LOGO

TON RI RC
L Vn Luyn
email: lvluyen@yahoo.com
www.math.hcmus.edu.vn/~lvluyen/trr
Chng 2
Chng II: PHP M
- Cc nguyn l
- Gii tch t hp
- Hon v lp, t hp lp
- H thc qui
Php m
I. Cc nguyn l
1. Nguyn l cng
Gi s lm cng vic A c 2 phng php
- Phng php 1 c n cch lm
- Phng php 2 c m cch lm
Khi s cch lm cng vic A l n+m
V d. An c 3 o tay di, 5 o tay ngn. chn 1 ci
o th An c my cch
Php m
I. Cc nguyn l
2. Nguyn l nhn
Gi s lm cng vic A cn thc hin 2 bc
- Bc 1 c n cch lm
- Bc 2 c m cch lm
Khi s cch lm cng vic A l n.m
V d:
A B
C
C 3.2 =6 con ng i t A n C
Php m
I. Cc nguyn l
V d: Cho tp X ={1,2,3,4,5,0}
Hi c bao nhiu s t nhin c 3 ch s khc nhau m chia
ht cho 2
Gii. Gi s c 3 ch s l abc
TH1 . c=0. Khi
c c 1 cch chn
a c 5 cch chn ( aeX\{0} )
b c 4 cch chn ( beX\{a, 0} )
TH1 c 1.4.5 =20
TH2 . c0. Khi
c c 2 cch chn
a c 4 cch chn ( aeX\{c, 0} )
b c 4 cch chn ( beX\{a, c} )
TH2 c 2.4.4 =32
Vy c 20+32 =52
Php m
I. Cc nguyn l
V d. C 20 chim b cu trong 7 ci chung. Khi s
c t nht 1 chung c 3 con b cu tr ln
- Trong 1 nhm c 367 ngi th t nht c 2 ngi sinh
cng ngy
Php m
3. Nguyn l chung b cu (Derichlet)
Gi l s nguyn nh nht ln hn hay bng x.
Gi s c n chim b cu trong k chung. Khi tn ti t
nht mt chung cha t b cu tr ln.
/ n k
(
(
x
(
(
V d. Cho tp X ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. Ly A l tp hp con
ca X gm 6 phn t. Khi trong A s c hai phn t c
tng bng 10.
Gii.
Ta lp cc chung nh sau: {1,9} {2,8} {3,7} {4,6} {5}
Do A c 6 phn t nn trong 6 phn t s c 2 phn t
trong 1 chung. Suy ra pcm
I. Cc nguyn l
Php m
4. Nguyn l b tr.
Cho A v B l hai tp hu hn. Khi
|A B|= |A|+|B| - |A B|
I. Cc nguyn l
A B
B A
Php m
C s Logic
I. Cc nguyn l
A B
A C
BC
A B C
A B
C
|A B C|=?
I. Cc nguyn l
V d. Trong mt lp ngoi ng Anh Php. C 24 HS hc
Ting Php, 26 hc sinh hc Ting Anh. 15 hc sinh hc
Ting Anh v Ting Php. Hi lp c bao nhiu ngi
Gii.
Gi A l nhng hc sinh hc Ting Php
B l nhng hc sinh hc Ting Anh
Khi . S hc sinh ca lp l |A B |. Theo nguyn l
b tr ta c |A B|= |A|+|B| - |A B|=24+26-15=35
Php m
II. Gii tch t hp
1. Hon v
nh ngha. Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi cch sp t
c th t n phn t ca A c gi l mt hon v ca n
phn t. S cc hon v ca n phn t k hiu l P
n
P
n
= n! = n.(n-1).(n-2)1
Quy c 0! =1
V d. Cho A ={a,b,c}. Khi A c cc hon v sau
abc,acb,
bac,bca,
cab,cba
Php m
V d. Nu A l tp hp n phn t th s song nh t A vo
A l n!
Cho X ={1,2,3,4,5}. Hi c bao nhiu s t nhin gm
5 ch s khc nhau c to t tp X 5!
Php m
II. Gii tch t hp
2. Chnh hp.
nh ngha. Cho A l tp hp gm n phn t. Mi b gm k
phn t (1 s k sn) sp th t ca tp hp A c gi l mt
chnh hp chp k ca n phn t.
S cc chnh hp chp k ca n k hiu l
- Cng thc
( )
!
!
k
n
n
A
n k
=

k
n
A
V d. Cho X ={abc}. Khi X c cc chnh hp chp 2 ca
3 l: ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb.
Php m
II. Gii tch t hp
V d. C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 3 ch s c to
thnh t 1,2,3,4,5,6.
Kt qu:
3
6
A
Php m
II. Gii tch t hp
3.T hp.
nh ngha. Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi tp con gm k
phn t ca A c gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t.
S t hp chp k ca n phn t c k hiu l hay
k
n
C
|
|
.
|

\
|
k
n
( )
!
! !
k
n
n
C
k n k
=

Tnh cht
n k k
n n
C C

=
1
1
k k k
n n n
C C C

+
+ =
Php m
II. Gii tch t hp
V d. Cho X = {1,2,3,4}. T hp chp 3 ca 4 phn t ca
X l {1,2,3}, {1,2,4}, {1,3,4} , {2,3,4}
Mt lp c 30 hc sinh. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn 10 bn
- S cch chn l t hp chp 10 ca 30.
10
30
C
Php m
III. Hon v lp, t hp lp
1. Hon v lp
nh ngha. Cho n i tng trong c n
i
i tng loi i
ging ht nhau (i =1,2,,k ; n
1
+ n
2
,+ n
k
= n).
Mi cch sp xp c th t n i tng cho gi l mt
hon v lp ca n.
S hon v ca n i tng, trong c
n
1
i tng ging nhau thuc loi 1,
n
2
i tng ging nhau thuc loi 2,,
n
k
i tng ging nhau thuc loi k, l
1 2
!
! !... !
k
n
n n n
Php m
II. Gii tch t hp
V d. C bao nhiu chui k t khc nhau bng cch sp
xp cc ch ci ca t SUCCESS?
Gii. Trong t SUCCESS c 3 ch S, 1 ch U, 2 ch C v
1 ch E. Do s chui c c l
.
7!
420
3!1!2!1!
=
Php m
III. Hon v lp, t hp lp
2. T hp lp
nh ngha. Mi cch chn ra k vt t n loi vt khc nhau
(trong mi loi vt c th c chn li nhiu ln)
c gi l t hp lp chp k ca n
S cc t hp lp chp k ca n c k hiu l
k
n
K
1
k k
n n k
K C
+
=
Php m
V d. C 3 loi nn A, B, C. An mua 2 ci nn. Hi An c
bao nhiu cch chn.
Ta c mi cch chn l mi t hp lp chp 2 ca 3. C th
AA, AB, AC, BB, BC, CC
2 2 2
3 3 2 1 4
6 K C C
+
= = =
Php m
III. Hon v lp, t hp lp
H qu. S nghim nguyn khng m (x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
) (mi x
i
u nguyn khng m) ca phng trnh
x
1
+ x
2
++ x
n
= k l
1
k k
n n k
K C
+
=
S cch chia k vt ng cht nhau vo n hp phn bit cng
chnh bng s t hp lp chp k ca n
1
k k
n n k
K C
+
=
Php m
V d. Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
= 20 (1)
Tha iu kin x
1
s 3; x
2
> 2; x
3
> 4 (-).
Gii. Ta vit iu kin cho thnh x
1
s 3; x
2
> 2; x
3
> 5.
Xt cc iu kin sau:
x
2
> 2; x
3
> 5 (--)
x
1
> 4; x
2
> 2; x
3
> 5 (---)
Gi p, q, r ln lt l cc s nghim nguyn khng m ca
phng trnh (1) tha cc iu kin (-), (--), (---). Ta c:
Php m
III. Hon v lp, t hp lp
p = q r.
Trc ht ta tm q.
t
x
1
= x
1
; x
2
= x
2
2; x
3
= x
3
- 5; x
4
= x
4
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
= 13 (2)
S nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu
kin (--) bng s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh
(2)
Php m
III. Hon v lp, t hp lp
S nghim l .
Vy .
L lun tng t, ta c .
Suy ra. Vy s nghim nguyn khng m ca
phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (-) l 340
13 13 13
4 4 13 1 16
K C C
+
= =
13
16
q C =
9 9 9
4 4 9 1 12
r K C C
+
= = =
13 9
16 12
560 220 340. p q r C C = = = =
Php m
III. Hon v lp, t hp lp
S nghim l .
Vy .
L lun tng t, ta c .
Suy ra. Vy s nghim nguyn khng m ca
phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (-) l 340
13 13 13
4 4 13 1 16
K C C
+
= =
13
16
q C =
9 9 9
4 4 9 1 12
r K C C
+
= = =
13 9
16 12
560 220 340. p q r C C = = = =
Php m
III. Hon v lp, t hp lp
A
Thp H Ni
B C
H thc qui
Php m
Gi x
n
l s ln duy chuyn a trong trng hp c n a.
Khi ta c
1
1
2 1;
1.
n n
x x
x

= +

2 1
n
n
x =
Thp H Ni
Php m
IV. H thc qui
1. nh ngha Mt h thc qui tuyn tnh cp k l mt h
thc c dng:
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ a
k
x
n-k
= f
n
(1)
trong a
0
= 0, a
1
,, a
n
l cc h s thc;
{f
n
} l mt dy s thc cho trc v
{x
n
} l dy n nhn cc gi tr thc.
Trng hp dy f
n
= 0 vi mi n th (1) tr thnh
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ a
k
x
n-k
= 0 (2)
Ta ni (2) l mt h thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht cp k.
Php m
IV. H thc qui
V d
2
1 2
2 5 2 2 3
n n n
x x x n n

+ = +
2 1
2 0
n n n
x x x
+ +
+ =
2
1 2
3 2 20 2 3
n n
n n n
x x x n


+ = + +
2 1
2 5 2 (35 51)3
n
n n n
x x x n
+ +
+ + = +
Php m
IV. H thc qui
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ a
k
x
n-k
= f
n
(1)
2. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring.
Mi dy {x
n
} tha (1) c gi l mt nghim ca (1). Nhn
xt rng mi nghim {x
n
} ca (1) c hon ton xc nh
bi k gi tr ban u x
0
, x
1
,, x
k-1
.
H dy s { x
n
= x
n
(C
1
, C
2
,,C
k
)} ph thuc vo k h tham
s C
1
, C
2
,,C
k
c gi l nghim tng qut ca (1) nu mi
dy ca h ny u l nghim ca (1)
Php m
IV. H thc qui
Vi k gi tr ban u y
0
, y
1
,, y
k-1
, tn ti duy nht cc gi
tr ca k tham s C
1
, C
2
,,C
k
sao cho nghim {x
n
} tng ng
tha
x
0
= y
0
, x
1
= y
1
,, x
k-1
= y
k-1
(
*
)
Khi , nghim {x
n
} tng ng c gi nghim ring ng
vi iu kin ban u (
*
).
Gii mt h thc qui l i tm nghim tng qut ca n;
nhng nu h thc qui c km theo iu kin ban u, ta
phi tm nghim ring tha iu kin ban u .
Php m
IV. H thc qui
V d.
1
2 3 0
n n
x x

=
1 2
2 3 0
n n n
x x x

+ =
1 2
2 3 0
n n n
x x x

+ =
c nghim tng qut
c nghim tng qut
3
2
n
n
x C
| |
=
|
\ .
n
n 1 2
1
x C C
2
| |
= +
|
\ .
Php m
IV. H thc qui
3. Mt s v d
V d 1. Mt cu thang c n bc. Mi bc i gm 1 hoc 2
bc. Gi x
n
l s cch i ht cu thang. Tm mt h thc
qui cho x
n
Gii.
Vi n = 1, ta c x
1
= 1.
Vi n = 2, ta c x
2
= 2.
Vi n > 2, kho st x
n
ta chia thnh hai trng hp
loi tr ln nhau:
Php m
IV. H thc qui
- Trng hp 1: Bc u tin gm 1 bc.
Khi , cu thang cn n-1 bc nn s cch i ht cu thang
trong trng hp ny l x
n-1
.
- Trng hp 2: Bc u tin gm 2 bc.
Khi , cu thang cn n-2 bc nn s cch i ht cu thang
trong trng hp ny l x
n-2
.
Theo nguyn l cng, s cch i ht cu thang l x
n-1
+ x
n-2
.
Do ta c:
x
n
= x
n-1
+ x
n-2
hay x
n
- x
n-1
- x
n-2
= 0
Php m
IV. H thc qui
x
n
- x
n-1
- x
n-2
= 0
Vy ta c h thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht cp 2:
1 2
2 3 0
n n n
x x x

+ =
1 2
1 2
0;
1, 2.
n n n
x x x
x x

=

= =

Php m
IV. H thc qui
V d 2. Thp H Ni
1 2
2 3 0
n n n
x x x

+ =
A B C
Php m
IV. H thc qui
C 3 cc A, B, C v n a (c l t vo cc) vi ng
knh i mt khc nhau. Nguyn tc t a vo cc l: mi
a ch c chng ln a ln hn n. Ban u, c n a
c t chng ln nhau cc A, hai cc B v C trng.
Vn t ra l chuyn c n a cc A sang cc C (c th
qua trung gian cc B), mi ln ch chuyn mt a. Gi x
n
l s
ln chuyn a. Tm mt h thc qui cho x
n
Gii.
- Vi n = 1 ta c x
1
= 1.
- Vi n > 1, trc ht ta chuyn n-1 a bn trn sang cc B
qua trung gian cc C (gi nguyn a th n di cng cc A).
S ln chuyn n-1 a l x
n-1
. Sau ta chuyn a th n t
cc A sang cc C. Cui cng ta chuyn n-1 a t cc B sang
cc C. S ln chuyn n-1 a li l x
n-1
.
IV. H thc qui
Php m
IV. H thc qui
Nh vy s ln chuyn tan b n a t A sang C l:
x
n-1
+ 1 + x
n-1
= 2x
n-1
+ 1.
Ngha l x
n
= 2x
n-1
+ 1, ta c h thc qui tuyn tnh khng
thun nht cp 1:
1
1
2 1;
1.
n n
x x
x

= +

Php m
IV. H thc qui
4. H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht
Xt h thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ + a
k
x
n-k
= 0 (2)
Phng trnh c trng ca (2) l phng trnh bc k nh bi:
a
0

k
+ a
1

k-1
+ + a
k
= 0 (*)
Trng hp k = 1
Phng trnh c trng (*) tr thnh a
0
+ a
1
= 0 nn c
nghim l
0
= - a
1
/a
0
. Khi , (2) c nghim tng qut l:
0
n
n
x C =
Php m
IV. H thc qui
V d.
1
0
2 3 0;
1.
n n
x x
x

Phng trnh c trng: 2 - 3 = 0 c nghim l

0
= 3/2.
Nn h thc c nghim tng qut l:
3
2
n
n
x C
| |
=
|
\ .
.
T iu kin x
0
= 1, ta c C=1. Vy nghim ca h thc l:
3
2
n
n
x
| |
=
|
\ .
Php m
IV. H thc qui
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ + a
k
x
n-k
= 0
Trng hp k = 2
Phng trnh c trng (*) tr thnh
a
0

2
+ a
1
+ a
2
= 0 (*)
Ngi ta chng minh c kt qu sau:
a) Nu (*) c hai nghim thc phn bit
1
v
2
th (2) c
nghim tng qut l:
1 1 2 2
C C
n n
n
x = +
b) Nu (*) c nghim kp thc
0
th (2) c nghim tng
qut l:
1 2 0
( )
n
n
x C nC = +
Php m
IV. H thc qui
V d. Gii cc h thc qui
1 2
) 2 3 0
n n n
a x x x

+ =
1 1
0 1
4 12 9 0;
)
2; 4.
n n n
x x x
b
x x
+
+ =

= =

1 2
1

2
n
n
x C C
| |
= +
|
\ .
( )
1
3
3
2
n
n
x n

| |
= +
|
\ .
Php m
IV. H thc qui
( )
1 2
) 2 3 0 1
n n n
a x x x

+ =
Phng trnh c trng ca (1) l:
2
2
- 3 + 1 = 0 (*)
c hai nghim thc l
1
= 1 v
2
= 1/2. Do
nghim tng qut ca (1) l:
1 2
1

2
n
n
x C C
| |
= +
|
\ .
Php m
IV. H thc qui
( )
1 1
0 1
4 12 9 0
2
2; 4.
n n n
x x x
x x
+
+ =

= =

Phng trnh c trng ca (2) l:

4
2
- 12 + 9 = 0
c nghim thc kp l
0
= 3/2. Do nghim tng qut
ca (2) l:
( )

1 2
3

2
n
n
x C nC
| |
= +
|
\ .
Php m
IV. H thc qui
4. H thc qui tuyn tnh khng thun nht
Xt h thc qui tuyn tnh khng thun nht
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ + a
k
x
n-k
= f
n
(1)
H thc qui tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng l
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ + a
k
x
n-k
= 0 (2)
Phng trnh c trng ca (2) l:
a
0

k
+ a
1

k-1
+ + a
k
= 0
Nghiem tong quat cua (1) =
Nghiem tong quat cua (2)
Mot nghiem rieng cua (1)
+
Php m
IV. H thc qui
Cch tm mt nghim ring ca (1) khi v phi f
n
ca (1) c
dng c bit nh sau:
Dng 1. f
n
= |
n
P
r
(n), trong P
r
(n) l mt a thc bc r
theo n; | l mt hng s
Dng 2. f
n
= f
n1
+ f
n2
++ f
ns
, trong cc f
n1
, f
n2
,, f
ns
thuc dng 1 xt trn
Php m
IV. H thc qui
Dng 1. f
n
= |
n
P
r
(n). C ba trng hp nh xy ra:
TH 1. | khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
TH 2. | l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng
TH 3. | l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng
TH1. Nu | khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng
(*) th (1) c mt nghim ring dng:
x
n
= |
n
Q
r
(n)
.
Php m
TH 2. Nu | l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng (*)
th (1) c mt nghim ring dng:
x
n
= n|
n
Q
r
(n)
.
TH 3. Nu | l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng (*)
th (1) c mt nghim ring dng:
x
n
= n
2
|
n
Q
r
(n)
Ch Q
r
(n) = A
r
n
r
+ A
r-1
n
r-1
++ A
0
l a thc tng qut c
cng bc r vi P
r
(n), trong A
r
, A
r-1
,, A
0
l r+1 h s cn
xc nh.
IV. H thc qui
Php m
50
Q
r
(n) = A
r
n
r
+ A
r-1
n
r-1
++ A
0
xc nh cc h s trn ta cn th x
n
, x
n-1
,, x
n-k
vo (1)
v cho n nhn r + 1 gi tr nguyn no hoc ng nht cc
h s tng ng hai v c mt h phng trnh. Cc
h s trn l nghim ca h phng trnh ny.
IV. H thc qui
Php m
Dng 2. f
n
= f
n1
+ f
n2
++ f
ns
Bng cch nh trn ta tm c nghim ring x
ni
(1s i s s)
ca h thc qui:
a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ + a
k
x
n-k
= f
ni
Khi o x
n
= x
n1
+ x
n2
++ x
ns
la mot nghiem rieng cua (1)
IV. H thc qui
Php m
1 2
) 2 3 4 1.
n n n
a x x x n

+ = +
1 1
0 1
6 9 (18 12)3 ;
)
2; 0.
n
n n n
x x x n
b
x x
+

+ = +

= =

2 1
1 1
0 1
4 12 9 (2 29 56)2 ;
)
1; 2.
n
n n n
x x x n n
c
x x

+
+ = + +

= =

IV. H thc qui

2
1 2
) 4 3 20 (2 )2 3.4
n n
n n n
d x x x n


+ = + +
Php m
1 2
) 2 3 4 1
n n n
a x x x n

+ = + (1)
He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat la:
1 2
2 3 0
n n n
x x x

+ =
(2)
Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:
2
2
- 3 + 1 = 0 (*)
co hai nghiem thc la
1
= 1 va
2
= 1/2
Do o nghiem tong quat cua (2) la:
x
n
= C
1
+ C
2
(1/2)
n
IV. H thc qui
Php m
Bay gi ta tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1).
Ve phai ca (1) la f
n
= 4n+1 co dang P
r
(n) la a thc bac r =
1 theo n.
V | = 1 la nghiem n cua phng trnh ac trng (*) nen
(1) co mot nghiem rieng dang: x
n
= n(an + b) (4)
The (4) vao (1) ta c:
2n(an+b) -3(n-1)[a(n-1)+b] + (n-2)[a(n-2) + b] = 4n + 1.
Cho n lan lt nhan hai gia tr n = 0; n = 1 ta c he:
1;
3 5.
a b
a b
+ =

+ =

IV. H thc qui

Giai he tren ta c a = 2; b = -1. The vao (4) ta tm c mot
nghiem rieng cua (1) la:
x
n
= n(2n - 1) (5)
T (3) va (5) ta suy ra nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:
x
n
= C
1
+ C
2
(1/2)
n
+ n(2n - 1)
IV. H thc qui
Php m
1 1
0 1
6 9 (18 12)3
)
2; 0.
n
n n n
x x x n
b
x x
+
+ = +

= =

V D 2
Php m
IV. H thc qui
Php m
58
2 1
1 1
0 1
4 12 9 (2 29 56)2
)
1; 2
n
n n n
x x x n n
c
x x

+
+ = + +

= =

Xet he thc e qui:

( )
2 1
1 1
4 12 9 (2 29 56)2 1
n
n n n
x x x n n

+
+ = + +
He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat la:
( )
1 1
4 12 9 0 2
n n n
x x x
+
+ =
Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:
4
2
- 12 + 9 = 0 (*)
co mot nghiem thc kep la = 3/2.
Do o nghiem tong quat cua (2) la
x
n
= (C
1
+ nC
2
)(3/2)
n
. (3)
59
Php m
Bay gi ta tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1).
Ve phai ca (1) la
2 1
(2 29 56)2
n
n
f n n

= + +
co dang |
n
P
r
(n) vi | = 2 va P
r
(n) la a thc bac r = 2 theo n.
V | = 2 khong la nghiem cua phng trnh ac trng (*)
nen (1) co mot nghiem rieng dang:
x
n
= (an
2
+ bn + c)2
n
(4)
The (4) vao (1) ta c :
4[a(n+1)
2
+ b(n+1) + c)2
n+1
-12[an
2
+ bn + c] 2
n
+ 9[a(n-1)
2
+ b(n-
1) + c] 2
n-1
= (2n
2
+ 29n +56)2
n-1
IV. H thc qui
Cho n lan lt nhan ba gia tr n = -1; n = 0; n = 1 ta c he:
3 1 29
3 ;
2 4 4
25 7 1
28;
2 2 2
40 8 87.
a b c
a b c
a b c

+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

Giai he tren ta c a = 2; b = 1; c = -1. The vao (4) ta tm

c mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la
x
n
= (2n
2
+ n - 1)2
n
(5)
IV. H thc qui
T (3) va (5) ta suy ra nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:
x
n
= (C
1
+ nC
2
)(3/2)
n
+ (2n
2
+ n -1) 2
n
(6)
Thay ieu kien x
0
= 1; x
1
= -2 vao (6) ta c:
1
1 2
1 1;
3 3
4 2.
2 2
C
C C
=

+ + =

T o ta co: C
1
= 2; C
2
= - 6.
The vao (6) ta co nghiem rieng can tm cua (1) la:
x
n
= (2 - 6n)(3/2)
n
+ (2n
2
+ n -1) 2
n
IV. H thc qui
( )
2
1 2
) 4 3 20 (2 )2 3.4 1
n n
n n n
d x x x n


+ = + +
He thc e qui tuyen tnh thuan nhat la:
( )
1 2
4 3 0 1
n n n
x x x

+ =
Phng trnh ac trng cua (2) la:

2
- 4 + 3 = 0 (*)
co hai nghiem thc phan biet la
1
= 1;
2
= 3.
Do o nghiem tong quat cua (2) la:
x
n
= C
1
+ C
2
. 3
n
. (3)
63
Bay gi ta tm mot nghiem rieng cua (1).
Ve phai ca (1) la
2
20 (2 )2 3.4
n n
n
f n

= + +
co dang Trng hp 4.
Xet cac he thc e qui:
( )
1 2
4 3 20 1
n n n
x x x

'
+ =
( )
2
1 2
4 3 (2 )2 1
n
n n n
x x x n


''
+ =
( )
1 2
4 3 3.4 1
n
n n n
x x x

'''
+ =
64
IV. H thc qui
Ly luan tng t nh tren ta tm c:
Mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la x
n1
= -10n
Mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la x
n2
= n2
n
Mot nghiem rieng cua (1) la x
n3
= 4
n+2
Suy ra mot nghiem rieng cua (1)
la:
x
n1
= -10n + n2
n
+ 4
n+2
(4)
T (3) va (4) ta suy ra nghiem tong quat cua (1) la:
x
n
= C
1
+ C
2
.3
n
- 10n + n2
n
+ 4
n+2
65
Bi tp
2
1 2
0 1
2 5 2 2 3;
1, 3.

+ = +

= =

n n n
x x x n n
x x
1 2
0 1
4 5 12 8;
0, 5.

+ = +

= =

n n n
x x x n
x x
2 1
0 1
2 2;
1, 0.
+ +
+ =

= =

n n n
x x x
x x
2 1
0 1
2 5 2 (35 51)3 ;
3, 0.
+ +
+ + = +

= =

n
n n n
x x x n
x x
1
2 1
0 1
8 15 2.5 ;
1, 2.
+
+ +
+ =

= =

n
n n n
x x x
x x
2 1
0 1
16 64 128.8 ;
2, 32.
+ +
+ =

= =

n
n n n
x x x
x x