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  • Water Lecture 1

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    David Stibbe
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    The document summarizes key facts about water on Earth: - Oceans contain 97.4% of Earth's water, while inland water is only 0.002% and atmospheric water is 0.001%. - The global water cycle involves evaporation of 423,000 km3/year of water and precipitation of the same amount. Runoff, which is available for human use, is 37,000 km3/year. - Of the 37,000 km3/year of runoff, only about 10,000 km3/year is considered usable water for humanity, though this amount has increased due to dams and diversions. Groundwater is another important source of freshwater,

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    The document summarizes key facts about water on Earth: - Oceans contain 97.4% of Earth's water, while inland water is only 0.002% and atmospheric water is 0.001%. - The global water cycle involves evaporation of 423,000 km3/year of water and precipitation of the same amount. Runoff, which is available for human use, is 37,000 km3/year. - Of the 37,000 km3/year of runoff, only about 10,000 km3/year is considered usable water for humanity, though this amount has increased due to dams and diversions. Groundwater is another important source of freshwater,

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    17 views7 pages

    Water Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    David Stibbe
    The document summarizes key facts about water on Earth: - Oceans contain 97.4% of Earth's water, while inland water is only 0.002% and atmospheric water is 0.001%. - The global water cycle involves evaporation of 423,000 km3/year of water and precipitation of the same amount. Runoff, which is available for human use, is 37,000 km3/year. - Of the 37,000 km3/year of runoff, only about 10,000 km3/year is considered usable water for humanity, though this amount has increased due to dams and diversions. Groundwater is another important source of freshwater,

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    Water Lecture 1: Oceans = 97.4% water on Earth Inland = 0.002% Atmosphere = 0.001% Ground water = 0.

    23% Icecaps and glaciers = 2.3% Water Flow: Evaporation = 423 x 103 km3/yr (62 x 103 km3/yr from land) Precipitation = 423 x 103 km3/yr (99 x 103 km3/yr onto land)

    Run Off = Precipitation Evaporation = 37 x 103 km3/yr Run off is what is used by society In Ontario, run off is more than evaporation, but not true in many warmer or drier places Uses include: transport, irrigation, electricity, recreation, domestic and industrial uses

    Of the 37 x 103 km3/yr:

    22 x 103 km3/yr is flood water and not usable 5 x 103 km3/yr to uninhabited areas and therefore inaccessible Only about 10 x 103 km3/yr usable water
    o

    Up from ~7 x 103 km3/yr in 1900 due to the use of dams and diversions

    Of the 10 x 103 km3/yr: o3800 used o4000 polluted

    Ground water is the other readily available source of fresh water


    o

    8 x 106 km3 of groundwater globally Replenish used ground water with run off (percolates through soils to aquifers) Some aquifers are fossil water and are not replenished once used (Libya, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, N. China)

    oGround water also being polluted by a number of sources (agriculture, industry, acid rain leads to more dissolved metals) oi.e. Walkerton is an example of a biological contamination of groundwater.

    Accessibility of water is the issue most likely to limit population growth. Currently 1 billion people dont have access to clean water and 80% of illness in developing world is water-related.

    Composition of Water oPure, fresh water = 1000g/L; pH = 7 oOceans water is more dense due to dissolved salts (which is why it is easier to float) and has a pH of ~ 8 (See in class discussion of ions in salt water.)

    2 EXTRAORDINARY PROPERTIES OF WATER: 1. Ice (solid) floats: d(ice) = 0.92


    2.

    Water is most dense at 4oC

    These 2 properties lead to stratification of water in calm systems

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