 35 \multimapdotinv ( ) . . . . . . 35 \multimapinv ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 multiple accents per character 118 multiplicative disjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . see \bindnasrepma, \invamp, and \parr \Mundus (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Museum of Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft . . . . . . . . . 108 musical symbols 22, 73, 74, 98, 99 musixtex (package) . . . . . . . . . 99 \muup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \MVAt (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \MVEight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVFive (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVFour (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVNine (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVOne (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVRightarrow (:) . . . . . . . 101 \MVSeven (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVSix (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVThree (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVTwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \MVZero (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 N ... ... ... ...
\nabla ( ) . \nabla () . \NAK ( ) . . . NAND gates
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73 74 81 81
\NANDd () . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \NANDl () \NANDr () . . . . . . . . . . 81 . . . . . . . . . . 81
\NANDu () . . . . . \napprox (') . . . . . . \napprox ( ) . . . . . . . \napproxeq ( ) . . . . . \napproxeq ( ) . . . . . \nasymp ( ) . . . . . . . \nasymp ( ) . . . . . . . . nath (package) . . . . . \NATURAL ( ) . . . . . . . \Natural ( ) . . . . . . . \natural ( ) . . . . . . . \natural ( ) . . . . . . . natural numbers (N) . alphabets, math navigation symbols . . \nbackapprox ( ) . . . \nbackapproxeq ( ) . .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60, ... ... ... ... ...
. . . 81 . . . 36 . . . 38 . . . 35 . . . 38 . . . 35 . . . 55 64, 130 . . . 56 . . . 56 73, 98 . . . 74 . . see
\nbackcong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nbackeqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nbacksim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nbacksim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nbacksimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nbacksimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nbacktriplesim ( ) . . . . . . \NBSP ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \nBumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nBumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nbumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nbumpeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncirceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncirclearrowleft ( ) . . . \ncirclearrowright ( ) . . \nclosedequal ( ) . . . . . . . \ncong ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqprec () . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqprec ( ) . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqsucc () . . . . . . . \ncurlyeqsucc ( ) . . . . . . . \ncurvearrowdownup ( ) . . . \ncurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowleftright ( ) \ncurvearrownesw ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrownwse ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowright ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowrightleft ( ) \ncurvearrowsenw ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowswne ( ) . . . . \ncurvearrowupdown ( ) . . . \ndasharrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ndasheddownarrow ( ) . . . . \ndashedleftarrow ( ) . . . . \ndashednearrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashednwarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashedrightarrow ( ) . . . \ndashedsearrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashedswarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndasheduparrow ( ) . . . . . . \ndashleftarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndashrightarrow ( ) . . . . \nDashV (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . \nDashv (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashV (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashv (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ndashVv (G) . . . . . . . . . . . \nddtstile ( ) . \ndiagdown ( ) . \ndiagup ( ) . . . \ndivides ( ) . . . \nDoteq ( ) . . . . . \ndoteq ( ) . . . . . \ndoublefrown ( ) \ndoublefrowneq ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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38 38 35 38 35 38 38 81 35 38 35 38 38 53 53 38 36 34 38 36 38 36 38 51 53 51 51 51 53 51 51 51 51 53 51 51 51 51 51 51 52 52 53 53 36 36 36 36 38 36 40 38 38 38 38 38 55 55
\ndoublesmile ( ) . . . \ndoublesmileeq ( ) . . \nDownarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndownarrow ( ) . . . . . \ndownarrowtail ( ) . . \ndowndownarrows ( ) . \ndownfilledspoon ( ) \ndownfootline ( ) . . . \ndownfree ( ) . . . . . . \ndownharpoonccw ( ) . \ndownharpooncw ( ) . . \ndownlsquigarrow ( ) \ndownmapsto ( ) . . . . \ndownModels ( ) . . . . \ndownmodels ( ) . . . . \ndownpitchfork ( ) . \ndownrsquigarrow ( ) \ndownspoon ( ) . . . . . \ndownuparrows ( ) . . \ndownupharpoons ( ) . \ndownVdash ( ) . . . . . \ndownvdash ( ) . . . . . \ndststile (
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55 55 52 52 52 52 54 38 38 53 53 52 52 38 38 54 52 54 52 53 38 38
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 40 \ndttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 \ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq \ne () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \Nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \Nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \nearrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 47, 117 \nearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \nearrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \nefilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . 54 \nefootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \nefree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \neg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \neg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 negation . . . . see \neg and \sim \neharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . . 53 \neharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53 \nelsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \nemapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \neModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \nemodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \nenearrows ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \nepitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54 \Neptune (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Neptune () . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \neptune ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \neq ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \neq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \neq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \neqbump ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \neqcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \neqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \neqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
. . . . . 100 . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . 38
156
\neqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . \neqslantgtr () . . . \neqslantgtr ( ) . . . \neqslantless () . . \neqslantless ( ) . . \neqsmile ( ) . . . . . . \nequal () . . . . . . . . \nequalclosed ( ) . . \nequiv ( ) . . . . . . . \nequiv ( ) . . . . . . . . \nequivclosed ( ) . . \nersquigarrow ( ) . \nespoon ( ) . . . . . . \Neswarrow ( ) . . . . \neswarrow ( ) . . . . \neswarrow ( ) . . . . \neswarrows ( ) . . . \neswbipropto ( ) . . \neswcrossing ( ) . . \neswharpoonnwse ( ) \neswharpoons ( ) . . \neswharpoonsenw ( ) \Neswline ( ) . . . . . \neswline ( ) . . . . . \Neutral ({) . . . . . . \neVdash ( ) . . . . . . \nevdash ( ) . . . . . . \newextarrow . . . . . . \newmetrics . . . . . . . \newmoon (x) . . . . . . \newmoon ( ) . . . . . . \newtie (a) . . . . . . . . \nexists (i) . . . . . . . \nexists ( ) . . . . . . . \nexists ( ) . . . . . . . \nfallingdotseq ( ) . \nfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . \nfrowneq ( ) . . . . . . \nfrowneqsmile ( ) . . \nfrownsmile ( ) . . . \nfrownsmileeq ( ) . . \NG () . . . . . . . . . . . \ng () . . . . . . . . . . . \ngeq () . . . . . . . . . \ngeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngeqclosed ( ) . . . . \ngeqdot ( ) . . . . . . . \ngeqq () . . . . . . . . \ngeqq ( ) . . . . . . . . \ngeqq ( ) . . . . . . . . \ngeqslant ( ) . . . . \ngeqslant ( ) . . . . . \ngeqslantdot ( ) . . \ngets ( ) . . . . . . . . \ngg ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ngg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nggg ( ) . . . . . . . .
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. . 38 . . 44 . . 45 . . 44 . . 45 . . 55 . . 38 . . 38 . . 35 . . 38 . . 38 . . 50 . . 54 . . 50 . 117 . . 50 . . 50 . . 27 . . 38 . . 53 . . 53 . . 53 . . 37 . . 37 . . 82 . . 37 . . 37 . . 70 . 106 . . 79 . . 79 . . 16 . . 59 . . 59 . . 59 . . 38 . . 55 . . 55 . . 55 . . 55 . . 55 . . 11 . . 11 . . 44 43, 44 . . . 45 45, 47 . . . 45 . . . 44 . . . 43 . . . 45 . . . 43 . . . 45 . . . 45 . . . 53 . . . 43 . . . 45 . . . 45
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\ngtr () . . . . . \ngtr ( ) . . . . . \ngtr ( ) . . . . . \ngtrapprox () \ngtrapprox ( ) \ngtrclosed ( ) \ngtrdot ( ) . . .
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44 43 45 44 43 47 45
\ngtreqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 45 \ngtreqlessslant ( ) . . . . . . 45 \ngtreqqless ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45 \ngtrless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \ngtrless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \ngtrsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \ngtrsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \nhateq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 53 \nhookrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 53 \ni ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 115 \ni () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \nialpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \nibar . . . . . . . . . see \ownsbar \nibeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \NibLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 \NibRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 85 nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 \NibSolidLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 85 \NibSolidRight ( ) . . . . . . . 85 nicefrac (package) . . 74, 130, 132 \nichi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \niepsilon ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \nigamma (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \niiota (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \nilambda (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \nin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \niomega (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \niphi (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \niplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \nisigma (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \nitheta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \niupsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \niv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \nj (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \nlcirclearrowdown ( ) . . . 52 \nlcirclearrowleft ( ) . . . 52 \nlcirclearrowright ( ) . . 52 \nlcirclearrowup ( ) . . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrowright ( ) . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nlcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . 52 \nleadsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 53 \nLeftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49
0 )
2 1
\nLeftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48 \nLeftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 52 \nleftarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49 \nleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48 \nleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 52 \nleftarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nleftfilledspoon ( ) . . . . 54 \nleftfootline ( ) . . . . . . . 38 \nleftfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nleftharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . 53 \nleftharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . 53 \nleftleftarrows ( ) . . . . . 52 \nleftlsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \nleftmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . 52 \nleftModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \nleftmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \nleftpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . 54 \nLeftrightarrow () . . . . . 49 \nLeftrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 48 \nLeftrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \nleftrightarrow () . . . . . 49 \nleftrightarrow ( ) . . 23, 48 \nleftrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \nleftrightarrows ( ) . . . . . 52 \nleftrightharpoondownup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53 \nleftrightharpoons ( ) . . . 53 \nleftrightharpoonupdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53 \nLeftrightline ( ) . . . . . . 38 \nleftrightline ( ) . . . . . . 38 \nleftrightsquigarrow ( ) . 53 \nleftrsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \nleftspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54 \nleftVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nleftvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \nleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 44 \nleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nleqclosed ( ) . . . . . . . 45, 47 \nleqdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nleqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \nleqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \nleqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nleqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 43 \nleqslant ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nleqslantdot ( ) . . . . . . . . 45 \nless () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \nless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 \nless ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nlessapprox () . . . . . . . . . 44 \nlessapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 43 \nlessclosed ( ) . . . . . . 45, 47 \nlessdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nlesseqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 45 \nlesseqgtrslant ( ) . . . . . . 45 \nlesseqqgtr ( ) . . . . . . . . . 45
157
\nlessgtr ( ) . . . . . . . \nlessgtr ( ) . . . . . . . \nlesssim () . . . . . . \nlesssim ( ) . . . . . . . \nlhookdownarrow ( ) . \nlhookleftarrow ( ) \nlhooknearrow ( ) . . \nlhooknwarrow ( ) . . \nlhookrightarrow ( ) \nlhooksearrow ( ) . . \nlhookswarrow ( ) . . \nlhookuparrow ( ) . . . \nll ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nll ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nLleftarrow ( ) . . . . \nlll ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . \nmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \nmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \nmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . \nmultimap ( ) . . . . . \nndtstile ( ) . . . . . \nNearrow ( ) . . . . . . \nnearrow ( ) . . . . . . . \nnearrow ( ) . . . . . . \nnearrowtail ( ) . . . \nnefilledspoon ( ) . \nnefootline ( ) . . . . \nnefree ( ) . . . . . . . \nneharpoonccw ( ) . . \nneharpooncw ( ) . . . \nnelsquigarrow ( ) . \nnemapsto ( ) . . . . . \nneModels ( ) . . . . . \nnemodels ( ) . . . . . \nnenearrows ( ) . . . \nnepitchfork ( ) . . . \nnersquigarrow ( ) . \nnespoon ( ) . . . . . . \nNeswarrow ( ) . . . . \nneswarrow ( ) . . . . \nneswarrows ( ) . . . \nneswharpoonnwse ( ) \nneswharpoons ( ) . . \nneswharpoonsenw ( ) \nNeswline ( ) . . . . . \nneswline ( ) . . . . . \nneVdash ( ) . . . . . . \nnevdash ( ) . . . . . . \nnststile (
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43 45 44 43 52 52 52 51 51 51 51 51 43 45 51 45 53 34 38 38 54 40 51 48 51 51 54 38 38 53 53 51 51 38 38 51 54 51 54 51 52 52 53 53 53 38 38 38 38
\nnwfootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \nnwfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nnwharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . 53 \nnwharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . 53 \nnwlsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nnwmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 52 \nnwModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nnwmodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nnwnwarrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 52 \nnwpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . 54 \nnwrsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nNwsearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 52 \nnwsearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 52 \nnwsearrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 52 \nnwseharpoonnesw ( ) . . . . 53 \nnwseharpoons ( ) . . . . . . . 53 \nnwseharpoonswne ( ) . . . . 53 \nNwseline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nnwseline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nnwspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \nnwVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nnwvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38 no entry . . . . . . . . . see \noway \NoBleech () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \NoChemicalCleaning () . . 100 nointegrals (wasysym package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \NoIroning () . . . . . . . . . 100 non-commutative division . . . 70 nonbreaking space . . . . . . . . . 81 NOR gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \NORd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \NORl () . . . . . . . . . . . 81 norm . . see \lVert and \rVert \NORr () . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \NORu () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \NoSun ( ) . . . . . . not . . . . . . . . . . . . \not . . . . . . . . . . . not equal (= vs. =) \notasymp (0) . . . \notbackslash () \ \notbot (w) . . . . . \notdivides (1) . . \notequiv (%) . . . \notin () . . . . . . \notin ( ) . . . . . . \notin () . . . . . . \notin () . . . . . . . \notni ( ) . . . . . . \notowner () . . . .
) . . . . . . . . . . 40 .. .. .. .. .. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 52 48 52 52 54
\nntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \nnttstile ( ) . . \nNwarrow ( ) . . . \nnwarrow ( ) . . . . \nnwarrow ( ) . . . \nnwarrowtail ( ) \nnwfilledspoon (
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 101 see \neg . 36, 115 . . . . . 36 . . . . . 36 . . . . . 80 . . . . . 59 . . . . . 36 . . . . . 36 . . . . . 59 . . . . . 59 . . . . . 60 . . . . . 59 . . . . . 59 . . . . . 59
\notowns . . . see \notowner and \notni \notperp (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \notslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 80 / \notsmallin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 60 \notsmallowns ( ) . . . . . . . . . 60 \nottop (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \NoTumbler () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \novelty (N) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \noway ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \nowns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \nparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \nparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nparallelslant ( ) . . . . . . 41 \nperp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \npitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54 \nplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \nprec () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \nprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \nprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nprecapprox () . . . . . . . . . 36 \nprecapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \nprecapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \npreccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . 36 \npreccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 35 \npreccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . 38 \npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \npreceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \npreceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \npreceqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \nprecsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \nprecsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \nprecsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nrcirclearrowdown ( ) . . . 52 \nrcirclearrowleft ( ) . . . 52 \nrcirclearrowright ( ) . . 52 \nrcirclearrowup ( ) . . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrowright ( ) . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nrcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . 52 \nRelbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nrelbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nrestriction ( ) . . . . . . . . 53 \nrhookdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nrhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \nrhooknearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 52 \nrhooknwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 52 \nrhookrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \nrhooksearrow ( ) . . . . . . . 52 \nrhookswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 52 \nrhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 52 \nRightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49 \nRightarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 48
158
\nRightarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nrightarrow () . . . . . . \nrightarrow ( ) . . . . . \nrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nrightarrowtail ( ) . . \nrightfilledspoon ( ) \nrightfootline ( ) . . . \nrightfree ( ) . . . . . . . \nrightharpoonccw ( ) . . \nrightharpooncw ( ) . . \nrightleftarrows ( ) . . \nrightleftharpoons ( ) \nrightlsquigarrow ( ) . \nrightmapsto ( ) . . . . . \nrightModels ( ) . . . . . \nrightmodels ( ) . . . . . \nrightpitchfork ( ) . . \nrightrightarrows ( ) . \nrightrsquigarrow ( ) . \nrightspoon ( ) . . . . . . \nrightsquigarrow ( ) . . \nrightVdash ( ) . . . . . . \nrightvdash ( ) . . . . . . \nrisingdotseq ( ) . . . . . \nRrightarrow ( ) . . . . . \nsdtstile ( ) . . . . \nSearrow ( ) . . . . . \nsearrow ( ) . . . . . \nsearrowtail ( ) . . \nsefilledspoon ( ) \nsefootline ( ) . . . \nsefree ( ) . . . . . . \nseharpoonccw ( ) . \nseharpooncw ( ) . . \nselsquigarrow ( ) \nsemapsto ( ) . . . . \nseModels ( ) . . . . \nsemodels ( ) . . . . \nsenwarrows ( ) . . \nsenwharpoons ( ) . \nsepitchfork ( ) . . \nsersquigarrow ( ) \nsesearrows ( ) . . \nsespoon ( ) . . . . . \nseVdash ( ) . . . . . \nsevdash ( ) . . . . . \nshortmid ( ) . . . . . \nshortmid ( ) . . . . . \nshortparallel ( ) . \nshortparallel ( ) . \nsim (&) . . . . . . . . . \nsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nsimeq (() . . . . . . . \nsimeq ( ) . . . . . . . \nsimeq ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52 49 48 52 52 54 38 38 53 53 51 53 51 51 38 38 54 51 51 54 53 38 38 38 51 39 51 51 51 54 38 38 53 53 51 51 38 38 51 53 54 51 51 54 38 38 34 38 34 38 36 34 38 36 35 38 55 55
\nsmileeqfrown ( ) . . . . . \nsmilefrown ( ) . . . . . . \nsmilefrowneq ( ) . . . . . \nsqdoublefrown ( ) . . . . \nsqdoublefrowneq ( ) . . \nsqdoublesmile ( ) . . . . \nsqdoublesmileeq ( ) . . \nsqeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqeqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nsqfrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqfrowneqsmile ( ) . . . \nsqfrownsmile ( ) . . . . . \nsqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . \nsqsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . \nsqsmileeqfrown ( ) . . . \nsqsmilefrown ( ) . . . . . \nSqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqSubset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsubset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsubseteq () . . . . . . \nsqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsubseteqq () . . . . . \nsqsubseteqq ( ) . . . . . \nSqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqSupset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsupset () . . . . . . . . \nsqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsqsupseteq () . . . . . . \nsqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . \nsqsupseteqq () . . . . . \nsqsupseteqq ( ) . . . . . \nsqtriplefrown ( ) . . . . \nsqtriplesmile ( ) . . . . \nsquigarrowdownup ( ) \nsquigarrowleftright ( \nsquigarrownesw ( ) . . \nsquigarrownwse ( ) . . . \nsquigarrowrightleft ( \nsquigarrowsenw ( ) . . \nsquigarrowswne ( ) . . \nsquigarrowupdown ( ) . \nsststile (
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ) .. .. ) .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 42 42 42 41 42 42 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 41 42 42 41 42 42 42 55 55 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52
) . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 42 41 42 42 42 42 41 42
\nststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \nsttstile ( ) \nSubset () . . \nSubset ( ) . . . \nSubset ( ) . . . \nsubset () . . \nsubset () . . . \nsubseteq () . \nsubseteq ( ) \nsubseteq ( ) .
\nsubseteqq () . . . . \nsubseteqq ( ) . . . . \nsubseteqq ( ) . . . . \nsucc () . . . . . . . . \nsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . \nsuccapprox () . . . \nsuccapprox ( ) . . . \nsuccapprox ( ) . . . \nsucccurlyeq () . . \nsucccurlyeq ( ) . . \nsucccurlyeq ( ) . . \nsucceq () . . . . . . \nsucceq ( ) . . . . . . \nsucceq ( ) . . . . . . . \nsucceqq ( ) . . . . . . \nsuccsim () . . . . . \nsuccsim ( ) . . . . . . \nsuccsim ( ) . . . . . . \nSupset () . . . . . . \nSupset ( ) . . . . . . . \nSupset ( ) . . . . . . . \nsupset () . . . . . . \nsupset ( ) . . . . . . . \nsupseteq () . . . . . \nsupseteq ( ) . . . . \nsupseteq ( ) . . . . . \nsupseteqq () . . . . \nsupseteqq ( ) . . . . \nsupseteqq ( ) . . . . \nSwarrow ( ) . . . . . \nswarrow ( ) . . . . . \nswarrowtail ( ) . . \nswfilledspoon ( ) \nswfootline ( ) . . . \nswfree ( ) . . . . . . \nswharpoonccw ( ) . \nswharpooncw ( ) . . \nswlsquigarrow ( ) \nswmapsto ( ) . . . . \nswModels ( ) . . . . \nswmodels ( ) . . . . \nswnearrows ( ) . . \nswneharpoons ( ) . \nswpitchfork ( ) . . \nswrsquigarrow ( ) \nswspoon ( ) . . . . . \nswswarrows ( ) . . \nswVdash ( ) . . . . . \nswvdash ( ) . . . . . \ntdtstile ( ntheorem (package) . \nthickapprox ( ) . \nto ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ntriangleeq ( ) . . \ntriangleleft () \ntriangleleft ( ) \ntriangleleft ( ) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42 41 42 36 34 38 36 35 38 36 35 38 36 34 38 35 36 35 38 42 41 42 42 42 42 41 42 42 41 42 52 52 52 54 38 38 53 53 52 52 38 38 52 53 54 52 54 52 38 38 73 35 53 47 46 46 47
) . . . . . . . . . . 39 .. .. .. .. .. .. 45,
159
\ntrianglelefteq () . . . . . \ntrianglelefteq ( ) . . . . . \ntrianglelefteq ( ) . . . 45, \ntrianglelefteqslant ( ) . \ntriangleright () . . . . . . \ntriangleright ( ) . . . . . . \ntriangleright ( ) . . . . 45, \ntrianglerighteq () . . . . . \ntrianglerighteq ( ) . . . . \ntrianglerighteq ( ) . . 45, \ntrianglerighteqslant ( ) \ntriplefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . \ntriplesim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \ntriplesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . \ntststile (
46 46 47 46 46 46 47 46 46 47 46 55 38 55
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\nttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 \ntttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 \ntwoheaddownarrow ( ) . . . . 52 \ntwoheadleftarrow ( ) . . . . 35 \ntwoheadleftarrow ( ) . . . 52 \ntwoheadnearrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \ntwoheadnwarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \ntwoheadrightarrow ( ) . . . 35 \ntwoheadrightarrow ( ) . . . 52 \ntwoheadsearrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \ntwoheadswarrow ( ) . . . . . 52 \ntwoheaduparrow ( ) . . . . . . 52 \nu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 nuclear power plant . . see \SNPP \NUL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 null innity . see alphabets, math null set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 74 number sets see alphabets, math number sign . . see \textnumero numbers . . . . . . . . . . . see digits circled . . . . . . . . . . 87, 105 numerals Linear B . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 old style . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \NumLock ( Num ) . . . . . . . . . 80 \nUparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \nuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 \nuparrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . 52 \nUpdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 52 \nupdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 52 \nupdownarrows ( ) . . . . . . . 52 \nupdownharpoonleftright ( ) 53 \nupdownharpoonrightleft ( ) 53 \nupdownharpoons ( ) . . . . . . 53 \nUpdownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \nupdownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \nupfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . 54 \nupfootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \nupfree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \nupharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . . 53 \nupharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
\nuplsquigarrow ( ) . \nupmapsto ( ) . . . . . \nupModels ( ) . . . . \nupmodels ( ) . . . . . \nuppitchfork ( ) . . \nuprsquigarrow ( ) . \nupspoon ( ) . . . . . . \nupuparrows ( ) . . . \nupVdash ( ) . . . . . \nupvdash ( ) . . . . . . \nuup () . . . . . . . . . \nvargeq () . . . . . . \nvarleq () . . . . . . \nvarparallel ( ) . . \nvarparallelinv ( ) \nVDash (B) . . . . . . . \nVDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVdash (F) . . . . . . . \nVdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvDash (B) . . . . . . . \nvDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvDash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvdash (8) . . . . . . . \nvdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nvdash ( ) . . . . . . . \nVvash (F) . . . . . . . \Nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \Nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nwarrow () . . . . . . \nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nwarrow ( ) . . . . . . \nwarrowtail ( ) . . . \nwfilledspoon ( ) . \nwfootline ( ) . . . . \nwfree ( ) . . . . . . . \nwharpoonccw ( ) . . \nwharpooncw ( ) . . . \nwlsquigarrow ( ) . \nwmapsto ( ) . . . . . \nwModels ( ) . . . . . \nwmodels ( ) . . . . . \nwnwarrows ( ) . . . \nwpitchfork ( ) . . . \nwrsquigarrow ( ) . \Nwsearrow ( ) . . . . \nwsearrow ( ) . . . . \nwsearrow ( ) . . . . \nwsearrows ( ) . . . \nwsebipropto ( ) . . \nwsecrossing ( ) . . \nwseharpoonnesw ( ) \nwseharpoons ( ) . . \nwseharpoonswne ( ) \Nwseline ( ) . . . . . \nwseline ( ) . . . . . \nwspoon ( ) . . . . . . \nwVdash ( ) . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 52 . . . 52 . . . 38 . . . 38 . . . 54 . . . 52 . . . 54 . . . 52 . . . 38 . . . 38 . . . 57 . . . 44 . . . 44 . . . 35 . . . 35 . . . 36 . . . 34 . . . 38 . . . 36 . . . 35 . . . 38 . . . 36 . . . 34 . . . 38 . . . 36 . . . 34 . . . 38 . . . 36 . . . 49 . . . 50 . . . 49 47, 117 . . . 50 . . . 50 . . . 54 . . . 36 . . . 36 . . . 53 . . . 53 . . . 50 . . . 50 . . . 36 . . . 36 . . . 50 . . . 54 . . . 50 . . . 50 . . 117 . . . 50 . . . 50 . . . 27 . . . 36 . . . 53 . . . 53 . . . 53 . . . 37 . . . 36 . . . 54 . . . 37
\nwvdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 O \O () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \o () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 o (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \oast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \oasterisk (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \obackslash (n) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \obackslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 28 \obar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \Obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \obelus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Obelus* ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \obelus* ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \oblong ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \obot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \obslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \oc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \ocirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \ocirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \ocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \ocoasterisk (g) . . . . . . . . . 28 \octagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 octonions (O) see alphabets, math \Octosteel () . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \od (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \odiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \odot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \odot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \odot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \odplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \OE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 128 \oe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 128 \officialeuro (e) . . . . . . . . 21 \offinterlineskip . . . . . . . 114 ogonek (package) . . . 19, 130, 132 ogonek ( ) . . . . . . . see accents \ogreaterthan ( ) . . . . . . . . 25 { \ohill (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ohm . . . . . . . . . . . see \textohm \ohm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Ohne (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 / \OHORN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \ohorn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 \oiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \oiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \oiiintclockwise ( ) . . . . . 31 \oiiintctrclockwise ( ) . . 31 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 31 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . \oiintclockwise ( ) \oiintctrclockwise ( \oint ( ) . . . . . . . . .
... ... ) ...
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
33 31 31 30
160
\oint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \oint ( ) . . . . . . . \ointclockwise ( ) \ointclockwise ( ) \ointclockwise ( ) .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 31 32 33 \ORu () . . . . \oslash (m) . . . . \oslash ( ) . . . . \oslash ( ) . . . . \ostar ( ) . . . . . \otimes () . . . . \otimes () . . . . \otimes () . . . . \otop (j) . . . . . . \otriangle ( ) . . \otriangleup (o) ovals . . . . . . . . . . \ovee ( ) . . . . . . \overarc (a) . . . .
hk ik j k k
\ointctrclockwise ( ) . . . . . 31 \ointctrclockwise ( ) . . . . . 32 \ointctrclockwise ( ) . . . . . 33 old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \oleft (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \olessthan ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \Omega () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \omega () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \omegaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \ominus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \ominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \ominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \onlymove (F) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \oo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \oo (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \ooalign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 \open (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 open unit disk (D) see alphabets, math \openJoin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \openo (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \openo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \openo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \opentimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35 operators binary . . . . . . . . . . . 2428 logical . see logical operators set . . . . . . see set operators unary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \oplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \oplus () . . . . . . . 23, 24, 113 \oplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \opposbishops (o) . . . . . . . 104 \opposition ( ) . . . . . . . . . 79 optical scaling . . . . . . . . . . . 120 options . . . . see package options or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee OR gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \ORd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \oright (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \ORl () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \OrnamentDiamondSolid ( ) . 90 ornaments . . . . . . . . . 87, 88, 90 \ORr () . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 orthogonal to . . . . . . . see \bot
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28, ... ... ... ...
. . . . . . . . .
81 28 24 28 28 28 24 28 28 47 28 89 25 19
\overbrace ( \overbrace (
) . . . . . . . . 67 ) . . . . . . . . . 67
\overbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \overbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . 66 \overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . 67 \overbracket ) . . . . 118, 119 ( \overbridge (a) . . . . . . . . . . 18

hk k j k
\overgroup (
) . . . . . . . . . 67 . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 23, ... 67 66 54 54 67 67 66 67
\overgroup ( ) . . . . . . . \overleftarrow () . . . . \overleftharp ( ) . . . . . \overleftharpdown ( ) . . \overleftharpoon ( ) . . \overleftrightarrow ( ) \overline ( ) . . . . . . . . . \overlinesegment ( ) . . \overparenthesis ( ) \Overrightarrow (= ) . overrightarrow (package) \overrightarrow ( ) . \overrightharp ( ) . . . \overrightharpdown ( ) \overrightharpoon ( ) \overring (x) . . . . . . \overset . . . . . . . . . . \overt ( ) . . . . . . . . . \ovoid (l) . . . . . . . . . \owedge ( ) . . . . . . . . \owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . \owns () . . . . . . . . . . \owns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \owns () . . . . . . . . . . \ownsbar () . . . . . . . . P \P () . . . . . . . . \p ( ) . . . . . . . . \p@ . . . . . . . . . . package options a (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118, 119 . . . . 66 66, 130 . . . . 66 . . . . 54 . . . . 54 . . . . 67 . . . . 20 . . . 114 . . . . 28 . . . . 28 . . . . 25 see \ni . . . . 59 . . . . 60 . . . . 59 . . . . 59
. . . . . . 10, 127 . . . . . . . . . 105 . . . . . . . . . 117 . . . . . . . . . . 68
b (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 bbgreekl (mathbbol) . . . . 76 c (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 crescent (fge) . . . . . . . . . 65 d (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 e (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 f (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 g (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 german (keystroke) . . . . . 80 greek (babel) . . . . . . 57, 97 h (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 integrals (wasysym) . . . . . 29 mathcal (euscript) . . . . . . 76 mathscr (euscript) . . . . . . 76 nointegrals (wasysym) . . . 29 polutonikogreek (babel) . . 57 sans (dsfont) . . . . . . . . . . 76 utf8x (inputenc) . . . . . . 128 varg (txfonts/pxfonts) . . . 58 packages longdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 accents . . . 65, 118, 130, 132 amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 amsfonts 24, 34, 41, 47, 73, 76 amsmath 9, 56, 65, 114, 123 amssymb 9, 24, 34, 41, 47, 65, 73, 76, 97, 130, 134 amstext . . . . . . . . 115, 117 ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 130 arcs . . . . . . . . . 19, 130, 131 arev . . . . . . 75, 98, 130, 131 ascii . . . . . 81, 125, 130, 131 babel . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 97 bbding . . 8487, 89, 90, 111, 130, 131 bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 130 bbold . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 130 bm . . . . . . . . 124, 130, 132 braket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 calligra . . . . . . . 76, 130, 132 calrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 cclicenses . . . . . 21, 130, 131 centernot . . . . . . . . . . . 115 chancery . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 chemarr . . . . . . 69, 130, 131 chemarrow . . . . 54, 69, 130 china2e . 21, 56, 76, 77, 108, 109, 130, 132 clock . . . . . . . 102, 130, 131 cmll . . . . 23, 27, 33, 40, 130 colonequals . 23, 41, 130, 131 combelow . . . . . 19, 130, 132 cypriot . . . . . . . 96, 130, 132 dblaccnt . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 dictsym . . . . . 106, 130, 131 dingbat 85, 90, 111, 130, 131 DotArrow . . . . . 70, 130, 132 dozenal . . . . . . . . . 72, 130
161
dsfont . . . . . . . . . . 76, 130 epsdice . . . . . . 103, 130, 131 esint . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 130 esvect . . . . . . . . . . 68, 130 eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 eurosym . . . . . . 21, 130, 131 euscript . . . . . . . . . 76, 130 extarrows . . . . . 69, 130, 131 extpfeil . . . . . . . 70, 130, 131 extraipa . . . . . . . . . 18, 130 fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16 fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 feyn . . . . . . . . . 83, 130, 131 fge . . 54, 60, 65, 72, 75, 130, 131 xmath . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 fontenc . . . . . 9, 11, 16, 126 fontspec . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 fourier 21, 41, 58, 60, 64, 68, 85, 88, 101, 130 gensymb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 graphics . . . . . . . . . 54, 113 graphicx . . . . . . 19, 110, 113 harmony . . . . . . 99, 130, 131 harpoon . . . . . . 54, 130, 132 hhcount . . . . . 103, 130, 132 hieroglf . . . . . . 92, 130, 131 holtpolt . . . . . . . . . 70, 130 ifsym . 78, 89, 101, 102, 111, 113, 130, 131 igo . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 130 inputenc . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 isoent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 junicode . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 keystroke . . . . . 80, 130, 131 latexsym . 24, 34, 41, 47, 73, 110, 130 linearA . . . . . . . 92, 130, 131 linearb . . . . 95, 96, 130, 131 manfnt . . . . . . . 99, 100, 130 marvosym 20, 72, 74, 79, 80, 82, 84, 100, 101, 111 mathabx . . . . . . . 23, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 41, 42, 44, 46, 49, 56, 5962, 65, 67, 72, 73, 79, 103, 110, 111, 130, 131, 134 mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . . 72 mathdesign 20, 27, 33, 60, 63, 75, 130 mathdots 65, 70, 71, 117, 130, 131 mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . 76, 130 mathtools 23, 39, 67, 69, 130, 131 mbboard . . . . . . . . . 76, 130 metre . 18, 65, 105, 130, 131 milstd . . . . . . . . . . 81, 130
MnSymbol . . 23, 2628, 32, 33, 3638, 42, 45, 47, 5055, 58, 59, 62, 6567, 71, 74, 88, 130, 131 musixtex . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 nath . . . . . . . . . 60, 64, 130 nicefrac . . . . . . 74, 130, 132 ntheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 ogonek . . . . . . . 19, 130, 132 overrightarrow . . . . . 66, 130 phaistos . . . . . . 91, 130, 131 phonetic . . . 15, 18, 113, 130 pict2e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 pifont 12, 8488, 90, 113, 130 pigpen . . . . . . 108, 130, 131 pmboxdraw . . . 107, 130, 131 polynom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 protosem . . . . . 91, 130, 131 psnfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 pxfonts . . . . . . . . . . . 2325, 31, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 49, 55, 5759, 73, 76, 110, 125 recycle . . . . . . . . . 109, 130 rotating . . . . . . . . . . 21, 80 sarabian . . . . . . 97, 130, 132 savesym . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 semtrans . . 15, 19, 130, 131 shue . . . . . . . 27, 130, 131 simplewick . . . . . . . . . . 119 simpsons . . . . . . . 106, 130 skak . . . . . . . . 104, 130, 131 skull . . . . . . . . 103, 130, 131 slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 staves . . . . . . . . . 107, 130 steinmetz . . . . . 79, 130, 132 stmaryrd . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 29, 34, 41, 46, 48, 55, 60, 62, 111, 115, 129, 130 t4phonet . . 15, 19, 130, 131 teubner 21, 72, 97, 106, 130, 131 textcomp 9, 10, 16, 2022, 48, 65, 74, 78, 98, 110, 125, 126, 130 timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 tipa . 12, 13, 1517, 19, 113, 130, 131 tipx . . . . . . . . . 13, 130, 131 trfsigns . . . . . 40, 59, 70, 130 trsym . . . . . . . . 40, 130, 131 turnstile . . . 39, 40, 130, 131 txfonts 2325, 31, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 49, 55, 5759, 73, 76, 110, 112, 125, 130, 131 type1cm . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 ucs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 ulsy . . . . . . 27, 55, 113, 130 underscore . . . . . . . . . . . 10 undertilde . . . . . 68, 130, 131
units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 universa . . 90, 101, 130, 131 universal 84, 86, 90, 101, 130, 131 upgreek . . . . . . 58, 130, 131 upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 ushort . . . . . . . 68, 130, 132 vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 vntex . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 16 wasysym . . . . 14, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 71, 73, 7880, 82, 8688, 98, 111, 130 wsuipa . 14, 18, 20, 111, 113, 118, 130, 131 xfrac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 yfonts . . . . 76, 77, 130, 131 yhmath 66, 68, 71, 117, 130 Pakin, Scott . . . . . . 1, 118, 129 \PaperLandscape ( ) . . . . . 102 \PaperPortrait ( ) . . . . . . 102 par see \bindnasrepma, \invamp, and \parr paragraph mark . . . . . . . . see \P \parallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34, 63 \parallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \ParallelPort () . . . . . . . . 80 \parallelslant ( ) . . . . . . . . 41 \parr (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \partial (f ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \partial () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \partial () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \partialslash (g ) . . . . . . . . 59 \partialvardint ( ) . . . . . 74 \partialvardlanddownint ( ) 74 \partialvardlandupint ( ) . 74 \partialvardlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvardlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvardlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvardlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvardoiint ( ) . . . . 74 \partialvardoint ( ) . . . . . . 74 \partialvardrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvardrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvardrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvardrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvardstrokedint ( ) . 74 \partialvardsumint ( ) . . . . 74 \partialvartint ( ) . . . . . . 74
162
\partialvartlanddownint ( ) 74 \partialvartlandupint ( ) . 74 \partialvartlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvartlcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvartlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvartlcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvartoiint ( ) . . . . 74 \partialvartoint ( ) . . . . . . 74 \partialvartrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvartrcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvartrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \partialvartrcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \partialvartstrokedint ( ) 74 \partialvartsumint ( ) . . . . 74 particle-physics symbols . . . . . 83 parts per thousand . . . . . . . see \textperthousand \partvoice (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \partvoiceless (a) . . . . . . . . 18 \passedpawn (r) . . . . . . . . . 104 pawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 A pdfL TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 \Peace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
\PHarrow (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \phase ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \PHbee (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHpapyrus (k) . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHpedestrian (A) . . . . . . . 91 \PHplaneTree (i) . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHplumedHead (B) . . . . . . 91 \PHram (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHrosette (l) . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHbeehive (X) . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHboomerang (R) . . . . . . . . 91 \PHbow (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHbullLeg (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHcaptive (D) . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHcarpentryPlane (S) . . . . 91 \PHcat (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHchild (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHclub (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHcolumn (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHcomb (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHdolium (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHdove (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHeagle (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHflute (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHsaw (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHshield (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHship (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHsling (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHsmallAxe (r) . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHstrainer (q) . . . . . . . . 91
\PHtattooedHead (C) . . . . . 91 \PHtiara (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHtunny (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHvine (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHwavyBand (s) . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHwoman (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 physical symbols . . . . . . . . . . 78 \Pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \Pickup (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 pict2e (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 79 pifont (package) . . 12, 8488, 90, 113, 130 pigpen (package) . . 108, 130, 131 pigpen cipher . . . . . . . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont A} (A) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont B} (B) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont C} (C) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont D} (D) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont E} (E) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont F} (F) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont G} (G) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont H} (H) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont I} (I) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont J} (J) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont K} (K) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont L} (L) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont M} (M) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont N} (N) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont O} (O) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont P} (P) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont Q} (Q) . . . . . 108
$) . . . . . . . . . 85 \PencilLeftDown (() . . . . . . 85 \PencilLeftUp (&) . . . . . . . . 85 \PencilRight (#) . . . . . . . . 85 \PencilRightDown (') . . . . . 85 \PencilRightUp (%) . . . . . . . 85
\PencilLeft (
\PHgaunlet (H) . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHgrater (p) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHhelmet (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHhide (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHhorn (Z) \Phi () . . \phi () . . \phiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 57 57 57
pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 \pentagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 88 \pentagram ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \pentam (||) . . . . . . . . . 106 people . . . . . . . . . . . . . see faces percent sign . . . . . . . . . . see \% \permil ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \Perp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \perp () . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 116 \perp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \perthousand () . . . . . . . . 78 \Pfund () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \PgDown ( Page ) . . . . . . . . 80 \PgUp ( Page ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 phaistos (package) . . 91, 130, 131 Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 pharmaceutical prescription . see \textrecipe
\PHlid (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \PHlily (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 . . . . . . . . . 91
\PHmanacles (N) \Phone ( \phone (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \PhoneHandset () . . . . . . . . 90
\PHmattock (O) . . . . . . . . . . 91
phonetic (package) 15, 18, 113, 130 phonetic symbols . . . . . . . 1215 \photon () . . . . . . . . . . 78 photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \PHoxBack (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 91
163
{\pigpenfont R} (R) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont S} (S) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont T} (T) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont U} (U) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont V} (V) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont W} (W) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont X} (X) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont Y} (Y) . . . . . 108 {\pigpenfont Z} (Z) . . . . . 108 pilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \P pipe . . . . . . . . . . see \textpipe \Pisces () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \pisces ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 \pitchfork (8) . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \pitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \pitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 pitchfork symbols . . . 34, 54, 73 Pitmans base-12 symbols . . . 72 \piup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \planck ( h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \Plane ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 playing cards . . . . see card suits Plimsoll line . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 \Plus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 \plus (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 plus-or-minus sign . . . . . see \pm \PlusCenterOpen ( ) . . . . . . 86 \pluscirc () . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \PlusOutline ( ) . . . . . . . . . 86 plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 \PlusThinCenterOpen ( ) . . . 86 \Pluto (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Pluto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \pluto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \pm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \pm () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \pm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 pmboxdraw (package) . . 107, 130, 131 \pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \pointer ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 pointing nger . . . . . . . . see sts \Pointinghand (Z) . . . . . . . 100 \polishhook (~) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\polter (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
polutonikogreek (babel package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 polynom (package) . . . . . . . . . 66 polynomial division . . . . . . . . 66 polytonic Greek . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\Postbox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 109 PostScript . . 58, 77, 84, 113, 122 PostScript fonts . . . . . . . 84, 113 \Pound ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \pounds () . . . . . . 10, 126, 127 power set . . see alphabets, math \powerset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \Pp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \pp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \ppm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 ) \Ppp ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \ppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Pppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \pppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Ppppp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \ppppp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Pr (Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \prec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \prec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \precapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 36 \precapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \precapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \preccurlyeq () . . . . . . . . . 36 \preccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \preccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \precdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \preceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \preceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \preceqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \precnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 36 \precnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \precnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \precneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \precneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \precnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \precnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \precsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \precsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \precsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 prescription . . . see \textrecipe present-value symbols . . . . . 118 \prime ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \prime () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \Printer () . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 printers st . . . . . . . . . see sts probabilistic independence . . 116 \prod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \prod () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 projective space (P) . . . . . . see alphabets, math \projlim (proj lim) . . . . . . . . 56 pronunciation symbols . . . . . see phonetic symbols proof, end of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 proper subset/superset . . . . . see \subsetneq/\supsetneq proper vertices . . . . . . . . . . . 83
\propto (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \propto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \propto () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 proto-Semitic symbols . . . . . . 91 protosem (package) . 91, 130, 131 \ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . 130 \PrtSc ( PrtSc ) . . . . . . . . . . 80 \ps ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 pseudographics . . . . . . . . . . 107 \Psi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \psi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \psiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 psnfss (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \Pu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 pullback diagrams . . . . . . . . 117 pulse diagram symbols . . . . . . 78 \PulseHigh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 \PulseLow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 78 punctuation . . . . . . . . . . 11, 12 pushout diagrams . . . . . . . . 117 \pwedge () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 pxfonts (package) . . . . . . . 2325, 31, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 49, 55, 5759, 73, 76, 110, 125 \Pxp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \pxp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6 7
Q Q.E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \qoppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \qside (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \Quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \quadrad (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \Quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 \quadras ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 quarter note see musical symbols \quarternote ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98 \quarternote ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98 quaternions (H) . see alphabets, math quaver . . . . see musical symbols queen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \quotedblbase () . . . . . 11, 128 \quotesinglbase () . . . 11, 128 R \R () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \r ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 a) \r () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Radiation ( ) . . . . . . . . . 102 radicals . . . see \sqrt and \surd \Radioactivity (j) . . . . . . . 82 \Rain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \RainCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . 101 raising . . . . . see \textraising \RaisingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . . 78 \Rangle (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \rAngle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

164
\rangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 61 \rangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \ranglebar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \RArrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . \rarrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . \ratio (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \RATIONAL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \Rational ( ) . . . . . . . . . . rational numbers (Q) . . . . . alphabets, math rationalized Planck constant \hbar \Rbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . \rbag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 69 41 56 56 see
. see . . 60 . . 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 76 64 18 64 61 62 50 50 50 50
\rbrace ( ) \Rbrack (]) . \rBrack (]]) . \rc (a) . . . . \rCeil ( ) . . \rceil ( ) . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
\rceil ( ) . . . . . . . . \rcirclearrowdown ( \rcirclearrowleft ( \rcirclearrowright ( \rcirclearrowup ( )
.. ) ) ) ..
.... .... .... ... ....
\recycle ( ) . . . . . . 109 recycling symbols . . . . . . . . 109 reduced quadrupole moment see \rqm \reflectbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 registered trademark . . . . . . see \textregistered relational symbols . . . . . . . . . 34 binary . 3436, 3945, 54, 55 negated binary . . 3436, 38 triangle . . . . . . . . . . 46, 47 \Relbar (=) . . . . . . . . . 55, 114 \Relbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \relbar () . . . . . . . . . 55, 114 \relbar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \Request ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 109 \resizebox . . . . . . . . . . 54, 110 \Respondens () . . . . . . . . . 105 \respondens ( ) . . . . . . . . . 105 response ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 \restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . 110 \restriction . . . . . . . . . . . see \upharpoonright \restriction () . . . . . . . . . 49 \restriction ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53 retracting . see \textretracting \Return ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 80 return . . . . . . see carriage return
A
>
\rho () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \rho ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \rhookdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 51 \rhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 51 \rhooknearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \rhooknwarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \rhookrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 51 \rhooksearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \rhookswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 50 \rhookuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \rhoup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \right . . . . 61, 63, 64, 110, 112 \rightangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 75 \RIGHTarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 98 \Rightarrow () . . . . . . 23, 47 \Rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 50 \rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 49 \rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . 47 \rightarrow () . . . . . . . . . . 50 \rightarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . 48 \rightarrowtail ( ) . . . . . . 50 \rightarrowtriangle ( ) . . . 48 \rightbarharpoon () . . . . . 49 \RIGHTCIRCLE ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98 \RIGHTcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98 \Rightcircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 98 \RightDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 89
\rightevaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \rightfilledspoon ( ) \rightfootline ( ) . . . \rightfree ( ) . . . . . . . \righthalfcap ( ) . . . . \righthalfcup ( ) . . . . \righthand ( ) . . . . . . \rightharpoonccw ( ) . \rightharpooncw ( ) . . \rightharpoondown () \rightharpoondown ( ) \rightharpoonup () . . \rightharpoonup ( ) . . \rightleftarrows () . \rightleftarrows ( ) . \rightleftarrows ( ) . \rightleftharpoon () \rightleftharpoons () \rightleftharpoons ( ) \rightleftharpoons ( ) \rightleftharpoons ( ) \rightleftharpoonsfill \rightlsquigarrow ( ) . \rightmapsto ( ) . . . . . \rightModels ( ) . . . . . \rightmodels ( ) . . . . . \rightmoon (v) . . . . . . . \rightmoon ( ) . . . . . . . \rightp (w) . . . . . . . . . . \rightpitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 37 37 27 27 85 53 53 49 48 49 48 49 48 50 49 49 48 48 53 69 50 50 37 37 79 79 20 54
\rcircleleftint ( ) . . . . . . . 33 \rcirclerightint ( ) . . . . . . 33 \rcorners (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \rcurvearrowdown ( ) . . . . . . 50 \rcurvearrowleft ( ) . . . . . 50 \rcurvearrowne ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \rcurvearrownw ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \rcurvearrowright ( ) . . . . . 50 \rcurvearrowse ( ) . . . . . . . 51 \rcurvearrowsw ( ) . . . . . . . 51 \rcurvearrowup ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \rdbrack (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \Re ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \REAL ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Real ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 real numbers (R) . see alphabets, math recipe . . . . . . . see \textrecipe \recorder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \revaw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \revD () . . . . . . . . . . . \revddots ( . . ) . . . . . . \reve (#) . . . . . . . . . . \reveject (f) . . . . . . . \revepsilon (%) . . . . . reverse solidus . . . . . . . \textbackslash reversed symbols . . . . . \reversedvideodbend ( \revglotstop () . . . . \Rewind () . . . . . . . . \RewindToIndex () . \RewindToStart () . . ?
?
. . . . . .
. . . .
. . . 15 . . 117 . . . 14 . . . 14 14, 113 . . . see . . . . . . 113 . 99 . 14 100 100 100
... ) ... ... ... ...
\rfilet (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ? \rFloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \rfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \rfloor () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \rgroup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 \rgroup ( \RHD ( ) . \rhd ( ) . \rhd ( ) . ) . .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... 24, 45, 62 25 25 47
v \RectangleThin (t)
\Rectangle ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . 89
\RectangleBold ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 90 . \Rectpipe () . . . . . \Rectsteel () . . . . recycle (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 . . . . . . 82 . . . . . . 82 . 109, 130
. . . . . . . . . .
165
\rightpointleft (
L)
\rightpointright ( ) . \rightpropto ( ) . . . . . . \rightrightarrows () . \rightrightarrows ( ) . \rightrightarrows ( ) . . \rightrightharpoons () \rightrsquigarrow ( ) . . \Rightscissors (Q) . . . . \rightslice ( ) . . . . . . . \rightslice ( ) . . . . . . . \rightspoon ( ) . . . . . . \rightsquigarrow () . \rightsquigarrow ( ) . . \rightsquigarrow ( ) . . \rightt (o) . . . . . . . . . . . \righttherefore ( ) . . . . \rightthreetimes (7) . . \rightthreetimes ( ) . . \rightthreetimes ( ) . . . \rightthumbsdown ( ) . \rightthumbsup ( ) ... \righttoleftarrow () . \Righttorque (') . . . . . . \rightturn ( ) . . . . . . . \rightVdash ( ) . . . . . . . \rightvdash ( ) . . . . . . .
. . . . . 85 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 37 49 48 50 49 50 84 25 37 54 49 48 51 20 71 73 24 26 85 85 49 82 98 37 37
\roty (y) . . . . . . . . \RoundedLsteel () \RoundedTsteel () . \RoundedTTsteel () \Rparen ()) . . . . . . . \rqm (I) . . . . . . . . . \rrangle ( )
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . .
15 82 82 82 76 115
. . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\rrbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \rrbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \rrceil ( ) . . . . . . \rrfloor ( ) . . . . . \Rrightarrow ( ) \Rrightarrow ( ) . \rrparenthesis ( ) \RS ( ) . . . . . . . . . \rsem ( ) . \rsemantic . \Rsh () . . . \Rsh ( ) . . . \Rsh ( ) . . . \rtimes () \rtimes ( ) \rtimes ( ) \rtriple . . \rVert (||) . . \rVert ( ) . \rvert (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 60 49 50 60 81
\Sampi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \sampi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAn (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 sans (dsfont package option) . . 76 \SAo (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAq (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \sarabfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 sarabian (package) . . 97, 130, 132 \SAs (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAsa (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAsd (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAsv (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAt (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAtb (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAtd (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \satellitedish ( ) . . . . . . . 90 satises . . . . . . . . . . see \models \Saturn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Saturn () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \saturn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 savesym (package) . . . . . . . . 110 \savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 \SAw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAy (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAz (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \SAzd (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \Sborder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \scalebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 scaling mechanical . . . . . . 120, 122 optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 \scd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \scg (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \schwa (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \schwa (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Schwartz distribution spaces . see alphabets, math \sci (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 scientic symbols . . . . . . . 7883
d u
\rightwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \rightY ( ) . . . . . \ring () . . . . . . . ring ( . . . . . . . . . a) ring equal to . . . . . ring in equal to . . . \riota () . . . . . . . \rip (y) . . . . . . . . \risingdotseq () \risingdotseq ( ) \risingdotseq ( ) \rJoin ( ) . . . . . . \rlap . . . . . . . . . . \rmoustache () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . 66 see accents see \circeq see \eqcirc . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . 103 . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . 34 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 35 89, 116, 117
. . . . . . . . 62 see \rdbrack . . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . . . 50 . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . . 61 . . . . . . . . 61
\rwave ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \rWavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\rwavy ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 S \S () . . . . . . . . . . . . \SAa (a) . . . . . . . . . . \SAb (b) . . . . . . . . . . \SAd (d) . . . . . . . . . . \SAdb (D) . . . . . . . . . \SAdd (B) . . . . . . . . . \SAf (f) . . . . . . . . . . safety-related symbols \SAg (g) . . . . . . . . . . \SAga (G) . . . . . . . . . \Sagittarius () . . . \sagittarius ( ) . . . \SAh (h) . . . . . . . . . . \SAhd (H) . . . . . . . . . \SAhu (I) . . . . . . . . . \SAk (k) . . . . . . . . . . \SAl (l) . . . . . . . . . . \SAlq () . . . . . . . . . \SAm (m) . . . . . . . . . . \samebishops (s) . . .
. . . . . . . . . 61
\rmoustache ( ) . . . . . . . . . 62 Roman coins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Romanian comma-belo accent (a) , . . . . . . see accents rook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt \rotatebox . . . . . . . . . . 19, 113 rotated symbols . . 1215, 19, 113 rotating (package) . . . . . . 21, 80 \rotm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \rotOmega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \rotr (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \rotvara (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \rotw (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10, 127 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 82 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 79 . . . 79 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . . 97 . . 104
) . . . 84 \ScissorHollowRight () . . 84 \ScissorLeft () . . . . . . . . 84 \ScissorLeftBrokenBottom () . . . . . . . . . 84 \ScissorLeftBrokenTop () . 84 \ScissorRight () . . . . . . . . 84 \ScissorRightBrokenBottom () . . . . . . . . . 84 \ScissorRightBrokenTop () 84

\ScissorHollowLeft ( scissors . . . . . \scn (X) . . . . \scoh () . . . \Scorpio () \scorpio ( ) \scr (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, .. .. .. .. ..
85 14 40 79 79 14
166
script letters see alphabets, math \scripta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \scriptg (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \scriptscriptstyle . . . . . . 116 \scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . . . 116 \scriptv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \Scroll ( Scroll ) . . . . . . . . . 80 \scu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \scy () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \sddtstile ( \sdststile ( \sdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\sdttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 seagull . . . . . see \textseagull \Searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \Searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \searrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 \searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 47, 117 \searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \searrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \sec (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \Sech ( ) )= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \second (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 seconds, angular . . . see \second \secstress (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 section mark . . . . . . . . . . see \S \SectioningDiamond ( ) . . 102 sedenions (S) see alphabets, math \sefilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . 54 \sefootline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \sefree ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 segmented digits . . . . . . . . . . 78 \seharpoonccw ( ) . . . . . . . . 53 \seharpooncw ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53 \selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 \selsquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 semantic valuation . . . . . . 62, 64 \semapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50 semibreve . . see musical symbols semidirect products . . 24, 26, 73 semiquaver . see musical symbols semitic transliteration . . . 15, 19 \seModels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \semodels ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 semtrans (package) . . 15, 19, 130, 131 \senwarrows ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \senwharpoons ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
= = = \SechBl ( = ) = \SechBR ( = ) = =) \SechBr ( \SechBL (= ) =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
\SePa ( @ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \separated ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \sepitchfork ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54
\seppawns (q) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \SerialInterface () . . . . . 80 \SerialPort () . . . . . . . . . . 80 \sersquigarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 50 \sesearrows ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \sespoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 set operators intersection . . . . . see \cap membership . . . . . . see \in union . . . . . . . . . . see \cup \setminus (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \setminus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \seVdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \sevdash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 SGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 sha ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 \sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 98 \sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \shfermion () . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 \Shift ( Shift ) . . . . . . . . . 80 \shift () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \Shilling () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \shneg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \shortcastling (O-O) . . . . 104 \shortdownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . 48 \ShortFifty () . . . . . . . . 100 \ShortForty () . . . . . . . . 100 \shortleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 48 \shortmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \shortmid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \ShortNinetyFive () . . . . 100 \shortparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . 34 \shortparallel ( ) . . . . . . . 36 \ShortPulseHigh ( ) . . . . . . 78 \ShortPulseLow ( ) . . . . . . . 78 \shortrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 48 \ShortSixty () . . . . . . . . 100 \ShortThirty () . . . . . . . 100 \shortuparrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 48 \showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \shpos () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 shue (package) . . . 27, 130, 131 \shuffle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 shue product ( ) . . . . . . . . 27 \SI ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \Sigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \sigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \sigmaup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \sim () . . . . . . . . . 34, 114, 125 \sim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \simcolon (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 41 \simcoloncolon (::) . . . . . . 41 \simeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \simeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 simplewick (package) . . . . . . 119 simpsons (package) . . . . 106, 130 Simpsons characters . . . . . . . 106 \sin (sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 5
\sincoh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 \sinh (sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 \SixFlowerAlternate ( ) . . . 87 \SixFlowerAltPetal ( ) . . . 87 \SixFlowerOpenCenter ( ) . . 87 \SixFlowerPetalDotted ( ) . 87 \SixFlowerPetalRemoved ( ) 87 \SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \SixStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \SixteenStarLight ( ) . . . . 87 sixteenth note see musical symbols \sixteenthnote ( ) . . . . . . . 98 skak (package) . . . . 104, 130, 131 skull (package) . . . . 103, 130, 131 \skull ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 \slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 \slashb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \slashc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \slashd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \slashdiv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 slashed (package) . . . . . . . . . 115 \slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 slashed letters . . . . . . . . . . . 115 slashed.sty (le) . . . . . . . . 115 \slashu () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \Sleet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \sliding (a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ) \smallbosonloop () . . . . . . . . 83 \smallbosonloopA () . . . . . . . 83 \smallbosonloopV () . . . . . . . 83 \SmallCircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \SmallCross ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \smalldiamond ( ) . . . . . . . . 28 \SmallDiamondshape ( ) . . . 89 \smallfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \smallfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 \SmallHBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 89 \smallin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \smallint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \SmallLowerDiamond ( ) . . . 89 \smalllozenge () . . . . . . . . . 88 \smallowns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 60 \smallpencil ( ) . . . . . . . 85 \smallprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \SmallRightDiamond ( ) . . . 89 \smallsetminus ( ) . . . . . . . 24 \smallsetminus ( ) . . . . . . . 27 \smallsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \smallsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 \SmallSquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \smallsquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 28 \smallstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 \SmallTriangleDown ( ) . . . 89 \smalltriangledown () . . . . 28
y w v
i
167
\smalltriangledown ( ) . 28, 47 \SmallTriangleLeft ( ) . . . 89 \smalltriangleleft () . . . . 28 \smalltriangleleft ( ) . 28, 47 \SmallTriangleRight ( ) . . . 89 \smalltriangleright () . . . 28 \smalltriangleright ( ) 28, 47 \SmallTriangleUp ( ) . . . . . 89 \smalltriangleup () . . . . . . 28 \smalltriangleup ( ) . . . 28, 47 \SmallVBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 89 \smile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \smile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 smile symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \smileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \smileeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \smilefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 55 \smilefrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \Smiley () . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \smiley ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 smiley faces . . . . 81, 98, 101, 108
\sndtstile ( ) . . . . . . . \Snow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \SnowCloud ( ) . . . . . . . \Snowflake ( ) . . . . . . . \SnowflakeChevron ( ) . \SnowflakeChevronBold ( snowakes . . . . . . . . . . . .
\SNPP (
\snststile ( \sntstile (
. . . 40 . . 101 . . 101 . . . 87 . . . 87 ) . 87 87, 88
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 ) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\snttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 \SO ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \SOH ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 South Arabian alphabet . . . . . 97 space thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \textvisiblespace \Spacebar ( ) . . . . . 80 spades (suit) . . . . . . . 7375, 90 \spadesuit () . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \spadesuit () . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \Sparkle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \SparkleBold ( ) . . . . . . . . . 87 sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 88 special characters . . . . . . . . 10 \SpecialForty () . . . . . . 100 \sphericalangle (c) . . . . . . 73 \sphericalangle ( ) . . . . . . 73 \sphericalangle ( ) . . . . . . 74 \SpinDown () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \SpinUp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \spirituslenis (a) . . . . . . . . 65
\spirituslenis () . . . . . . . . 65 \splitvert () . . . . . . . . . . . 81 spoon symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 \spreadlips (a) . . . . . . . . . . 18 \sqbullet () . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \sqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcapdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcapplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \sqcapplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24 \sqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcupdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqcupplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \sqcupplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqdoublecap () . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqdoublecup () . . . . . . . . . 26 \sqdoublefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \sqdoublefrowneq ( ) . . . . . . 55 \sqdoublesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \sqdoublesmileeq ( ) . . . . . . 55 \sqeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \sqeqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \sqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \sqfrowneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \sqfrowneqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . 55 \sqfrownsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \sqiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \sqint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 \sqint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \sqrt ( ) . . . . . . . 66, 116117 \sqsmile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \sqsmileeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 55 \sqsmileeqfrown ( ) . . . . . . . 55 \sqsmilefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \Sqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqSubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 41 \sqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41 \sqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubsetneqq () . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsubsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . 42 \Sqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqSupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 41 \sqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\sqsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41 \sqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupsetneq () . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupsetneqq () . . . . . . . . 42 \sqsupsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . 42 \sqtriplefrown ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \sqtriplesmile ( ) . . . . . . . . 55 \Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \Square ( vs. vs. ) . . . 111 \Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 \Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 \square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 square root . . . . . . . . see \sqrt hooked . . . . . . see \hksqrt \SquareCastShadowBottomRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 \SquareCastShadowTopLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \SquareCastShadowTopRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \Squaredot () . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \squaredots ( ) . . . . . . . 26, 71 \Squarepipe () . . . . . . . . . . 82 squares . . . . . . . . . . . 8990, 105 \SquareShadowA ( ) . . . . . . . 89 \SquareShadowB ( ) . . . . . . . 89 \SquareShadowBottomRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \SquareShadowC ( ) . . . . . . . 89 \SquareShadowTopLeft ( ) . . 89 \SquareShadowTopRight ( ) . 89 \SquareSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . . 89 \Squaresteel () . . . . . . . . . 82
f H
m l
j i
\squarewithdots ( ) . . \squigarrowdownup ( ) \squigarrowleftright ( \squigarrownesw ( ) . . \squigarrownwse ( ) . . . \squigarrowrightleft ( \squigarrowsenw ( ) . . \squigarrowswne ( ) . . \squigarrowupdown ( ) . \squplus () . . . . . . . . \SS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . \ss () . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. ) .. .. ) .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
90 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 26 11 11
\ssdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 \ssearrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \sslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \ssststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40
168
\sststile (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\ssttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 \sswarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 \stackrel . . . . . . . . 23, 114, 118 standard state . . . . . . . . . . . 115 \star ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 118 \star ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Star of David . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 \starredbullet ( ) . . . . . . . . 88 stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73, 87, 88 \stater ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 statistical independence . . . . 116 \staveI ( \staveII ( \staveIII ( \staveIV ( \staveIX ( \staveL ( \staveLI ( \staveLII ( \staveLIII ( \staveLIV ( \staveLIX ( \staveLV ( \staveLVI ( \staveLVII ( \staveLVIII ( \staveLX ( \staveLXI ( \staveLXII ( \staveLXIII ( \staveLXIV ( \staveLXV ( \staveLXVI ( \staveLXVII ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . 107, 108 ) . . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108
\staveVIII ( \staveX ( \staveXI ( \staveXII ( \staveXIII ( \staveXIV ( \staveXIX ( \staveXL ( \staveXLI ( \staveXLII ( \staveXLIII ( \staveXLIV ( \staveXLIX ( \staveXLV ( \staveXLVI ( \staveXLVII ( ) )
) . . . . . . . 107 . . . . . . . . . . 108 . . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . 108
\staveXXXV ( \staveXXXVI ( \staveXXXVII ( \staveXXXVIII ( \stdtstile (
) )
. . . . . . . 108 . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . 108 ) . . . . 108
) . . . . . . . . . . 39
) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . 107
\steaming ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 75 steinmetz (package) . 79, 130, 132 Steinmetz phasor notation . . . 79 sterling . . . . . . . . . . see \pounds stick gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \Stigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \stigma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 stmaryrd (package) . . . . . . . . 25, 29, 34, 41, 46, 48, 55, 60, 62, 111, 115, 129, 130 stochastic independence see \bot \StoneMan ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \Stopsign (!) . . . . . . . . . . . 82
) . . . . . . . \StopWatchStart () . . . . .
\StopWatchEnd ( \stress (h) . . . \strictfi ( ) \strictif ( ) \strictiff ( ) \strokedint ( )
102 . . . . . 102 20 35 35 35 33
\staveXLVIII ( ) . . . . . 107 \staveXV ( ) . . . . . . . . . 108 \staveXVI ( \staveXVII ( \staveXVIII ( \staveXX ( \staveXXI ( \staveXXII ( \staveXXIII ( \staveXXIV ( \staveXXIX ( \staveXXV ( \staveXXVI ( \staveXXVII ( \staveXXVIII ( \staveXXX ( \staveXXXI ( \staveXXXII ( ) ) ) . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . 108 . . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . 107 . . . . . . . . 107
\StrokeFive ( )
\StrokeFour ( ) . . . . . . . . . 102 \StrokeOne ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \StrokeThree ( ) . . . . . . . . 102 \StrokeTwo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 102 \stst ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 \stststile ( \sttstile ( \stttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 81 83 18 18 18 18 18 116 42 41 42 42 41 42 42 41
Y XXXX
.... .... .... ... ...
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . 102
XX
XXX
\staveLXVIII ( ) . . . . . . . 108 staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 staves (package) . . . . . . 107, 130 \staveV ( \staveVI ( \staveVII ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 107
) . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . 108 ) . . . . . . 108
\staveXXXIII ( ) . . . . . . . . . 107 ) . . . . . . . . 107 \staveXXXIV ( \staveXXXIX (
\STX ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . \SUB ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . subatomic particles . . . . \subcorner (a) . . . . . . . ^ \subdoublebar (a) . . . . \subdoublevert (a) . . . . \sublptr (a) . . . "". . . . . . \subrptr (a) . . . . . . . . . subscripts new symbols used in \Subset () . . . . . . . . . \Subset ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Subset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \subset () . . . . . . . . . \subset () . . . . . . . . . \subset () . . . . . . . . . . \subseteq () . . . . . . . \subseteq () . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
169
\subseteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \subseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \subseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41 \subseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \subsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \subsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41 \subsetneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \subsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 42 \subsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41 \subsetneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42 \subsetplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 41 \subsetpluseq ( ) . . . . . . . . 41 subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42 \succ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \succ ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \succapprox () . . . . . . . . . . 36 \succapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 34 \succapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 36 \succcurlyeq () . . . . . . . . . 36 \succcurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \succcurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . 37 \succdot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \succeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \succeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 \succeqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \succnapprox () . . . . . . . . . 36 \succnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 34 \succnapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . . 38 \succneq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \succneqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35 \succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \succnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \succnsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 \succsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 \succsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 \succsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 such that . . . . . . . . . . 113, 115 \suchthat ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 115 \sum ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \sum () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \sumint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 \Summit ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \SummitSign ( ) . . . . . . . . . 102 \Sun (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \Sun ( vs. vs. d) . . . . . 111 \Sun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \Sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \sun () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \SunCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101 \SunshineOpenCircled ( ) . . 90 \sup (sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 superscripts new symbols used in . . . 116 supersets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42 supremum . . . . . . . . . . see \sup \Supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \Supset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

\Supset ( ) . . . . . . . \supset () . . . . . . \supset () . . . . . . \supset () . . . . . . . \supseteq () . . . . \supseteq () . . . . \supseteq () . . . . . \supseteqq () . . . . \supseteqq ( ) . . . \supseteqq ( ) . . . . \supsetneq () . . . . \supsetneq ( ) . . . \supsetneq ( ) . . . . \supsetneqq () . . . \supsetneqq ( ) . . . \supsetneqq ( ) . . . \supsetplus ( ) . . . \supsetpluseq ( ) . ` \surd ( ) . . . . . . . . \SurveySign ( ) . . . \Swarrow ( ) . . . . . \Swarrow ( ) . . . . . \swarrow () . . . . . \swarrow ( ) . . . . . \swarrow ( ) . . . . . \swarrowtail ( ) . . \swfilledspoon ( ) \swfootline ( ) . . . \swfree ( ) . . . . . . \swharpoonccw ( ) . \swharpooncw ( ) . . \swlsquigarrow ( ) \swmapsto ( ) . . . . \swModels ( ) . . . . \swmodels ( ) . . . . \swnearrows ( ) . . \swneharpoons ( ) . swords . . . . . . . . . . \swpitchfork ( ) . . \swrsquigarrow ( ) \swspoon ( ) . . . . . \swswarrows ( ) . . swung dash . . . . . . . \swVdash ( ) . . . . . \swvdash ( ) . . . . . \syl (a) . . . . . . . . . \syllabic (j) . . . . . \symA ( ) . . . . . . . . \symAE ( ) . . . . . . . \symB ( ) . . . . . . . . \symbishop (B) . . . Symbol (font) . . . . . symbols actuarial . . . . . alpine . . . . . . . ancient language annuity . . . . . . APL . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 42 . . . 42 . . . 41 . . . 42 . . . 42 . . . 41 . . . 42 . . . 42 . . . 41 . . . 42 . . . 42 . . . 41 . . . 42 . . . 42 . . . 41 . . . 42 . . . 41 . . . 41 . . . 73 . . 102 . . . 49 . . . 50 . . . 49 47, 117 . . . . 50 . . . . 50 . . . . 54 . . . . 37 . . . . 37 . . . . 53 . . . . 53 . . . . 50 . . . . 50 . . . . 37 . . . . 37 . . . . 50 . . . . 53 . . . 101 . . . . 54 . . . . 50 . . . . 54 . . . . 50 see \sim . . . . . 37 . . . . . 37 . . . . . 18 . . . . . 20 . . . . . 76 . . . . . 77 . . . . . 76 . . . . 104 . 58, 113 . . . . . . . 118 . . 102 9197 . . 118 . . . 80
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ... .. ... ...
astrological . . . . . . . . . . 79 astronomical . . . . . 79, 108 biological . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 block-element . . . . . . . . 107 body-text . . . . . . . . . 1022 bold . . . . . . . . . . . 123124 box-drawing . . . . . . . . . 107 chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 cipher . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 clock . . . . . . . . 98, 100, 102 communication . . . . . . . . 82 computer hardware . . . . . 80 contradiction . . . . . . 23, 55 currency . . . . . . 20, 21, 76 dangerous bend . . . . . . . 99 denition . . . . . . . . 23, 118 dictionary . . . . . 1215, 106 dingbat . . . . . . . . . . 8490 dot . . . . . . . 10, 7072, 117 electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 engineering . . . . . . . 78, 82 extensible 54, 6670, 79, 112, 118119 Feynman diagram . . . . . . 83 Frege logic . . . 54, 60, 72, 75 frown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 gates, digital logic . . . . . 81 genealogical . . . . . . . . . . 98 general . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Go stones . . . . . . . . . . 105 information . . . . . . . . . 100 informator . . . . . . . . . . 104 inverted . . . . 1215, 19, 113 keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Knuths . . . . . . . . . 99, 100 laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 legal . . . . . . . . 10, 21, 127 letter-like . . . . . . . . . 59, 60 life insurance . . . . . . . . 118 linear logic . . 2325, 28, 29, 3233, 40, 59 linguistic . . . . . . . . . 1215 log-like . . . . . . . . . 56, 123 logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 magical signs . . . . . . . . 107 mathematical . . . . . . 2377 METAFONTbook . . . . . 100 metrical . . . . . . . . 105, 106 miscellaneous . . . 7375, 90, 98109 monetary . . . . . . 20, 21, 76 musical . . 22, 73, 74, 98, 99 navigation . . . . . . . . . . 100 non-commutative division 70 particle physics . . . . . . . 83 Phaistos disk . . . . . . . . . 91 phonetic . . . . . . . . . 1215 physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 pitchfork . . . . . . 34, 54, 73
170
Pitmans base-12 . . . . . . 72 present value . . . . . . . . 118 proto-Semitic . . . . . . . . . 91 pulse diagram . . . . . . . . 78 recycling . . . . . . . . . . . 109 relational . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 reversed . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 rotated . . . . 1215, 19, 113 safety-related . . . . . . . . . 82 scientic . . . . . . . . . 7883 Simpsons characters . . . 106 smile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 subset and superset . 41, 42 technological . . . . . . 7883 TEXbook . . . . . . . . 99, 100 transliteration . . . . . . . . 15 upside-down . 1215, 19, 113, 124 variable-sized 2933, 110, 112 weather . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 symbols.tex (le) . . . . 110, 130 \symC ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \symking (K) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \symknight (N) . . . . . . . . . 104 \symOE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 \sympawn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \symqueen (Q) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \symrook (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \symUE ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 \SYN ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
\Tape ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 \Taschenuhr ( ) . . . Tate-Shafarevich group \tau ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \Taurus () . . . . . . . \Taurus () . . . . . . . \taurus ( ) . . . . . . . tautology . . . . . . . . . \tauup () . . . . . . . . . \tccentigrade ( ) . . \tcmu () . . . . . . . . . \tcohm () . . . . . . . . \tcpertenthousand ( \tcperthousand () . \td (a) . . . . . . . . . . . .. \tddtstile ( ) ... \tdststile ( \tdtstile ( )
. . . . . 102 . see sha . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . 79 . . . . . . 79 . . . . . . 79 . see \top . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . 72 . . . . . . 72 . . . . . . 72 ) . . . 72 . . . . . . 72 . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . 39
) . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . . . . 39
T \T . . . . . . . . . . . . \T ( ) . . . . . . . . . \T () . . . . . . . . \t (a) . . . . . . . . . \t () . . . . . . . . . t4phonet (package) 131 \Tab ( ) . . . \tabcolsep . . . . . tacks . . . . . . . . . . \taild () . . . . . \tailinvr (r) . . . \taill (H) . . . . . . \tailn (W) . . . . . \tailr (p) . . . . . . \tails (v) . . . . . . \tailt () . . . . . . \tailz () . . . . . \Takt . . . . . . . . . \talloblong ( ) . tally markers . . . . \tan (tan) . . . . . . \tanh (tanh) . . . . a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . 11 . . . . . . 19 . . . . . 105 . . . . . . 16 . . . . . 105 15, 19, 130,
. . . . . . . 80 . . . . . . 114 . . . . 34, 59 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . 25 95, 102, 103 . . . . . . . 56 . . . . . . . 56
) . . . . . . . . . 39 \tdttstile ( technological symbols . . . 7883 \Telefon (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \Telephone ( ) . . . . . . . . 102 \Telephone ( ) . . . . . . . . . 109 Tennent, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 \Tent ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \Terminus () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \terminus () . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \Terminus* () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \terminus* () . . . . . . . . . . 105 \tesh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 testfont.dvi (le) . . . . . . . 122 testfont.tex (le) . . . 120, 122 \tetartemorion () . . . . . . . . 21 teubner (package) 21, 72, 97, 106, 130, 131 TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 54, 71, 79, 107, 110, 113120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 133 TEXbook, The 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 123 symbols from . . . . . 99, 100 \text . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 115, 117 \textacutedbl ( ) . . . . . . . . 20 \textacutemacron () . . . . . . 16 a \textacutewedge () . . . . . . . 16 a \textadvancing (a) . . . . . . . . 16 \textaolig (") . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textasciiacute ( ) . . . 20, 127 \textasciibreve ( ) . . . . . . . 20 \textasciicaron ( ) . . . . . . . 20 \textasciicircum () . . 10, 125, 128 \textasciidieresis ( ) 20, 127 \textasciigrave ( ) . . . . . . . 20 \textasciimacron . . . . . . . . 126 \textasciimacron ( ) . 20, 127
@
@
\textasciitilde () 10, 125, 128 \textasteriskcentered () . 10, 22 \textbabygamma () . . . . . . . . 12 \textbackslash (\) . . . . 10, 125 \textbaht ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \textbar (|) . . . . . . 10, 124, 125 \textbarb (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbarc (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbard (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbardbl ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 22 \textbardotlessj () . . . . . . 12 \textbarg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbarglotstop () . . . . . . 12 \textbari (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbarl () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbaro (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbarrevglotstop () . . . 12 \textbaru (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbeltl () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbenttailyogh (B) . . . . . 13 \textbeta (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textbigcircle () . . . . . . . 22 \textbktailgamma (.) . . . . . . 13 \textblank ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 22 \textblock ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 107 \textborn ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \textbottomtiebar (a) . . . . . 16 < \textbraceleft ({) . . . . . . . . 10 \textbraceright (}) . . . . . . . 10 \textbrevemacron () . . . . . . 16 a \textbrokenbar () . . . . 22, 127 \textbullet () . . . 10, 22, 128 \textbullseye () . . . . . . . . 12 \textcelsius ( ) . . . . . 78, 128 \textceltpal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textcent () . . . . . . . . 20, 127 \textcentoldstyle () . . . . . 20 \textchi ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textcircled ( ) . . . . . . . . . 16 \textcircledP ( ) . . . . . . . 21 \textcircumacute () . . . . . . 16 a \textcircumdot ( . . . . . . . . 16 a) \textcloseepsilon () . . . . . 12 \textcloseomega () . . . . . . . 12 \textcloserevepsilon () . . . 12 \textcolonmonetary () . . . . 20 \textcommatailz () . . . . . . . 12 textcomp (package) . . . . . 9, 10, 16, 2022, 48, 65, 74, 78, 98, 110, 125, 126, 130 \textcopyleft ( ) . . . . . . . 21 \textcopyright () 10, 21, 127 \textcorner (^) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textcrb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textcrd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textcrd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \textcrg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
171
\textcrh () . . . . . . . . . \textcrh () . . . . . . . . . \textcrinvglotstop () \textcrlambda () . . . . \textcrtwo (2) . . . . . . . \textctc (C) . . . . . . . . . \textctd () . . . . . . . . . \textctdctzlig () . . . \textctesh () . . . . . . . \textctinvglotstop (D) \textctj (J) . . . . . . . . . \textctjvar (2) . . . . . . \textctn () . . . . . . . . . \textctstretchc (%) . . . \textctstretchcvar (&) \textctt () . . . . . . . . . \textcttctclig (C) . . . \textctturnt (@) . . . . . . \textctyogh () . . . . . . \textctz () . . . . . . . . . \textcurrency () . . . . \textcypr . . . . . . . . . . . \textdagger () . . . . . . \textdaggerdbl () . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 12 . . . 15 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 13 . . . 12 . . . 13 . . . 12 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 13 . . . 12 . . . 13 20, 127 . . . . 96 . 10, 22 . 10, 22
\textdbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 99 \textdblhyphen ( ) . . . . . . . . 22 \textdblhyphenchar ( ) . . . . . 22 \textdblig ()) . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textdctzlig (d) . . . . . . . . . 13 \textdegree () . . . . . . 74, 127 \textdied ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \textdiscount ( ) . . . . . . . . 22 \textdiv () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \textdivorced ( ) . . . . . . . . 98 \textdkshade ( ) . . . . . . . . 107 \textdnblock ( ) . . . . . . . . 107 \textdollar ($) . . . . . . . 10, 20 \textdollaroldstyle () . . . 20 \textdong () . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \textdotacute () . . . . . . . . 16 a \textdotbreve () . . . . . . . . 16 a \textdoublebaresh (S) . . . . . 13 \textdoublebarpipe (}) . . . . 13 \textdoublebarpipevar (H) . . 13 \textdoublebarslash (=) . . . 13 / \textdoublegrave () . . . . . . 16 a \textdoublegrave (a) . . . . . . 19 \textdoublepipe ({) . . . . . . . 13 \textdoublepipevar (G) . . . . 13 \textdoublevbaraccent () . . 16 a \textdoublevbaraccent (a) . . 19 \textdoublevertline () . . . 13 \textdownarrow () . . . . . . . . 48 \textdownfullarrow () . . . . 13 \textdownstep () . . . . . . . . . 13 \textdyoghlig () . . . . . . . . 13 \textdzlig (dz) . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \texteightoldstyle () . . . . 22
\textellipsis (. . . ) . . . . . . . 10 \textemdash () . . . . . . . . . 10 \textendash () . . . . . . . . . . 10 \textepsilon (E) . . . . . . . . . 13 \textepsilon () . . . . . . . . . 15 \textesh (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textesh () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \textestimated () . . . . . . . 22 \texteuro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 \texteuro ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \texteuro () . . . . 20, 126, 128 \textexclamdown () . . . . . . . 10 \textfemale (7) . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textfishhookr (R) . . . . . . . . 13 \textfiveoldstyle () . . . . . 22 \textfjlig () . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \textflorin () . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \textfouroldstyle () . . . . . 22 \textfractionsolidus () . . . 74 \textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \textfrbarn (5) . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textfrhookd () . . . . . . . . . 13 \textfrhookdvar (() . . . . . . . 13 \textfrhookt (?) . . . . . . . . . 13 \textfrtailgamma (-) . . . . . . 13 \textg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textgamma (G) . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textglobfall () . . . . . . . . 13 \textglobrise () . . . . . . . . 13 \textglotstop (P) . . . . . . . . 12 \textglotstopvari (T) . . . . . 13 \textglotstopvarii (U) . . . . 14 \textglotstopvariii (V) . . . 14 \textgoth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \textgravecircum () . . . . . . 16 a \textgravedbl ( ) . . . . . . . . 20 \textgravedot () . . . . . . . . 16 a \textgravemacron (`) . . . . . . 16 a \textgravemid () . . . . . . . . 17 a \textgreater (>) . . 10, 124, 125 \textgrgamma (,) . . . . . . . . . 14 \textguarani ( ) . . . . . . . . . 20 \texthalflength (;) . . . . . . . 12 \texthardsign () . . . . . . . . 12 \textheng (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 \texthmlig (4) . . . . . . . . . . 14 \texthooktop (#) . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \texthtbardotlessj () . . . . . 12 \texthtbardotlessjvar (3) . . 13 \texthtc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \texthtd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \texthtg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthth (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texththeng () . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtk () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\texthtk () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \texthtp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \texthtq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtrtaild () . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtscg () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \texthtt () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \texthvlig () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textifsym . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \textinterrobang ( ) . . . . . . 22 \textinterrobangdown ( ) . . . 22 \textinvglotstop () . . . . . . 12 \textinvomega (;) . . . . . . . . 13 \textinvsca (p) . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textinvscr (K) . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textinvscripta (!) . . . . . . . 13 \textinvsubbridge (a) . . . . . 17 \textiota () . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textiota () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \textlambda () . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textlangle () . . . . . . 65, 124 \textlbrackdbl ( ) . . . . . . . . 65 \textleaf ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \textleftarrow () . . . . . . . 48 \textlengthmark (:) . . . . . . . 12 \textless (<) . . . . 10, 124, 125 \textlfblock ( ) . . . . . . . . 107 \textlfishhookrlig (I) . . . . 13 \textlhdbend ( ) . . . \textlhookfour (#) . . . \textlhookp (<) . . . . . \textlhookt () . . . . . \textlhti (1) . . . . . . . \textlhtlongi () . . . . \textlhtlongy () . . . \textlinb . . . . . . . . . . \textlira () . . . . . . . \textlnot () . . . . . . . \textlonglegr () . . . . \textlooptoprevesh (>) \textlowering (a) . . . \textlptr () . . . . . . . \textlquill ( ) . . . . . \textltailm (M) . . . . . \textltailn () . . . . . \textltailn () . . . . . \textltilde () . . . . . \textltshade ( ) . . . . \textlyoghlig () . . . \textmarried ( ) . . . . \textmho ( ) . . . . . . . \textmidacute () . . . a \textminus () . . . . . . \textmu () . . . . . . . . . \textmusicalnote () . \textnaira ( ) . . . . . . \textnineoldstyle () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . 13 . . 13 . . 12 . . 13 . . 12 . . 12 95, 96 . . . 20 74, 127 . . . 12 . . . 13 . . . 17 . . . 12 . . . 65 . . . 12 . . . 12 . . . 15 . . . 12 . . 107 . . . 12 . . . 98 . . . 78 . . . 17 . . . 74 78, 127 . . . 22 . . . 20 . . . 22 . . . . . . .
172
\textnrleg (6) . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textnumero () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \textObardotlessj () . . . . . 12 \textObullseye (9) . . . . . . . 13 \textohm () . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 \textOlyoghlig () . . . . . . . . 12 \textomega () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textonehalf () . . . . . 74, 127 \textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . . 22 \textoneoldstyle () . . . . . . 22 \textonequarter () . . . 74, 127 \textonesuperior () . . 74, 127 \textopenbullet () . . . . . . . 22 \textopencorner (_) . . . . . . . 12 \textopeno (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textopeno () . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \textordfeminine () 10, 22, 127 \textordmasculine () . . 10, 22, 127 \textovercross () . . . . . . . . 17 a \textoverw (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 \textpalhook (%) . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textpalhooklong () . . . . . . 13 \textpalhookvar () . . . . . . . 13 \textparagraph () . . . . 10, 22 \textperiodcentered () . 10, 22, 127 \textpertenthousand ( ) . . 22 \textperthousand () . 22, 128 \textpeso ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \textphi (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textpilcrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 22 \textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \textpipevar (F) . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textpm () . . . . . . . . . 74, 127 \textpmhg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 \textpolhook (a) . . . . . . . . . 17 \textprimstress (") . . . . . . . 13 \textproto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 \textqplig (=) . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textquestiondown () . . . . . 10 \textquotedbl (") . . . . 11, 124 \textquotedblleft () . . . . . 10 \textquotedblright () . . . . 10 \textquoteleft () . . . . . . . . 10 \textquoteright () . . . . . . . 10 \textquotesingle (') . . 22, 124 \textquotestraightbase ( ) . 22 \textquotestraightdblbase ( ) . . . . . . . . . 22 \textraiseglotstop () . . . . 13 \textraisevibyi () . . . . . . . 13 \textraising (a) . . . . . . . . . 17 \textramshorns (7) . . . . . . . . 13 \textrangle () . . . . . . 65, 124 \textrbrackdbl ( ) . . . . . . . . 65 \textrecipe ( ) . . . . . . 22, 112 \textrectangle () . . . . . . . . 13
\textreferencemark ( ) . \textregistered () 10, \textretracting (a) . . . . \textretractingvar () . \textrevapostrophe (\) . . \textreve (9) . . . . . . . . . \textrevepsilon (3) . . .
22, 23 21, 127 . . . 17 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 13 13, 113 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 48 17 17 13 65 13 15 14 13 12 12 12 12 15 12 107 . 12 . 13 . 97 . 12 . 13 . 12 . 13 . 12 . 13 . 12 . 12 . 12 . 15 . 12 . 12 . 13 . 12 . 13 . 12 . 12 . 12 . 13
\textreversedvideodbend ( . . . . . . . . . 99 \textrevglotstop (Q) . . . . \textrevscl (v) . . . . . . . . \textrevscr (z) . . . . . . . . \textrevyogh () . . . . . . . \textrhooka ( ) . . . . . . . . \textrhooke (*) . . . . . . . . \textrhookepsilon (+) . . . \textrhookopeno (:) . . . . . \textrhookrevepsilon () \textrhookschwa () . . . . . \textrhoticity (~) . . . . . . \textrightarrow () . . . . \textringmacron () . . . . . a \textroundcap () . . . . . . a \textrptr () . . . . . . . . . . \textrquill ( ) . . . . . . . . \textrtaild () . . . . . . . . \textrtaild () . . . . . . . . \textrtailhth (/) . . . . . . \textrtaill () . . . . . . . . . \textrtailn () . . . . . . . . \textrtailr () . . . . . . . . \textrtails () . . . . . . . . \textrtailt () . . . . . . . . \textrtailt () . . . . . . . . \textrtailz () . . . . . . . . \textrtblock ( ) . . . . . . . \textrthook ($) . . . . . . . . . \textrthooklong () . . . . . \textsarab . . . . . . . . . . . . \textsca () . . . . . . . . . . . \textscaolig (q) . . . . . . . \textscb () . . . . . . . . . . . \textscdelta (r) . . . . . . . \textsce () . . . . . . . . . . . \textscf (s) . . . . . . . . . . . \textscg () . . . . . . . . . . . \textsch () . . . . . . . . . . . \textschwa (@) . . . . . . . . . \textschwa () . . . . . . . . . \textsci (I) . . . . . . . . . . . \textscj () . . . . . . . . . . . \textsck (t) . . . . . . . . . . . \textscl () . . . . . . . . . . . \textscm (w) . . . . . . . . . . \textscn () . . . . . . . . . . . \textscoelig () . . . . . . . \textscomega () . . . . . . . \textscp (x) . . . . . . . . . . .
\textscq (y) . . . . . . . . \textscr () . . . . . . . . \textscripta (A) . . . . \textscriptg (g) . . . . \textscriptv (V) . . . . \textscriptv () . . . . . \textscu () . . . . . . . . \textscy (Y) . . . . . . . . \textseagull (a) . . . . \textsecstress ( ) . . . \textsection () . . . . \textservicemark ( ) . \textsevenoldstyle () \textSFi ( ) . . . . . . . . \textSFii ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFiii ( ) . . . . . . \textSFiv ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFix ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFl ( ) . . . . . . . . \textSFli ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFlii ( ) . . . . . . \textSFliii ( ) . . . . . \textSFliv ( ) . . . . . . \textSFv ( ) . . . . . . . . \textSFvi ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFvii ( ) . . . . . . \textSFviii ( ) . . . . . \textSFx ( ) . . . . . . . . \textSFxi ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFxix ( ) . . . . . . \textSFxl ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFxli ( ) . . . . . . \textSFxlii ( ) . . . . . \textSFxliii ( ) . . . . \textSFxliv ( ) . . . . . \textSFxlix ( ) . . . . . \textSFxlv ( ) . . . . . . \textSFxlvi ( ) . . . . . \textSFxlvii ( ) . . . . \textSFxlviii ( ) . . . \textSFxx ( ) . . . . . . . \textSFxxi ( ) . . . . . . \textSFxxii ( ) . . . . . \textSFxxiii ( ) . . . . \textSFxxiv ( ) . . . . . \textSFxxv ( ) . . . . . . \textSFxxvi ( ) . . . . . \textSFxxvii ( ) . . . . \textSFxxviii ( ) . . . \textSFxxxix ( ) . . . . \textSFxxxvi ( ) . . . . \textSFxxxvii ( ) . . . \textSFxxxviii ( ) . . . \textshade ( ) . . . . . . \textsixoldstyle () . \textsoftsign () . . . . \textspleftarrow () . \textsterling () . . . \textstretchc () . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . 13 . . 12 . . 12 . . 12 . . 12 . . 15 . . 12 . . 12 . . 17 . . 12 10, 22 . . . 21 . . . 22 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . 107 . . . 22 . . . 12 . . . 13 10, 20 . . . 12
173
\textstretchcvar ($) . . . . . . 13 \textstyle . . . . . . . . . 116, 123 \textsubacute (a) . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubarch (a) . . . . . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubbar (a) \textsubbridge (a) . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubcircum (a) . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubdot (a) . . . . . . . . . 17 . \textsubdoublearrow () . . . 13 \textsubgrave (a) . . . . . . . . 17 \textsublhalfring (a) . . . . . 17 \textsubplus (a) . . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubrhalfring (a) . . . . . 17 \textsubrightarrow () . . . . 13 \textsubring (a) . . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubsquare (a) . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubtilde (a) . . . . . . . . 17 \textsubumlaut ) . . . . . . . . 17 (a \textsubw (a) . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . \textsubwedge (a) . . . . . . . . 17 \textsuperimposetilde (a) . . 17 & \textsuperscript . . . . . . . . . 18 \textsurd () . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \textsyllabic (a) . . . . . . . . 17 " \texttctclig (tC) . . . . . . . . . 12 \textteshlig () . . . . . . . . . 12 \textteshlig () . . . . . . . . . 15 \texttheta (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textthing ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101 \textthorn () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textthornvari (P) . . . . . . . . 13 \textthornvarii (Q) . . . . . . . 13 \textthornvariii (R) . . . . . . 13 \textthornvariv (S) . . . . . . . 13 \textthreeoldstyle () . . . . 22 \textthreequarters () 74, 127 \textthreequartersemdash () . . . . . . . . . . 22 \textthreesuperior () 74, 127 \texttildedot ( a) . . . . . . . . 17 \texttildelow ( ) . . . . 22, 125 \texttimes () . . . . . . . . . . . 74 \texttoneletterstem () . . . . 12 \texttoptiebar (> . . . . . . . . 17 a) \texttrademark () 10, 21, 128 \texttslig ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textturna (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textturncelig () . . . . . . . 12 \textturnglotstop (E) . . . . . 13 \textturnh (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textturnk () . . . . . . . . . . . 12 \textturnlonglegr () . . . . . 12 \textturnm (W) . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textturnmrleg () . . . . . . . 13 \textturnr () . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \textturnrrtail () . . . . . . . 13 \textturnsck (u) . . . . . . . . . 13
\textturnscripta (6) . \textturnscu ({) . . . . \textturnt () . . . . . . \textturnthree (C) . . . \textturntwo (A) . . . . \textturnv (2) . . . . . . \textturnw () . . . . . . \textturny (L) . . . . . . \texttwelveudash ( ) . \texttwooldstyle . . . . \texttwooldstyle () . \texttwosuperior () . \textuncrfemale (8) . . \textunderscore ( ) . . \textuparrow () . . . . \textupblock ( ) . . . . \textupfullarrow () . \textupsilon (U) . . . . \textupstep ( ) . . . . . \textvbaraccent () . . a \textvbaraccent (a) . . \textvertline () . . . . \textvibyi () . . . . . . \textvibyy () . . . . . . \textvisiblespace ( ) \textwon ( ) . . . . . . . \textwynn ( ) . . . . . . . \textxswdown ( ) . . . . \textxswup ( ) . . . . . \textyen () . . . . . . . \textyogh (Z) . . . . . . . \textyogh () . . . . . . . \textzerooldstyle () \TH () . . . . . . . . . . . . \th () . . . . . . . . . . . . Th`nh, H`n Th . . . . . a a e \therefore (T) . . . . . . \therefore () . . . . . . \therefore () . . . . . . \Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . \Theta () . . . . . . . . . \theta () . . . . . . . . . \thetaup () . . . . . . . . \thething ( ) . . . . . . \thickapprox () . . . . \thicksim () . . . . . . \thickvert (~) . . . . . . thin space . . . . . . . . . . \ThinFog ( ) . . . \thinstar ( ) . . . \third (Q) . . . . . thirty-second note symbols \Thorn () . . . . . \thorn (f) . . . . . \thorn (p) . . . . . \thorn () . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 14 . . . 14 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 22 . . . 22 . . . 22 74, 127 . . . 14 . . . 10 . . . 48 . . 107 . . . 14 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 17 . . . 19 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 13 . . . 10 . . . 20 . . . 13 . . 101 . . 101 20, 127 . . . 13 . . . 15 . . . 22 11, 127 11, 127 . . 118 . . . 36 34, 71 . . . 71 . . 101 . . . 57 . . . 57 . . . 57 . . 101 . . . 34 . . . 34 . . . 62 . . 123
thousandths . . . . . . . . . . . . see \textperthousand \threesim () . . . . . . . . . . 114 tick . . . . . . . . . . see check marks tilde 10, 12, 14, 1617, 20, 22, 65, 66, 68, 118, 125 extensible . . . . . . . . 66, 68 vertically centered . . . . 125 \tilde () . . . . . . . . . . 65, 118 \tildel (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 \timelimit (T) . . . . . . . . . 104 \times () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \times () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Times Roman (font) . . . 20, 112 timing (package) . . . . . . . . . . 78 tipa (package) . 12, 13, 1517, 19, 113, 130, 131 tipx (package) . . . . . 13, 130, 131 ) . . . . . . . . . 39 \tndtstile ( \tnststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 \tntstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 \tnttstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 39 \to . . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow \ToBottom () . . . . . . . . . . . 100 \tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 \top ( ) . . . . . . . . . 24, 59, 116 \top ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \topbot () . . . . . . . . 116, 117 \topdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . . 36 torus (T) . . see alphabets, math \ToTop () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 trademark . . see \texttrademark \TransformHoriz ( ) . . . . . 40 transforms . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 70 \TransformVert ( ) . . . . . . . 40 transliteration semitic . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 19 transliteration symbols . . . . . 15 transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 transversal intersection . . . . see \pitchfork trema () . . . . . . . . see accents a trfsigns (package) . 40, 59, 70, 130 \triangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \triangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47 triangle relations . . . . . . . 46, 47 \TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 \TriangleDown ( vs. ) . . 111 \TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 \triangledown ( ) . . . . . . . . 73 \triangledown ( ) . . . . . . . . 47 \triangleeq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47 \TriangleLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . 89 \triangleleft () . . . . . . . . 46 \triangleleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \triangleleft ( ) . . . . . . . . 47
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 101 . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . 73 see musical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14 15 14
o Q o
P
174
\trianglelefteq () \trianglelefteq ( ) \trianglelefteq ( ) . \trianglelefteqslant
.. .. .. (
.... .... . 45, ) ..
46 46 47 46
\triangleq ( ) . . . . . . . 23, 46 \triangleq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47 \TriangleRight ( ) . . . . . . . 89 \triangleright () . . . . . . . 46 \triangleright ( ) . . . . . . . . 24 \triangleright ( ) . . . . . . . 47 \trianglerighteq () . . . . . 46 \trianglerighteq ( ) . . . . . 46 \trianglerighteq ( ) . . . 45, 47 \trianglerighteqslant ( ) . 46 triangles . . . . 73, 81, 8990, 105 \TriangleUp ( ) \TriangleUp (
txfonts (package) 2325, 31, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 49, 55, 5759, 73, 76, 110, 112, 125, 130, 131 type1cm (package) . . . . . . . . 110 Type 1 (font) . . . . . . . 122, 123 U \U (a) . . . . . . . . . . \U (a) . . . . . . . . . . \u () . . . . . . . . . . a \UArrow ( ) . . . \UB (< . . . . . . . . . ) \ubar (u) . . . . . . . \ubarbbrevis () \ubarbrevis () . . \ubarsbrevis () \ubrevislonga () ubulb.fd (le) . . . ucs (package) . . . . . \udesc (u) . . . . . . \udot () . . . . . . . . \udotdot ( ) . . . . . \udots ( ) . . . . . . \udtimes ( ) . . . . \UHORN () . . . . . . \uhorn () . . . . . . \ulcorner (x) . . . . \ulcorner ( ) . . . .
\underleftrightarrow ( ) . underline . . . . . . . 10, 23, 66, \underline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . \underlinesegment ( ) . . . . . \underparenthesis ( )
67 68 66 67
118, 119
\triple . . . . . . \triplefrown ( ) \triplesim ( ) . \triplesmile ( ) trsym (package) . \tsbm ( ) . . . . .
n vs. I) . . . . 111 \TriangleUp (n) . . . . . . . . . 89

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. . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 55 40, 130, 131 . . . . . . 105
\tsdtstile ( ) . . . . . . . . . 39 \tsmb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \tsmm ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 \tsststile ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39 \Tsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 \tststile ( \tsttstile ( \ttdtstile ( \ttststile ( \tttstile ( \ttttstile ( ) ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 ) . . . . . . . . . 40 ) . . . . . . . . . 40 ) . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . 40 ) . . . . . . . . . 40
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. . 19 . . 16 . . 16 . . 80 . . 99 . . 15 . 106 . 106 . 106 . 106 . 122 . 128 . . 15 . . 26 26, 71 . . . 71 . . . 27 . . . 11 . . . 11 . . . 60 . . . 60
\ulcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 \ullcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 \ulrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ulsy (package) . . 27, 55, 113, 130 \Umd ( a) . . . . . . . . umlaut () . . . . . . . a unary operators . . . . \unclear (k) . . . . . \underaccent . . . . . \underarc (a) . . . . . \underarch (a) . . . . \underbrace (lo mo n) o o \underbrace ( \underbrace ( . . . . . . . 99 see accents . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . 104 . . . . . . 118 . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . 67
\TTsteel () . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
TUGboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 \Tumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . 100 turnstile (package) 39, 40, 130, 131 \TwelweStar ( ) . . . . . twiddle . . . . . . . . . . . . \twoheaddownarrow ( ) . \twoheadleftarrow ( ) \twoheadleftarrow ( ) \twoheadnearrow ( ) . . \twoheadnwarrow ( ) . . \twoheadrightarrow ( ) \twoheadrightarrow ( ) \twoheadsearrow ( ) . . \twoheadswarrow ( ) . . \twoheaduparrow ( ) . . . \twonotes ( ) . . . . . . . .
. . . . 87 see tilde . . . . 50 . . . . 48 . . . . 50 . . . . 50 . . . . 50 . . . 48 . . . 50 . . . . 50 . . . . 50 . . . . 50 . . . . 98
\underbrace ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 67 ) . . . . . . . . 67 ) . . . . . . . . 66 . . . . . . . . 67 ... 118, 119
\underbracket ( ) \underbracket ( )
\underdots (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 20 \undergroup (lo o n) . . . . . . . . 67 o \undergroup ( ) . . . . . . . . . 67 \underleftarrow () . . . . . . 67 \underleftharp ( ) . . . . . . . . 54 \underleftharpdown ( ) . . . . 54
\underrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 67 \underrightharp ( ) . . . . . . . 54 \underrightharpdown ( ) . . . 54 \underring (y) . . . . . . . . . . . 20 underscore . . . . . . see underline underscore (package) . . . . . . . 10 \underset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 undertilde (package) . 68, 130, 131 \undertilde (|) . . . . . . . . . . 20 \underwedge (}) . . . . . . . . . . 20 Unicode . . . . . . 9, 107, 126129 union . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \cup unit disk (D) see alphabets, math \unitedpawns (u) . . . . . . . . 104 units (package) . . . . . . . . . . . 74 unity (1) . . . see alphabets, math universa (package) . 90, 101, 130, 131 universal (package) 84, 86, 90, 101, 130, 131 \unlhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25 \unlhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47 \unrhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25 \unrhd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 47 \upalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \UParrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 \Uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . 47, 61 \Uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \uparrow () . . . . . . 47, 61, 110 \uparrow () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 \uparrowtail ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50 \upbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 \upbeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \upbracketfill . . . . . . . . . 119 \upchi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \Updelta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \updelta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \Updownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 47, 61 \Updownarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 51 \updownarrow ( ) . . . . . . 47, 61 \updownarrow () . . . . . . . . . 51 \updownarrows () . . . . . . . . 49 \updownarrows ( ) . . . . . . . . 51 \updownharpoonleftright ( ) 53 \updownharpoonrightleft ( ) 53 \updownharpoons () . . . . . . . 49 \updownharpoons ( ) . . . . . . . 53 \Updownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \updownline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 37 \upepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \upeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \upfilledspoon ( ) . . . . . . . . 54
175
\upfootline ( ) . . . \upfree ( ) . . . . . . \Upgamma () . . . . . . \upgamma () . . . . . . upgreek (package) . . \upharpoonccw ( ) . . \upharpooncw ( ) . . \upharpoonleft () . \upharpoonleft ( ) . \upharpoonright () \upharpoonright ( ) \upiota () . . . . . . . \upkappa () . . . . . . \Uplambda () . . . . . \uplambda () . . . . . \uplett . . . . . . . . . \uplsquigarrow ( ) . \uplus () . . . . . . . \uplus ( ) . . . . . . . \uplus ( ) . . . . . . . \upmapsto ( ) . . . . . \upModels ( ) . . . . . \upmodels ( ) . . . . . \upmu () . . . . . . . . \upnu () . . . . . . . . \Upomega () . . . . . \upomega () . . . . . \upp (t) . . . . . . . . . \upparenthfill . . . \Upphi () . . . . . . . \upphi () . . . . . . . \Uppi () . . . . . . . . \uppi () . . . . . . . . \uppitchfork ( ) . . \uppropto ( ) . . . . . \Uppsi () . . . . . . . \uppsi () . . . . . . . upquote (package) . . \uprho () . . . . . . . upright Greek letters \uprsquigarrow ( ) . upside-down symbols upside-down symbols 113 \Upsigma () . . . . . . \upsigma () . . . . . . \Upsilon () . . . . . \upsilon () . . . . . . \upsilonup () . . . . \upslice ( ) . . . . . \upspoon ( ) . . . . . . \upt (l) . . . . . . . . . \uptau () . . . . . . . . \uptherefore () . . \Uptheta () . . . . . \uptheta () . . . . . . \uptodownarrow () \upuparrows () . . . \upuparrows ( ) . .
. . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 58, 130, 131 . . . . . . . 53 . . . . . . . 53 . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . . 49 . . . . . . . 48 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . 24 . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . 119 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 54 . . . . . . . 37 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . . . 125 . . . . . . . 58 . . . . 57, 58 . . . . . . . 51 . . . . . . 124 . 1215, 19, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26, ... ... ... ... ... 58 58 57 57 57 28 54 20 58 71 58 58 49 49 48
\upuparrows ( ) . \upupharpoons () \Upupsilon () . . \upupsilon () . . \upvarepsilon () \upvarphi () . . . \upvarpi () . . . \upvarrho () . . . \upvarsigma () . \upvartheta () . \upVdash ( ) . . . \upvdash () . . . . \Upxi () . . . . . . \upxi () . . . . . . \upY ( ) . . . . . . . \upzeta () . . . . . \Uranus (q) . . . . \Uranus () . . . . . \uranus ( ) . . . . . \urcorner (y) . . . \urcorner ( ) . . .
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51 49 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 37 37 58 58 26 58 79 79 79 60 60
\urcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 url (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 \US ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 \usepackage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ushort (package) . . . 68, 130, 132 \ushort ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \ushortdw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \ushortw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \ut (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 UTF-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 129 utf8x (inputenc package option) 128 \utilde ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \utimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \utimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Utopia (font) . . . . . . . . . . 20, 33 V \v () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 a \vara () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \varangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \varbigcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25 \VarClock ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 102 \varclub ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \varclubsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . . 73 \varcoppa () . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 \varcurlyvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . 25 \varcurlywedge ( ) . . . . . . . 25 \vardiamond () . . . . . . . . . . 75 \vardiamondsuit ( ) . . . . . . . 73 \varEarth (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 \varepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 57 \varepsilonup () . . . . . . . . . 57 \VarFlag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 102 varg (txfonts/pxfonts package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \varg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\varg (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \vargeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \varhash (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 \varheart () . . . . . . . . . . . 75 \varheartsuit ( ) . . . . . . . . 73 \varhexagon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 88 \varhexstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 87 \vari (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 variable-sized symbols 2933, 110, 112 \VarIceMountain ( ) . . . . . 102 \varinjlim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56 \varint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \various (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \varkappa () . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \varleq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 \varliminf (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56 \varlimsup (lim) . . . . . . . . . . 56 \varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 \VarMountain ( ) . . . . . . . . 102 \varnothing () . . . . . . . 23, 73 \varnothing ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 74 \varnotin () . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \varnotowner () . . . . . . . . . 59 \varoast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varobar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varobslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varocircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varodot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varogreaterthan ( ) . . . . . 25 \varoiiintclockwise ( ) . . 31 \varoiiintctrclockwise ( ) 31 ! \varoiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 32 \varoiintclockwise ( ) . . . 31 \varoiintctrclockwise ( ) . 31 \varoint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 \varointclockwise ( ) . . . . . 31 \varointclockwise ( ) . . . . . 32 \varointctrclockwise ( ) . . 31 \varointctrclockwise ( ) . . . 32 \varolessthan ( ) . . . . . . . . 25 \varomega () . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \varominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varopeno (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 \varoplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varoslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varotimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varovee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varowedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 25 \varparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . . 35 \varparallelinv ( ) . . . . . . . 35 \varpartialdiff ( ) . . . . . . . 60 \varphi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \varphiup () . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \varpi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 \varpi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 \varpiup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
176
\varprod ( ) . . . . . . \varprojlim (lim) . . . \varpropto () . . . . \varpropto () . . . . . \varQ ( ) . . . . . . . . . \varrho ( ) . . . . . . . . \varrho ( ) . . . . . . . . \varrhoup ( ) . . . . . . \varsigma () . . . . . . \varsigmaup () . . . . \varspade ( ) . . . . . \varspadesuit ( ) . . \varsqsubsetneq () \varsqsubsetneqq () \varsqsupsetneq () \varsqsupsetneqq () \varstar () . . . . . . . \varstigma () . . . . . \varsubsetneq () . . \varsubsetneq ( ) . . \varsubsetneq ( ) . . \varsubsetneqq () . \varsubsetneqq ( ) . \varsubsetneqq ( ) . . \VarSummit ( ) . . . . \varsupsetneq () . . \varsupsetneq ( ) . . \varsupsetneq ( ) . . \varsupsetneqq () . \varsupsetneqq ( ) . \varsupsetneqq ( ) . .
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\VarTaschenuhr ( ) . . \vartheta () . . . . . . . \varthetaup () . . . . . \vartimes ( ) . . . . . . . \vartriangle ( ) . . . . \vartriangle ( ) . . . . \vartriangleleft () \vartriangleleft ( ) \vartriangleleft ( ) . \vartriangleright () \vartriangleright ( ) \vartriangleright ( ) \varv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \varvarpi ( ) . . . . . . \varvarrho ( ) . . . . . . \varw ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \vary ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \VBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . \vbipropto ( ) . . . . . . \vcentcolon (:) . . . . . . \vcenter . . . . . . . . . . \vcrossing ( ) . . . . . . \VDash (@) . . . . . . . . . \VDash ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Vdash (D) . . . . . . . . . \Vdash ( ) . . . . . . . . .
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31 56 34 37 101 . 57 . 58 . 57 . 57 . 57 . 75 . 73 . 42 . 42 . 42 . 42 . 26 . 97 . 42 . 41 . 42 . 42 . 41 . 42 102 . 42 . 41 . 42 . 42 . 41 . 42
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\Vdash ( ) . . . . . . . \vDash (@) . . . . . . . \vDash ( ) . . . . . . . \vDash ( ) . . . . . . . \vdash ( ) . . . . . . . \vdash ( ) . . . . . . . \vdotdot ( ) . . . . . . . \vdots (. . . . . . . . . .) \vdots ( ) . . . . . . . . \vec ( ) . . . . . . . . . \vec ( ) . . . . . . . . . \Vectorarrow (p) . . . \Vectorarrowhigh (P) \vee () . . . . . . . . . \vee () . . . . . . . . . \vee () . . . . . . . . . \veebar () . . . . . . \veebar ( ) . . . . . . \veedot ( ) . . . . . . \veedoublebar () . \Venus (f) . . . . . . . \Venus () . . . . . . . \venus () . . . . . . . \vernal ( ) . . . . . . versicle ( ) . . . . . . .
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37 36 34 37 34 37 71
70 71 65 65 74 74 26 24 26 26 24 27 26 79 79 79 79 129
\WashSynthetics () . . . . 100 \WashWool () . . . . . . . . . . 100 \wasylozenge () . . . . . . . . . 98 \wasypropto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 35 wasysym (package) 14, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 41, 43, 47, 71, 73, 7880, 82, 8688, 98, 111, 130 \wasytherefore () . . . . . . . 71 wavy-line delimiters . . . . . 62, 63 \wbetter (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \wdecisive (h) . . . . . . . . . 104 \weakpt (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \WeakRain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 101 \WeakRainCloud ( ) . . . . . . 101 weather symbols . . . . . . . . . 101
\Wecker ( ) . . . . . . \wedge () . . . . . . . . \wedge () . . . . . . . . \wedge () . . . . . . . . \wedgedot ( ) . . . . . . Weierstrass function \wfermion ( ) . . . . . . \Wheelchair (w) . . . . \whfermion ( ) . . . . \whistle (a) . . . . . . .
d m
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. . 102 . . . 26 . . . 24 . . . 27 . . . 27 see \wp . . . . 83 . . . 100 . . . . 83 . . . . 18 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104
\VERT ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 \Vert ( ) . . . . . \vert (|) . . . . . . \vertbowtie ( ) \vertdiv ( ) . . . \VHF ( ) . . . . . . \Vier ( ) . . . . . vietnam (package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 63 61, 63 . . . 27 . . . 27 . . . 78 . . . 99 . . 130
. 102 . . 57 . . 57 . . 25 . . 73 . . 47 . . 46 . . 46 45, 47 . . . 46 . . . 46 45, 47 . . . 58 . . . 58 . . . 58 . . . 58 . . . 58 . . . 89 . . . 26 . . . 39 . . 114 . . . 37 . . . 36 . . . 37 . . . 36 . . . 34
\Village ( ) . . . . . . . . 102 \vin ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 vinculum . . . . . . . see \overline \ViPa (> ) . . . . \Virgo () . . . \virgo ( ) . . \VM (>) . . . . . . vntex (package) \vod (v) . . . . . \voicedh (h) . . \vppm ( ) . . . . \vpppm ) . . . ( \vrule . . . . . . \VT ( ) . . . . . . \vv ( #) . . . . . \VvDash ( ) . . \Vvdash (D) . . \Vvdash ( ) . . \Vvdash ( ) . . \vvvert (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . 79 . . 79 . . 99 11, 16 . . . 15 . . . 15 . . 105 . . 105 . . 107 . . . 81 . . . 68 . . . 35 . . . 36 . . . 34 . . . 37 . . . 62 . . . .

A) \WhiteBishopOnWhite (B) \WhiteEmptySquare (0) . \WhiteKingOnBlack (J) . \WhiteKingOnWhite (K) . \WhiteKnightOnBlack (M) \WhiteKnightOnWhite (N) \WhitePawnOnBlack (O) . \WhitePawnOnWhite (P) . \WhiteQueenOnBlack (L) \WhiteQueenOnWhite (Q) \WhiteRookOnBlack (S) . \WhiteRookOnWhite (R) .
\WhiteBishopOnBlack (
W \WashCotton () . . . . . . . . 100
104 \whitestone . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 whole note . see musical symbols Wick contractions . . . . . . . . 119 \widearc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 \widearrow (t) . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \widebar (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
177
\widecheck (q) \widehat ( ) . . \widehat ( ) . . \wideOarc ( ) . \wideparen (u) \wideparen ( ) \wideparen ( ) \wideparen () u \widering () . ) . \widering ( \widering () .
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. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
67 67 66 68 67 68 67 66 67 68
\XBox ( ) . . . Xdvi . . . . . . . A XEL TEX . . . . xfrac (package)
.... .... .... ...
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . 86 54, 113 . . . 129 . . . . 74
\xrightleftharpoons ( ) . . 69 \xrightleftharpoons ( ) . . 69 Xs . . . . . . . . . . . \XSolid ( ) . . . . \XSolidBold ( ) \XSolidBrush ( ) \xswordsdown ( ) \xswordsup ( ) .
\xhookleftarrow ( ) . . . . . . 69 \xhookrightarrow ( ) \Xi () . . . . . . . . . . . . \xi () . . . . . . . . . . . . \xiup () . . . . . . . . . . \xLeftarrow ( =) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 57 57 57
6 7
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . .
86, 100 . . . 86 . . . 86 . . . 86 . . 101 . . 101
. . . . . . . . . . . 66 \widetilde () . . . . . . . . . . . 67 \widetilde ( ) . . . . . . . . 66, 68 \widetriangle () . . . . . . . . 66 \wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 \with (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \with (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \withattack (A) . . . . . . . . . 104 \withidea (E) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \withinit (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \without (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 104 \wn (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 101 \Womanface () . . . . . . . . . 101 won . . . . . . . . . . . see \textwon world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 \wp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \wp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 \wr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 \wr ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 \wreath ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 wreath product . . . . . . . see \wr \Writinghand (b) . . . . . . . . 100 wsuipa (package) 14, 18, 20, 111, 113, 118, 130, 131 \wupperhand (c) . . . . . . . . . 104 X \x (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 \x () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
. . . . . . . . . 69
\xtwoheadleftarrow ( ) . 70 \xtwoheadrightarrow ( ) 70 X -pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Y Y \Ydown ( ) . . . . yen . . . . . . . . . . yfonts (package) . yhmath (package) 130 \Yinyang (Y) . . \Yleft ( ) . . . . \yogh () . . . . . \yogh (x) . . . . . \Yright ( ) . . . Yu, Billy . . . . . . \Yup ( ) . . . . . .
\xleftarrow ( . . . . . . . . . 68 ) \xleftharpoondown ( ) . . . . 69 \xleftharpoonup ( ) . . . . . . 69 \xLeftrightarrow ( ) \xLeftrightarrow ( ) ) \xleftrightarrow ( \xleftrightarrow ( ) . . . . 69 . . . . 69 . . . . 69 . . . . 69
. . . . . . . . . . 25 . . see \textyen 76, 77, 130, 131 66, 68, 71, 117, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 25 14 15 25 118 . 25
\xleftrightharpoons ( ) . . 69 = \xlongequal (==) . . . . . . . . . 70 \xlongequal (==) . . . . . . . . . 69 = \xLongleftarrow (=) . . . . . 69 = \xlongleftarrow () . . . . . 69 \xLongleftrightarrow (=) 69 = \xlongleftrightarrow () 69 = \xLongrightarrow (=) . . . . 69 \xlongrightarrow () . . . . 69 ) \xmapsto ( . . . . . . . . . . . 69 \xmapsto ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 70 XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 \xRightarrow (= ) . . . . . . . . . 69 \xrightarrow ( ) . . . . . . . . 68 \xrightharpoondown ( ) . . . 69 \xrightharpoonup ( ) . . . . . 69
. . . .
Z Zapf Chancery (font) Zapf Dingbats (font) \Zborder ( ) . . . . . \zeta () . . . . . . . . \zetaup () . . . . . . . \Zodiac . . . . . . . . . zodiacal symbols . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
... 84, ... ... ... ... ...
76 87 90 57 57 79 79
\Ztransf (
.. .. . ..
) . . . . . . . . . . 40
) . . . . . . . . . . 40 \ztransf ( \zugzwang (D) . . . . . . . . . . 104 \Zwdr ( * ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 \ZwPa ( A ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List

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A The Comprehensive L TEX Symbol List Scott Pakin <scott+clsl@pakin.

org> 9 November 2009

Frequently Requested Symbols

A Table 1: L TEX 2 Escapable Special Characters

A Table 2: Predened L TEX 2 Text-mode Commands

\ddag \dots \pounds

Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) a A

\aa \AA \AE \ae

\DH \dh \DJ \dj

\ss \SS \TH \th

\B{D} \B{d} \B{H} \B{h} \B{t} \B{T} \m{b} \m{B} \m{C}

\m{f} \m{F} \m{G} \m{g} \m{I} \m{i} \m{J} \m{j} \m{K}

\m{k} \m{N} \m{n} \m{o} \m{O} \m{P} \m{p} \m{s} \m{S}

\M{t} \M{T} \m{t} \m{T} \m{u} \m{U} \m{Y} \m{y} \m{z}

\m{Z} \T{E} \T{e} \T{O} \T{o}

Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese \OHORN \ohorn \UHORN \uhorn

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\textglotstopvarii \textglotstopvariii \textgrgamma \textheng \texthmlig

\textrhooka \textrhooke \textrhookepsilon \textrhookopeno \textrtailhth

\textturnthree \textturntwo \textuncrfemale \textupfullarrow

Table 12: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols

Table 14: phonetic Phonetic Symbols

\barj \barlambda \emgma \engma \enya \epsi \esh \eth \fj

\flap \glottal \hausaB \hausab \hausad \hausaD \hausak \hausaK \hookd

\ibar \openo \planck \pwedge \revD \riota \rotm \rotOmega \rotr

\rotvara \rotw \roty \schwa \thorn \ubar \udesc \vara \varg

\vari \varomega \varopeno \vod \voicedh \yogh

\texthtd \texthtk \texthtp \texthtt \textiota \textltailn \textopeno

\textpipe \textrtaild \textrtailt \textschwa \textscriptv \textteshlig \textyogh

Table 16: semtrans Transliteration Symbols \Alif \Ayn

Table 17: Text-mode Accents a A a A Aa a A a A \"{A}\"{a} \{A}\{a} \.{A}\.{a} \={A}\={a} \^{A}\^{a} Aa

\{A}\{a} \|{A}\|{a} \~{A}\~{a} \b{A}\b{a} \c{A}\c{a} Aa

\d{A}\d{a} \G{A}\G{a} \h{A}\h{a} \H{A}\H{a} \k{A}\k{a}

\r{A}\r{a} \t{A}\t{a} \u{A}\u{a} \U{A}\U{a} \v{A}\v{a}

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a A Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa a A a A Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa A& &a Aa " " Aa >> Aa a A

Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents Aa gg Aa  \dental{A}\dental{a} \underarch{A}\underarch{a}

Table 21: phonetic Text-mode Accents Aa

\hill{A}\hill{a} \od{A}\od{a} \ohill{A}\ohill{a}

\rc{A}\rc{a} \syl{A}\syl{a} \td{A}\td{a}

Table 23: t4phonet Text-mode Accents \textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a} \textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a} \textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a}

Table 24: arcs Text-mode Accents Aa \overarc{A}\overarc{a} Aa \underarc{A}\underarc{a}

Table 25: semtrans Accents Aa \D{A}\D{a} aA Aa Aa ,, Aa \U{A}\U{a}

Table 26: ogonek Accents \k{A}\k{a}

Table 27: combelow Accents \cb{A}\cb{a}

Table 28: wsuipa Diacritics

\ain \corner \downp \downt \halflength

\leftp \leftt \length \midtilde \open

\overring \polishhook \rightp \rightt \secstress

\stress \syllabic \underdots \underring \undertilde

\underwedge \upp \upt

\textdollar \textdollaroldstyle \textdong \texteuro \textflorin

\textguarani \textlira \textnaira \textpeso \textsterling

Table 32: wasysym Currency Symbols \cent 20 \currency

Table 33: C in h A2e Currency Symbols

Table 35: eurosym Euro Signs A C \geneuro B C \geneuronarrow C C \geneurowide e \officialeuro

Table 36: fourier Euro Signs \eurologo \texteuro

Table 37: textcomp Legal Symbols \textcircledP \textcopyleft c r \textcopyright \textregistered

Table 38: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons

Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents Aa gg Aa \dental{A}\dental{a} \underarch{A}\underarch{a}