la?

ksd` lsok vk;ksx

flfo lsok ijh{kk
la? ksd` lsok vk;ksx vxjrk] vgenkckn] ,st] vhx<] bkgkckn] vkSjaxkckn]
cxwj] cjsh] Hksik] paMhx<] psUubZ] d`Vd`] nsgjknwu] fnYh] |kjokM] fnliqj] xaxVksd`]
gSnjkckn] bE`k] bZVkuxj] t;iqj] tEew] tks|iqj] tksjgkV] d`ksfPp] d`ksfgek] d`ksd`krk]
[u] enqjS] eqEcbZ] ukxiqj] i.th xksvk] iVuk] iqnqpsjh] iksVZCs;j] jk;iqj] jkaph]
lEciqj] fkax] fek] Jhuxj] fr:ifr] fr:ouUriqje] mn;iqj vkSj fok[kiue
e flfo lsok ijh{kk d`h ^kjfEHd` ijh{kk fuEuff[r ink ij HrhZ ds` f, ^fr;ksfxrk
ijh{kk d`k vk;kstu d`jrk gS\
bl ijh{kk ds` }kjk ftu lsokvk/ink e HrhZ d`h tkrh gS] os bl ^d`kj g%
(i)
Hkjrh; ^klfud` lsok\
(ii)
Hkjrh; fons lsok\
(iii) Hkjrh; iqfl lsok\
(iv)
Hkjrh; Mkd`-rkj s[k vkSj fok lsok] xzqi d`\
(v)
Hkjrh; s[k ijh{kk vkSj s[k lsok] xzqi d`\
(vi)
Hkjrh; jktLo lsok lhek qYd` vkSj ds`Unzh; mRikn xzqi d`\
(vii) Hkjrh; j{kk s[k lsok] xzqi d`\
(viii) Hkjrh; jktLo lsok vk;d`j] xzqi d`\
(ix)
Hkjrh; vk;q| d`kj[kuk lsok] xzqi d`\
lgk;d` d`eZkk ^cU|d`] izklfud`
(x)
Hkjrh; Mkd` lsok] xzqi d`\
(xi)
Hkjrh; flfo s[k lsok] xzqi d`\
(xii) Hkjrh; jsos ;krk;kr lsok] xzqi d`\
(xiii) Hkjrh; jsos s[k lsok] xzqi d`\
(xiv) Hkjrh; jsos d`kfeZd` lsok] xzqi d`\
(xv) jsos lqjk c e xzqi d` ds` lgk;d` lqjk vk;qDr ds` in\
(xvi) Hkjrh; j{kk lEink lsok] xzqi d`\
(xvii) Hkjrh; lwpuk lsok d`fuB xzsM] xzqi d`\
(xviii) Hkjrh; O;kikj lsok] xzqi d` xzsM-III\
(ix)
Hkjrh; d`kjiksjsV fof| lsok xzqi d`\
(xx) lL( lsuk eq;k; flfo lsok] xzqi [ vuqHkx vf|d`kjh xzsM\
(xxi) fnYh] vMeku ,oa fud`ksckj }hi lewg] }hi] neu o nho ,oa nknjk
o uxj gosh flfo lsok xzqi [\
(xxii) fnYh] vMeku ,oa fud`ksckj }hi lewg] }hi] neu o nho ,oa nknjk
o uxj gosh iqfl lsok xzqi [\
(xxiii) ikafMpsjh flfo lsok] xzqi [\
(xxiv) ikafMpsjh iqfl lsok] xzqi [\

2]
1.

ijh{kk d`h ;kstuk #

flfo lsok ijh{kk d`h nks voLFkk, gkxh ifjfV I [M I ds` vuqlkj%
(i) ^|ku ijh{kk ds` f, mEehnokjk ds` p;u gsrq flfo lsok ^kjfEHd` ijh{kk
oLrqijd` rFkk
(ii) mi;qZDr fofHUu lsokvk vkSj ink e HrhZ gsrq mEehnokjk d`k p;u d`jus ds` f,
flfo lsok ^|ku ijh{kk ff[r rFkk lk{kkRd`kj\
uksV # v;hZ ;g uksV d`j fd` oLrqfuB ^d`kj ds` ^'u-i(k e mEehnokj }kjk
fn, x, xr mjk ds` f, nM fuxsfVo ekfd`x fn;k tk,xk\
ds`o ^kjfEHd` ijh{kk ds` f, vc vkosnu-i( vkeaf(r fd`, tkrs g] tks mEehnokj
^|ku ijh{kk e ^os ds` f, vk;ksx }kjk ik( ?ksf"r fd`, tk,axs] mud`ks foLr~r
vkosnu-i( e iqu# vkosnu d`juk gksxk] tksfd` mud`ks Hsts tk,axs\ ^|ku ijh{kk lEHor#
vDVwcj/uoEcj ekg e gksxh\
ik(rk d`h rs #
jkV_h;rk%(1) Hkjrh; ^klfud` lsok vkSj Hkjrh; iqfl lsok d`k mEehnokj Hkjr
d`k ukxfjd` vo'; gks (2) vU; lsokvk ds` mEehnokj d`ks ;k rks d` Hkjr d`k ukxfjd`
gksuk pkfg, ;k [ usik d`h ^tk] ;k x HwVku d`h ^tk] ;k ? ,slk frCcrh
j.kFkhZ tks Hkjr e LFkkbZ i ls jgus ds` bjkns ls 1 tuojh] 1962 ls igs Hkjr vk
x;k gks] ;k d`ksbZ Hkjr ew d`k O;fDr tks Hkjr e LFkk;h i ls jgus ds` bjkns ls
ikfd`Lrku] cekZ E;kaekj] Jhad`k] iwohZ v`hd`h nsk] d`hfu;k] ;qxkaMk] la;qDr x.jkT;
ratkfu;k] tkfEc;k] ekoh] tSjs] bfFk;ksfi;k rFkk fo;ruke ls ^oztu d`jds` vk;k gks\
vk;q lhek, #
(A) mEehnokj d`h vk;q 1 vxLr ijhk o"Z d`ks iwjs 21 o"Z d`h gks tkuh pkfg,]
fd`Urq 30 o"Z d`h ug gksuh pkfg,\
vf|d`re vk;q lhek e (i) vuqlwfpr tkfr;k] (ii) vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k]
(iii) us(ghu] ewd`-cf|j rk kjhfjd` i ls fod`kax] (iv) ^frj{kk lsokvk e ;q*d`k
e viax gq, O;fDr;k rFkk ^fro"Z ?ksf"r oxks d`ks] (v) ,sls mEehnokj] ftUgkus 1 tuojh]
1980 ls 31 fnlEcj] 1989 rd` d`h vof| e tEew vkSj d`'ehj e vf|okl fd`;k gks
rFkk vU; fiNMh Jsf.;k ds` mEehnokjk d`ks vk;q lhek e fu;ekuqlkj NwV d`h O;oLFkk gS\
fVIi.h # mEehnokjk d`ks ;ku j[uk pkfg, fd` vk;ksx tUe d`h mlh rkjh[ d`ks Lohd`kj d`jsxk]
tksfd` vkosnu-i( ^Lrqr d`jus d`h rkjh[ d`ks eSfV_dq`su/ mPprj ek;fed` ijh{kk
^ek. i( ;k led`{k ijh{kk ds` ^ek. i( e ntZ gS vkSj blds` ckn mle ifjorZu ds`
fd`lh vuqjks| ij u rks fopkj fd`;k tk,xk u gh mls Lohd`kj fd`;k tk,xk\
2. U;wure

Sf{kd` ;ksX;rk #
mEehnokj ds` ikl Hkjr ds` ds`Unz ;k jkT; fo|kueM }kjk fuxfer fd`lh
fo'ofok; d`h ;k laln ds` vf|fu;e }kjk LFkkfir ;k fo'ofok; vuqnku vk;ksx
vf|fu;e 1956 ds` [M 3 ds` v|hu fo'ofok; ds` i e ekuh xbZ fd`lh vU; f{kk
laLFkk d`h fMxzh vFkok led`{k ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,\
fVIi.h I. d`ksbZ Hh mEehnokj ftlus ,slh d`ksbZ ijh{kk ns nh gS ftle mh.Z gksus ij og vk;ksx
d`h ijh{kk ds` f, Sf{kd` i ls ik( gksxk] ijUrq mls ijh{kk` d`h lwpuk ug
feh gS rFkk ,slk mEehnokj Hh] tks ,slh vgZd` ijh{kk e cSBus d`k bjknk j[rk gS\

[3

^kjfEHd` ijh{kk e ^os ikus d`k ik( gksxk] flfo lsok ^|ku ijh{kk ds` f,
vgZd` ?ksf"r fd`, x, lHh mEehnokjk d`ks ^|ku ijh{kk ds` f, vkosnu-i( ds` lkFklkFk mh.Z gksus d`k ^ek. ^Lrqr d`juk gksxk\ ftlds` ^Lrqr u fd`, tkus ij ,sls
mEehnokjk d`ks ^|ku ijh{kk e ^os ug fn;k tk,xk\ ^|ku ijh{kk ds` f, vkosnui( ^kjfEHd` ijhk ds` ckn tqkbZ/vxLr ekg e fd`lh le; exk, tk,axs\
fVIi.h II. fos" ifjfLFkfr;k e la? ksd` lsok vk;ksx ,sls fd`lh Hh mEehnokj d`ks ijh{kk e
^os ikus d`k ik( eku ld`rk gS ftlds` ikl mi;qZDr vgZrkvk e ls d`ksbZ vgZrk u gks]
crsZ fd` mEehnokj us fd`lh laLFkk }kjk h xbZ d`ksbZ ,slh ijh{kk ikl d`j h gks
ftld`k Lrj vk;ksx ds` erkuqlkj ,slk gks fd` mlds` vk|kj ij mEehnokj d`ks mDr
ijh{kk e cSBus fn;k tk ld`rk gS\
fVIi.h III. ftu mEehnokjk ds` ikl ,slh O;kolkf;d` vkSj rd`uhd`h ;ksX;rk, gk] tks ljd`kj
}kjk O;kolkf;d` vkSj rd`uhd`h fMfxz;k ds` led`{k ekU;rk ^kIr g] os Hh mDr
ijh{kk e cSBus ds` ik( gkxs\
3. voljk

d`h la;k #
flfo lsok ijh{kk e cSBus oks ^R;sd` mEehnokj d`ks tks vU;Fkk ik( gk pkj ckj
cSBus d`h vuqefr nh tk,xh] ijUrq voljk d`h la;k ls lEc* ;g ^frcU| vuqlwfpr
tkfr;k vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k ds` vU;Fkk ik( mEehnokjk ij kxw ug gksxk] ijUrq
vkxs ;g vkSj Hh gS fd` vU; fiNMh Jsf.;k ds` mEehnokjk d`ks] tks vU;Fkk ik( gk]
Lohd`k;Z voljk d`h la;k lkr gksxh\ ;g fj;k;r`/`NwV ds`o oSls v;fZ;k d`ks gh
fesxh tks vkj. ikus ds` ik( g\
fVIi.h #
(1)
(2)

^kjfEHd` ijh{kk e cSBus d`ks ijh{kk e cSBus d`k ,d` volj ekuk tk,xk\
;fn mEehnokj ^kjfEHd` ijh{kk ds` fd`lh ,d` ^'u-i( e oLrqr# ijh{kk nsrk gS] rks
mld`k ijh{kk ds` f, ,d` ^;kl le>k tk,xk\
(3) v;ksX;rk/mEehnokjh ds` j gksus ds` ckotwn mEehnokj d`h ijh{kk e mifLFkfr d`k rF;
,d` ^;kl fxuk tk,xk\

ifjfV I
[M I
ijh{kk d`h ;kstuk
1.

bl ^fr;ksfxrk ijh{kk e nks `fed` pj. g%

(1) ^|ku ijh{kk ds` f, mEehnokjk ds` p;u gsrq flfo lsok ^kjfEHd` ijh{kk
oLrqijd`] rFkk
(2) fofHUu lsokvk rFkk ink ij HrhZ gsrq mEehnokjk d`k p;u d`jus ds` f,
flfo lsok ^|ku ijh{kk ff[r rFkk lk{kkRd`kj\
2. izkjfEHd` ijh{kk e oLrqijd` cgqfod`Yih; iz'u izd`kj ds` nks iz'u-i( gkxs rk
[M-II ds` mi[M d` e fn, x, fo";k e vf|d`re 400 vad` gkxs\ ;g ijh{kk
ds`o izkDp;u ijh{k. ds` i e gksxh\ iz|ku ijh{kk e izos gsrq vgZrk izkIr d`jus
oks mEehnokj }kjk izkjfEHd` ijh{kk e izkIr fd`, x, vad`k d`ks muds` vfUre
;ksX;rk dz`e d`ks fu|kZfjr d`jus ds` f, ug fxuk tk,xk\ iz|ku ijh{kk e izos fn,
tkus oks mEehnokjk d`h la;k mDr o"Z e fofHUu lsokvk rk ink ls Hjh tkus

4]

okh fjfDr;k d`h dq` la;k d`k xHx ckjg ls rsjg xquk gksxh\ ds`o os gh
mEehnokj tks vk;ksx }kjk fd`lh o"Z d`h izkjfEHd` ijh{kk e vgZrk izkIr d`j srs g\
mDr o"Z d`h iz|ku ijh{kk e izos ds` ik( gkxs] crsZ fd` os vU;k iz|ku ijh{kk e
izos gsrq ik( gk\
3. iz|ku ijh{kk e ff[r ijh{kk rk lk{kkRd`kj ijh{k. gksxk\ ff[r ijh{kk e
[M-II ds` mi [M [ e fn, x, fo";k e ijEijkxr fucU|kRed` Sh ds` 9
iz'u-i( gkxs\
4. tks mEehnokj iz|ku ijh{kk ds` ff[r Hkx e mrus U;wure vgZd` vad` izkIr d`j
sxk] ftrus vk;ksx vius fu.Z; ls fuf'pr d`js] mUg vk;ksx O;fDrRo ijh{k. gsrq
[M-II e mi [M x ds` vuqlkj lk{kkRd`kj ds` f, cqk,xk] fd`Urq Hkjrh;
Hk"kvk vkSj vaxzsth ds` iz'u-i(k e ds`o vgZrk izkIr d`juh gksxh\ [M- II [ ds`
iSjk ds` uhps fVIi.h (ii) Hh ns[\ bu iz'u-i(k e izkIr vad`k d`ks ;ksX;rk dz`e
fu|kZfjr d`jus e fxuk ug tk,xk\ lk{kkRd`kj ds` f, cqk, tkus oks mEehnokjk
d`h la;k Hjh tkus okh fjfDr;k d`h la;k ls xHx nksxquh gksxh\ lk{kkRd`kj ds`
f, 300 vad` gkxs\ d`ksbZ U;wure vgZd` vad` ug gS\
bl izd`kj mEehnokjk }kjk iz|ku ijh{kk ff[r Hkx rk lk{kkRd`kj e izkIr fd`,
x, vad`k ds` vk|kj ij mud`k vfUre ;ksX;rk dz`e fu|kZfjr fd`;k tk,xk\ ijh{kk e
mEehnokjk d`h fLfr rk fofHUu lsokvk vkSj ink ds` f, muds` }kjk fn, x,
ojh;rk dz`e d`ks ;ku e j[rs gq, mUg fofHUu lsokvk e vkofVr fd`;k tk,xk\
[M II
1. ^kjfEHd` rFkk ^|ku ijh{kk d`h ijs[k rFkk fo";
d` ^kjfEHd` ijh{kk%ijh{kk e nks vfuok;Z ^'u-i( gkxs] ftle izR;sd` iz'u-i(
200 vad`k d`k gksxk\
fVIi.h #
1.
2.

nksuk gh ^'u-i( oLrqfuB cgqfod`Yih; izd`kj ds` gkxs\

^'u-i( fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksuk gh Hk"kvk e rS;kj fd`, tk,axs\ rkfi] nlo d`{kk
Lrj ds` vaxzsth Hk"k ds` cks|xE;rk d`kS ls lEcU|h iz'uk d`k ijh{k.] iz'u-i( e
ds`o vaxzsth Hk"k ds` m*j.k ds` ek;e ls] fgUnh vuqokn miC| d`jk, fcuk fd`;k
tk,xk\
3. ^R;sd` ^'u-i( nks ?aVs d`h vof| d`k gksxk\ rkfi] n~fVghu mEehnokjk d`ks ^R;sd` ^'ui( ds` f, chl feuV d`k vfrfjDr le; fn;k tk,xk\

[ ^|ku ijh{kk%ff[r ijh{kk e fuEuff[r ^'u-i( gkxs%

lafo|ku d`h vkBo vuqlwph e lfEefr Hk"kvk e
^'u-i( I
ls mEehnokjk }kjk pquh xbZ d`ksbZ ,d` Hkjrh; Hk"k 300 vad`
^'u-i( II
vaxzsth
300 vad`
^'u-i( III
fucU|
200 vad`
^'u-i( IV vkSj V lkekU; v;;u
^R;sd` ^'u-i( ds` f, 300 vad`
^'u-i( VI, VII,
,sfPNd` fo";k d`h lwph e ls pqus tkus oks d`ksbZ ^R;sd` ^'uVIII rFkk IX
nks fo";\ ^R;sd` fo"; ds` nks ^'u-i( gkxs
i( ds` f,
lk{kkRd`kj ijh{k. 300 vad`k d`k gksxk\
300 vad`

[5

fVIi.h #
(i)

Hkjrh; Hk"kvk vkSj vaxzsth ds` ^'u-i( eSV_hdq`su vFkok led`{k Lrj ds` gkxs ftue
ds`o vgZrk ^kIr d`juh gksxh\ bu ^'u-i(k e ^kIr vad`k d`ks ;ksX;rk `e fu|kZfjr
d`jus e ug fxuk tk,xk\
(ii) lHh mEehnokjk ds` isijk uke# fucU|] lkekU; v;;u rk oSd`fYid` fo";k
d`k ewY;kad`u Hkjrh; Hk"kvk rk vaxzsth ds` muds` vgZd` isijk ds` ewY;kad`u ds` lk
gh fd`;k tk,xk] sfd`u ds`o mUg mEehnokjk ds` fucU|] lkekU; v;;u rFkk
oSd`fYid` fo";k ds` ^'u-i(k d`k ewY;kad`u fd`;k tk,xk] tks Hkjrh; Hk"k rFkk
vaxzsth ds` vgZd` ^'u-i(k e vk;ksx }kjk vius foosd` ls fu|kZfjr U;wure Lrj ^kIr
d`j xs\ vr# Hkjrh; Hk"k rk vaxzsth e fu|kZfjr U;wure Lrj izkIr d`jus e
vl` mEehnokjk ds` fucU|] lkekU; v;;u rk oSd`fYid` fo";k ds` vad`
crk, ug tk,axs\
(iii) Hkjrh; Hk"kvk ls lEcfU|r ^e ^'u-i( mu mEehnokjk ds` f, vfuok;Z ug gksxk
tks mj-iwohZ jkT;k%v:.kp ^ns] ef.iqj] es?k;] fetksje rFkk uxkSM ds`
fuoklh g rFkk mu mEehnokjk ds` f, Hh tks flfDd`e jkT; ds` fuoklh g\
(iv) Hk"k ds` ^'u-i(k e mEehnokj fuEu ^d`kj ls ffi d`k ^;ksx d`jxs%
Hk"k`
vlfe;k`
xqtjkrh
d`UuM
d`kd`.h
ef.iqjh
usikh
iatkch
flU|h
rsqxw
cksMks
eSfh
fVIi.h # larkh
mj nsus ds` f,
2.

ffi
Hk"k`
ffi
vlfe;k
caxk
caxk
xqtjkrh
fgUnh
nsoukxjh
d`UuM
d`'ehjh`
`kjlh
nsoukxjh
e;ke`
e;ke
caxkh
ejkBh
nsoukxjh
nsoukxjh
mfM;k
mfM;k
xq:eq[h
laL`r
nsoukxjh
nsoukxjh ;k vjch
rfe
rfe
rsqxw
mnwZ
`kjlh
nsoukxjh
Mksxjh
nsoukxjh
nsoukxjh
larkh
nsoukxjh ;k vksfpfd`
Hk"k ds` f, ^'u-i( nsoukxjh ffi e Nixs] fd`Urq mEehnokjk d`ks
nsoukxjh ffi ;k vksfpfd` ffi ds` ^;ksx d`k fod`Yi gksxk\

^|ku ijh{kk ds` f, ,sfPNd` fo";k d`h lwph

`f" foKku
iqiku rFkk iq fpfd`Rlk foKku
u~foKku
ouLifr foKku
jlk;u foKku
flfo bathfu;jh
okf.T;kL( rFkk s[kfof|
vFkZkL(
foqr bathfu;jh
Hwxks

6]

Hw-foKku
bfrgkl
fof|
^cU|
xf.r
;kaf(d` bathfu;jh
fpfd`Rlk foKku
nZukL(
HkSfrd`h
jktuhfr foKku rFkk vUrjkZV_h; lEcU|
euksfoKku
ksd` ^klu
lektkL(
lkaf;d`h
^kf. foKku
fuEuff[r Hk"kvk e ls fd`lh ,d` Hk"k d`k lkfgR;%vjch] vlfe;k] caxk] cksMks] phuh]
Mksxjh] xqtjkrh] fgUnh] d`UuM] d`'ehjh] ejkBh] e;ke] mfM;k] ikh] iatkch] laL`r] larkh]
flU|h] rfe] rsqxw] mnwZ] `kjlh] teZu] `p] lh] vaxzsth] d`kd`.h] eSfh] ef.iqjh rFkk usikh\

fVIi.h`#
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

mEehnokjk d`ks fuEuff[r fo"; ,d` lkFk sus d`h vuqefr ug nh tk,xh%
(A) jktuhfr foKku ,oa vUrjkZV_h; lEcU| rFkk ksd` ^klu
(B) okf.T;kL( ,oa s[kfof| rFkk ^cU|
(C) ekuo foKku rFkk lektkL(\
(D) xf.r rFkk lkaf;d`h
(E) `f" foKku rFkk iqiku ,oa iqfpfd`Rlk foKku
(F) ^cU| rFkk ksd` ^klu
(G) bathfu;jh fo";k%tSls flfo bathfu;jh] foqr bathfu;jh rFkk ;kaf(d`
bathfu;jh e ls ,d` ls vf|d` fo"; ug\
(H) iqiku ,oa iqfpfd`Rlk foKku rFkk fpfd`Rlk foKku
ijh{kk ds` f, ^'u-i( ijEijkxr fucU| Sh ds` gkxs
^R;sd` ^'u-i( rhu ?aVs d`h vof| d`k gksxk rkfi n~fVghu mEehnokjk d`ks ^R;sd` ^'u-i(
ds` f, rhl feuV d`k vfrfjDr le; fn;k tk,xk\
^'u-i(k ds` mj Hkjrh; Hk"kvk ds` ^'u-i(k vFkkZr mi;qZDr ^'u-i(k I vkSj II d`ks
NksMd`j lafo|ku d`h vkBo vuqlwph e lfEefr fd`lh Hh ,d` Hk"k e vFkok vaxzsth e
nsus d`h mEehnokjk d`ks NwV gksxh\
lafo|ku d`h vkBo vuqlwph e lfEefr Hk"kvk e ls fd`lh ,d` Hk"k e III ls IX rd` ds`
^'u-i(k ds` mj nsus d`k fod`Yi sus oks mEehnokj ;fn pkg rks ds`o rd`uhd`h Cnk ds`
;fn d`ksbZ gS] fooj. d`k muds` }kjk pquh xbZ Hk"k ds` lkFk vaxzsth ikUrj d`ksBd`k e ns
ld`rs g\

[7

6.
7.

fd`Urq mEehnokj ;ku j[ fd` ;fn os mDr fu;e d`k nq:i;ksx d`jrs g] rks blds` d`kj.
muds` vU;Fkk feus oks dq` vad`k e ls d`VkSrh d`j h tk,xh] vR;kfUrd` ekes e mud`h
mj iqfLrd`k, vukf|`r ek;e e gksus ds` d`kj. ewY;kafd`r ug d`h tk,axh\
Hk"k lEcU|h ^'u-i(k d`ks NksMd`j ckd`h lHh ^'u-i( fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth e gkxs\
ikB;`e d`k iwjk fooj. [M III ds` Hkx [ e fn;k x;k gS\

lkekU; vuqns ^kjfEHd` rk ^|ku ijhk

1.

mEehnokj d`ks vius ^'u-i(k ds` mj Lo;a vius gkFk ls f[us gkxs] fd`lh Hh ifjfLFkfr e
mUg mj f[us ds` f, fd`lh vU; O;fDr d`h lgk;rk sus d`h vuqefr ug nh tk,xh
rkfi n~fVghu mEehnokjk d`ks s[u lgk;d` L`kbc d`h lgk;rk ls ijhk e mj
f[us d`h vuqefr gksxh\
2. vk;ksx vius foosd` ls ijh{kk ds` fd`lh Hh ,d` ;k lHh fo";k e vgZd` vad` fuf'pr d`j
ld`rk gS\
3. ;fn fd`lh mEehnokj d`h f[koV vklkuh ls u i<h tk lds`] rks mld`ks feus oks vad`k e
ls dq`N vad` d`kV f, tk,axs\
4. lrgh Kku ds` f, vad` ug fn, tk,axs\
5. ijh{kk ds` lHh fo";k e d`e-ls-d`e Cnk e d`h xbZ laxfBr] lw{e vkSj lDr vfHO;fDr
d`ks Js; fesxk\
6. ^'u-i(k e tgk d`g Hh vko';d` gks] eki-rkS ls lEc* ^'u ehVjh ^.kh e gkxs\
7. mEehnokj ^'u-i(k ds` mj nsrs le; ds`o Hkjrh; vad`k ds` vUrjkZV_h; i tSls 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 vkfn d`k gh ^;ksx d`j\
8. mEehnokjk d`ks la? ksd` lsok vk;ksx d`h ijEijkxr fucU| Sh ds` ^'u-i(k ds` f,
lkbafVf`d` ukWu ^ksxzkesfc ^d`kj ds` dS`dq`sVjk d`k ^;ksx d`jus d`h vuqefr gS\ ;fi
^ksxzkesfc ^d`kj ds` dS`dq`sVjk d`k ^;ksx mEehnokj }kjk vuqfpr lk|u viukuk ekuk
tk,xk\ ijh{kk Hou e fd`lh ls dS`dq`sVj ekxus ;k vkil e cnus d`h vuqefr ug gS\
;g ;ku j[uk Hh vko';d` gS fd` mEehnokj oLrqijd` ^'u-i(k ijh.-iqfLrd`k d`k
mj nsus ds` f, dS`dq`sVjk d`k ^;ksx ug d`j ld`rs\ vr# os mUg ijh{kk Hou e u k,\

x lk{kkRd`kj ijh{k. 300 vad`k d`k gksxk%

1. mEehnokj d`k lk{kkRd`kj ,d` cksMZ }kjk gksxk ftlds` lkeus mEehnokj ds`
ifjp;o~ d`k vfHs[ gksxk\ mlls lkekU; :fp d`h ckrk ij ^'u iwNs tk,axs\ ;g
lk{kkRd`kj bl ms'; ls gksxk fd` l{ke vkSj fui{k ^s{kd`k d`k cksMZ ;g tku lds` fd`
mEehnokj ksd` lsok ds` f, O;fDrRo d`h n~fV ls mi;qDr gS ;k ug\ ;g ijh{kk
mEehnokj d`h ekufld` {kerk d`ks tkpus ds` vfH^k; ls d`h tkrh gS\ eksVsrkSj ij bl
ijh{kk d`k ^;kstu okLro e u ds`o mlds` ckSf*d` xq.k d`k vfirq mlds` lkekftd
{k.k vkSj lkekftd` ?Vukvk e mld`h :fp d`k Hh ewY;kad`u d`juk gS\ ble mEehnokj
d`h ekufld` lrdZ`rk] vkkspukRed` xzg. fDr] LiV vkSj rdZ`laxr ^friknu d`h
fDr] lUrqfr fu.Z; d`h fDr] :fp d`h fofo|rk vkSj xgjkbZ] usr~Ro vkSj lkekftd`
laxBu d`h ;ksX;rk] ckSf*d` vkSj uSfrd` bZekunkjh vkfn d`h Hh tkp d`h tk ld`rh gS\
2. lk{kkRd`kj e ^fr ijh{k. `kWl ,Xtkfeusu d`h ^.kh ug viukbZ tkrh\
ble LokHkfod` okrkZki ds` ek;e ls mEehnokj ds` ekufld` xq.k d`k irk xkus d`k
^;Ru fd`;k tkrk gS] ijUrq ;g okrkZki ,d` fos" fnk e vkSj ,d` fos" ^;kstu ls
fd`;k tkrk gS\

8]
3. lk{kkRd`kj ijh{k. mEehnokjk ds` fos" ;k lkekU; Kku d`h tkp d`jus ds` ^;kstu
ls ug fd`;k tkrk] D;kfd` mld`h tkp ff[r ^'u-i(k e igs gh gks tkrh gS\
mEehnokjk ls vkk d`h tkrh gS fd` os ds`o vius fok; ds` fos" fo";k e gh
ikjaxr u gk] cfYd` mu ?Vukvk ij Hh ;ku n tks muds` pkjk vksj vius jkT; ;k ns
ds` Hhrj vkSj ckgj ?V jgh g rFkk vk|qfud` fopkj|kjk vkSj ubZ-ubZ [kstk e Hh :fp
] tksfd` fd`lh lqff{kr ;qod` e ftKklk iSnk d`j ld`rh g\

[M III

ijh{kk d`k ikB; fooj.

Hkx d`
^kjfEHd` ijh{kk e vc 200-200 vad`k ds` nks vfuok;Z iz'u-i( gkxs\
^'u-i(-I (200 vad` vof| # nks ?Vs
jkV_h; vkSj vUrjkZV_h; egRo d`h lkef;d` ?Vuk,\
Hkjr d`k bfrgkl vkSj Hkjrh; jkV_h; vkUnksu\
Hkjr ,oa fo'o Hwxks%Hkjr ,oa fo'o d`k izkd~`frd`] lkekftd`] vkfZd` Hwxks\
Hkjrh; jkT;rU( vkSj klu%lafo|ku] jktuSfrd` iz.kh] iapk;rh jkt] ksd`
uhfr] vf|d`kjk lEcU|h eqs vkfn\
vkfZd` vkSj lkekftd` fod`kl%lrr fod`kl] xjhch] lekosu] tulkaf;d`h]
lkekftd` {ks( e d`h xbZ ig vkfn\
i;kZoj.h; ikfjfLfrd`h tSo%fofo|rk vkSj ekSle ifjorZu lEcU|h lkekU; eqs]
ftuds` f, fo";xr fos"Krk vko';d` ug gS\
lkekU; foKku\
^'u-i(-II (200 vad` vof| # nks ?Vs
cks|xE;rk\
lapkj d`kS lfgr vUrj%oS;fDrd` d`kS\
rkfdZ`d` d`kS ,oa fo's".kRed` {kerk\
fu.Z; suk vkSj leL;k lek|ku\
lkekU; ekufld` ;ksX;rk\
vk|kjHwr la;uu la;k, vkSj muds` lEcU|] foLrkj dz`e vkfn nlo d`{kk d`k
Lrj] vkd`Mk d`k fuoZpu pkVZ] xzk`] rkfd`k] vkd`Mk d`h i;kZIrrk vkfn%nlo
d`{kk d`k Lrj\
vaxzsth Hk"k e cks|xE;rk d`kS nlo d`{kk d`k Lrj\
fVIi.h 1 : nlo d`{kk Lrj ds` vaxzsth Hk"k e cks|xE;rk d`kS iz'u-i(-II ds`
ikB;dz`e e vfUre en ls lEc* iz'uk d`k ijh{k.] iz'u-i( e ds`o vaxzsth Hk"k ds`
m*j.k ds` ek;e ls] fgUnh vuqokn miC| d`jk, fcuk fd`;k tk,xk\
fVIi.h 2 : iz'u cgqfod`Yih;] oLrqfuB izd`kj ds` gkxs\

[9

Hkx [

^|ku ijh{kk
^|ku ijh{kk d`k ms'; mEehnokj d`h tkud`kjh vkSj Lej. fDr d`k ijh{k. d`juk
gh ug cfYd` mud`h lexz ckSf*d` ^frHk vkSj vocks|u {kerk d`ks vkd`uk gS\
bl ijh{kk ds` oSd`fYid` fo";k ds` ^'u-i( xHx vkulZ fMxzh Lrj ds` gkxs%vFkkZr
cSpyj fMxzh ls dq`N vf|d` vkSj ekLVj fMxzh ls dq`N d`e\ bathfu;jh vkSj fof| ds` ekeys
e ;g Lrj cSpyj fMxzh d`k gksxk\

vfuok;Z fo";

vaxzsth rFkk Hkjrh; Hk"k,a

bu ^'u-i(k d`k ms'; vaxzsth/lEcfU|r Hkjrh; Hk"k e vius fopkjk d`ks LiV
rFkk lgh i e ^d`V d`juk rFkk xEHhj rdZ`iw.Z x d`ks i<us vkSj Lke>us e mEehnokj
d`h ;ksX;rk d`h ijh{kk d`juk gS\
^'u-i(k d`k Loi vkerkSj ij fuEu ^d`kj d`k gksxk%
vaxzsth
(1) fn, x, xka d`ks le>uk] (2) la{ksi.] (3) Cn ^;ksx rFkk Cn HMkj]
(4) y?q fucU|\
Hkjrh; Hk"k,a
(1) fn, x, xkak d`ks le>uk] (2) la{ksi.] (3) Cn ^;ksx rFkk Cn HMkj]
(4) ?q fucU|] (5) vaxzsth ls Hkjrh; Hk"k rFkk Hkjrh; Hk"k ls vaxzsth e vuqokn\
fVIi.h 1. Hkjrh; Hk"kvk vkSj vaxzsth ds` ^'u-i( eSfV_dq`su ;k led`{k Lrj ds`
gkxs ftue ds`oy vgZrk ^kIr d`juh gS\ bu ^'u-i(k e ^kIrkad` ;ksX;rk `e ds` fu|kZj.
e ug fxus tk,axs\
fVIi.h 2. vaxzsth rFkk Hkjrh; Hk"kvk ds` ^'u-i(k ds` mj mEehnokjk d`ks vaxzsth
rFkk Hkjrh; Hk"kvk e vuqokn ds` ^'uk d`ks NksMd`j nsus gkxs\
fucU|
mEehnokjk d`ks fd`lh ,d` fofufnZV fo"; ij fucU| fy[uk gksxk\ fo";k ds` lEcU|
e fod`Yi fn;k tk,xk\ muls ;g vis{kk d`h tk,xh fd` os vius fopkjk d`ks `ec* d`jrs
gq, fucU| ds` fo"; ls fud`Vrk cuk, j[ vkSj viuh ckr la{ksi e fy[] ^Hkokyh o
lVhd` vfHO;fDr;k ds` fy, Js; fn;k tk,xk\

lkekU; v;;u
lkekU; ekxZ-funsZ
bl iz'u-i( e iz'uk d`k Loi vkSj Lrj bl izd`kj d`k gksxk fd` d`ksbZ lqffr
O;fDr fcuk d`ksbZ fos" v;;u fd`, buds` mj ns lds`xk\ iz'u bl izd`kj ds` gkxs fd`
buls fofHUu fo";k ds` ckjs e v;hZ d`h lkekU; tkxd`rk d`h ijhk gksxh] ftld`h

10 ]

flfo lsokvk e o~f ls izklafxd`rk jgsxh\ bu iz'uk ls v;hZ d`h ,sls lHh eqk d`h
vk|kjHwr le> d`h rk }U};qDr lkekftd` vkfZd` {;k] ms';k vkSj ekxk ds`
fo's". d`h rk mu ij jk; d`k;e d`jus d`h ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk gks lds`xh\
v;hZ d`ks izklafxd`] vZiw.Z vkSj lkjxfHZr mj nsus gkxs\
^'u-i( I
1. vk|qfud` Hkjr d`k bfrgkl ,oa Hkjrh; laL`fr%vk|qfud` Hkjr ds` bfrgkl ds`
vUrxZr yxHx mUuhlo rkCnh ds` e; ls ns d`k bfrgkl gksxk ,oa ble LorU(rk
vkUnksu rk lkekftd` lq|kjk d`ks i nsus oks egRoiw.Z O;fDrRok ds` lEcU| e Hh
^'u iwNs tk,axs\ Hkjrh; laL`fr ls lEcfU|r Hkx ds` vUrxZr ^kphu d`ky ls vk|qfud`
d`k rd` Hkjrh; laL`fr ds` lHh igw gkxs\ lk gh lkfgR;] d`k vkSj LkiR; d`h
izeq[ fos"rkvk ij iz'u iwNs tk,axs\
2. Hkjr d`k Hwxks%bl Hkx e Hkjr ds` HkSfrd`] vkfFkZd` vkSj lkekftd` Hwxksy ls
lEcfU|r ^'u iwNs tk,axs\
3. Hkjr d`k lafo|ku ,oa Hkjrh; jktO;oLFkk%bl Hkx ds` vUrxZr Hkjr d`k lafo|ku
rk lk gh lkafo|kfud`] fof|d`] izklfud` ,oa ns e izpfr jktuSfrd`-izklfud`
O;oLk ls mHjus oks vU; eqs gkxs\
4. lelkef;d` jkV_h; eqs ,oa lkekftd` izklafxd`rk ls lEcfU|r fo";%bl Hkx d`k
vfHizk; v;hZ d`h lelkef;d` jkV_h; eqk ,oa orZeku Hkjr ds` lkekftd` ^klafxd`rk
ds` fo";k ds` izfr] tSls fd` uhps fn, tk jgs g tkxd`rk d`h ijhk d`juk gS\
(i) Hkjrh; vZO;oLk ,oa ;kstuk] lalk|uk ds` tqVko] lao~f*] fod`kl rk
jkstxkj ls lEcfU|r eqs\
(ii) fod`kl ds` kHk ls O;kid` oxks ds` lkekftd` ,oa vkfZd` cfgd`j. ls mHjus
oks eqs\
(iii) ekuo lalk|u ds` fod`kl ,oa izcU| ls lEcfU|r vU; eqs\
(iv) LokLF; ds` eqs ftle fd` ksd` LokLF; izca|] LokLF; fk ,oa LokLF; d`h
ns[Hk ls lEcfU|r uSfrd` ljksd`kj] fpfd`Rld`h; vuqla|ku rk Hs"t fuekZ. kfe g\
(v) fof| izorZu] vkUrfjd` lqjk rk lEcfU|r eqs tSls fd` lkeqnkf;d` lkeatL;
d`k ifjj.\
(vi) ekuokf|d`kjk ds` vuqj. ,oa ksd`thou e lR;fuBk lesr lqklu ,oa
ukxfjd`k ds` izfr mjnkf;Ro ls lEcfU|r eqs\
(vii) i;kZoj. ls tqMs eqs] ikfjfLfrd` ifjj.] izkd~`frd` lalk|uk ,oa jkV_h;
fojklr d`k laj.\
^'u-i( II
1. Hkjr vkSj fo'o%bl Hkx e ,sls iz'u gkxs ftuls fofHUu s(k e] tSls fd` uhps
fn, tk jgs g Hkjr-fo'o lEcU| ds` izfr v;hZ d`h tkxd`rk d`h ijhk gksxh%
Hkjr ds` iMkslh nsk ds` lk vkSj s( e lEcU|k ij fos" c nsrs gq, fonsh
ekes\
lqjk ,oa jk lEcU|h ekes\

[ 11

ukfHd`h; uhfr] eqs ,oa }U}\

fonsk e Hkjroah Hkjrh; Mk;Liksjk vkSj bld`k Hkjr rk fo'o d`ks ;ksxnku\
2. Hkjr d`h fo'o ds` lk ikjLifjd` vkfZd` f`;k%bl Hkx e vkfZd` ,oa O;kikj ds`
eqk ij tSls fd`] fonsh O;kikj] fonsh fuos] rs] xSl ,oa tkZ izokg ls lEcfU|r
vkfZd` ,oa jktu; ds` eqk ij Hkjr ds` vU; nsk ,oa vUrjkZV_h; laLkvk ds` lk
ikjLifjd` vkfZd` f`;k d`ks ^Hkfor d`jus oks vUrjkZV_h; eqnzkd`ks"] fo'o cd`] fo'o
O;kikj laxBu] WIPO vkfn ij iz'u gkxs\
3. foKku ,oa ^kSksfxd`h] lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h ,oa vUrfj ds` s( e fod`kl%bl Hkx e
foKku ,oa ^kSksfxd`h] lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h] varfj ds` s(k e gq, fod`kl ,oa d`EI;wVj]
jkscksfVDl] uSuksVsDukskWth] ck;ksVsDukskWth rk ckSf*d` lEink vf|d`kjk ls lEcfU|r
eqk d`h cqfu;knh |kj.k ds` izfr v;hZ d`h tkxd`rk d`h ijhk ds` f, iz'u gkxs\
4. vUrjkZV_h; ekes ,oa laLk,a%bl Hkx e oSf'od` ekek d`h egRoiw.Z ?Vukvk
rk vUrjkZV_h; laLkvk ds` fo"; e iz'u gkxs\
5. lkaf;d`h; fo's".] vks[ ,oa js[k fp(%bl Hkx ls v;hZ lkaf;d`h;]
vks[k ,oa js[k fp(k ds` i e izLrqr lwpuk ls fud`"Z fud`kus vkSj mud`k fuoZpu
d`jus d`h ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk d`h tk,xh\

`f" foKku
^'u-i( I
ikfjfLfrd`h ,oa ekuo ds` f, mud`h izklafxd`rk] izkd~`frd` lalk|u] muds`
vuqj. d`k izca| rk laj.] lL; forj. ,oa mRiknu ds` d`kjd`k ds` i e HkSfrd`
,oa lkekftd` i;kZoj.\ d~`f" ikfjfLfrd`h i;kZoj. ds` lads`rd` ds` i e lL; `e\
i;kZoj. iznw". ,oa `lk d`ks gksus oks blls lEcfU|r [rjs\ iq ,oa eku\ tok;q
ifjorZu%vUrjkZV_h; vfHle; ,oa HweMh; ig\ xzhu gkml izHko ,oa HweMh;
rkiu\ ifjra( fo's". ds` izxr mid`j.%lqnwj laosnu ,oa HkSxksfd` lwpuk iz.kf;k\
ns ds` fofHUu d~`f" tok;q s(k e lL; `e\ lL; `e e foLkiu ij vf|d`
iSnkokj okh rk vYikof| fd`Lek d`k izHko\ fofHUu lL;u ,oa d~`f" iz.kf;k d`h
lad`Yiuk,\ tSo ,oa ifjq*rk d~`f"\ egRoiw.Z vukt] ngu] frgu] jsk] dZ`jk]
okf.fT;d` ,oa pkjk `lk ds` mRiknu gsrq iSds`t jhfr;k\
fofHUu izd`kj ds` ou jksi. tSls fd` lkekftd` okfud`h] d~`f" okfud`h ,oa izkd~`frd`
ouk d`h eq; fos"rk, rk foLrkj] ou iknik d`k izlkj] ouksRikn] d~`f" okfud`h ,oa
ewY; ifjo|Zu] ouk d`h ouLifr;k vkSj tarqvk d`k laj.\
[jirokj] mud`h fos"rk,a] ^d`h.Zu rFkk fofHUu lk ds` lk mud`h lEc*rk]
mud`k xq.u] [jirokjk d`k d`"Z.] tSfod` rk jklk;fud` fu;a(.\
e~nk%HkSfrd`] jklk;fud` rk tSfod` xq.|eZ] e~nk jpuk ds` iz`e rk d`kjd`] Hkjr
d`h e~nk,\ e~nkvk ds` [fut rk d`kcZfud` la?Vd` rk e~nk mRiknd`rk vuqj. e
mud`h Hwfed`k\ ikS|k ds` f, vko';d` iks"d` rRo rk e~nkvk vkSj iknik ds` vU;
kHd`j rRo\ e~nk moZjrk] e~nk ijh. ,oa moZjd` laLrkouk ds` fl*kUr\ lekd`fr

12 ]

iks"d`rRo izca|\ tSo moZjd`\ e~nk e ukbV_kstu d`h gkfu] teXu |ku-e~nk e ukbV_kstu
mi;ksx erk\ e~nk e ukbV_kstu ;ksfxd`hd`j.\ `kL`ksjl ,oa iksVSf;e d`k n mi;ksx\
leL;ktud` e~nk, rk mud`k lq|kj\ xzhu gkml xSl mRltZu d`ks izHkfor d`jus oks
e~nk d`kjd`\ e~nk laj.] lekd`fr t-foHktu izca|u\ e~nk vijnu ,oa bld`k
izca|u\ o"kZ|hu d~`f" vkSj bld`h leL;k,\ o"kZ iksf"r d~`f" s(k e d~`f" mRiknu e
fLjrk kus d`h izkSksfxd`h\
lL; mRiknu ls lEcfU|r t mi;ksx erk] lpkbZ d`k;Z`e ds` ekunM] lpkbZ
t d`h viokg gkfu d`ks d`e d`jus d`h fof|;k rk lk|u\ fM_i rk fNMd`ko }kjk
lpkbZ\ tk`kar e~nkvk ls tfud`kl] lpkbZ] t d`h xq.ok] e~nk rk t-^nw".
ij vkSksfxd` cfglzkok d`k ^Hko\ Hkjr e lpkbZ ifj;kstuk,\
keZ ^cU|u] foLrkj] egRo rk fos"rk,] `keZ vk;kstuk\ lalk|uk d`k bVre
mi;ksx rk ctVu\ fofHUu izd`kj d`h d~`f" iz.kf;k d`k vZkL(\ foi.u izca|u%
fod`kl d`h d`k;Zuhfr;k\
cktkj vklwpuk\ d`her e mrkj-p<ko ,oa mud`h kxr d~`f" vZO;oLk e
lgd`kjh laLkvk d`h Hwfed`k d~`f" ds` izd`kj rk iz.kf;k vkSj mud`ks izHkfor d`jus
oks d`kjd`\ d~`f" d`her uhfr\ `l chek\
d~`f" foLrkj] bld`k egRo vkSj Hwfed`k] d~`f" foLrkj d`k;Z`ek ds` ewY;kad`u d`h
fof|;k] lkekftd`-vkfZd` losZ. rk NksVs-cMs vkSj lhekar d~`"d`k o Hwfeghu d~`f"
Jfed`k d`h fLfr\ foLrkj d`k;Zd`rkZvk ds` f, izf. d`k;Z`e\ d~`f" ^kSksfxd`h ds`
izlkj e d~`f" foKku ds`Unzk d`h Hwfed`k\ xSj ljd`kjh laxBu rk xzkeh. fod`kl ds` f,
Lo-lgk;rk mikxe\
^'u-i( II
d`ksfd`k lajpuk] izd`k;Z ,oa d`ksfd`k p`\ vkuqoafd` miknku d`k la's".] lajpuk
rk izd`k;Z\ vkuqoafd`rk ds` fu;e\ xq.ok lajpuk] xq.lw( foiu] lgXurk ,oa
thu-fofue;] ,oa iqu;ksZtu iztuu e mud`h lkZd`rk\ cgqxqf.rk] lqxqf.r rk
vlqxqf.r\ mRifjorZu ,oa lL; lq|kj e mud`h Hwfed`k\ oakxfrRo] ca;rk rk
vla;ksT;rk] oxhZd`j. rk lL; lq|kj e mud`k vuqiz;ksx\ d`ksfd`k nzO;h oakxfr] x
lgXu] x izHkfor rk x lhfer .\
ikni iztuu d`k bfrgkl\ tuu d`h fof|;k] Lofu"spu rk lad`j. izfof|;k\ lL;
iknik d`k mnxe] fod`kl ,oa mitk;k tkuk] mnxe ds`Unz] letkr Js.h d`k fu;e] lL;
vkuqoafd` lalk|u-laj. rk mi;ksx\ ikni iztuu ds` fl*kUrk d`k vuqiz;ksx] lL;
iknik d`k lq|kj\ vkfod` lwpd` ,oa ikni lq|kj e mud`k vuqiz;ksx\ q* oa`e oj.]
oakoh] lewg rk iqujkorhZ oj.] la;ksth erk] ikni iztuu e bld`k egRo\ lad`j
vkst ,oa mld`k mi;ksx\ d`k; lad`j.\ jksx ,oa ihMd` izfrjks| ds` f, iztuu\
varjktkrh; rk varjkoah; lad`j. d`h Hwfed`k\ lL; lq|kj e vkuqoafd` bathfu;jh
,oa tSo ^kSksfxd`h d`h Hwfed`k\ vkuqoafd`r# ikarfjr lL; ikni\
cht mRiknu ,oa izlaLd`j. ^kSksfxfd`;k\ cht izek.u] cht ijh. ,oa HMkj.
DNA `xj^Vx ,oa cht iathd`j.\ cht mRiknu ,oa foi.u e ljd`kjh ,oa futh
s(k d`h Hwfed`k\ ckSf*d` lEink vf|d`kj lEcU|h ekes\

[ 13

ikni iks".] iks"d` rRok ds` voks".] LkukUrj. ,oa mikip; ds` lanHZ e ikni
d`kf;Zd`h ds` fl*kUr\ e~nk-t ikni lEcU|\
^fd`o ,Utkbe vkSj ikni o.Zd`; ^d`k la's".%vk|qfud` lad`Yiuk,a vkSj
blds` ^`e d`ks ^Hkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`] vkDlh o vukDlh 'olu ; C3 , C4 rk CAM
f`;kfof|;k\ d`kcksZgkbM_sV] ^ksVhu rk olk mikip;\
o~f* ,oa ifjo|Zu nhfIrd`kfrk ,oa olarhd`j.\ ikni o~f* miknku ,oa lL;
mRiknu e bud`h Hwfed`k\ cht ifjo|Zu ,oa vuqd`j. d`h d`kf;Zd`h izlqfIr\ izfrc
d`kf;Zd`h-okrizokg] o. ,oa t izfrc\ izeq[ `] ckxku `l] lfCt;k] elks ,oa
iqih `l\ izeq[ ckxokuh `lk d`h iSds`t jhfr;k\ lajfr d~`f" ,oa mPp rd`uhd`h
ckxokuh\ rqMkbZ ds` ckn d`h ^kSksfxd`h ,oa `k o lfCt;k d`k ewY;o|Zu\ HwlqnZuhd`j.
,oa okf.fT;d` iqid~`f"\ vkS"|h; ,oa ,jkseSfVd` ikS|s\ ekuo iks". e `k o lfCt;k
d`h Hwfed`k\
ihMd`k ,oa `lk] lfCt;k] `kskuk ,oa ckxku `lk ds` jksxk d`k funku ,oa
mud`k vkfZd` egRo\ ihMd`k ,oa jksxk d`k oxhZd`j. ,oa mud`k izca|u\ HMkj. ds`
ihMd` vkSj mud`k izca|u\ ihMd`k ,oa jksxk d`h tho oSKkfud` jksd`ke\ tkuifnd` jksx
foKku ,oa izeq[ `lk d`h ihMd`k o jksxk d`k iwokZuqeku\ ikni laxjks| mik;\ ihMd`
ukd`] mud`k lw(. ,oa d`k;Z izd`kj\
Hkjr e [k mRiknu ,oa miHksx d`h izo~f;k\ [k lqjk ,oa tula;k o~f*n~fV 2020 vUu vf|s" ds` d`kj.\ jkV_h; ,oa vUrjkZV_h; [k uhfr;k] vf|izkfIr]
forj. d`h ck;rk,a\
[kkUuk d`h miC|rk] [k ij izfr O;fDr O;;] xjhch d`h izo~f;k] tu forj.
iz.kh rk xjhch js[k ds` uhps d`h tula;k] {;ksUeq[h tu forj. iz.kyh (PDS)
HweMhd`j. ds` lanHZ e uhfr d`k;kZUo;u\ iz`e ck;rk,a\ [k mRiknu d`k jkV_h;
vkgkj fnk-funsZk ,oa [k miHksx izo~f ls lEcU|\ q|keu ds` f, [kk|kfjr
vkgkj mikxe\ iks"d` rRok d`h U;wurk-lw{e iks"d` rRo U;wurk # izksVhu tkZ dq`iks". ;k
izksVhu dS`ksjh dq`iks". (PEM ;k PCM), efgkvk vkSj cPpk d`h d`k;Zerk ds` lanHZ e
lw{e iks"d` rRo U;wurk ,oa ekuo lalk|u fod`kl\ [kkUu mRiknd`rk ,oa [k lqjk\

iqiku rk iq fpfd`Rlk foKku

^'u-i( I
1. iq iks".
1.1. iq

ds` vanj [k tkZ d`k foHktu\ izR; ,oa vizR; mekfefr\ d`kcZuukbV_kstu larqu ,oa rqukRed` o| fof|;k\ jkseah iqvk] lqvjk ,oa dq`Ddq`Vk e [k
d`k tkZeku O;Dr d`jus ds` fl*kar\ vuqj.] o~f*] lxHZrk] LrU; lzko rk vaMk] u
,oa ekal mRiknu ds` f, tkZ vko';d`rk,a\
1.2. ^ksVhu iks". e uohure izxfr\ tkZ-^ksVhu lEcU|\ ^ksVhu xq.rk d`k
ewY;kad`u\ jkseah vkgkj e NPN ;kSfxd`k d`k iz;ksx\ vuqj.] o~f*] lxHZrk] LrU; lzko
rk vMk] u ,oa ekal mRiknu ds` f, ^ksVhu vko';d`rk,a\

14 ]
1.3. izeq[ ,oa s [fut%muds` lzksr] jhj f`;kRed` izd`k;Z ,oa ghurk .\
fo"Ss [fut\ [fut var#f`;k,a\ jhj e olk-?quh rk t?quh [futk d`h
Hwfed`k] muds` lzksr ,oa ghurk .\
1.4. vkgkj la;ksth%ehsu laned`] ^ksck;ksfVd`] ,Utkbe] ,sfUVck;ksfVd`] gkeksZu]
vksfxks dZ`jkbM] ,sfUVvkWfDlMV] ik;lhd`kjd`] lap laned`] mH;jks|h] bR;kfn\ gkeksZu
,oa ,sfUVck;ksfVDl tSls o~f* o|Zd`k d`k mi;ksx ,oa nqiz;ksx-uohure lad`Yiuk,a\
1.5. pkjk laj.\ vkgkj d`k HMkj. ,oa vkgkj vo;o\ vkgkj izkSksfxd`h ,oa
vkgkj izlaLd`j. e vfHuo izxfr\ iq vkgkj e mifLr iks".jks|h ,oa fo"Ss d`kjd`\
vkgkj fo's". ,oa xq.rk fu;a(.\ ikpuh;rk vfHiz;ksx-izR;] vizR; ,oa lwpd`
fof|;k\ pkj. iqvk e vkgkj xzg. izkxqfDr\
1.6. jkseah iks". e gqbZ izxfr\ iks"d` rRo vko';d`rk,a\ larqfr jku\ cNMk]
lxHkZ] d`ked`kth iqvk ,oa iztuu lkaMk d`k vkgkj\ nq|k iqvk d`ks LrU;lzko p`
d`h fofHUu voLkvk ds` nkSjku vkgkj nsus d`h ;qfDr;k\ nqX| la;kstu vkgkj d`k izHko\
ekal ,oa nqX| mRiknu ds` f, cd`jh/cd`js d`k vkgkj\ ekal ,oa u mRiknu ds` f, HsM
d`k vkgkj\
1.7. wd`j iks".\ iks". vko';d`rk,a] folihZ] izorZd`] fod`klu ,oa ifjd`kj.
jku] cspjch ekal mRiknu gsrq wd`j-vkgkj\ wd`j ds` f, d`e kxr ds` jku\
1.8. dq`Ddq`V iks".\ dq`Ddq`V iks". ds` fofV .\ ekal ,oa vMk mRiknu gsrq
iks"d` vko';d`rk,a\ vMs nsus okk ,oa czkSjk d`h fofHUu Jsf.;k ds` f, jku
lai.\
2. iq jhj f`;k foKku
2.1. jDr d`h d`kf;Zd`h ,oa bld`k ifjlapj.] 'olu mRltZu] LokLF; ,oa jksxk e
var#lzkoh xzaf\
2.2. jDr ds` ?Vd`%xq.|eZ ,oa izd`k;Z%jDr d`ksfd`k jpuk%gheksXksfcu la's".
,oa jklk;fud`h-IkTek izksVhu mRiknu] oxhZd`j. ,oa xq.|eZ] jDr d`k Lda`nu jDr lzkoh
fod`kj-izfrLda`nd`-jDr lewg-jDr ek(k-IkTek foLrkjd`-jDr e mH;jks|h iz.kh\ tSo
jklk;fud` ijh. ,oa jksx-funku e mud`k egRo\
2.3. ifjla p j.-n; d`h d`kf;Z d `h] vfHn p`] nofu] nLia n ]
bsDV_ksd`kfMZ;ksxzke\ n; d`k d`k;Z vkSj nrk-n; izd`k;Z e vk;uk d`k izHko-vfHn
ish d`k mikip;] n; d`k raf(d`k-fu;eu ,oa jklk;fud` fu;e] n; ij rki ,oa
ruko d`k izHko] jDr nkc ,oa vfrfjDr nkc] ijklj. fu;eu] |euh Lian] ifjlapj.
d`k okfgd`kizsjd` fu;eu] LrC|rk] n ,oa q`Iq`l ifjlapj.] jDr efLrd` jks|-efLrd`
rj-if;k e ifjlapj.\
2.4. 'olu-'olu f`;kfof|] xSlk d`k ifjogu ,oa fofue;-'olu d`k raf(d`k
fu;a(.] jlksxzkgh] vYivkWDlh;rk] if;k e 'olu\
2.5. mRltZu-o~Dd` d`h lajpuk ,oa izd`k;Z-ew( fuekZ.-o~Dd` izd`k;Z v;;u fof|;ko~Dd`h; vE-kj larqu fu;eu ew( ds` jhj f`;kRed` ?Vd`-o~Dd` ikr-fu'psV fjk
jDrkf|D;-pwtk e ew( lzo.-Losnxzaf;k ,oa muds` izd`k;Z\ ew(h; nqf`;k ds` f, tSo
jklk;fud` ijh.\

[ 15
2.6. var#lzkoh xzaf;k-izd`k;kZRed` nqf`;k muds` . ,oa funku\ gkeksZuk d`k
la's".] lzo. d`h f`;kfof| ,oa fu;a(.-gkeksZuh; xzkgh-oxhZd`j. ,oa izd`k;Z\
2.7. o~f* ,oa iq mRiknu-izloiwoZ ,oa izlo i'pkr o~f*\ ifjiDork] o~f*o`]
o~f* ds` eki] o~f* d`ks izHkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`] d`U`kesZu] kjhfjd` xBu] ekal
xq.rk\
2.8. nqX| mRikn d`h d`kf;Zd`h] tuu ,oa ikpu-Lru fod`kl ds` gkeksZuh; fu;a(. d`h
orZeku fLfr] nqX| lzo. ,oa nqX| fud`klu] uj ,oa eknk tuu vax] muds` vo;o ,oa
izd`k;Z\ ikpu vax ,oa muds` izd`k;Z\
2.9. i;kZoj.h; d`kf;Zd`h-jhj f`;kRed` lEcU| ,oa mud`k fu;eu] vuqdw`u d`h
f`;kfof|] iq O;ogkj e kfe i;kZoj.h; d`kjd` ,oa fu;ked` f`;kfof|;k] tok;q
foKku-fofHUu izkp ,oa mud`k egRo] iq ikfjfLfrd`h] O;ogkj d`h d`kf;Zd`h] LokLF;
,oa mRiknu ij ruko d`k izHko\
3. iq tuu
oh;Z xq.rk-laj. ,oa d~`f(e oh;Zlspu-oh;Z ds` ?Vd`] LiesZVktksvk d`h jpuk]
L[fr oh;Z d`k HkSfrd` ,oa jklk;fud` xq.|eZ] thos ,oa ik(s oh;Z d`ks izHkfor d`jus
oks d`kjd`] oh;Z mRiknu ,oa xq.rk d`ks izHkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`] laj.] ruqd`kjd`k
d`h jpuk] q`k.q lads`Unz.] ruqd~`r oh;Z d`k ifjogu] xk;k] HsMk] cd`jk wd`jk ,oa
dq`Ddq`Vk e xgu izhru f`;kfof|;k\ L(hen d`h igpku rk csgrj xHkZ|ku gsrq
oh;Zlspu d`k le;\ ven voLk ,oa iqujkorhZ iztuu\
4. iq|u mRiknu ,oa izca|
4.1. okf.fT;d` Msjh `kfex-mUur nsk ds` lk Hkjr d`h Msjh `kfex d`h rquk\
fefJr d~`f" ds` v|hu ,oa fofV d~`f" ds` i e Msjh mksx\ vkfZd` Msjh `kfex\ Msjh
`keZ q d`juk] iwth ,oa Hwfe vko';d`rk,a] Msjh `keZ d`k laxBu\ Msjh `kfex e
volj] Msjh iq d`h nrk d`ks fu|kZfjr d`jus oks d`kjd`\ ;w vfHs[u] ctVu] nqX|
mRiknu d`h kxr] d`her fu|kZj. uhfr] d`kfeZd` izca|\ Msjh xksiqvk ds` f, O;kogkfjd`
,oa fd``k;rh jku fod`flr d`juk o"Z Hj gjs pkjs d`h iwfrZ] Msjh `keZ gsrq vkgkj ,oa
pkjs d`h vko';d`rk,a\ NksVs iqvk ,oa lkaMk] cfN;k ,oa iztuu iqvk ds` f, vkgkj
izo~f;k NksVs ,oa o;Ld` iq|u vkgkj d`h ubZ izo~f;k] vkgkj vfHs[\
4.2. okf.fT;d` ekal] vMk ,oa u mRiknu-HsM] cd`jh] wd`j] [jxks ,oa
dq`Ddq`V ds` f, O;kogkfjd` ,oa fd``k;rh jku fod`flr d`juk\ pkjs] gjs pkjs d`h iwfrZ]
NksVs ,oa ifjiDo iq|u ds` f, vkgkj izo~f;k\ mRiknu c<kus ,oa izca|u d`h ubZ
izo~f;k\ iwth ,oa Hwfe vko';d`rk,a ,oa lkekftd` vkfZd` lad`Yiuk\
4.3. lw[k] ck< ,oa vU; uSlfxZd` vkinkvk ls xzLr iqvk d`k vkgkj ,oa mud`k
izca|u\
5. vkuqoafd`h ,oa iq-iztuu
iq vkuqoafd`h d`k bfrgkl\ lw(h foHktu ,oa v|Zlw(h foHktu eM d`h
oakxfr eM d`h vkuqoafd`h ls fopu thu d`h vfHO;fDr lgXurk ,oa thufofu;eu x fu|kZj.] x izHkfor ,oa x lhfer . jDr lewg ,oa cgqirk
xq.lw( foiu d`ksfd`knzO; oakxfr\ thu ,oa bld`h lajpuk vkuqoafd` inkZ ds` i

16 ]

e DNA; vkuqoafd` dw`V ,oa izksVhu la's". iqu;ksZxt DNA ^kSksfxd`h] mRifjorZu]
mRifjorZu ds` izd`kj] mRifjorZu ,oa mRifjorZu nj d`ks igpkuus d`h fof|;k] ikjtuu\
5.1. iq iztuu ij vuqiz;qDr lefV vkuqoafd`h-ek(kRed` vkSj bld`h rquk e
xq.kRed` fos"d` gkMhZ ohucxZ fu;e lefV vkSj bld`h rquk e O;fV thu ,oa thu
izi ckjEckjrk thu ckjEckjrk d`ks ifjofrZr d`jus d`jus oks c ;kn~fPNd` vilj.
,oa ?q lefV;k i xq.kad` d`k fl*kUr var-iztuu] var-iztuu xq.kad` vkd`u d`h
fof|;k] var#iztuu iz.kf;k] izHkoh lefV vkd`kj fofHUurk laforj. thu izi X
i;kZoj. lglEcU| ,oa thu izi X i;kZoj. var#f`;k cgqekik d`h Hwfed`k lEcfU|;k
ds` chp leirk\
5.2. iztuu ra(%iq|u ,oa dq`Ddq`Vk d`h uL] oakxfrRo] iqujkorZuh;rk ,oa
vkuqoafd` ,oa le.h; lglEcU|] mud`h vkd`u fof| ,oa vkd`u ifjqf* oj.
ds` lk|u ,oa mud`h laxr ;ksX;rk,a O;fV] oakoh] dq` ,oa dq`karxZr oj. larfr
ijh. oj. fof|;k oj. lwpd`k d`h jpuk ,oa mud`k mi;ksx fofHUu oj. fof|;k
}kjk vkuqokafd` fC|;k d`k rqukRed` ewY;kad`u vizR; oj. ,oa lglEcfU|r
vuqf`;k var#^tuu] cfg#iztuu] vixzsMx] lad`j. ,oa iztuu la's". var#^tfur
kbuk d`k okf.fT;d` iz;kstuk gsrq lad`j. lkekU; ,oa fofV la;kstu ;ksX;rk gsrq
oj. nsgh .k ds` f, iztuu] lk;j baMsDl\
5. foLrkj
foLrkj d`k vk|kjHwr nZu] ms';] lad`Yiuk ,oa fl*kUr] fd`lkuk d`ks xzkeh.
nkvk e ffr d`jus d`h fofHUu fof|;k\ ^kSksfxd`h ih<h] bld`k varj. ,oa izfriqfV\
^kSksfxd`h varj. e leL;k,a ,oa d`fBukb;k\ xzkeh. fod`kl gsrq iqiku d`k;Z`e\

^'u-i( II
1. jhj

jpuk foKku] Hs"t xq. foKku ,oa LokLF; foKku

1.1. rd` foKku ,oa frd`h; rd`uhd`%rd` iz`e. ,oa H.E. vfHjatu d`h
iSjk`hu var#Lkfir rd`uhd`-fgehd`j. ekb`ksVkseh-lw{enfZd`h-nhfIr s( lw{enhZ ,oa
bsDV_kWu lw{enhZ] d`ksfd`k d`h d`ksfd`k foKku lajpuk] d`ksfd`kax ,oa varosZu d`ksfd`k
foHktu-d`ksfd`k izd`kj-rd` ,oa mud`k oxhZd`j.-Hzw.h; ,oa o;Ld` rd`-vaxk d`k
rqukRed` rd` foKku-laoguh\ raf(d`k] ikpu] 'olu] ish da`d`kh ,oa tuuewu ra(var#lzkoh xzaf;k-v;koj.-laosnh vax\
1.2. Hzw. foKku%ifoxZ ,oa ?jsw Lruikf;;k ds` fos" lanHZ ds` lk d`sfd`;k
d`k Hzw. foKku-;qXed` tuu-fu"spu-tuu Lrj-xHZ f>Yh ,oa vijkU;kl-?jsw
Lruikf;;k e vijk ds` izd`kj-foirkfoKku-;e ,oa ;eu-vax fod`kl-tuu Lrj
O;qRiUu-var'pehZ] e;pehZ ,oa cfgpZehZ O;qRiUu\
1.3. xks %kjhfjd`h-s(h; kjhfjd`h # o~"H ds` iSjkuklh; d`ksVj-kj xzaf;k d`h
cfgLr kjhfjd`h\ vous(d`ksVj] tafHd`k] fpcqd`-dw`fid`k] ekufld` ,oa waxh raf(d`k jks|
d`h s(h; kjhfjd`h\ ijkd`sd` raf(d`kvk d`h s(h; kjhfjd`h] xq raf(d`k] e;e
raf(d`k] var#^d`ksfBd`k raf(d`k ,oa cfg#izd`ksfBd`k raf(d`k-vartf?d`k] cfgtf?d`k ,oa
vaxqf raf(d`k,a-d`ik raf(d`k,a-vf|n~<rkfud`k laKkgj. e kfe lajpuk,a-mifjL

[ 17

lhd`k ioZ-oh;] mnjh; rk Jks.h; xqfgd`k ds` varjkaxk d`h cfgLrj kjhfjd`h-xfrra(
d`h rqukRed` fos"rk,a ,oa Lruik;h jhj d`h tSo;kaf(d`h e mud`k vuqiz;ksx\
1.4. dq`Ddq`V kjhfjd`h%ish-da`d`kh ra(-'olu ,oa mMus ds` lEcU| e izd`k;kZRed`
kjhfjd`h] ikpu ,oa vMksRiknu\
1.5. Hs"t xq. foKku ,oa Hs"t cxfrd`h ds` d`ksfd`h; Lrj] rjk ij d`k;Zd`kjh
vkS"| ,oa foqr vi?V; larqu] Lolapkfr raf(d`k ra( ij d`k;Zd`kjh vkS"|\
laKkgj. d`h vk|qfud` lad`Yiuk,a ,oa fo;ksth laKkgj.\ vkWVkd`kWbM\ izfrjksxk.q ,oa
jksxk.q la`e. e jlk;u fpfd`Rlk ds` fl*kUr\ fpfd`RlkkL( e gkeksZuk d`k mi;ksxijthoh la`e.k e jlk;u fpfd`Rlk\ iqvk ds` [k rd`k e vkS"| ,oa vkfZd`
ljksd`kj-vcqZn jksxk e jlk;u fpfd`Rlk\ d`hVukd`k] ikS|k] |krqvk] v|krqvk] tarqfo"k
,oa d`od`fo"k ds` d`kj. fo"kqrk\
1.6. t] ok;q ,oa oklLku ds` lEcU| ds` lk iq LokLF; foKku-t] ok;q ,oa
e~nk iznw". d`k vkd`u-iq LokLF; e tok;q d`k egRo-iq d`k;Z ,oa fuiknu e
i;kZoj. d`k izHko-iq d~`f" ,oa vkSksxhd`j. ds` chp lEcU|-fos" Js.h ds` ?jsw
iqvk] ;k] lxHkZ xkS ,oa wd`jh] nq|k xk;] czk;j ih ds` f, vkokl
vko';d`rk,a-iq okllaLku ds` lEcU| e ruko] Jkafr ,oa mRiknd`rk\
2. iq jksx
2.1. xksiq] HsM rk vtk] ?ksMk] wd`j rk dq`Ddq`V ds` la`ked` jksxk d`k
jksxd`kj.] tkuikfnr jksx foKku] jksxtuu] .] ej.ksj fofr] funku ,oa fu;a(.\
2.2. xksiq] ?ksMk] wd`j ,oa dq`Ddq`V ds` mRiknu jksxk d`k jksxd`kj.] tkuifnr jksx
foKku] .] funku] mipkj\
2.3. ?jsw iqvk vkSj if;k ds` ghurk jksx\
2.4. var?Zu] v`jk] izokfgd`k] vth.Z] futZhd`j.] vk?kr] fo"kDrrk tSlh
vfofV nkvk d`k funku ,oa mipkj\
2.5. raf(d`k oSKkfud` fod`kjk d`k funku ,oa mipkj\
2.6. iqvk ds` fofV jksxk ds` izfr izfrjhd`j. ds` fl*kUr ,oa fof|;k-;w
izfrjk-jksxeqDr s( wU; jksx lad`Yiuk-jlk;u jksx fujks|\
2.7. laKkgj.-Lkfud`] s(h; ,oa lkoZnsfgd`-laKkgj. iwoZ vkS"| iznku] vfLHax
,oa laf|P;qfr e . ,oa Y; O;frd`j.] gfuZ;k] vojks|] prqZ vkek;h foLkiufltsfj;u L(d`eZ\ jkseafd`k-Nsnu-tunuku\
2.8. jksx tkap rd`uhd`-iz;ksxkk tkp gsrq lkexzh-iq LokLF; ds`Unzk d`h LkiukjksxeqDr s(\
3. lkoZtfud` iq LokLF;
3.1. iqtU; jksx%oxhZd`j.] ifjHk"k] iqtU; jksxk d`h O;kid`rk ,oa izlkj e
iqvk ,oa if;k d`h Hwfed`k-iskxr iqtU; jksx\
3.2. tkuifnd` jksx foKku%fl*kar] tkuifnd` jksx foKku lEcU|h inkoh d`h
ifjHk"k] jksx rk mud`h jksd`ke ds` v;;u e tkuifnd` jksx foKkuh mik;k d`k
vuqiz;ksx\ ok;q t rk [k tfur la`e.k ds` tkuifnd` jksx foKkuh; .] OIE
fofue;] WTO LoPNrk ,oa ikni-LoPNrk mik;\

18 ]
3.3. iqfpfd`Rlk fof|kL(%iqxq.ok lq|kj rk iq jksx fuokj. ds` f, fu;e
,oa fofu;e-iqtfur ,oa iq mRikn tfur jksxk ds` fuokj. gsrq jkT; ,oa ds`Unz ds`
fu;e%SPCA-iq fpfd`Rlk-fof|d` ekes-izek.i(-iq fpfd`Rlk-fof|d` tkp gsrq uewuk
ds` laxzg. d`h lkefxz;k ,oa fof|;k\
4. nqX| ,oa nqX|ksRikn ^kSksfxd`h
4.1. cktkj d`k nw| %d`Pps nw| d`h xq.rk] ijh. ,oa d`ksfV fu|kZj.] izlaLd`j.]
ifjosVu] HMkj.] forj.] foi.u] nks" ,oa mud`h jksd`ke] fuEuff[r izd`kj ds` nw|
d`ks cukuk # ik'pqjhd~`r] ekufd`r] VksUM] Mc VksUM] futhZok.qd~`r] lekaxhd~`r] iqufuZfer
iqul;ksftr ,oa lqokflr nw|\ laof|Zr nw| rS;kj d`juk] lao|Zu rk mud`k izca|] ;ksxVZ]
ngh] Llh ,oa Jh[aM\ lqokflr ,oa futhZok.qd~`r nw| rS;kj d`juk\ fof|d` ekud`\ LoPN
,oa lqjfr nw| rk nqX| la;a( miLd`j gsrq LoPNrk vko';d`rk,a\
4.2. nqX| mRikn ^kSksfxd`h%d`Pph lkexzh d`k p;u] `he] eD[u] ?h] [ks;k] NSuk]
pht] la?fur] okfir] qfd`r nw| ,oa fq vkgkj] vkbl`he rk dq`Y`h tSls nqX|
mRiknk d`k izlaLd`j.] HMkj.] forj. ,oa foi.u miksRikn] NSus ds` ikuh ds` mRikn]
NkN cVj feYd`] SDVkst ,oa ds`lhu\ nw| mRiknk d`k ijh.] d`ksfV-fu|kZj.] mUg
ij[uk\ BIS ,oa ,xekdZ` fofunsZu] fof|d` ekud`] xq.rk fu;a(. ,oa iks"d` xq.\
laosVu] izlaLd`j. ,oa laf`;kRed` fu;a(.] Msjh mRiknk d`k kxr fu|kZj.\
5. ekal LokLF; foKku ,oa ^kSksfxd`h
5.1. ekal LokLF; foKku%
5.1.1. [k iqvk d`h e~R;q iwoZ ns[Hk ,oa izca|] folaKk] o| ,oa izlk|u
laf`;k o|kk vko';d`rk,a ,oa vfHd`Yi ekal fujh. izf`;k,a ,oa iqo
ekal[Mk d`ks ij[uk-iqo ekal [Mk d`k d`ksfV fu|kZj.-iqfV d`j ekal mRiknu e iq
fpfd`Rld`k ds` d`ZO;k vkSj d`k;Z\
5.1.2. ekal mRiknu lHkus d`h LokLF;d`j fof|;k%ekal d`k fcxMuk ,oa bld`h
jksd`ke ds` mik;-o|ksijkar ekal e HkSfrd`-jklk;fud` ifjorZu ,oa bUg izHkfor d`jus
oks d`kjd`-xq.rk lq|kj fof|;k-ekal e fekoV ,oa bld`h igpku-ekal O;kikj ,oa
mksx e fu;ked` mica|\
5.2. ekal ^kSksfxd`h%
5.2.1. ekal ds` HkSfrd` ,oa jklk;fud` .%ekal beYu-ekal ijh. d`h fof|;kekal ,oa ekal mRiknu d`k lalk|u] fMCckcanh] fd`j.u] laosVu] izlaLd`j. ,oa la;kstu\
5.3. miksRikn%o|kk miksRikn ,oa muds` mi;ksx-[k ,oa v[k miksRikno|kk miksRikn ds` leqfpr mi;ksx ds` lkekftd` ,oa vkfZd` fufgrkZ-[k ,oa
HS"ftd` mi;ksx gsrq vax mRikn\
5.4. dq`Ddq`V mRikn ^kSksfxd`h%dq`Ddq`V ekal ds` jklk;fud` la?Vu ,oa iks"d` eku-o|
d`h ns[Hk rk izca|\ o| d`h rd`uhd`] dq`Ddq`V ekal ,oa mRiknk d`k fujh.] ifjj.\
fof|d` ,oa BIS ekud`] vMk d`h lajpuk] la?Vu ,oa iks"d` eku\ lw{ethoh fod~`fr\
ifjj. ,oa vuqj.\ dq`Ddq`V ekal] vMk ,oa mRiknk d`k foi.u] ewY; of|Zr ekal mRikn\
5.5. [jxks/`j oks iqvk d`h `kfex%[jxks ekal mRiknu\ `j ,oa u d`k
fuiVku ,oa mi;ksx rk vifV miksRiknk d`k iqu'p`.\ u d`k d`ksfV fu|kZj.\

[ 19

u~foKku
^'u-i( I
1.1.

u~-foKku d`k vZ] fo"; s( ,oa fod`kl\

1.2. vU; fo";k ds` lk laca|lkekftd` foKku] O;ogkjijd` foKku] tho foKku]
vk;qfoZKku] Hw-fo";d` foKku ,oa ekufod`h\
1.3. u~-foKku d`h ^eq[ k[k,] mud`k s( vkSj ^klafxd`rk\
d` lkekftd`-lkaLd~`frd` u~foKku
[ tSfod` foKku
x iqjkrRo-u~foKku
? Hk"k-u~foKku
1.4. ekuo fod`kl rk euq; d`k vkfoHkZo
d` ekuo fod`kl e tSo ,oa lkaLd~`frd` d`kjd`
[ tSo fod`kl ds` fl*kar MkfoZu-iwoZ] MkfoZud`khu ,oa MkfoZuksj
x fod`kl d`k la's". fl*kar fod`klkRed` tho foKku d`h inkoh ,oa
lad`Yiukvk d`h lafIr ijs[k MkW d`k fu;e] d`ksi d`k fu;e] xkWl d`k
fu;e] lekarjokn] vfHlj.] vuqdw`h fofd`j. ,oa ekstsd` fod`kl
1.5. uj-okuj d`h fos"rk,a fod`klkRed` izo~f ,oa uj-okuj ofxZd`h
uj-okuj vuqdw`u o~h; ,oa Lh; uj-okuj ofxZd`h
uj-okuj O;ogkj] r~rh;d` ,oa prqZd` thok'e uj-okuj
thfor izeq[ uj-okuj euq; ,oa okuj d`h rqukRed` jhj-jpuk
u~ lafLfr ds` d`kj. gq, da`d`kh; ifjorZu ,oa gYds` fufgrkZ\
1.6. tkfro~h; fLfr] fuEuff[r d`h fos"rk,a ,oa HkSxksfd` forj.%
d` nf. ,oa iwoZ vz`hd`k e vfruwru vR;Ur uwru gksfefuM-vkLV_sksfisflu
[ gkseksbjsDVl # vz`hd`k iSjsU^ksil] ;wjksi gkseksbjsDVl ghMs ctsZfUll]
,f;k gkseksbjsDVl tkokfud`l] gkseks bjsDVl isd`kbusfUll
x fu,UMj ekuo-k-kis;-vks-lr Dkfld`h izd`kj] ekmaV d`kjesl izxkeh
izd`kj
? jksMsfl;u ekuo
p gkseks-lSfi,Ul-`kseSXuu] fxzekh ,oa pkalhM\
1.7. thou ds` tho%oSKkfud` vk|kj # d`ksfd`k] DNA lajpuk ,oa izfrd~`fr] izksVhu
la's".] thu] mRifjorZu] `ksekslkse ,oa d`ksfd`k foHktu\
1.8. [ izkxSfrgkfld` iqjkrRo foKku ds` fl*kar/d`kkuq`e%
lkis ,oa ije d`k fu|kZj. fof|;k\

20 ]

[ lkaLd~`frd` fod`kl%izkxSfrgkfld` laLd~`fr d`h Lw ijs[k

(i) iqjkik"k.
(ii) e; ik"k.
(iii) uoik"k.
(iv) rkezik"k.
(v) rkez-d`kaL; ;qx
(vi) kSg;qx
2.1. laLd~`fr d`k Loi%laLd~`fr vkSj l;rk d`h lad`Yiuk ,oa fos"rk lkaLd~`frd`
lkisokn d`h rquk e u~tkfr ds`fUnzd`rk\
2.2. lekt d`k Loi%lekt d`h lad`Yiuk lekt ,oa laLd~`fr lkekftd` laLk,
lkekftd` lewg ,oa lkekftd` Lrjhd`j.\
2.3. fookg%ifjHk"k ,oa lkoZHkSfed`rk fookg ds` fu;e varfoZokg] cfgfoZokg]
vuqksefookg] vxE;xeu fu"s| fookg ds` izd`kj ,d` fookg izk] cgq fookg
izk] cgqifr izk] lewg fookg\ fookg ds` izd`k;Z fookg fofu;e vf|ekU;
fufnZV ,oa vfHfu"s|d` fookg Hqxrku o|w |u ,oa ngst\
2.4. ifjokj%ifjHk"k ,oa lkoZHkSfed`rk ifjokj] x~gLh ,oa x~ lewg ifjokj ds`
izd`k;Z ifjokj ds` izd`kj lajpuk] jDr-lEcU|] fookg] vkokl ,oa mjkf|d`kj ds`
ifjizs{; ls uxjhd`j.] vkSksxhd`j. ,oa ukjh vf|d`kjoknh vkUnksuk d`k ifjokj
ij izHko\
2.5. ukrsnkjh%jDr lEcU| ,oa fookg lEcU| oakuq`e ds` fl*kUr ,oa izd`kj
,d`js[h;] }S|] f}ih;] mH;js[h; oakuq`e lewg ds` i oa ijEijk] xks(]
zs`Vjh] eksbVh ,oa lEcU|h ukrsnkjh Cnkoh o.ZukRed` ,oa oxhZd`kjd`
oakuq`e] oakuq`e. ,oa iwjd` oakuq`e. oakuq`e ,oa lgca|\
3. vkfZd` laxBu%vZ] s( ,oa vkfZd` u~foKku d`h izklafxd`rk ioknh ,oa
rRooknh cgl mRiknu] forj. ,oa leqnk;k e fofue; vU;ksU;rk] iqufoZrj.
,oa cktkj] fd`kj ,oa laxzg. eRL;u] fLoMsux] iqpkj.] mkud~`f" ,oa d~`f"
ij fuokZg HweMhd`j. ,oa nsh vkfZd` O;oLk,a\
4. jktuSfrd`` laxBu ,oa lkekftd` fu;a(.%Vksh] tutkfr] ljnkjh] jkt ,oa jkT;
lk] izkf|d`kj ,oa oS|rk d`h lad`Yiuk,a lj lektk e lkekftd` fu;a(.] fof|
,oa U;k;\
5. |eZ %|eZ ds` v;;u e u~oSKkfud` mikxe fod`klkRed`] euksoSKkfud` ,oa
izd`k;kZRed` ,ds`'ojokn ifo( ,oa vikou fed` ,oa d`eZd`kM tutkrh; ,oa
d~`"d` lektk e |eZ ds` i thookn] thokRekokn] tMiwtk] izd~`friwtk ,oa
x.kZpokn |eZ] tknw ,oa foKku fofV tknqbZ-|kfeZd` d`k;Zd`rkZ iqtkjh] eu]
vks>k] ,snztkfd` vkSj Mkbu
6. u~oSKkfud` fl*kUr%
d` Dkfld`h fod`klokn Vkbj] ekWxZu ,oa zs`tj
[ ,sfrgkfld` fofVrkokn cksvkl folj.okn fczfV] teZu ,oa vejhd`h

[ 21

7.
8.

9.1.

9.2.
9.3.

9.4.

x izd`k;Zokn eSfuksOLd`h lajpuk-izd`k;Zokn jSMfDd`-czkmu

? lajpukokn soh LV_k ,oa bZ h
p laLd~`fr ,oa O;fDrRo csuksfMDV] ehM] Vu] d`kfMZuj ,oa d`ksjk-nq-cqok
N uo-fod`klokn fpYM] OgkbV] LV;woMZ] kgfUl ,oa lfoZl
t lkaLd~`frd` HkSfrd`okn gSfjl
> izrhd`kRed` ,oa vZfuih fl*kUr VuZj] 'ukbMj ,oa xhVZt\
(i) laKkukRed` fl*kUr Vkbj d`kafDlu
(ii) u~foKku e mj-vk|qfud`rkokn
laLd~`fr] Hk"k ,oa lapkj%Hk"k d`k Loi] mnxe ,oa fos"rk, okfpd` ,oa
vokfpd` laizs". Hk"k iz;ksx ds` lkekftd` lanHZ\
u~ foKku e vuqla|ku i*fr;k%
d` u~ foKku e s(d`k;Z ijEijk
[ rd`uhd`] i*fr ,oa d`k;Z fof| ds` chp foHsn
x n laxzg. ds` mid`j.%izs.] lkkRd`kj] vuqlwfp;k] iz'ukoh] ds`l v;;u]
oakoh] ekSf[d` bfro~] lwpuk ds` f}rh;d` lzksr] lgHkfxrk i*fr\
? n d`k fo's".] fuoZpu ,oa izLrqrhd`j.\
ekuo vkuqoafd`h%i*fr ,oa vuqiz;ksx # euq; ifjokj v;;u e vkuqoafd`
fl*kark ds` v;;u d`h i*fr;k oakoh fo's".] ;qXe v;;u] iks;iq(] lg;qXe i*fr] d`ksfd`k-tufud` i*fr] xq.lw(h ,oa ds`Unzd` izi fo's".] tSo
jlk;uh i*fr;k] jks|erkRed` i*fr;k] D.N.A. ^kSksfxd`h ,oa iqu;ksZxt
^kSksfxfd`;k\
euq;-ifjokj v;;u e eMsh; vkuqoafd`h] euq; e ,d` miknku] cgqmiknku]
?krd`] vo?krd` ,oa vusd`thuh oakxfr\
vkuqoafd` cgqirk ,oa oj. d`h lad`Yiuk] eMsh; tula;k] gkMhZ-ohu oxZ
fu;e ckjEckjrk e d`eh kus oks d`kj. ,oa ifjorZu-mRifjorZu] foxu]
izoklu] oj.] var#iztuu ,oa vkuqoafd` P;qfr\ lejDr ,oa vlejDr lekxe]
vkuqoafd` Hkj] lejDr ,oa Hfxuh-ca|q fookgk ds` vkuqoafd` izHko\
xq.lw( ,oa euq; e xq.lw(h foiu] f`;kfof|
d` la;kRed` ,oa lajpukRed` foiu vO;oLk,
[ x xq.lw(h foiu-Dkbus`YVj (xxy), VuZj (xo), vf|tk;k (xxx),
varfx ,oa vU; la.kRed` vO;oLk,\
x vx lw(h foiu-Mkmu la.] ikrks] ,MoMZ ,oa f`-nq-k la.\
? ekuo jksxk e vkuqoafd` v;ad`u] vkuqoafd` L`hux] vkuqoafd` micks|u]
ekuo DNA ^ks`kbx] thu eix ,oa thukse v;;u\

22 ]
9.5.

iztkfr ,oa iztkfrokn] nwjhd` ,oa vnwjhd` .k d`h vkd`kfjd`h; fofHUurkvk d`k
thooSKkfud` vk|kj\ iztkrh; fud`"] vkuqoafd`rk ,oa i;kZoj. ds` lEcU| e
iztkrh; fos"d` euq; e iztkrh; oxhZd`j.] iztkrh; foHsnu ,oa iztkfr lad`j.
d`k tho oSKkfud` vk|kj\
9.6. vkuqoafd` fpd` ds` i e vk;q] x ,oa tula;k foHsn-ABO, Rh jDrlewg]
HLA Hp, V_SUls`fju] Gm jDr ,Utkbe\ jhj f`;kRed` .-fofHUu lkaLd~`frd`
,oa lkekftd`-vkfZd` lewgk e Hb Lrj] jhj olk] Lian nj] 'olu izd`k;Z ,oa
laosnh izR;.\
9.7. ikfjfLfrd` u~foKku lad`Yiuk, ,oa i*fr;k\ tSo-lkaLd~`frd` vuqdw`u-tufud` ,oa
vtufud` d`kjd`\ i;kZoj.h; nokck ds` izfr euq; d`h jhjf`;kRed` vuqf`;k, #
xeZ eHwfe] hr] mPp rqaxrk tok;q\
9.8. tkuifnd` jksx foKkuh; u~foKku # LokLF; ,oa jksx\ la`ked` ,oa vla`ked` jksx\
iks"d` rRok d`h d`eh ls lEcfU|r jksx\
10. ekuo o~f* ,oa fod`kl d`h lad`Yiuk%o~f* d`h voLk,-izlo iwoZ] ^lo fq]
cpiu] fd`ksjkoLk] ifjiDokoLk] tjRo\
o~f* vkSj fod`kl d`ks izHkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`%tufud`] i;kZoj.h;] tSo
jklk;fud`] iks". lEcU|h] lkaLd~`frd` ,oa lkekftd`-vkfZd`\
d`kizHkou ,oa tjRo\ fl*kUr ,oa izs.-tSfod` ,oa d`kkuq`fed` nh?Z vk;q\
ekuoh; jhj xBu ,oa d`k;izi\ o~f* v;;u d`h f`;kfof|;k\
11.1. jtksnZu] jtksfuo~f ,oa iztuu fDr d`h vU; tSo ?Vukvk d`h izklafxd`rk\
iztuu fDr ds` izfri ,oa foHsn\
11.2. tukafd`d`h; fl*kUr%tSfod`] lkekftd` ,oa lkaLd~`frd`\
11.3 cgqiztrk] iztuu fDr] tUenj ,oa e~R;q nj d`ks izHkfor d`jus oks tSfod` ,oa
lkekftd`-vkfZd` d`kjd`\
12. u~foKku ds` vuqiz;ksx%[sk d`k u~foKku] iks".kRed` u~foKku] jk ,oa vU;
mid`j.k d`h vfHd`Yiuk e u~foKku] U;k;kf;d` u~foKku] O;fDrxr vfHKku
,oa iqujZpuk d`h i*fr;k ,oa fl*kUr\ vuqiz;qDr ekuo vkuqoafd`h-fir~Ro funku]
tufud` micks|u ,oa lqtufud`h] jksxk ,oa vk;qfoZKku e DNA ^kSksfxd`h tuutho foKku lhje-vkuqoafd`h rk d`ksfd`k-vkuqoafd`h\

^'u-i( II
1.1.

Hkjrh; laLd~`fr ,oa l;rk d`k fod`klizkxSfrgkfld` iqjkik"k.] e;ik"k.]

uoik"k. rk uoik"k.-rkezik"k.\ vk,sfrgkfld` flU|q l;rk # gMIik-iwoZ]
gMIikd`khu ,oa i'p-gMIik laLd~`fr;k\ Hkjrh; l;rk e tutkrh; laLd~`fr;k
d`k ;ksxnku\
1.2 fokfd` ,oa ueZnk nzks.h ds` fos" lanHZ ds` lk Hkjr ls iqjk-u~oSKkfud` lk{;
jkekfid`l] fokfisd`l ,oa ueZnk ekuo\
1.3 Hkjr e u~tkfr-iqjkrRo foKku%u~tkfr-iqjkrRo foKku d`h lad`Yiuk fd`kjh]
jln[ksth] efN;kjh] iqpkjd` ,oa d~`"d` leqnk;k ,oa d`k vkSj fYi mRiknd`
leqnk;k e mjthod` ,oa lekarjd`\

[ 23
2.

3.1.
3.2.

3.3.
3.4.
4.

5.1.

5.2.
5.3.

6.1.
6.2.
6.3.

7.1.

7.2.
7.3.

8.1.

Hkjr d`h tukafd`d`h; ifjPNsfnd`k%Hkjrh; tula;k ,oa muds` forj. e u~tkrh;

,oa Hk"k;h rRo\ Hkjrh; tula;k-bld`h lajpuk vkSj o~f* d`ks izHkfor d`jus
oks d`kjd`\
ikjEifjd` Hkjrh; lkekftd` iz.kh d`h lajpuk vkSj Loi%o.kZJe] iq:"kZ] d`eZ]
)`. ,oa iqutZUe\
Hkjr e tkfr O;oLk%lajpuk ,oa fos"rk,] o.Z ,oa tkfr] tkfr O;oLk ds`
mnxe ds` fl*kUr] izc tkfr] tkfr xfrhrk] tkfr O;oLk d`k Hfo;]
ttekuh iz.kh] tutkfr-tkfr lkrR;d`\
ifo(%euksxzaf ,oa izd~`fr-euq;-izsrkRek euksxzaf\
Hkjrh; lekt ij ckS* |eZ] tSu |eZ] bLke vkSj bZlkbZ |eZ d`k izHko\
Hkjr e u~foKku d`k vkfoHkZo ,oa lao~f*%18o] 19o ,oa izkjfEHd` 20o rkCnh
ds` kL(K-izkld`k ds` ;ksxnku\ tutkrh; ,oa tkrh; v;;uk e Hkjrh;
u~oSKkfud`k ds` ;ksxnku\
Hkjrh; xzke%Hkjr e xzke v;;u d`k egRo lkekftd` iz.kh ds` i e Hkjrh;
xzke cLrh ,oa vartkZfr lEcU|k ds` ikjEifjd` ,oa cnrs izfri Hkjrh; xzkek
e d~`f"d` lEcU| Hkjrh; xzkek ij HweMhd`j. d`k izHko\
Hk"k;h ,oa |kfeZd` vYila;d` ,oa mud`h lkekftd`] jktuSfrd` rk vkfZd`
fLfr\
Hkjrh; lekt e lkekftd`-lkaLd~`frd` ifjorZu d`h nsh; ,oa cfgtkZr izf`;k,%
laLd~`frd`j.] if'pehd`j.] vk|qfud`hd`j. NksVh ,oa cMh ijEijkvk d`k ijLijizHko iapk;rh jkt ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZu ehfM;k ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZu\
Hkjr e tutkrh; fLfr%tSo tufud` ifjofrZrk] tutkrh; tula;k ,oa muds`
forj. d`h Hk"k;h ,oa lkekftd`-vkfZd` fos"rk,\
tutkrh; leqnk;k d`h leL;k,%Hwfe la`ke.] xjhch] )`.xzLrrk] vYi lkjrk]
vi;kZIr Sfd` lqfo|k,] csjkstxkjh] vYijkstxkjh] LokLF; rk iks".\
fod`kl ifj;kstuk, ,oa tutkrh; LkukUrj. rk iquokZl leL;kvk ij mud`k
izHko\ ou uhfr;k ,oa tutkfr;k d`k fod`kl\ tutkrh; tula;k ij uxjhd`j.
rk vkSksxhd`hd`j. d`k izHko\
vuqlwfpr tkfr;k] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k ,oa vU; fiNMs oxks ds` iks". rk oapu
d`h leL;k,\ vuqlwfpr tkfr;k ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k ds` f, lkafo|kfud`
jksik;\
lkekftd` ifjorZu rk led`khu tutkfr lekt%tutkfr;k rk d`etksj oxks ij
vk|qfud` ksd`rkaf(d` laLkvk] fod`kl d`k;Z`ek ,oa d`Y;k. mik;k d`k izHko\
u~tkrh;rk d`h lad`Yiuk u~tkrh; }U} ,oa jktuSfrd` fod`kl tutkrh; leqnk;k
ds` chp vkafr # s(h;rkokn ,oa Lok;rk d`h ekx Nne tutkfrokn
vkSifuosfd` ,oa Lokra;ksj Hkjr ds` nkSjku tutkfr;k ds` chp lkekftd` ifjorZu\
tutkrh; lektk ij gnw |eZ] ckS* |eZ] bZlkbZ |eZ] bLke rk vU; |eks d`k
izHko\

24 ]
8.2.

tutkfr ,oa jkV_ jkT;%Hkjr ,oa vU; nsk e tutkrh; leqnk;k d`k rqukRed`
v;;u\
9.1. tutkrh; s(k ds` izklu d`k bfrgkl] tutkfr uhfr;k] ;kstuk,] tutkrh;
fod`kl ds` d`k;Z`e ,oa mud`k d`k;kZUo;u\ vkfne tutkrh; lewgk (PTGs) d`h
lad`Yiuk] mud`k forj.] muds` fod`kl ds` fos" d`k;Z`e\ tutkrh; fod`kl e xSj
ljd`kjh laxBuk d`h Hwfed`k\
9.2. tutkrh; ,oa xzkeh. fod`kl e u~foKku d`h Hwfed`k\
9.3. s(h;rkokn lkEiznkf;d`rk] u~tkrh; ,oa jktuSfrd` vkUnksuk d`ks le>us e
u~foKku d`k ;ksxnku\

ouLifr foKku
^'u-i( I
1. lw{etSfod`h ,oa ikni jksx foKku fo"k.q] okbjkWbM] thok.q] a`xkbZ ,oa
ekbd`ksIkTek lajpuk ,oa tuu\ cgqxq.u\ d~`f"] mksx] fpfd`Rlk rk ok;q ,oa e~nk ,oa
t e iznw".-fu;a(. e lw{etSfod`h ds` vuqiz;ksx\ izk;ksu ,oa izk;ksu ?Vuk\
fo"k.qvk] thok.qvk] ekbd`ksIkTek] a`xkbZ rk lw(d~`fe;k }kjk gksus oks ^eq[
ikni jksx\ la`e. vkSj S`ko d`h fof|;k\ la`e. rk jksx ^frjks| ds` vkfod` vk|kj]
ijthfork d`h d`kf;Zd`h vkSj fu;a(. ds` mik;\ d`od` vkfok\ ekWMu ,oa jksx iwokZuqeku]
ikni laxjks|\
2. f`IVksxsElSok] d`od`] kbd`u] czk;ks`kbV] VsfjMks`kbV-lajpuk vkSj tuu ds`
fod`klkRed` igw\ Hkjr e f`IVksxsEl d`k forj. vkSj mud`k ikfjfLfrd` ,oa vkfZd`
egRo\
3. iq iks n f Hn vuko~ r chth iwoZvuko~rchth d`h vo|kj.k] vuko~rchth d`k
oxhZd`j. vkSj forj.\ lkbdS`Msht] xxks,stht d`ksuhS`jsht vkSj uhVsht ds` eq;
.] lajpuk o tuu\ lkbZdS`Mksf`fds`ht] cSUusfVVsht rk d`kMsZht d`k lkekU;
o.Zu\ Hw-oSKkfud` le;ekiuh] thok'e izd`kj ,oa muds` v;;u d`h fof|;k\ vko~rchth
# ofxZd`h] kjhfjd`h] Hzw.foKku] ijkxk.qfoKku vkSj tkfro~\
ofxZd`h lksiku] okuLifrd` ukei*fr ds` vUrjkZV_h; dw`V] la;kRed` ofxZd`h ,oa
jlk;u-ofxZd`h] kjhfjd`h] Hzw. foKku ,oa ijkxk.q foKku ls lk{;\
vko~r chft;k d`k mnxe ,oa fod`kl\
vko~rchft;k ds` oxhZd`j. d`h fofHUu ^.kf;k d`k rqukRed` fooj.] vko~r-chth
dq`k d`k v;;u eSXuksf,lh] jSuudq`Slh] czSlhds`lh] jkstslh] s`cslh] ;w`kWfcZ,lh]
ekoslh] fMIVsjksd`kisZlh] ,fi,lh] ,LDsfifM,lh] ofcZfulh] lksSuslh] :fc,lh]
dq`dq`jfcVslh] ,sLVhjslh] iks,lh vksjds`lh] ff,lh] E;wtslh] vkWfdZ`Mslh\ ja|z ,oa muds`
izd`kj] xzah; ,oa vxzah; V_kbd`kse] folaxr f}rh;d` o~f*] lh-3 vkSj lh-4 ikS|k d`k
kjhj\ tkbe ,oa `ks,e foHsnu] d`kB jhj\

[ 25

uj vkSj eknk ;qXed`ksnfHn d`k ifjo|Zu] ijkx.] fu"spu\ Hzw.iks" bld`k ifjo|Zu vkSj d`k;Z\ Hzw. ifjo|Zu ds` Loi\ cgq-Hzw.rk] vlaxtuu] ijkxk.q foKku ds`
vuq^;ksx\ ijkx HMkj. ,oa VsLV V;wc fu"spu lfgr iz;ksxkRed` Hzw. foKku\
4. ikni lalk|u fod`kl ikni xzkE;u ,oa ifjp;] d~`V ikS|k d`k mnHo] mnHo
laca|h oSohkso ds` ds`Unz\ [k]pkjk] jsk] elkk] is; inkks] [k rsk] vkS"f|;k]
Lokid`k] d`hVukf;k] bekjrh d`Mh] xkn] jsftuk rk jatd`k ds` Aksrk ds` i e ikS|s\
SVsDl] lsqksl] eaM vkSj muds` mRikn\ b(lkth] Hkjr ds` lanHZ e
u~dq`uouLifrd`h d`k egRo\ tkZ o~jksi.] okuLifrd` mku vkSj iknik;\
5. vkd`kjtuu iw.ZDrrk |zqo.rk] lefefr vkSj foHsnu\ d`ksfd`k] rd] vax
,oa thonzO;d` lao|Zu] d`kf;d` lad`j vkSj nzO;lad`j\ ekb`ksizksisxsu] lksekDksu
fofo|rk ,oa bld`k vuqiz;ksx] ijkx vxqf.r] ,fEcz;ksjsLD;w fof|;k ,oa muds` vuqiz;ksx\

^'u-i( II
1. d`ksfd`k tSfod`h d`ksfd`k tSfod`h d`h ^fof|;k\ ^kd`d`nzd`h vkSj lqd`nzd`h
d`ksfd`k, lajpukRed` vkSj ijklajpukRed` ckjhfd`;k\ d`ksfd`kck vk|k(h vok
d`ksfd`k ck vkO;wg] d`ksfd`k fHf rk f>fY;k d`h lajpuk vkSj d`k;Z/d`ksfd`k
vklatu] f>Yh vfHxeu rk vk;h vfHxeu\ d`ksfd`k vaxd`k gfjrod`]
lw(d`f.d`k,] bZvkj] fMfDV;kslkse] jkbckslkse] var#d`k;] ;ud`k;] ijvkWDlhlkse d`h
lajpuk vkSj d`k;Z\ lkbVksLds`sVu ,oa ekb`ksV;wC;wYl ds`Unzd`] ds`fUnzd`] ds`Unzd`h ja|z
lfEeJ\ `ksesfVu ,oa U;wfDvkslkse\ d`ksfd`k lads`ru vkSj d`ksfd`k xzkgh\ lads`r
ikj`e.\ lelw(. vkSj v|Zlw(. foHktu] d`ksfd`k-p` d`k vkfod` vk|kj\ xq.lw(k
e la;kRed` vkSj lajpukRed` fofHUurk, rk mud`k egRo\ `ksesfVu O;oLk ,oa
thukse laosVu] ikWfVhu xq.lw(] ch-xq.lw(-lajpuk O;ogkj vkSj egRo\
2. vkuqoafd`h] vkfod` tSfod`h vkSj fod`kl vkuqoafd`h d`k fod`kl vkSj thu
cuke ;qXefod`Yih vo|kj.k\ dw`Vfod`Yih ifjek.kRed` vkuqoafd`h rk cgqd`kjd`\
viw.Z izHkfork] cgqtufud` oakxfr] cgqfod`Yih lgXurk rk fofue;-vkfod`
ekufp( ekufp( ^d`k;Z d`h vo|kj.k lfgr thu ekufp(. d`h fof|;k\ x xq.lw(
rk x lgXu oakxfr] x fu|kZj. vkSj x foHsnu d`k vkfod` vk|kj\
mRifjorZu tSo jklk;fud` vkSj vkfod` vk|kj d`ksfd`knzO;h oakxfr ,oa
d`ksfd`knzO;h thu uj ca;rk d`h vkuqoafd`h lfgr\
U;wDhd` vEk vkSj ^ksVhuk d`h lajpuk rk la's".\ vkuqoafd` dw`V vkSj thu
vfHO;fDr d`k fu;eu\ thu uhjork] cgqthu dq`] tSo fod`kl-izek.] f`;kfof| rk
fl*kar\ mnHo rk fod`kl e RNA d`h Hwfed`k\
3. ikni ^tuu] tSo ^kSksfxd`h rk tSo lkaf;d`h ikni ^tuu d`h fof|;k
vk^os] p;u vkSj lad`j. oakoh] ^rhi lad`j] lkewfgd` p;u] O;kid` i*fr\
mRifjorZu] cgqxqf.rk] ujca;rk rk lad`j vkst iztuu\ ikni iztuu e
vlaxtuu d`k mi;ksx\ DNA vuq`e.] vkuqoafd` bathfu;jh-thu varj. d`h fof|;k]
ikjthuh lL; ,oa tSo lqjk igw] ikni iztuu e vkfod` fpd` d`k fod`kl ,oa
mi;ksx\ mid`j. ,oa rd`uhd`-izksc] nf.h CkfLVax] DNA `xj ^Vx] PCR ,oa

26 ]
FISH \

ekud` fopu rk fopj. xq.kad` lh ch] lkZd`rk ijh.] tSM-ijh. Vhijh. rk d`kbZ-oxZ ijh.\ izkf;d`rk rk caVu lkekU;] f}inh rk Ioklk caVu
lEcU|u rk lekJ;.\
4. jhj f`;k foKku rk tSo jklk;fud`h t laca|] [fut iks". rk vk;u
vfHxeu] [fut U;wurk,\ izd`k la's".-izd`k jlk;fud` vfHf`;k,] `ksVks
`ksL`ksfjsu ,oa d`kcZu f`Dlsu ikos] C3 , C4 vkSj dS`e fnkekxZ\ ks,e ifjogu
d`h f`;kfof|] 'olu fd`ou lfgr vok;qthoh; vkSj ok;qthoh;-bsDV_kWu vfHxeu
k~a[k vkSj vkWDlhd`j.h `kL`ksfjsu `ksVks'olu] jlksijklj.h fl*kUr rk ATP
la's".\ ffiM mikip;] ukbV_kstu fLjhd`j. ,oa ukbV_kstu mikip;\ fd`o]
lgfd`o] tkZ varj. rk tkZ laj.\ f}rh;d` mikip;k d`k egRo\ izd`kxzkfg;k ds`
i e o.Zd` ISfLVfM; o.Zd` rk ikni o.Zd`] ikni lapu] nhfIrd`kfrk rk
iqiu] clarhd`j.] th.Zu\ o~f* inkZ-mud`h jklk;fud` izd~`fr] d~`f" ckxokuh e mud`h
Hwfed`k vkSj vuqiz;ksx] o~f* lads`r] o~f* xfr;k\ izfrc kjhfjd`h\ rki] t] o.rk]
|krq\ ` ,oa cht kjhfjd`h\ chtk d`h izlqfIr] HMkj. rk mud`k vadq`j.\ ` d`k
id`uk-bld`k vkfod` vk|kj rk eSfuiqsu\
5. ikfjfLfrd`h rk ikni Hwxksifjra( d`h lad`Yiuk] ikfjfLfrd` d`kjd`\ leqnk;
d`h vo|kj.k, vkSj xfrd`h\ ikni vuq`e.\ thoeaM d`h vo|kj.k\ ikfjra(] laj.\
^nw". vkSj mld`k fu;a(. `kbVksjsfefM,u lfgr\ iknilwpd`] i;kZoj. laj.
vf|fu;e\
Hkjr e ouk ds` izi%ouk d`k ikfjfLfrd` ,oa vkfZd` egRo\ oujksi.] ouksUewu
rk lkekftd` okfud`h\ lad`VkiUu ikS|s] Lkfud`rk] IUCN d`ksfV;k] jsM MkVk cqd`\ tSo
fofo|rk ,oa mld`k laj.] lajfr s( usVodZ`] tSo fofo|rk ij lEesu] fd`lkuk ds`
vf|d`kj ,oa ckSf*d` lEink vf|d`kj] laiks".h; fod`kl d`h lad`Yiuk] tSo Hw-jklk;fud`
p`] HweMh; rkiu ,oa tok;q ifjorZu] la`ked` tkfr;k] i;kZoj.h; izHko]
ewY;kad`u] Hkjr ds` ikni Hwxksh; s(\

jlk;u foKku
^'u-i( I
1.

ijek.q lajpuk
DokaVe fl*kar] gkbtsucxZ d`k vfuf'prrk fl*kar] JksfMaxj rjax lehd`j. d`k
vukfJr rjax `u d`h O;k;k] ,d` foeh; ckWDl e d`.] DokaVe la;k,a] gkbM_kstu
ijek.q rjax `u] S, P vkSj D d`d`k d`h vkd~`fr\
2. jlk;u vkca|
vk;uh vkca|] vk;uh ;kSfxd`k ds` vfH.] tkd` tkZ] ckuZgScj p` lgla;kstd` vkca| rk blds` lkekU; vfH.\ v.qvk e vkca| d`h |zqo.rk rk mlds`
f}|zqo vk?w.Z\ la;ksth vkca| fl*kUr] vuqukn rk vuqukn tkZ d`h vo|kj.k\ v.q
d`d` fl*kar LCAO i*fr # H2+, H2 ] He2 +, ls Ne2, NO, CO, HF ,oa CN.
la;ksth vkca| rk v.q d`d` fl*kark d`h rquk] vkca| d`ksfV] vkca| lkeF;Z rk
vkca| EckbZ\

[ 27
3.

Bksl voLk lksfMLVsV

f`LV i*fr f`LV `d`k] tkd` lajpukvk rk ;wfuV ls d`k LiV mYs[\
czsx d`k fu;e] f`LV }kjk X-js foorZu Dkst iSd`x lladq`fr jpuk] v|ZO;kl
vuqikr fu;e] lhekar v|ZO;kl vuqikr ekuk ds` vkd`u\ NaCl, ZnS, CsCl ,oa
CaF 2 d`h lajpuk\ LVkbfd`;ksehfV_d` rk ukWu-LVkbfd`;ksehfV_d` nks"] vq*rk nks"]
v*Zpkd`\
4. xSl voLk ,oa ifjogu ifj?Vuk
okLrfod` xSlk d`h voLk d`k lehd`j.] varjk-v.qd` ikjLifjd` f`;k] xSlk d`k
nzohd`j. rk `kafrd` ?Vuk] eSDlos d`k xfr forj.] varjk.qd` la?VV] nhokj ij
la?VV rk vfHLiUnu\ ek pkd`rk ,oa vknZ xSlk d`h ';kurk\
5. nzo voLk
ds`fYou lehd`j.] i~B ruko ,oa i~B tkZ] vknzZd` ,oa laLiZ d`ks.] varjki~Bh;
ruko ,oa d`ksfd`k f`;k\
6. ekxfrd`h
d`k;Z] ek rk vkarfjd` tkZ ekxfrd`h d`k ize fu;e] ekxfrd`h d`k
nwljk fu;e ,aV_kWih ,d` voLk `u ds` i e] fofHUu iz`ek e ,aV_kWih ifjorZu]
,aV_kWih mR`e.h;rk rk vuqR`e.h;rk] eqDr tkZ `u] voLk d`k ekxfrd`h
lehd`j.] eSDlos lEcU| rki] vk;ru ,oa U, H, A, G, Cp ,oa Cv, ,oa d`h
nkc fuHZjrk J-T izHko ,oa O;qR`e. rki lkE; ds` f, fud`"] lkE; fLjkad` rk
ekxfrd`h; jkf;k ds` chp lEcU|] usULVZ ek izes; rk ekxfrd`h d`k rhljk
fu;e\
7. ^koLk lkE; rk fo;u
Dkfl;l-Dsfiju lehd`j. q* inkks ds` f, ^koLk vkjs[ f}vk|kjh i*fr
e ^koLk lkE;] vkafd` feJ.h; nzo-mPprj rk fuEurj `kafrd` fo;u rki
vkafd` eksj jkf;k] mud`k egRo rk fu|kZj. vkf|D; ekxfrd`h `u vkSj
mud`k fu|kZj.\
8. foqr jlk;u
^c foqr vi?V;k d`k MsckbZ gqds` fl*kar] fofHUu lkE; rk vf|xeu xq.|eks
ds` f, MsckbZ gqds` lhekar fu;e\
xSYosfud` ls] lkUnzrk ls] bsDV_ksds`fed` lhjht] lsk ds` bZ,e,` d`k ekiu vkSj
mld`k vuq^;ksx b|u ls rk cSVfj;k\
bsDV_ksM ij ^`e varjki~B ij f}Lrj pktZ V_kaL`j d`h nj] foqr|kjk ?uRo
vfrfoHo oSqr fo's". rd`uhd`] iksjksxzk`h] ,Eijksfefr] vk;u oj.kRed` bsDV_ksM
vkSj muds` mi;ksx\
9. jklk;fud` cxfrd`h
vfHf`;k nj d`h lkUnzrk ij fuHZjrk] wU;] ^e] f}rh; rk vkafd` d`ksfV d`h
vfHf`;kvk ds` f, vod` vkSj lekad` nj lehd`j. mR`e] lekUrj] `ekxr rk

28 ]

k~a[k vfHf`;kvk ds` nj lehd`j. k[u k~a[k ,oa foL`ksV] nj fLjkad` ij rki
vkSj nkc d`k ^Hko\ LVkWi-ks vkSj fjsDlsu i*fr;k }kjk nzqr vfHf`;kvk d`k
v;;u\ la?Vu vkSj la`e. voLk fl*kUr\
10.

^d`k jlk;u
^d`k d`k voks". fofHUu ekxks }kjk msftr voLk d`k volku gkbM_kstu
vkSj gskstuk ds` e; ^d`k jlk;u vfHf`;k vkSj mud`h DokUVeh fC|\

11.

i~Bh; ifj?Vuk rk mR^sjd`rk

Bksl vf|ks"d`k ij xSlk vkSj fo;uk d`k vf|ks".] xE;wj rk BET
vf|ks". js[k i~Bh; s(` d`k fu|kZj. fo"ekaxh mR^sjd`k ij vfHf`;k ds`
vfH. vkSj f`;kfof|\
12.

tSo-vd`kcZfud` jlk;u
tSfod` ra(k e |krq vk;u rk fHf ds` ikj vk;u xeu vkfod` f`;k fof|]
vkWDlhtu viVsd` ^ksVhu] lkbVks`kse rk s`jksMksfDlu\

13.

leUo; jlk;u
d` |krq ladq` ds` vkca| fl*kar] la;kstd`rk vkca| fl*kar] f`LV `hYM
fl*kUr vkSj mle laks|u] |krq ladq` ds` pqEcd`h; rk bsDV_kWfud` LisDV_e d`h O;k;k
e fl*kUrk d`k vuq^;ksx\
[ leUo;h ;kSfxd`k e vkblksesfjTe\ leUo;h ;kSfxd`k d`k IUPAC uked`j. 4
rk 6 lek;kstu oks ladq`k d`k f(foe jlk;u] fd`sV ^Hko rk cgqukfHd`h; ladq`
ijk-^Hko vkSj mlds` fl*kUr oxZ lerh ladq` e ^frLkifud` vfHf`;kvk d`h
cxfrd`h ladq`k d`h rkixfrd`h rk cxfrd`h fLjrk\
x eSV d`kcksZfuk d`h la's". lajpuk rk mud`h vfHf`;kRed`rk d`kcksZfDlsV
,ukW;u] d`kcksZfu gkbM_kbM rk esV ukbV_kslh ;kSfxd`\
? ,jkseSfVd` ^.kh ds` ladq`] eSV vkssf`u ladq`k e la's".] lajpuk rk
ca| ,Yd`kbu rk lk;DksiVkMk;fud` ladq`] leUo;h vlar~Irrk vkfDlMsfVo ;ksxkRed`
vfHf`;k,a] fuosu vfHf`;k,a] ^okgh v.q vkSj mud`k vfH.u] eSV-eSV
vkcU| rk eSV ijek.q xqPNs oks ;kSfxd`\
14. eq; lewg jlk;fud`h
cksjsu] cksjktkbu] `kLs`thu ,oa p`h; `kLs`thu] flfds`V ,oa flfd`kWu]
baVjgSkstu ;kSfxd` xa|d`-ukbV_kstu ;kSfxd`] ukWcq xSl ;kSfxd`\
15. F CkWd` rRok d`k lkekU; jlk;u
sukbM ,oa ,DVhukbM i~Dd`j.] vkWDlhd`j. voLk,] pqEcd`h; rk LisDV_eh
xq.|eZ sukbM ladq`pu\

[ 29

^'u-i( II
1.

foLkfir lgla;kstd` ca|

,sjkseSfVd`rk] ^fr,jkseSfVd`rk ,U;whu] ,tqhu] V_ksikshUl] q`Yohu] flMuksu\
2. d` vfHf`;k f`;kfof| d`kcZfud` vfHf`;kvk d`h f`;kfof|;k ds` v;;u d`h
lkekU; fof|;k xfrd` ,oa xSj-xfr nksuk leLkfud`h fof|] `kl-vksoj ^;ksx]
e;orhZ V_six] f(foe jlk;u laf`;. tkZ vfHf`;kvk d`k ekxfrd`h fu;a(.
rk xfrd` fu;a(.\
[ vfHf`;kh e;orhZd`kcsZfu;e vk;uk rk d`kcsZfu;uk] eqDr ewd`k `h
jsfMd` d`kchZuk] csUtkbuk rk ukbV_suk d`k mRiknu] T;kfefr] fLjrk rk vfHf`;k\
x ^frLkiu vfHf`;k,SN1 , SN2 ,oa SNi, f`;kfof|;k ^frosh lewg
Hkxhnkjh] ikbls] ;wju] f;ks`hu] baMks tSls gsV_kslkbfDd` ;kSfxd`k lfgr ,jkseSfVd`
;kSfxd`k d`h bsDV_ksf`fd` rk U;wfD;ksf`fd` vfHf`;k,a\
? foksiu vfHf`;k,E1, E2 rk E 1 cb f`;kfof|;k lstS` rk gkW`eu E2
vfHf`;kvk e fnd` foU;kl ikbjksffVd` syn foksiu\ pqXxho rk d`ks" foksiu\
lad`u vfHf`;k,C=C rk CC ds` f, bsDV_ksf`fd` lad`u] C=C,
CN ds` f, U;wfD;ksf`fd` lad`u] la;qXeh vksff`Yl rk d`kcksZfuYl\
p vfHf`;k, rk iqufoZU;kl fiukd`ks-fiukd`ksksu] gkW`eu] csd`eu] cs;jfofxj] S`oksLd`hZ] `kbl] Dslsu] d`ksi] LVhosUt rk okXuj-esjckbu iqufoZU;kl\
N ,YMks la?uu] DSlsu la?uu Mhd`eu] ijfd`u] uksosust] fofVx] Dhelu]
oksY`-fd`uj] ds`futkjks rk `ku-fjDVj vfHf`;k,a] LVkWc] csUtksbu rk ,flksbu
la?uu f`j bZMks la's".] L`ki la's".] fo'j-usfijkLd`h] lMes;j] jsxsj-Vkbeu
rk js`kWjekLd`h vfHf`;k,a\
3. ifjjEHh; vfHf`;k,
oxhZd`j. vkSj mnkgj.%oqMoMZ%gkW`eSu fu;e%foqrp`h; vfHf`;k,a - p`h
lad`u vfHf`;k,a 2 + 2 rk 4 + 2 ,oa flXek-vuqorZuh foLkiu (1, 3; 3, 3 rk
1, 5) FMO mikxe\
4 (i) cgqd`k d`k fuekZ. vkSj xq.|eZd`kcZfud` cgqd`-iksf,fhu] ikWhLVkbjhu]
ikshfoukb DksjkbM] Vs`kWu] ukbkWu] Vsjhhu] laf'V rk ^k`frd` jcM\
(ii) tSo cgqd`^ksVhu] Mh,u,] vkj,u, d`h lajpuk,\
5. vfHd`kjd`k ds` lka'sf"d` mi;ksx
OsO4, HIO4 , CrO3 , Pb{OAc} 4 , SeO2 , NBS, B2 H6, Na- nzo veksfu;k
LiaLH 4 , NaBH 4 , N-Buli, MCPBA.
6.

^d`k jlk;u
lk|kj. d`kcZfud` ;kSfxd`k d`h ^d`k jklk;fud` vfHf`;k,a] msftr vkSj fuEure
voLk,a] ,d`d` vkSj f(d` voLk,a] uksfj Vkbi-I vkSj Vkbi-II vfHf`;k,a\

30 ]
7.

LisDV_ksfed`h fl*kar vkSj lajpuk ds` LiVhd`j. e mud`k vuq^;ksx

d` ?w.hZf}ijek.qd` v.q leLkfud` ^frLkiu rk ?w.hZ fLjkad`\
[ d`kEifud`f}ijek.qd` v.q] jSf[d` f(ijek.qd` v.q] cgq ijek.qd` v.qvk e
f`;kZRed` lewgk d`h fofV vko~f;k\
x bsDV_ksfud` ,d`d` vkSj f(d` voLk,N * rk * la`e.
la;qfXer f}vkca| rk la;qfXer d`jcksfud` e vuq^;ksx%oqMoMZ-`hj fu;e\ pktZ
varj. LisDV_k\
? ukfHd`h; pqEcd`h; vuqukn (1HNMR)vk|kjHwr fl*kUr jklk;fud` fV
,oa fLiu-fLiu vU;ksU; f`;k ,oa d`ix fLjkad`\
nzO;eku LisDV_ksfefriSjV ihd`] cslihd`] esVkLVsc ihd`] eSd`S`VhZ iqufoZU;kl\

flfo bathfu;jh
^'u-i( I
1. bathfu;jh]

;kaf(d`h inkZlkeF;Z rk lajpukRed` fo's".

1.1. bathfu;jh ;kaf(d`h
ek(d` rk foek,a] ,l\vkbZ\ ek(d`] lfn] c d`h lad`Yiuk] d`. rk n~< fiM
lad`Yiuk] laxkeh] vlaxkeh rk ler ij lekUrj c] c vk?w.Z eqDr fiM vkjs[]
l^frca| lkE;koLk] d`fYir d`k;Z d`k fl*kar] lerqY; c ^.kh\
^e rk f}rh; s( vk?w.Z] nzO;eku tMRo vk?w.Z\ LFkSfrd` ?"Z.\
q*xfrd`h rk xfrd`hd`krhZ; funsZkad` q*xfrd`h leku rk vleku Roj. ds`
v|hu xfr] xq:Rok|hu xfr\ d`.xfrd`hlaosx rk tkZ fl*kar] ^R;kL fiMk d`k
la?Vu] n~< fiMk d`k ?w.Zu\
1.2. inkZ-lkeF;Z
lj ^frc rk fod~`fr] ^R;kL fLjkad`] vr#Hkfjr laihMkax] vii. c
rk cad`u vk?w.Z] lj cad`u d`k fl*kar] vuq^L d`kV d`k vii.] ^frc forj.]
lelkeF;Z |j.] |j. fosi eSd`ks fof|] eksj d`h vk?w.Z s( fof|] vuqi |j.
fof|] ,d`kad` Hkj fof|] kV d`h ,Bu] LraHk d`k ^R;kL Lkf;Ro\ vkW;j] jsud`kbu
rk lhds`V lw(\
1.3. lajpukRed` fo's".
d`kfLVf;kuksl ^es; I rk II] |j. vkSj d`h laf|;qDr d`ph e ^;qDr laxr
fod~`fr d`h ,d`kad` Hkj fof|] <k fosi] vk?w.Z forj.\
osu Hkj vkSj ^Hko js[k,|j. ds` ifjPNsn ij vii. c rk cad`u vk?w.Z
ds` f, ^Hko js[k,] xfrh Hkj ^.kh }kjk |j. p`e. e vf|d`re vii. c
rk cad`u vk?w.Z gsrq ekunaM\ lj vkafcr ler d`h laf|;qDr d`ph gsrq ^Hko
js[k,\

[ 31

MkV f(d`h] f}d`h rk vkc* MkV] iqZd`k ?h;u rk rkieku ^Hko\

fo's". d`h vkO;wg fof| vfu|kZfjr |j. rk n~< <kpk d`k c fof| rk
foLkiu fof| ls fo's".\ |j. vkSj <kpk d`k IkfLVd` fo's".IkfLVd` cad`u
fl*kar] IkfLVd` fo's".] LSfrd` ^.kh] ;kaf(d`h fof|\
vlefer cad`u tMRo vk?w.Z] tMRo mRikn] mnklhu v vkSj eq; v d`h
fLfr cad`u ^frc d`h ifjx.uk\
2. lajpuk vfHd`YibLikr] da``hV rk fpukbZ lajpuk
2.1 lajpukRed` bLikr vfHd`Yi
lajpukRed` bLikr lqjk xq.d` vkSj Hkj xq.d`\ d`ofpr rk osfYMr tksM rk
la;kstu\ ruko rk laihMkax bd`kb;k d`k vfHd`Yi] la?fVr ifjPNsn d`k |j.] d`ofpr
rk osfYMr IsV xMZj] xnh xMZj] cSVu ,oa slx;qDr LVfp;Ul\
2.2. da``hV rk fpukbZ lajpuk d`k vfHd`Yi
feJ vfHd`Yi d`h lad`Yiuk] ^cfr da``hVd`k;Zd`kjh ^frc rk lhek voLk
fof| ls vfHd`Yi%vkbZ,l iqfLrd`kvk d`h fl`kfj] ou os ,oa Vw os LSc d`h fMtkbu]
lksiku-LSc] vk;rkd`kj] Vh ,oa , d`kV ds` lj ,oa lrr |j.\ mRds`Unzrk lfgr
vok jfgr ^R; Hkj ds` varxZr laihMkax bd`kb;k\ fofxr ,oa la;qDr uo\
ds`UVhfoj ,oa d`kmUVj `ksVZ izi] izfr|kjd` fHf\
t Vad`h # i~Foh ij j[s vk;rkd`kj ,oa xkskd`kj Vafd`;k ds` vfHd`Yiu
vko';d`rk,a\
iwoZ izfrc da``hV # iwoZ izfrcfr ds` f, fof|;k vkSj iz.kf;k] fLjd` Lku]
d`k;Zd`kjh izfrc vk|kfjr vkufr ds` ifjPNsn d`k fo's". vkSj vfHd`Yi] iwoZ izfrcfr
gkfu\
3. rj

;kaf(d`h] eqDr okfgd`k ^okg ,oa nzopkfr ehu

3.1. rj ;kaf(d`h%rj xq.|eZ rk rj xfr e mud`h Hwfed`k] rj LSfrd`h
ftle ler rk o` lrg ij d`k;Z d`jus oks c Hh kfe g\ rj ^okg d`h
q*xfrd`h ,oa xfrd`h osx vkSj Roj.] lfjrk js[k,] lkarR; lehd`j.] vk?w.hZ rk
?w.hZ ^okg] osx foHo ,oa lfjrk `u\ lkarR;] laosx ,oa tkZ lehd`j.\ usfo;j
LVksDl lehd`j.] vkW;j xfr lehd`j.] rj ^okg leL;kvk e vuq^;ksx] ikbi
^okg] Lwbl xsV] fo;j\
3.2. foeh; fo's". ,oa leirkcd`?e Pi-^es; foekjfgr ^kp\
3.3 Lrjh; ^okg lekarj] vp ,oa p IsVk ds` chp Lrjh; ^okg] V;wc }kjk
^okg\
3.4. ifjlhek ijr piVh IsV ij Lrjh; ,oa foqC| ifjlhek ijr] Lrjh; miijr] el~. ,oa ifjlhek,] fod`"Z ,oa fV\
ikbik }kjk foqC| ^okgfoqC| ^okg ds` vfH.] osx forj. ,oa ikbi ?"Z.
xq.d` d`h fofo|rk] tnkc ^o.rk js[k rk iw.Z tkZ js[k\

32 ]
3.5. eqDr okfgd`k ^okg%leku ,oa vleku ^okg] vk?w.Z ,oa tkZ laqf* xq.d`]
fofV tkZ rk fofV c] `kfUrd` xgjkbZ] rhoz ifjorhZ ^okg] tksPNk `e#
ifjorhZ ^okg] i~B ifjPNsfnd`k oxhZd`j.] fu;a(. d`kV] ifjorhZ ^okg lehd`j. ds`
lekd`u d`h lksiku fof|\
3.6. nzopkfr ;a( rk t fDr%nzopkfr Vjckbu] ^ki] oxhZd`j.] Vjckbu
p;u] fuiknu ^kp] fu;a(.] vfH.] fofV xfr\ t fDr fod`kl ds` fl*kar]
4. Hw-rd`uhd`h bathfu;jh
e~nk ds` ^d`kj ,oa lajpuk] izo.rk rk d`. vkd`kj forj.] xk<rk lhek,\
e~nk t d`ksfd`h; rk lajpukRed` izHkoh izfrc rk jU|z t nkc] iz;ksxkk
fu|kZj.] fjlu nkc] ckq iad` voLk-d`rZu lkeF;Z ijh.-eksj dw`kac lad`Yiuk-e~nk
laguu-iz;ksxkk ,oa s( ijh.\ laihM;rk ,oa laihMu lad`Yiuk-laihMu fl*kUrlaihM;rk fLj. fo's".\ Hwnkc fl*kar ,d` izfr|kjd` fHf ds` f, fo's".] pknjh
Lw.kfHf ,oa ca|u;qDr [uu ds` f, vuqiz;ksx\ e~nk|kj. erk-fo's". ds` mikxes( ijh.-fLj. fo's".-Hwxeu <k d`k Lkf;Ro\
e~nkvk d`k voi~B [uu-fof|;k\
uo-lajpuk uo ds` izd`kj ,oa p;u ekinM-uo vfHd`Yi\
ekinM-ikn ,oa ikb izfrc forj. fo's".] ikb lewg d`k;Z-ikb Hkj
ijh.\
Hwr lq|kj izfof|;k\

^'u-i( II
1.

fuekZ. rd`uhd`] mid`j.] ;kstuk vkSj ^ca|

1.1. fuekZ. rd`uhd`h
bathfu;jh lkexzh fuekZ. lkexzh ds`] fuekZ. e muds` iz;ksx d`h n~fV ls] HkSfrd`
xq.|eZ # iRj bV rk Vkb] pwuk] lheV rk fofo| lqj[h elkk ,oa da``hV\ ksg
lheV ds` ofV mi;ksx] rarq izcfr C.C., mPp lkeF;Z da``hV\ bekjrh d`Mh #
xq.|eZ ,oa nks"] lkekU; laj.] mipkj\
d`e kxr ds` vkokl] tu vkokl] mPp Houk tSls fos" mi;ksx gsrq lkexzh
mi;ksx ,oa p;u\
1.2. fuekZ.%bV] iRj] CkWd`k ds` mi;ksx ds` fpukbZ fl*kUr-fuekZ. foLrkj. ,oa
lkeF;Z vfH.\
IkLVj] IokbaVx] ksjx] `x ,oa fuekZ. vfH.k ds` izd`kj\
Houk ds` lkekU; ejEer d`k;Z\
jfgoklk ,oa fos" mi;ksx ds` f, Hou d`h d`k;kZRed` ;kstuk ds` fl*kar-Hou
d`ksM micU|\
foLr~r ,oa xHx vkd`u ds` vk|kjHwr fl*kUr-fofunsZ s[u ,oa nj fo's".Lkoj\

[ 33

lEif ewY;kad`u ds` fl*kUr\

e~nkcU| ds` f, ehujh] da``hVd`j. ,oa mud`k fofV mi;ksx-mid`j. p;u d`ks
izHkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`-mid`j.k d`h izpku kxr\
1.3. fuekZ. ;kstuk ,oa izca|%fuekZ. d`k;Zd`ki-d`k;Z`e-fuekZ. mksx d`k laxBuxq.rk vk'oklu fl*kUr\
usVodZ` ds` vk|kjHwr fl*kUrk d`k mi;ksx-CPM ,oa PERT ds` i e fo's".\
fuekZ. ekWuhVjh] kxr bVrehd`j. ,oa lalk|u fu;ru e mud`k mi;ksx\ vkfZd`
fo's". ,oa fof| ds` vk|kjHwr fl*kUr\
ifj;kstuk kHnk;d`rkfoh; vk;kstuk ds` cwV mikxe ds` vk|kjHwr fl*kUr-lj VkS fu;rhd`j.
ekunM\
2. losZ. ,oa ifjogu bathfu;jh
2.1. losZ.%CE d`k;Z d`h nwjh ,oa d`ks. ekius d`h lkekU; fof|;k ,oa mid`j.]
Isu Vsc e mud`k mi;ksx] p`e losZ. leru] f(d`ks.u] ijs[. ,oa Lkd~`frd`
ekufp(\
`ksVksxzkefefr ,oa nwj-laosnu ds` lkekU; fl*kUr\
2.2. jsos bathfu;jh%Lk;h i-vo;o] izd`kj ,oa muds` ^d`k;Z-VuZ ,oa `kWlx ds`
izd`k;Z ,oa vfHd`Yi ?Vd`-V_Sd` ds` Hwferh; vfHd`Yi d`h vko';d`rk-LVsu ,oa ;kMZ d`k
vfHd`Yi\
2.3. jktekxZ bathfu;jh%jktekxZ lajs[u ds` fl*kar] lMd`k d`k oxhZd`j. ,oa
T;kfefrd` vfHd`Yi vo;o ,oa lMd`k ds` ekud`\ uE; ,oa n~< dq`fe gsrq dq`fe lajpuk]
dq`fe ds` vfHd`Yi fl*kUr ,oa f`;ki*fr\ izih fuekZ. fof|;k ,oa Lk;hd~`r e~nk]
WBM, fcVqesuh fuekZ. ,oa CC lMd`k ds` f, lkexzh\ lMd`k ds` f, cfgLr ,oa
v|Lr viokg foU;kl-iqf;k lajpuk,\ dq`fe foksH ,oa mUg mifjk;h }kjk
etcwrh iznku d`juk\ ;krk;kr losZ. ,oa ;krk;kr vk;kstuk e muds` vuqiz;ksxiz.kfr] baVjlsDu ,oa ?w.hZ vkfn ds` f, vfHd`Yi fos"rk,-flxu vfHd`Yi-ekud`
;krk;kr fp ,oa vad`u\
3. t foKku] t lalk|u ,oa bathfu;jh
3.1. t foKku%th; p`] vosi.] okihd`j.] okiksRltZu] var#Lianu]
vf|Hkj izokg] tkjs[] ck< vko~f fo's".] tk; }kjk ck< vuqhu] okfgd`k
izokg ekxkZfHxeu-efLda`Xe fof|\
3.2. Hw-t izokg%fofV fC|] lap;u xq.kad`] ikjxE;rk xq.kad`] ifj:* rk
vifj:* tizokgh Lrj] ,fDoVkMZ] ifj:* rk vifj:* fLfr;k ds` vUrxZr ,d` dw`i
ds` Hhrj vjh; izokg\
3.3. t lalk|u bathfu;jh%Hw rk |jkr t lalk|u] ,d` rk cgqsh;
ifj;kstuk,] tk; d`h lap;u erk] tk; gkfu;k] tk; volknu\

34 ]
3.4. lpkbZ bathfu;jh%d` `lk ds` f, t d`h vko';d`rk # ;h mi;ksx] d~`f
rk MsYVk] lpkbZ ds` rjhds` rk mud`h nrk,\
[ ugj%ugj lpkbZ ds` f, vkcaVu i*fr] ugj erk] ugj d`h gkfu;k] eq;
rk forfjd`k ugjk d`k lajs[u-vR;kf|d` n d`kV] vLrfjr ugj] muds` fMtkbu] fjthe
fl*kar] `kafrd` vii. ^frc] r Hkj\
x txzLrrkd`kj. rk fu;a(.] o.rk\
? ugj lajpuk vfHd`Yi] nkcksPprk fu;ked`] ugj izikr] tokgh lsrq]
voufd`k ,oa ugj fod`kl d`k ekiu\
f}ifjorhZ h"Z d`k;ZikjxE; rk vikjxE; uok ij ckf|d`k ds` fl*kar vkSj
fMtkbu] [kslk-fl*kar] tkZ ;\
p lap;u d`k;Z ck|k d`h fd`Le] fMtkbu] n~<-xq:Ro ds` fl*kar] Lkf;Ro
fo's".\
N mRIo ekxZmRIo ekxZ ds` ^d`kj] tkZ ;\
t unh ^f.unh ^f. ds` ms';] unh ^f. d`h fof|;k\
4. i;kZoj.

bathfu;jh

4.1. t

iwfrZt ekx d`h ^kxqfDr] t d`h vq*rk rk mld`k egRo] HkSfrd`]

jklk;fud` rk thok.q foKku laca|h fo's".] t ls gksus okh chekfj;k] is;t ds`
f, ekud`\
4.2.

t d`k varxzZg. t mipkj Lda`nu ds` fl*kar] .Zu rk lknu] ean]

nzqr] nkc f`YVj] Dksjhuhd`j.] e~nqd`j.] Lokn] xa| rk o.rk d`ks nwj d`juk\
4.3. okfgre

O;oLk?jsw rk vkSksfxd` vifV] >a>kor okfgre-i~d` vkSj

la;qDr ^.kf;k] lhojk }kjk cgko] lhojk d`k fMtkbu\
4.4. lhost .chvksMh] lhvksMh] Bksl inkZ fohu vkWDlhtu] ukbV_kstu vkSj
Vhvkslh\ lkekU; tekxZ rk Hwfe ij fud`klu ds` ekud`\
4.5. lhost mipkj d`k;Zd`kjh fu;e] bd`kb;k] d`ksB volknu Vd`] Pokih f`YVj]
vkWDlhd`j. iks[j] mR^sfjr voiad` ^f`;k] lSfIVd` Vd`] voiad` fuLrkj.] vofV t
d`k iqu# pku\
4.6. Bksl

vifVxkok vkSj gjk e laxzg. ,oa foLrkj.] nh?Zd`khu dq`^Hkok

d`k ^ca|\
5.

i;kZoj.h; ^nw". vofEcr fod`kl\ jsfM;ks,fDVo vifV ,oa fud`klu]

meh; fDr la;a(k] [kuk] unh ?kVh ifj;kstukvk ds` f, i;kZoj. laca|h ^Hko
ewY;kad`u] ok;q ^nw".] ok;q ^nw". fu;a(. vf|fu;e\

[ 35

okf.T; ,oa s[kfof|

iz'ui( I

s[kd`j. ,oa fok

Hkx%1 : s[kd`j.] d`jk|ku rFkk s[k ijh{k.
1. foh; s[kd`j.%foh; lwpuk ^.kh ds` i e s[kd`j. O;ogkjijd` foKkuk
d`k izHko/s[kd`j. ekud`] mnkgj.kZ] ewY;kl ds` f, s[kd`j.] eklwfp;k]
vuqla|ku ,oa fod`kl kxr] nh?kZof| fuekZ. lafonk,a] jktLo d`h igpku] fLj
ifjlEif;k] vkd`fLed`rk,a] fonsh eqnzk ds` su-nsu] fuos ,oa ljd`kjh vuqnku] ud`nh
izokg fooj.] izfrs;j vtZu\
cksul s;j] jkbV s;j] d`eZpkjh LVkWd` fod`Yi ,oa izfrHwfr;k d`h okilh [jhn
ckbZ-cSd` lesr s;j iwth su-nsuk d`k s[kd`j.\
d`Eiuh vafre s[s rS;kj d`juk ,oa izLrqr d`juk\
d`Eifu;k d`k lekesu] vkesu ,oa iqufuZekZ.\
2. kxr s[kd`j.%kxr s[kd`j. d`k Loi vkSj d`k;Z\ kxr s[kd`j. iz.kh
d`k laLkiu] vk; ekiu ls lEcfU|r kxr lad`Yiuk,a] kH vk;kstuk] kxr fu;a(.
,oa fu.Z;u\
kxr fud`ku d`h fof|;k%tkWc kxr fu|kZj.] izf`;k kxr fu|kZj.] d`k;Zd`ki
vk|kfjr kxr fu|kZj.\ kH vk;kstuk ds` mid`j. ds` i e ifjek.-kxr-kH
lEcU|\
d`her fu|kZj. fu.Z;k ds` i e okf|Zd` fo's"./foHsnd` kxr fu|kZj.] mRikn
fu.Z;] fuekZ. ;k `; fu.Z;] cUn d`jus d`k fu.Z; vkfn\ kxr fu;a(. ,oa kxr
U;wuhd`j. d`h izfof|;k # ;kstuk ,oa fu;a(. ds` mid`j. ds` i e ctVu\ ekud` kxr
fu|kZj. ,oa izlj. fo's".\ mjnkf;Ro s[kd`j. ,oa izHkxh; fuiknu ekiu\
3. d`jk|ku%vk;d`j%ifjHk"k,a izHkj d`k vk|kj dq` vk; d`k Hkx u cuus okh
vk;\ fofHUu enk] vkZr osru] x~g lEif ls vk;] O;kikj ;k O;olk; ls izkfIr;k
vkSj kH] iwthxr izkfIr;k] vU; lzksrk ls vk;] fu|kZfjrh d`h dq` vk; e kfe vU;
O;fDr;k d`h vk;\ gkfu;k d`k lkeatu ,oa vxzu;u\
vk; ds` ld` ;ksx ls d`VkSfr;k\
ewY; vk|kfjr d`j (VAT) ,oa lsok d`j ls lEcfU|r izeq[ fos"rk,/micU|
4. s[k ijh.%d`Eiuh s[k ijhk%foHkT; kHk ls lEcfU|r s[k ijhk]
kHka] fos" tkp] d`j s[k ijhk\
cd`x] chek ,oa v-kH laxBuk d`h s[k ijhk iwrZ laLk,a/U;kl/laxBu\
Hkx%2 : foh; izcU|] foh; laLku ,oa cktkj
1. foh; izcU|%fo izd`k;Z # foh; izcU| d`k Loi] nk;jk ,oa {; # tksf[e
,oa okilh lEcU|\ foh; fo's". ds` mid`j. # vuqikr fo's".] fuf| izokg ,oa

36 ]

jksd`M izokg forj.\ iwthxr ctVu fu.Z; # izf`;k] fof|;k ,oa vkd`u fof|;k\
tksf[e ,oa vfuf'prrk fo's". ,oa fof|;k\ iwth d`h kxr # lad`Yiuk] iwth d`h
fofV kxr ,oa rqfr vkSlr kxr d`k vfHd`u\ bZfDoVh iwth d`h kxr fu|kZfjr
d`jus ds` mid`j. ds` i e CAPM foh; fu.Z; # iwth lajpuk d`k fl*kUr-fuo vk;
(NI) mikxe\ fuo izpku vk; (NOI) mikxe] MM mikxe ,oa ikjEifjd` mikxe\
iwth lajpuk d`k vfHd`Yiu%fojst ds` izd`kj izpku] foh; ,oa la;qDr EBITEPS fo's". ,oa vU; d`kjd`\
kHka fu.Z; ,oa `eZ d`k ewY;kad`u%okYVj d`k ekWMs] MM hfll] xksMZu d`k
ekWM] Vuj d`k ekWM\ kHka uhfr d`ks izHkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`\
d`k;Zh iwth izcU|%d`k;Zh iwth vk;kstuk\ d`k;Zh iwth ds` fu|kZjd`\ d`k;Zh
iwth ds` ?Vd` jksd`M] eklwph ,oa izkI;\
fo;uk ,oa ifjxzg.k ij ,d`kxz d`Eiuh iquljpuk ds`o foh; ifjizs{;
2. foh; cktkj ,oa laLku%Hkjrh; foh; O;oLk # fogaxkoksd`u\
eqnzk cktkj%lgHkxh] lajpuk ,oa izi(/foh; cd`\
cd`x s( e lq|kj\ Hkjrh; fjtoZ cd` d`h ekSfnzd` ,oa )`. uhfr\ fu;ked` ds` i
e Hkjrh; fjtoZ cd`\
iwth cktkj%izkfed` ,oa f}rh;d` cktkj foh; cktkj izi( ,oa uof`;kRed`
)`. izi( fu;ked` ds` i e SEBI foh; lsok,a # E;wpqv a`Ml] tksf[e iwth] lk[
eku vfHd`j.] chek ,oa IRDA\
iz'ui( II

laxBu fl*kUr ,oa O;ogkj] ekuo lalk|u izcU| ,oa vkSksfxd` lEcU|
HkxI : laxBu fl*kUr ,oa O;ogkj
1. laxBu d`k fl*kUr%laxBu d`k Loi ,oa lad`Yiuk laxBu ds` ck ifjos^kSksfxd`h;] lkekftd`] jktuSfrd`] vkfZd` ,oa fof|d` lkaxBfud` {;-^kfed` ,oa
f}rh;d` {;] ,d` ,oa cgq {; ms';k|kfjr izcU|/laxBu fl*kUr d`k fod`kl #
Dkfld`h] uoDkfld`h ,oa iz.kh mikxe\
laxBu fl*kUr d`h vk|qfud` lad`Yiuk%lkaxBfud` vfHd`Yi] lkaxBfud` lajpuk ,oa
lkaxBfud` laLd~`fr\
lkaxBfud` vfHd`Yi%vk|kjHwr pqukSfr;k i~Dd`hd`j. ,oa ,d`hd`j. izf`;k
ds`Unzhd`j. ,oa fods`Unzhd`j. izf`;k ekud`hd`j./vkSipkfjd`hd`j. ,oa ijLij lek;kstu\
vkSipkfjd` ,oa vukSipkfjd` laxBuk d`k leUo;\ ;kaf(d` ,oa lko;o lajpuk\
lkaxBfud` lajpuk d`k vfHd`Yiu-izkf|d`kj ,oa fu;a(. O;olk; ,oa LVk` izd`k;Z]
fos"Krk ,oa leUo;\
lkaxBfud` lajpuk ds` izd`kj-izd`k;kZRed`\
vk|k(h lajpuk] ifj;kstuk lajpuk\ fDr d`k Loi ,oa vk|kj] fDr ds` lzksr]
fDr lajpuk ,oa jktuhfr\ lkaxBfud` vfHd`Yi ,oa lajpuk ij lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h d`k
izHko\

[ 37

lkaxBfud` laLd~`fr d`k ^cU|u\

2. laxBu O;ogkj%vZ ,oa lad`Yiuk laxBuk e O;fDr # O;fDrRo] fl*kUr] ,oa
fu|kZjd` izR;.-vZ ,oa ^f`;k\ vfHizsj. # lad`Yiuk] fl*kUr ,oa vuqiz;ksx\
usr~Ro-fl*kUr ,oa Sf;k\ d`k;Zthou d`h xq.rk (QWL) # vZ ,oa fuiknu ij
bld`k izHko\ bls c<kus ds` rjhds`\ xq.rk p` (QC)-vZ ,oa mud`k egRo\ laxBuk e
}U}k d`k izcU|\ su-nsu fo's".] lkaxBfud` izHkod`kfjrk] ifjorZu d`k izcU|\
Hkx- II : ekuo lalk|u izcU| ,oa vkSksfxd` lEcU|
1. ekuo lalk|u ^cU| (HRM)%ekuo lalk|u izcU| d`k vZ] Loi ,oa s(]
ekuo lalk|u vk;kstuk] tkWc fo's".] tkWc fooj.] tkWc fofunsZu] fu;kstu izf`;k]
p;u izf`;k] vfHeq[hd`j. ,oa Lkiu] izf. ,oa fod`kl izf`;k] fuiknu vkd`u
,oa 360 `hMcSd`] osru ,oa etnwjh izklu] tkWc ewY;kad`u] d`eZpkjh d`Y;k.]
inksUufr;k] LkukUrj. ,oa i~Dd`j.\
2. vkSksfxd` lEcU| (IR)%vkSksfxd` lEcU| d`k vZ] Loi] egRo ,oa s(] V_sM
;wfu;uk d`h jpuk] V_sM ;wfu;u fo|ku] Hkjr e V_sM ;wfu;u vkUnksu] V_sM ;wfu;uk d`h
ekU;rk] Hkjr e V_sM ;wfu;uk d`h leL;k,a\ V_sM ;wfu;u vkUnksu ij mnkjhd`j. d`k
izHko\
vkSkSfxd` fooknk d`k Loi%gMrk ,oa rkkcanh] fookn ds` d`kj.] fooknk d`k
fuokj. ,oa fuiVkjk] izca|u e d`kexkjk d`h lgHkfxrk # nZu] rd`kZ|kj] ekStwnk fLfr
,oa Hkoh lEHkouk,a\
U;k; fu.Z; ,oa lkewfgd` lkSnkd`kjh
lkoZtfud` mek e vkSksfxd` lEcU|] Hkjrh; mksxk e xSjgkftjh ,oa Jfed`
vkorZ ,oa muds` d`kj. vkSj mipkj\
ILO ,oa blds` izd`k;Z\

vFkZkL(
iz'u-i(
1.

mUur
d`
[
x
?

O;fV vFkZ'kkL(%
d`her fu|kZj. ds` ek'kZf;u ,oa okjkfl;e mikxe\
oSd`fYid` forj. fl*kUr # fjd`kMks] d`kYMksj] d`hd`h\
cktkj lajpuk # ,d`kf|d`kjh ^fr;ksfxrk] f}vf|d`kj] vYikf|d`kj\
vk|qfud` d`Y;k. ekunM # ijsVks fgDl ,oa flrksoLd`h] ,sjks d`k vlEHkouk
^es;] ,\ ds`\ lsu d`k lkekftd` d`Y;k. `u\
2. mUur lefV vFkZ'kkL(%
fu;kstu vk; ,oa C;kt nj fu|kZj. ds` mikxe # Dkfld`h] d`hUl (IS-LM) odz`]
uoDkfld`h la's". ,oa u;k Dkfld`h] C;kt nj fu|kZj. ,oa C;kt nj lajpuk
ds` fl*kUr\

38 ]
3.

eqnzk cfd`ax ,oa fo%

d` eqnzk d`h ekx vkSj iwfrZ # eqnzk d`k eqnzk xq.d` ek(k fl*kUr f`'kj] ihd` ,oa
z`kbMeSu rFkk d`hu d`k eqnzk ds` f, ekx d`k fl*kUr] cUn vkSj [qh vFkZO;oLFkkvk e eqnzk ^cU|u ds` {; ,oa lk|u\ ds`Unzh; cd` vkSj [tkus ds`
chp lEcU|\ eqnzk d`h o~f* nj ij mPpre lhek d`k ^Lrko\
[ ksd` fo vkSj cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk e bld`h Hwfed`k # iwjh ds` Lohd`j. e]
lalk|uk d`k fofu|ku vkSj forj. vkSj lao~f*\ ljd`kjh jktLo ds` lzksr]
d`jk ,oa minkuk ds` i] mud`k Hkj ,oa ^Hko\ d`jk|ku d`h lhek,a] )`.]
`kmfMax vkmV ^Hko ,oa )`. sus d`h lhek,a\ ksd` O;; ,oa blds` ^Hko\
4. vUrjkZV_h; vFkZ'kkL(%
d` vUrjkZV_h; O;kikj ds` iqjkus vkSj u, fl*kUr
(i) rqukRed` kH
(ii) O;kikj 'krs ,oa ^Lrko odz`
(iii) mRikn pdz` ,oa fu.kZ;d` O;kikj fl*kUr
(iv) O;kikj] lao~f* ds` pkd` ds` i e vkSj [qh vFkZO;oLFkk e vofod`kl
ds` fl*kUr\
[ laj{k. ds` Loi # VSfj` ,oa d`ksVk
x Hqxrku 'ks" lek;kstu # oSd`fYid` mikxe
(i)
d`her cuke vk;] fu;r fofue; nj ds` v|hu vk; ds` lek;kstu\
(ii) fefJr uhfr ds` fl*kUr\
(iii) iwth pf.qrk ds` v|hu fofue; nj lek;kstu\
(iv) fod`kl'kh ns'kk ds` f, frjrh nj vkSj mud`h foo{kk] eqnzk d`jlh
cksMZ\
(v) O;kikj uhfr ,oa fod`kl'kh ns'k\
(vi) BOP, [qh vFkZO;oLFkk lefV ekWM e lek;kstu rFkk uhfr
leUo;\
(vii) lVVk\
(viii) O;kikj xqV ,oa ekSfnzd` la?\
(ix) fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) : TRIM, TRIPS, ?jsw mik;] WTO
ckrphr ds` fofHUu pdz`\
5. lao~f* ,oa fod`kl%
d` (i) lao~f* ds` fl*kUr # gSjWM d`k ekWM\
(ii) vf|'ks" Jfed` ds` lkFk fod`kl d`k Y;wbl ekWM\
(iii) lUrqfr ,oa vlUrqfr lao~f*\
(iv) ekuo iwth ,oa vkfFkZd` o~f*\
[ d`e fod`flr ns'kk d`k vkfFkZd` fod`kl d`k ^dz`e\ vkfFkZd` fod`kl ,oa lajpuk
ifjorZu ds` fo"; e feMZ ,oa dq`teVl # d`e fod`flr ns'kk ds` vkfFkZd`
fod`kl e d~`f" d`h Hwfed`k\

[ 39

x vkfFkZd` fod`kl rFkk vUrjkZV_h; O;kikj ,oa fuos'k] cgqjkV_h;k d`h Hwfed`k\
? vk;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd` fod`kl # cktkj d`h cnrh Hwfed`k ,oa vk;kstuk]
futh%ljd`kjh lk>snkjh\
d`Y;k. lads`rd` ,oa o~f* ds` eki%ekuo fod`kl ds` lwpd`\ vk|kjHwr
vko';d`rkvk d`k mikxe\
p fod`kl ,oa i;kZoj.h |kj.h;rk%iquuZohd`j.h ,oa viquuZohd`j.h; lalk|u]
i;kZoj.h vid`"Z] varjih<ks bfDoVks fod`kl\

iz'u-i(

II

1.

LorU(rk iwoZ ;qx e Hkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk%Hwfe ^.kh ,oa blds` ifjorZu] d~`f" d`k
okf.T;hd`j.] viogu fl*kUr] vca|rk fl*kUr ,oa lekkspuk\ fuekZ. ,oa
ifjogu # twV] d`ikl] jsos] eqnzk ,oa lk[\

2.

LorU(rk ds` i'pkr Hkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk%

d` mnkjhd`j. ds` iwoZ d`k ;qx
(i)
od`h] xkbfx ,oa oh\ ds`\ vkj\ oh\ jko ds` ;ksxnku\
(ii) d~`f" # Hwfe lq|kj ,oa Hwfe iVVk ^.kh] gfjr dz`kfUr ,oa d~`f" e
iwth fuekZ.\
(iii) la?Vu ,oa lao~f* e O;kikj ^o~f;k] ljd`kjh ,oa futh {ks(d`k d`h
Hwfed`k] ?q ,oa dq`Vhj mksx\
(iv) jkV_h; ,oa ^fr O;fDr vk; # Loi] ^o~f;k] ld` ,oa {ks(d`h;
la?Vu rFkk mue ifjorZu\
(v) jkV_h; vk; ,oa forj. d`ks fu|kZfjr d`jus oks LFkw d`kjd`] xjhch
ds` eki] xjhch ,oa vlekurk e ^o~f;k\
[ mnkjhd`j. ds` i'pkr d`k ;qx
(i)
u;k vkfFkZd` lq|kj ,oa d~`f" # d~`f" ,oa WTO, [k ^laLd`j.]
minku] d~`f" d`her ,oa tu forj. ^.kh] d~`f" lao~f* ij ksd`
O;; d`k lek?kr\
(ii) ubZ vkfFkZd` uhfr ,oa mksx # vkSksxhd`j. futhd`j.] fofuos'k d`h
d`k;Z uhfr] fons'kh ^R;{k fuos'k rFkk cgqjkV_h;k d`h Hwfed`k\
(iii) ubZ vkfFkZd` uhfr ,oa O;kikj # ckSf*d` lEink vf|d`kj # TRIPS,
TRIMS, GATS rFkk ubZ EXIM uhfr d`h foo{kk,a\
(iv) ubZ fofue; nj O;oLFkk # vkaf'kd` ,oa iw.Z ifjorZuh;rk\
(v) ubZ vkfFkZd` uhfr ,oa ksd` fo # jktd`ks"h; mjnkf;Ro vf|fu;e]
ckjgok fo vk;ksx ,oa jktd`ks"h; la?okn rFkk jktd`ks"h; lesd`u\
(vi) ubZ vkfFkZd` uhfr ,oa ekSfnzd` ^.kh\ ubZ O;oLFkk e RBI d`h Hwfed`k\

40 ]
(vii)

vk;kstuk # ds`Unzh; vk;kstuk ls lkads`frd` vk;kstuk rd`] fods`Unzhd~`r

vk;kstuk vkSj lao~f* gsrq cktkj ,oa vk;kstuk ds` chp lEcU| #
73ok ,oa 74ok lafo|ku la'kks|u\
(viii) ubZ vkfFkZd` uhfr ,oa jkstxkj # jkstxkj ,oa xjhch] xzkeh. etnwjh]
jkstxkj l~tu] xjhch mUewu ;kstuk,a] ubZ xzkeh. jkstxkj xkjVh
;kstuk\

oSqr bathfu;jh
iz'ui( I
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

ifjiFk%fl*kUr%foqr vo;o] tk s[kfp(] ds`fYou |kjk fu;e] ds`fYou

oksYVrk fu;e] ifjiFk fo's". fof|;k] uksMh; fo's".] ik fo's".]
vk|kjHwr tk ^es; rFkk vuq^;ksx] {kf.d`k fo's".] RL, RC ,oaa R L C
ifjiFk T;ko`h; LFkk;h voLFkk fo's".] vuquknh ifjiFk] ;qfXer ifjiFk]
lUrqfr f(d`k ifjiFk\ f}d`kjd` tk\
lads`r ,oa ra(%lrr d`k ,oa fooDr-d`k lads`rk ,oa ra( d`k fui.] jSf[d`-d`k
fu'pj ra(] laou] vkosx vuqf`;k] laou ,oa vod` vUrj lehd`j.k ij
vk|kfjr jSf[d` d`k fu'pj ra(k d`k le; {ks( fo's".] w`fj;s ikUrj] sIkl
ikUrj] tSM-ikUrj] vUrj. `u lads`rk d`k ^frp;u ,oa mud`h ^fr^kfIr\
fooDr d`k ra(k ds` }kjk rqY;i lads`rk d`k DFT, FFT lalk|u\
foqr pqEcd`h; fl*kUr%eSDlos lehd`j.] ifjc* ek;e e rjax lapj.]
ifjlhek voLFkk,a] ler rjaxk d`k ijkorZu ,oa viorZu] lapj. kbu] ^xkeh
,oa v^xkeh rjax\ ^frck|k ^frrqu] fLeFkpkVZ\
rqY; ,oa bsDV_kWfud`h%vfH{k. ,oa Mk;ksM d`k rqY; ifjiFk o~gr ,oa ?q lads`r]
f}lfU| V_kaftLVj] laf| {ks( ^Hko V_kaftLVj ,oa |krqvkWDlkbM lkfepkd` {ks(
^Hko V_kaftLVj\ Mk;ksM ifjiFk # d`rZu] xzkeh] fnVd`kjh] vfHufrd`j. ,oa
vfHufr LFkkf;Ro] {ks( ^Hko V_kaftLVj ^o|Zd`] |kjk niZ.] ^o|Zd` # ,d` ,oa
cgqpj.h] vod` laf`;kRed` iqufuZos ,oa fDRk\ ^o|Zd`k d`k fo's".] ^o|Zd`k
d`h vko~f vuqf`;k\ laf`;kRed` ^o|Zd` ifjiFk\ fuL;and` T;ko`h; nksf( #
nksu ds` f, d`lkSVh] ,d` V_kaftLVj vkSj laf`;kRed` ^o|Zd` foU;kl\ `u
tfu( ,oa rjax ifjiFk\ jsf[d` ,oa fLopu foqr ^nk;\
vad`h; bsDV_kWfud`h%cwh; chtkoh] cwh; `u d`k U;wurehd`j. rdZ`}kj] vad`h;
lekd`fr ifjiFk dq`] (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS) la;qDr ifjiFk #
vad`xf.rh; ifjiFk] d`ksM ifjorZd`] eYVh IsDlj ,oa fod`ksfM(\ vuq`fed` ifjiFk
# pV[uh ,oa FkiFki] xf.( vkSj foLFkkiu iath;d`] rqfu(] d`kfu;ked`
cgqda`fi(\ ^frnZ ,oa |kj. ifjiFk] rqY;i%vad`h; ifjorZ (ADC) ,oa vad`h;
rqY;i ifjorZd` (DAC)\ lkfepkd` Le~fr;k\ ^`fer ;qfDr;k d`k ^;ksx d`jrs
gq, rdZ` d`k;kZUo;u (ROM, PLA, FPGA)\
tkZ ikUrj.%oSqr ;kaf(d`h tkZ ikUrj. ds` fl*kUr # ?wf.Zr ehuk e c
vk?w.Z ,oa foqr pqEcd`h; c\ fn\ |k\ ehu # vfH{k. ,oa fuiknu fo's".]

[ 41

eksVjk d`k ^kjEHu ,oa xfr fu;a(.\ ifj.kfe( # ^pku ,oa fo's". ds` fl*kUr]
fofu;eu n{krk f(d`k ifj.kfe(\ f(d`k ^sj. ehu ,oa rqY;d`kfd`k ehu #
vfH{k. ,oa fuiknu fo's". xfr fu;a(.\
7. fDr bsDV_kWfud`h ,oa foqr pku%lkfepkd` fDr ;qfDr;k # Mk;ksM] V_kaftLVj]
FkkbfjLVj] V_k;d`] GTO ,oa |krq vkWDlkbM lkfepkd` {ks( ^Hko V_kaftLVjLFkSfrd` vfH{k. ,oa ^pku ds` fl*kUr] fV_xfjax ifjiFk] d`k fu;a(.
fnVd`kjh] lsrq ifjorZd` # iw.Z fu;af(r ,oa v|Z-fu;af(r FkkbZfjLVj pkij ,oa
^rhid`k ds` fl*kUr] DC-DC ifjorZd`] fLop eksM bUoVZj] dc ,oa ac eksVj pku
ds` xfr fu;U(. d`h vk|kjHwr lad`Yiuk] fopj.h; pk pku ds` vuq^;ksx\
8. rqY;i lapkj%;kn~fPNd` ^pj # larr] fofoDr] ^kf;d`rk] ^kf;d`rk `u]
lkaf;d`h; vkSlr] ^kf;d`rk funZ] ;kn~fPNd` lads`r ,oa jo # le jo] jo rqY;
cM pkSMkbZ] jo lfgr lads`r ^s".] jo lads`r vuqikr] jSf[d` CW ekWMqu : vk;keekWMqu # f}lkbM cM] f}lkbM cM-,d` pSu (DSB-SC) ,oa ,d` lkbM cM]
ekWMqu ,oa foekWMqu] d`k vkSj vko~f ekWMqu # d`k ekWMqu ,oa vko~f
ekWMqu lads`r] lad`h.Z cM vko~f ekWMqu] vko~f ekWMqu d`k ekWMqu ds` f,
tuu ,oa lalwpu] fo^cu] iwoZ ^cu] laokgd` rjax ekWMqu (CWM) ra( #
ijklad`j. vfHxzkgh vk;ke ekWMqu vfHxzkgh lapkj vfHxzkgh] vko~f ekWMqu
vfHxzkgh] d`k ikfr wi] ,d` lkbM cM vfHxzkgh vk;ke ekWMqu ,oa vko~f
ekWMqu vfHxzkgh ds` f, flxu jo vuqikr x.u\

^'u-i( II
1.

fu;a(. ra(%fu;a(. ra( ds` rRo] [M vkjs[ fui. [qk-ik ,oa cUn ik
ra(] iqufuZos ds` fl*kUr ,oa vuq^;ksx\ fu;U(. ra( vo;o jSf[d`d`k fu'pj
ra( # d`k-^{ks( ,oa ikUrj ^{ks( fo's".] LFkkf;Ro # jkmFk gjfot d`lkSVh]
ew fcUnqiFk] cksMs vks[] ,oa iksj vks[] ukbfDo,LV d`lkSVh] vxzi'prk
^frd`kjd` d`k vfHd`Yiu\ lkeuqikfrd` PI, PID, fu;U(d` fu;U(. rU(k d`k
voLFkk-fopj.h; fui. ,oa fo's".\
2. ekbdz`ks ^kslslj ,oa ekbdz`ks d`EI;wVj%PC la?Vu] CPU, vuqns'k lsV] jftLVj lsV]
Vkbfeax vkjs[] ^ksxzkeu] varjku;u] Le~fr varjki~Bu] IO varjki~Bu] ^ksxzkeuh;
ifj|h; ;qfDr;k\
3. ekiu ,oa eki;a(.%(qfV fo's". # |kjk] oksYVrk] fDr] tkZ] fDr xq.d`]
^frjks|] ^sjd`Ro] |kfjrk ,oa vko~f d`k ekiu] lsrq ekiu] flXu vuqdw`
ifjiFk] bsDV_kWfud` ekiu ;a(`# cgqekih] dS`FkksM fd`j. vkflksLd`ksi] vad`h;
oksYVekih] vko~f xf.(] Q-ekih] LiSDV_e fo's"d`] foi.ekih V_kalM;wlj #
rkioSqr ;qXe] FkfeZLVj] js[h; ifjorZuh; vod` V_kalM;wlj] fo`fr ^Hkoh] nkc
foqr f`LV\
4. fDrra( # fo's". ,oa fu;a(.%fjksifj lapj. kbuk rFkk ds`ck d`k LFkk;h nk
fuiknu] lf`; ,oa ^fr?krh fDr vUrj. ,oa forj. ds` fl*kUr] ^frbd`kbZ
jkf;k] cl ^os';rk ,oa ^frck|k vkO;wg ksM ^okg] oksYVrk fu;a(. ,oa fDr
xq.d` laks|u] vkfFkZd` ^pku] lefer ?Vd`] lefer ,oa vlefer nks" d`k

42 ]

fo's".\ ra( LFkkf;Ro d`h vo|kj.k # fLoax o` ,oa le{ks( d`lkSVh LFkSfrd`
oksYV ,sfEi;j ^fr?krh ra(\ mPp oksYVrk fnV|kjk lapj. d`h ewHwr vo|kj.k,a
5. fDr ,oa j{k.%vfr|kjk] vod` ,oa nwjh j{k. ds` fl*kUr\ Bksl voLFkk fjs d`h
vo|kj.k\ ifjiFk fo;kstd`] vfHd`f( lgk;rk ^kIr j{k. # ifjp;] kbu] cl]
tfu(] ifj.kfe( j{k.] la;kRed` fjs ,oa j{k. ds` f, vad`h; lads`r j{k.
(DSP) d`k vuq^;ksx\
6. vad`h; lapkj%Lian d`ksM ekWMqu] vod` Lian d`ksM ekWMqu] MsYVk ekWMqu] vad`h;
ekWMqu ,oa foekWMqu ;kstuk,a # vk;ke] d`k ,oa vko~f dq`ath;u ;kstuk,a\ (qfV
fu;a(. dw`Vd`j. # (qfV lalwpu ,oa laks|u jSf[d` [M d`ksM] laou d`ksM\
lwpuk eki ,oa Aksr dw`Vd`j.] vkd`Mk tk] 7-Lrjh; okLrqd`k\

Hwxks
iz'ui( I
Hwxks ds` fl*kUr
^k`frd` Hwxks
(1) Hw-vk`fr foKku%Hw-vkd~`fr fod`kl ds` fu;U(d` d`kjd` vUrtkZr ,oa cfgtkZr
c HwiiZVh d`k mnxe ,oa fod`kl Hw-pqEcd`Ro ds` ew fl*kUr i~Foh ds` vUrjax d`h
izkd~`frd` nk,\
Hw-vfHufr egk}hih; foLkiu lefLfr IsV foorZfud`h ioZrksRif ds` lEcU|
e vfHuo fopkj Tokkeq[h;rk Hwd`Ei ,oa lqukeh Hw-vkd~`frd` pdz` ,oa n~'; Hwfe
fod`kl d`h ld`Yiuk,a vukPNknu d`kkuqdz`e t ekxZ vkd~`fr foKku vijnu i~B
izo.rk fod`kl vuqiz;qDr Hw-vkd~`fr foKku Hwt foKku] vkfZd` Hw-foKku ,oa
i;kZoj.\
(2) tok;q foKku%fo'o ds` rki ,oa nkc d`fVcU| i~Foh d`k rkih; ctV
ok;qeM ifjlapj.] ok;qeM fLjrk ,oa vufLjrk] HweMh; ,oa Lkuh; iou
ekulwu ,oa tsV izokg ok;q jkf ,oa okrkxztuu hrks. ,oa m.d`fVcU|h; pdz`okr
o"Z. ds` izd`kj ,oa forj. ekSle ,oa tok;q d`ksisu] kWuZosV ,oa (sok|kZ d`k fo'o
tok;q oxhZd`j. th; pdz` oSf'od` tok;q ifjorZu ,oa tok;q ifjorZu e ekuo
d`h Hwfed`k ,oa vuqfdz`;k] vuiz;qDr tok;q foKku ,oa uxjh tok;q\
(3) leqnz foKku%vVkafVd`] fgUn ,oa ^kUr egklkxjk d`h rh; LFkk`fr]
egklkxjk d`k rki ,oa o.rk] ek ,oa o. ctV] egklkxjh; fu{ksi] rjax |kjk,a
,oa Tokj-HkVk] leqnzh lalk|u%thoh;] [fut ,oa tkZ lalk|u ^okg fHf;k] izok
fojatu leqnz r ifjorZu leqnz fu;e ,oa leqnzh iznw".\
(4) tho-Hw x ks %e~nkvk d`h mRif] e~nkvk d`k oxhZd`j. ,oa forj.] e~nk
ifjPNsfnd`k] e~nk vijnu U;wuhd`j. ,oa laj{k.] ikni ,oa tUrqvk ds` oSf'od` forj. d`ks
^Hkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`] ou-vijksi. d`h leL;k,a ,oa laj{k. ds` mik;] lkekftd`
okfud`h] `f"-okfud`h oU; thou izeq[ thu iw ds`Unz\

[ 43
(5) i;kZoj.h; Hwxks%ikfjfLfrd`h ds` fl*kUr ekuo ikfjfLfrd` vuqdw`u
ikfjfLfrd`h ,oa i;kZoj. ij ekuo d`k izHko oSf'od` ,oa {ks(h; ikfjfLfrd` ifjorZu
,oa vlUrqu ikfjrU(] mud`k izcU|u ,oa laj{k. i;kZoj.h; fuEuhd`j.] izcU| ,oa
laj{k. tSo fofo|rk ,oa lEiks".h; fod`kl i;kZoj.h; f{kk ,oa fo|ku\
ekuo Hwxks
(1) ekuo Hwxks e lanZ%{ks(h; foHsnu] ^knsfd` la's".] f}Hktu ,oa }Srokn]
i;kZoj.okn] ek(kRed` `kfUr ,oa vofLFkfr fo's".] mxzlq|kj] O;kogkfjd`] ekuoh;
,oa d`Y;k. mikxe] Hk"k,a] |eZ ,oa fujis{khd`j.] fo'o ds` lkaL`frd` ^ns] ekuo
fod`kl lwpd`\
(2) vkfFkZd` Hwxks%fo'o vkfFkZd` fod`kl-eki ,oa leL;k,a] fo'o lalk|u ,oa
mud`k forj.] tkZ lad`V] lao~f* d`h lhek,a] fo'o `f"%`f" ^nsk d`h ^kirk] `f"
fuos ,oa mRiknd`rk] [k ,oa iks". leL;k,a] [k lqj{kk] nqfHZ{kd`kj.] ^Hko ,oa
mipkj fo'o ds` mksx] voLkfud` ^fri ,oa leL;k,a] fo'o O;kikj ds` ^freku\
(3) tula;k ,oa cLrh Hwxks%fo'o tula;k d`h o~f* ,oa forj.] tulkaf;d`h
xq.] ^oklu ds` d`kj. ,oa ifj.ke] vfrjsd`] vYi ,oa vuqdw`re tula;k d`h
lad`Yiuk,a] tula;k ds` fl*kUr] fo'o tula;k leL;k,a vkSj uhfr;k lkekftd`
d`Y;k. ,oa thou xq.ok lkekftd` iwth ds` i e tula;k\
xzkeh. cfLr;k ds` ^d`kj ,oa ^fri xzkeh. cfLr;k e i;kZoj.h; eqs uxjh;
cfLr;k d`k inkuqdz`e uxjh; vkd`kfjd`h izeq[ gj ,oa Js.h vkd`kj iz.kh d`h
lad`Yiuk] uxjk d`k izd`k;kZRed` oxhZd`j. uxjh; izHko {ks( xzke uxj mikUr vuq"axh
uxj uxjhd`j. d`h leL;k,a ,oa lek|ku uxjk d`k lEiks".h; fod`kl\
(4) ^knsfd` vk;kstuk%^ns d`h lad`Yiuk] ^nsk ds` ^d`kj ,oa ^knshd`j. d`h
fof|;k] o~f* ds`Unz ,oa o~f* |qzo] ^knsfd` vlUrqu] ^knsfd` fod`kl d`k;Z uhfr;k
izknsfd` vk;kstuk e i;kZoj.h; eqs lEiks".h; fod`kl ds` f, vk;kstuk\
(5) ekuo Hwxks e ekWM] fl*kUr ,oa fu;e%ekuo Hwxks e ^.kh fo's".]
ekYFkl] ekDlZ rFkk tulkaf;d`h la`e. ekWM] f`LVkoj ,oa kW d`k ds`Unzh; LFkku
fl*kUr] is ,oa cwnsfo, oku Fkqusu d`k `f" voLku ekWM] oscj d`k vkSksfxd`
voLku ekWM] vksLrkso d`k o~f* voLFkk ekWM vUr#Hwfe ,oa cfg#Hwfe fl*kUr
vUrjkZV_h; lhek,a ,oa lhekUr {ks( ds` fu;e\

^'u-i( II
Hkjr d`k Hwxks
(1) HkSfrd` foU;kl%iMkslh nsk ds` lkFk Hkjr d`k vUrfj{k lEcU|] lajpuk ,oa
mPpkop] viokg-ra( ,oa t foHktd`] Hw-vk`frd` ^ns] Hkjrh; ekulwu ,oa o"kZ
izfri] m.d`fVcU|h; p`okr ,oa if'peh fo{kksH d`h fdz`;k fof|] ck< ,oa vuko~fV
tok;oh; izns] ^k`frd` ouLifr] e~nk ^d`kj ,oa mud`k forj.\
(2) lalk|u%Hwfe] lrg ,oa HkSet] tkZ] [fut] thoh; ,oa leqnzh lalk|u ou
,oa oU; thou lalk|u ,oa mud`k laj{k.] tkZ lad`V\

44 ]
(3) `f"%volajpuk # flapkbZ] cht] moZjd`] foqr laLkxr d`kjd` # tksr] Hw|kj. ,oa Hwfe lqq|kj L;u izfri] d~`f" mRiknd`rk] d~`f" izd`"Z] `l la;kstu] Hwfe
{kerk d~`f" ,oa lkekftd` okfud`h gfjr dz`kfUr ,oa bld`h lkekftd` vkfZd` ,oa
ikfjfLfrd` foo{kk o"kZ|hu [srh d`k egRo iq|u lalk|u ,oa 'osr dz`kfUr t d~`f"]
jse d`hViku e|qeD[h iku ,oa dq`Ddq`V iku] d~`f" izknshd`j.] d~`f" tok;oh;
{ks( d~`f" ikfjfLfrd` izns\
(4) mks x %mksxk d`k fod`kl # d`ikl] twV] oL(ksksx] kSg ,oa bLikr]
vY;qehfu;e] moZjd`] d`kxt] jlk;u ,oa `kekZL;wfVd`Yl] vkVkseksckb] dq`Vhj ,oa d~`f"
vk|kfjr mksxk ds` vofLfr d`kjd` lkoZtfud` {ks( ds` midz`ek lfgr vkSksfxd` ?jkus
,oa ladq` vkSksfxd` izknshd`j. ubZ vkSksfxd` uhfr;k cgqjkV_h; d`Eifu;k ,oa
mnkjhd`j. fos" vkfZd` {ks( ikfjfLfrd`-i;ZVu lesr i;ZVu\
(5) ifjogu] lapkj ,oa O;kikj%lMd`] jsekxZ] tekxZ] gokbZ ekxZ ,oa ikbi kbu
usVodZ` rFkk ^knsfd` fod`kl e mud`h iwjd` Hwfed`k] jkV_h; ,oa fonsh O;kikj oks
iuk d`k c<rk egRo] O;kikj lUrqu] O;kikj uhfr] fu;kZr izdz`e. {ks(] lapkj ,oa
lwpuk izkSksfxd`h e vk;k fod`kl vkSj vZO;oLk rk lekt ij mud`k izHko] Hkjrh;
varfj{k d`k;Zdz`e\
(6) lkaL`frd` foU;kl%Hkjrh; lekt d`k ,sfrgkfld` ifjizs{; iztkrh;] Hkf"d` ,oa
u~tkrh; fofo|rk,a |kfeZd` vYila;d` izeq[ tutkfr;k] tutkrh; {ks( rk mud`h
leL;k,a lkaLd~`frd` izns tula;k d`h lao~f*] forj. ,oa ?uRo tulkaf;d`h; xq. #
fax vuqikr] vk;q lajpuk] lk{kjrk nj] d`k;Zc] fuHZjrk vuqikr] vk;qd`k] izoklu
vUr# izknsfd`] iznskUrj rk vUrjkZV_h; ,oa blls tqMh leL;k,a tula;k leL;k,a
,oa uhfr;k LokLF; lwpd`\
(7) cLrh%xzkeh. cLrh ds` izd`kj] izfri rk vkd`kfjd`h uxjh; fod`kl Hkjrh;
gjk d`h vkd`kfjd`h Hkjrh; gjk d`k izd`k;kZRed` oxhZd`j. lUuxj ,oa egkuxjh;
izns uxj Loizlkj xanh cLrh ,oa mlls tqMh leL;k,a uxj vk;kstuk uxjhd`j. d`h
leL;k,a ,oa mipkj\
(8) ^knsfd` fod`kl ,oa vk;kstuk%Hkjr e ^knsfd` vk;kstuk d`k vuqHo] iapo"hZ;
;kstuk,a] lefUor xzkeh. fod`kl d`k;Z`e] iapk;rh jkt ,oa fods`Unzh`r vk;kstuk]
d`eku {ks( fod`kl] t foHktd` ^cU|] fiNMs {ks(] e:L] vuko~fV izo.] igkMh]
tutkrh; {ks( fod`kl ds` f, vk;kstuk cgqLrjh; ;kstuk izknsfd` ;kstuk ,oa }hi
{ks(k d`k fod`kl\
(9) jktuSfrd` ifjizs{;%Hkjrh; la?okn d`k HkSxksfd` vk|kj jkT; iquxZBu u,
jkT;k d`k vkfoHkZo izknsfd` psruk ,oa vUrjkZT; eqs Hkjr d`h vUrjkZV_h; lhek vkSj
lEcfU|r eqs lhek ikj vkrad`okn oSf'od` ekes e Hkjr d`h Hwfed`k nf{k. ,f;k
,oa fgUnh egklkxj ifjeM d`h Hw-jktuhfr\
(10) led`khu eqs%ikfjfLfrd` eqs # i;kZoj.h; lad`V # Hw-L[u] Hwd`Ei]
lqukeh] ck< ,oa vuko~fV] egkekjh i;kZoj.h; iznw". ls lEcfU|r eqs Hwfe mi;ksx ds`

[ 45

izfri e cnko i;kZoj.h; izHko vkd`u ,oa i;kZoj. izcU|u ds` fl*kUr]
tula;k foL`ksV ,oa [k lqj{kk i;kZoj.h; fuEuhd`j. ouksUewu] e:Lhd`j. ,oa
e~nk vijnu d~`f" ,oa vkSksfxd` vkfUr d`h leL;k,a] vkfZd` fod`kl e izknsfd`
vlekurk,a lEiks".h; o~f* ,oa fod`kl d`h lad`Yiuk i;kZoj.h; lapsruk] ufn;k d`k
lgo*Zu] HweMhd`j. ,oa Hkjrh; vZO;oLk\
fVIi.h%v;fZ;k d`ks bl iz'u-i( e f, x, fo";k ls laxr ,d` vfuok;Z
ekufp(-vk|kfjr iz'u d`k mj nsuk vfuok;Z gS\

Hw-foKku
^'u-i( I
(1) lkekU; Hw-foKku%lkSjrU(] md`kfiM] i~Foh d`k mnHo vkSj vUrjax rk i~Foh
d`h vk;q] Tokkeq[h-d`kj. ,oa mRikn] Tokkeq[h if;k] Hwd`Ei-d`kj.] izHko] Hkjr ds`
Hwd`Eih {ks(] }hikH pki] [kb;k ,oa egklkxj-e; d`Vd` egk}hih; viks< leqnz
v|Lr foLrkj] IsV foorZfud`h lefLfr\
(2) Hw-vk`fr foKku ,oa lqnwj laosnu%Hw-vkd~`fr foKku d`h vk|jHwr lad`Yiuk
vi{k; ,oa e~nk fuekZ. Li] <k ,oa viokg Hw-vkd~`frd` pdz` ,oa mud`h foo{kk
vkd`kfjd`h ,oa bld`k lajpukvk ,oa vkf'ed`h ls lEcU| rVh; Hw-vkd~`fr foKku
[fut iwosZ{k. e Hw-vkd~`fr foKku ds` vuqiz;ksx] flfo bathfu;jh t foKku ,oa
i;kZoj.h; v;;u Hkjrh; miegk}hi d`k Hw-vkd~`fr foKku] ok;o `ksVks ,oa mud`h
foo{kk-xq. ,oa lhek, foqr pqEcd`h; LisDV_e d`{kk-ifjHze. mixzg ,oa laosnu
iz.kf;k Hkjrh; nwj laosnu mixzg mixzg n mRikn Hw-foKku e nwj laosnu ds`
vuqiz;ksx HkSxksfd` lwpuk iz.kf;k (GIS) ,oa fo'oO;kih voLu iz.kh (GPS)
bld`k iz;ksx\
(3) lajpukRed` Hw-foKku%Hw-oSKkfud` ekufp(. ,oa ekufp( iBu ds` fl*kUr]
iz{ksi vkjs[] izfrc ,oa fod~`fr nh?Zo~ rk izR;kL] lq?V; ,oa ';u inkZ ds`
izfrc-fod~`fr lEcU| fofir Sh e fod~`fr fpd` foi. nkvk ds` vUrxZr
[futk ,oa Sk d`k O;ogkj ou ,oa Hza oxhZd`j. ,oa ;kfU(d`h ouk] Yd`uk]
lajs[.k] tksMk ,oa Hzak] fo"efoU;klk d`k lajpukRed` fo's". fdz`LVu ,oa foi.
ds` chp le; lEcU|\
(4) thok'e foKku%tkfr-ifjHk"k ,oa uke i*fr xq thok'e ,oa lw{e thok'e
thok'e laj{k. d`h fof|;k fofHUu izd`kj ds` lw{e thok'e lg lEcU|] isV_ksf;e
vUos".] iqjktok;oh; ,oa iqjkleqnz foKkuh; v;;uk e lw{e thok'ek d`k vuqiz;ksx
gksfefuMh ,fDoMh ,oa izksckslhfM;k e fod`klkRed` izo~f fokfd` izkf.tkr xksMokuk
ouLifr tkr ,oa izkf.tkr ,oa bld`k egRo lwpd` thok'e ,oa mud`k egRo\
(5) Hkjrh; Lrfjd`h%Lrfjd`h vuq`ek d`k oxhZd`j. v'e Lrfjd`] tSo Lrfjd`]
d`k-Lrfjd` vkSj pqEcd` Lrfjd` rk mud`k vUrlZEcU|\ Hkjr ds` S`fEcz;uiwoZ Sk d`k
forj. ,oa oxhZd`j.\ ^kf.tkr] ouLifrtkr vkSj vkfZd` egRo d`h n~fV ls Hkjr ds`

46 ]

n~';kthoh Sk d`k Lrfjd` forj. ,oa v'efoKku d`k v;;u\ eq; lhek leL;k,a%
S`fEcz;u/dS`fEcz;uiwoZ] ifeZ;u/V_kb,sfld`] ds`VSf;l/r~rh;d` ,oa Ik;kslhu/IhLVkslhu HwoSKkfud` vrhr e Hkjrh; miegk}hi e tok;oh nkvk] iqjkHwxks ,oa vXus;
lfdz`;rk d`k v;;u Hkjr d`k Lrfjd` <kpk fgek; d`k mnHo\
(6) tHwfoKku ,oa bathfu;jh HwfoKku%t oSKkfud` pdz` ,oa t d`k tufud`
oxhZd`j. voi~B t d`k lapu o~gr Tokj] lja|zrk] ijdz`kE;rk] nzopkfr pkd`rk]
ikjxE;rk ,oa lap;u xq.kad`] ,sfDo`j oxhZd`j. Sk d`h t|kjh fos"rk,a Hwt
jlk;fud`h o.t vUrcsZ|u dw`ik ds` izd`kj] o"kZt laxzg. Sk ds` bathfu;jh xq.|eZ ck|k] lqjaxk] jktekxks] jsekxks ,oa iqk ds` f, Hw-oSKkfud` vUos". fuekZ.
lkexzh ds` i e S HwL[u-d`kj.] jksd`ke ,oa iquokZl Hwd`Ei jks|h lajpuk,a\

^'u-i( II
(1) [fut foKku%iz.kf;k ,oa lefefr oxks e fdz`LVk d`k oxhZd`j. fdz`LV
lajpukRed` lads`ru d`h vUrjkZV_h; iz.kh fdz`LV lefefr d`ks fufir d`jus ds` f,
iz{ksi vkjs[k d`k iz;ksx X-fd`j. fdz`LVfd`h ds` rRo\
Sd`j flfds`V [fut lewgk ds` HkSfrd` ,oa jklk;fud` xq. flfds`V d`k
lajpukRed` oxhZd`j. vkXus; ,oa d`k;kUrfjr Sk ds` lkekU; [fut d`kcksZusV] `kLs`V]
lY`kbM ,oa gskbM lewgk ds` [fut e~fd`k [fut\
lkekU; Sd`j [futk ds` izd`kfd` xq.|eZ [futk e cgqo.Zrk] foksi d`ks.]
f}viorZu Mc fjzS`Du] ckbZjsfz`tl] ;eu ,oa ifj{ksi.\
(2) vkXus; rk d`k;kUrfjr Sfd`h%eSxek tuu ,oa fdz`LVu ,sYckbV-,sukWkZbV d`k
fdz`LVu Mk;ksIlkbM-,sukWkZbV ,oa Mk;ksIlkbM-okskLVksukbV-flfd`k iz.kf;k ckWosu d`k
vfHfdz`;k fl*kUr] eSXeh; foHsnu ,oa Lokaxhd`j. vkXus; Sk ds` xBu ,oa lajpukvk
d`k Stuufud` egRo xzsukbV] lkbukbM] Mk;ksjkbV] vYiflfd` ,oa vR;Yiflfd`
lewgk] pkuksZd`kbV] vukWksZlkbV ,oa {kkjh; Sk d`h So.Zuk ,oa S tuu
d`kcksZusVkbVl] Msd`u Tokkeq[h S-{ks(\
d`k;kUrj. izi ,oa d`kjd` d`k;karjh d`ksfV;k ,oa laLrj izkoLk fu;e izknsfd`
,oa laLiZ d`k;kUrj. la{k.h ACF ,oa AKF vkjs[ d`k;kUrjh Sk d`k xBu ,oa
lajpuk ckqd`ke;] e~e; ,oa vYiflfd` Sk d`k d`k;kUrj. [fut leqPp;
i'pxfrd` d`k;kUrj. rRokUrj. ,oa xzsukbVhHou Hkjr d`k feXesVkbV] d`f.d`k'e S
izns\
(3) volknh Sfd`h%volkn ,oa volknh S fuekZ. izfdz`;k,a] izla?uu ,oa
fhHou] la[aMk'eh ,oa vla[aMk'eh S-mud`k oxhZd`j.] So.Zuk ,oa fu{ksi.
okrkoj. volknh la{k.h ,oa tuu{ks( volknh lajpuk,a ,oa mud`k egRo] Hkjh
[fut ,oa mud`k egRo Hkjr d`h volknh nzksf.;k\
(4) vkfZd` HwfoKku%v;Ld`] v;Ld` [fut ,oa xx] v;Ld` d`k vkSlr ^frr\
v;Ld` fusik d`k oxhZd`j.\ [fut fusik ds` fuekZ. d`h ^f`;k\ v;Ld` Lkuh;d`j.
d`k fu;a(.\ v;Ld` d`k xBu\ ,oa lajpuk,\ |krqtufud` ;qx ,oa izns\ vY;qfefu;e]

[ 47

`ksfe;e] rkck] lksuk] ksgk] hk] tLrk] exuht] fVVsfu;e] ;wjsfu;e vkSj ksfj;e
,oa vkSksfxd` [futk ds` egRoiw.Z Hkjrh; fusik d`k HwfoKku\ Hkjr e d`ks;k ,oa
isV_ksf;e d`k fusi\ jkV_h; [fut uhfr\ [fut lalk|uk d`k laj. ,oa mi;ksx\ leqnzh
[fut lalk|u vkSj leqnzh fu;e\
(5) [uu HwfoKku%iwosZ{k. d`h fof|;k-HwoSKkfud`] HwHkSfrd`] Hwjklk;fud` ,oa HwokuLifrd` izfrp;u izfof|;k v;Ld` fup; izkDd`u |krq v;Ld`k] vkSksfxd`
[futk] leqnzh [fut lalk|uk ,oa fuekZ. izLrjk ds` vUos". ,oa [uu d`h fof|;k
[fut lTthd`j. ,oa v;Ld` izlk|u\
(6) Hwjlk;fud`h rk i;kZoj.h; HwfoKku%rRok d`k varfjh ckgqY;] xzgk ,oa
mYd`kfiMk d`k la?Vu i~Foh d`h lajpuk ,oa la?Vu ,oa rRok d`k forj. s rRo
fdz`LV jklk;fud`h ds` rRo-jklk;fud` vkcU|] leUo; la;k] lekd~`frd`rk ,oa
cgqirk izkjfEHd` ekxfrd`h\
izkd~`frd` lad`V-ck<] o~gr {kj.] rVh; lad`V] Hwd`Ei ,oa Tokkeq[h; lfdz`;rk rk
U;wuhd`j. uxjhd`j.] [uu] vkSksfxd` ,oa jsfM;ks lfdz`; vijn fuiVku] moZjd` iz;ksx]
[uu vijn ,oa kbZ ,s lfUu{ksi. ds` i;kZoj.h; izHko HkSe ,oa Hw-i~B t
iznw".] leqnzh iznw". i;kZoj. laj{k.-Hkjr e fo|k;h mik; leqnz r ifjorZu-d`kj.
,oa izHko\

bfrgkl
^'u-i( I
(1)

lzksr%iqjkrkfRod` lzksr # vUos".] mR[uu] iqjks[ fok] eqnzkkL(] Lekjd`\

lkfgfR;d` lzksr #
Lonsh # izkfed` ,oa f}rh;d` d`fork] foKku lkfgR;] lkfgR;] {ks(h; Hk"kvk
d`k lkfgR;] |kfeZd` lkfgR;\
fonsh o.Zu # ;wukuh] phuh ,oa vjc s[d`\
(2) izkxSfrgkl ,oa vk bfrgkl%HkSxksfd` d`kjd`] fd`kj ,oa laxzg. iqjkik"k.
,oa e;ik"k. ;qx d~`f" d`k vkjEH uoik"k. ,oa rkezik"k. ;qx\
(3) flU|q ?kVh l;rk%mnxe] d`k] foLrkj] fos"rk,] iru] vfLrRo ,oa egRo]
d`k ,oa LkiR;\
(4) egkik"k.;qxhu laLd~`fr;k%flU|q ls ckgj iqpkj. ,oa d~`f" laLd~`fr;k d`k
foLrkj] lkeqnkf;d` thou d`k fod`kl] cfLr;k] d~`f" d`k fod`kl] fYid`eZ] e~nHkaM ,oa
ksg mksx\
(5) vk;Z ,oa oSfnd` d`k%Hkjr e vk;ks d`k izlkj\
oSfnd` d`k%|kfeZd` ,oa nkZfud` lkfgR; )`xoSfnd` d`k ls mj oSfnd` d`k rd`
gq, ikUrj. jktuSfrd`] lkekftd` ,oa vkfZd` thou oSfnd` ;qx d`k egRo jktrU(
,oa o.Z O;oLk d`k dz`e fod`kl\

48 ]
(6) egktuin d`k%egktuink d`k fuekZ. # x.rU(h; ,oa jktrU(h; uxj ds`Unzk
d`k mnHo O;kikj ekxZ vkfZd` fod`kl Vad`. flDd`k <kbZ tSu |eZ ,oa ckS* |eZ
d`k izlkj ekx|k ,oa uank d`k mnHo\
bZjkuh ,oa ed`nwfu;kbZ vkdz`e. ,oa muds` izHko\
(7) ekS;Z lkezkT;%ekS;Z lkezkT; d`h uo] pUnzxqIr] d`kSfVY; vkSj vZkL( vksd`
|eZ d`h lad`Yiuk |ekZns jkT; O;oLk izklu vZ-O;oLk d`k] LkiR; ,oa
ewfrZfYi fonsh lEidZ` |eZ |eZ d`k izlkj lkfgR;\
lkezkT; d`k fo?Vu qax ,oa d`o\
(8) mj ekS;Z d`k Hkjr-;wukuh] d`] dq`"k.] if'peh {k(i%ckgjh fo'o ls
lEidZ` uxj-ds`Unzk d`k fod`kl] vZO;oLk\ Vad`.] |eks d`k fod`kl] egk;ku] lkekftd`
nk,a] d`k] LkiR;] laLd~`fr] lkfgR; ,oa foKku\
(9) izkjfEHd` jkT; ,oa lekt iwohZ Hkjr] nd`u ,oa nf{k. Hkjr e%[kjos]
lkrokgu] laxed`khu rfe jkT; izklu] vZO;oLk] Hwfe-vuqnku] Vad`.] O;kikfjd`
Jsf.;k ,oa uxj ds`Unz ckS* ds`Unz] laxe lkfgR; ,oa laLd~`fr d`k ,oa LkiR;\
(10) xqIr oa] okd`kVd` ,oa o|Zu oa%jkT; O;oLk ,oa izklu] vkfZd` nk,a]
xqIrd`khu Vad`.] Hwfe vuqnku] uxj ds`Unzk d`k iru] Hkjrh; lkearkgh] tkfr izk]
L(h d`h fLfr] f{kk ,oa Sf{kd` laLk,a ukUnk] fodz`efk ,oa oYHh] lkfgR;]
foKku lkfgR;] d`k ,oa LkiR;\
(11) xqIrd`khu {ks(h; jkT;%d`nac oa] iYo oa] cneh d`k pkqD; oa jkT;
O;oLk ,oa izklu] O;kikfjd` Jsf.;k] lkfgR; oS.o ,oa So |eks d`k fod`kl] rfe
HfDr vkUnksu] ad`jkpk;Z osnkUr efUnj laLk,a ,oa efUnj LkiR; ik oa] lsu
oa] jkV_dw`V oa] ijekj oa] jkT; O;oLk ,oa izklu lkaLd~`frd` i{k\ fla| ds` vjc
fotsrk vcuh] d`Y;k. d`k pkqD; oa] pks oa] gks; oa] ikaM; oa jkT;
O;oLk ,oa izklu Lkuh; klu d`k ,oa LkiR; d`k fod`kl] |kfeZd` lEiznk;]
efUnj ,oa eB laLk,a] vxzgkj oa] f{kk ,oa lkfgR;] vZO;oLk ,oa lekt\
(12) izkjfEHd` Hkjrh; lkaLd~`frd` bfrgkl ds` izfrik%Hk"k,a ,oa ewxza] d`k ,oa
LkiR; ds` dz`e fod`kl ds` izeq[ pj.] izeq[ nkZfud` fpUrd` ,oa k[k,a] foKku ,oa
xf.r ds` {ks( e fopkj\
(13) izkjfEHd` e;d`khu Hkjr] 7501200
* jkT; O;oLk%mjh Hkjr ,oa izk;}hi e izeq[ jktuSfrd` ?Vukdz`e] jktiwrk d`k
mnxe ,oa mn;\
* pks oa%izklu] xzkeh. vZO;oLk ,oa lekt\
* Hkjrh; lkearkgh\
* d~`f" vZO;oLk ,oa uxjh; cfLr;k\
* O;kikj ,oa okf.T;\
* lekt%czk. d`h fLfr ,oa ubZ lkekftd` O;oLk\

[ 49
* L(h d`h fLfr\
* Hkjrh; foKku ,oa izkSksfxd`h\
(14) Hkjr d`h lkaLd~`frd` ijEijk] 7501200
* nZu # ad`jkpk;Z ,oa osnkUr] jkekuqt ,oa fofVk}Sr] e; ,oa cz-ehekalk\
* |eZ # |eZ ds` Loi ,oa fos"rk,a] rfe HfDr] lEiznk;] HfDr d`k fod`kl]

bLke ,oa Hkjr e bld`k vkxeu] lw`h er\

* lkfgR; # laLd~`r lkfgR;] rfe lkfgR; d`k fod`kl] uofod`klh Hk"kvk d`k
lkfgR;] d`Yg. d`h jktrjafx.h] vc.h d`k bfM;k\
* d`k ,oa LkiR; # efUnj LkiR;] ewfrZfYi] fp(d`k\
(15) rsjgo rkCnh
* fnYh lYrur d`h Lkiuk # xksjh ds` vkdz`e.-xksjh d`h l`rk ds` ihNs d`kjd`\
* vkfZd`] lkekftd` ,oa lkaLd~`frd` ifj.ke\
* fnYh lYrur d`h Lkiuk ,oa izkjfEHd` rqdZ` lqYrku\
* lqn~<hd`j. # bYrqrfe vkSj ccu d`k klu\
(16) pkSngo rkCnh
* f[th dz`kfUr\
* vkmhu f[th # fot; ,oa {ks(-izlkj] d~`f" ,oa vkfZd` mik;\
* eqgEen rqxd` # izeq[ izd`Yi] d~`f" mik;] eqgEen rqxd` d`h v`ljkgh\
* f`jkst rqxd` # d~`f" mik;] flfo bathfu;jh ,oa ksd` fuekZ. e mifC|;k]
fnYh lYrur d`k iru] fonsh lEidZ` ,oa bCucrwrk d`k o.Zu\
(17) rsjgo ,oa pkSngo rkCnh d`k lekt] laLd~`fr ,oa vZO;oLk%
* lekt # xzkeh. lekt d`h jpuk] klh oxZ] uxj fuoklh] L(h] |kfeZd` oxZ]
lYrur ds` vUrxZr tkfr ,oa nkl izk] HfDr vkUnksu] lw`h vkUnksu\
* laLd~`fr # `kjlh lkfgR;] mj Hkjr d`h {ks(h; Hk"kvk d`k lkfgR;] nf{k. Hkjr
d`h Hk"kvk d`k lkfgR;] lYrur LkiR; ,oa u, LkiR; i] fp(d`k] lfEeJ
laLd~`fr d`k fod`kl\
* vZO;oLk # d~`f" mRiknu] uxjh; vZO;oLk ,oa d~`"hrj mRiknu d`k mnHo]
O;kikj ,oa okf.T;\
(18) iUnzgo ,oa izkjfEHd` lksgo rkCnh-jktuSfrd` ?Vukdz`e ,oa vZO;oLk
* izkUrh; jktoak d`k mn; # caxk] d`'ehj tSuq vkcnhu] xqtjkr] ekok]
cgeuh\
* fot;uxj lkezkT;\
* ksnhoa\
* eqx lkezkT;] igk pj. # ckcj ,oa gqek;w\
* lwj lkezkT; # sjkg d`k izklu\
* iqrZxkh vkSifuosfd` izfrBku\

50 ]
(19) iUnzgo ,oa izkjfEHd` lksgo rkCnh # lekt ,oa laLd~`fr
* {ks(h; lkaLd~`frd` fofVrk,a\
* lkfgfR;d` ijEijk,a\
* izkUrh; LkiR;\
* fot;uxj lkezkT; d`k lekt] laLd~`fr] lkfgR; vkSj d`k\
(20) vd`cj
* fot; ,oa lkezkT; d`k lqnz<hd`j.\
* tkxhj ,oa eulc O;oLk d`h Lkiuk\
* jktiwr uhfr\
* |kfeZd` ,oa lkekftd` n~fVd`ks. d`k fod`kl] lqg-,-dq`

d`k fl*kUr ,oa |fkeZd`

uhfr\
* d`k ,oa izkSksfxd`h d`ks jkt-njckjh laj{k.\
(21) l(go rkCnh e eqx lkezkT;
* tgkxhj] kgtgk ,oa vkSjaxtsc d`h izeq[ izklfud` uhfr;k\
* lkezkT; ,oa tenkj\
* tgkxhj] kgtgk ,oa vkSjaxtsc d`h |kfeZd` uhfr;k\
* eqx jkT; d`k Loi\
* mj l(go rkCnh d`k lad`V ,oa fonzksg\
* vgkse lkezkT;\
* fokth ,oa izkjfEHd` ejkBk jkT;\
(22) lksgo ,oa l(go rkCnh e vZO;oLk ,oa lekt
* tula;k] d~`f" mRiknu] fYi mRiknu\
* uxj] Mp] vaxzsth ,oa z`kalhlh d`Eifu;k ds` ek;e ls ;wjksi ds` lk okf.T; #
O;kikj dz`kfUr\
* Hkjrh; O;kikjh oxZ] cfda`x] chek ,oa )`. iz.kf;k\
* fd`lkuk d`h nk] fL(;k d`h nk\
* fl[ leqnk; ,oa [klk ia d`k fod`kl\
(23) eqx lkezkT;d`khu laLd~`fr
* `kjlh bfrgkl ,oa vU; lkfgR;
* fgUnh ,oa vU; |kfeZd` lkfgR;
* eqx LkiR;\
* eqx fp(d`k\
* izkUrh; LkiR; ,oa fp(d`k\
* kL(h; laxhr\
* foKku ,oa izkSksfxd`h\

[ 51
(24) vBkjgo rkCnh
* eqx lkezkT; ds` iru ds` d`kjd`\
* {ks(h; lkeUr ns # futke d`k nd`u] caxk] vo|\
* isok ds` v|hu ejkBk mRd`"Z\
* ejkBk jktd`ks"h; ,oa foh; O;oLk\
* v`xku fDr d`k mn;] ikuhir d`k ;q*-1761
* fczfV fot; d`h iwoZ la;k e jktuhfr] laLd~`fr ,oa

vZO;oLk d`h fLfr\

^'u-i( II
(1) Hkjr e ;wjksi d`k izos%izkjfEHd` ;wjksih; cfLr;k iqrZxkh ,oa Mp] vaxzsth ,oa
z`kalhlh bZLV bfM;k d`Eifu;k vkf|iR; ds` f, muds` ;q* d`ukZVd` ;q* caxk-vaxzstk
,oa caxk ds` uokc ds` chp la?"Z fljkt vkSj vaxzst Iklh d`k ;q* Iklh d`k egRo\
(2) Hkjr e fczfV izlkj%caxk-ehj tk`j ,oa ehj d`kfle cDlj d`k ;q*] eSlwj
ejkBk rhu vaxzst-ejkBk ;q* iatkc\
(3) fczfV jkt d`h izkjfEHd` lajpuk%izkjfEHd` izklfud` lajpuk # }S|klu ls
izR;{k fu;U(. rd` jsxqsfVax ,sDV (1773); fiVl bfM;k ,sDV (1784); pkVZj ,DV
(1833); eqDr O;kikj d`k Loj ,oa fczfV vkSifuosfd` klu d`k cnrk Loi vaxzsth
mi;ksfxrkoknh vkSj Hkjr\
(4) fczfV vkSifuosfd` klu d`k vkfZd` izHko%d` fczfV Hkjr e Hwfe%jktLo
cUnkscLr Lk;h cUnkscLr] jS;rokjh cUnkscLr egkokjh cUnkscLr jktLo izcU| d`k
vkfZd` izHko d~`f" d`k okf.T;hd`j. Hwfeghu d~`f" Jfed`k d`k mn; xzkeh. lekt d`k
ifj{kh.u\
[ ikjEifjd` O;kikj ,oa okf.T; d`k foLkiu vukSksxhd`j. ikjEifjd` fYi
d`h voufr |u d`k viokg Hkjr d`k vkfZd` ikUrj.] Vshxzk` ,oa Mkd` lsokvk
lesr js i ,oa lapkj tk xzkeh. Hhrjh izns e nqfHZ{k ,oa xjhch ;wjksih; O;kikj
me ,oa bld`h lhek,a\
(5) lkekftd` ,oa lkaLd~`frd` fod`kl%Lonsh f{kk d`h fLfr bld`k foLkiu
izkPpfonvkaXfon fookn] Hkjr e if'peh f{kk d`k izknqHkZo izsl] lkfgR; ,oa ksd` er
d`k mn; vk|qfud` ekr~Hk"k lkfgR; d`k mn; foKku d`h izxfr Hkjr e fdz`f'p;u
fe'ujh ds` d`k;Zd`ki\
(6) caxk ,oa vU; {ks(k e lkekftd` ,oa |kfeZd` lq|kj vkUnksu%jkeeksgu jk; cz
vkUnksu nsosUnzuk VSxksj bZ'ojpUnz foklkxj ;qok caxk vkUnksu n;kuUn ljLorh
Hkjr e lrh] fo|ok fookg] ck fookg vkfn lesr lkekftd` lq|kj vkUnksu vk|qfud`
Hkjr ds` fod`kl e Hkjrh; iqutkZxj. d`k ;ksxnku bLkeh iqu:*kj o~f-`jkbth ,oa
ogkch vkUnksu\
(7) fczfV klu ds` izfr Hkjr d`h vuqfdz`;k%jaxiqj <x (1783), d`ks fonzksg
(1832), ekkckj e eksik fonzksg (18411920), lUk gq (1855), uh fonzksg

52 ]
(1859-60), nd`u foIo (1875), ,oa eqaMk mYxqku (1899-1900) lesr 18o ,oa
19o rkCnh e gq, fd`lku vkUnksu ,oa tutkrh; foIo 1857 d`k egkfonzksg-mnxe]
Loi] vl`rk ds` d`kj.] ifj.ke i'p 1857 d`k e fd`lku foIo ds` Loi e
cnko 1920 vkSj 1930 ds` nd`k e gq, fd`lku vkUnksu\
(8) Hkjrh; jkV_okn ds` tUe ds` d`kjd` la?k d`h jktuhfr Hkjrh; jkV_h; d`kaxzsl
d`h cqfu;kn] d`kaxzsl ds` tUe ds` lEcU| e lsVh okYo d`k i{k izkjfEHd` d`kaxzsl ds`
d`k;Zdz`e ,oa {; izkjfEHd` d`kaxzsl usr~Ro d`h lkekftd` jpuk uje n ,oa xje n
caxk d`k foHktu (1905); caxk e Lonsh vkUnksu Lonsh vkUnksu ds` vkfZd` ,oa
jktuSfrd` ifjizs{; Hkjr e dz`kfUrd`kjh mxzia d`k vkjEH\
(9) xka|h d`k mn; xka|h ds` jkV_okn d`k Loi xka|h d`k tukd`"Z. jkSsV
lR;kxzg f[k`r vkUnksu vlg;ksx vkUnksu vlg;ksx vkUnksu lekIr gksus ds`
ckn ls lfou; voKk vkUnksu ds` izkjEH gksus rd` d`h jkV_h; jktuhfr lfou; voKk
vkUnksu ds` nks pj. lkbeu d`ehu usg fjiksVZ xksest ifj"n jkV_okn vkSj
fd`lku vkUnksu jkV_okn ,oa Jfed` oxZ vkUnksu efgk ,oa Hkjrh; ;qok rk
Hkjrh; jktuhfr e Nk( (18851947); 1937 d`k pquko rk eU(k;k d`k xBu fdz`Il
feu Hkjr NksMks vkUnksu oSjs ;kstuk dS`fcusV feu\
(10) vkSifuosfd` Hkjr e 1858 vkSj 1935 ds` chp lkafo|kfud` ?Vukdz`e\
(11) jkV_h; vkUnksu d`h vU; d`fM;k%dz`kfUrd`kjh # caxk] iatkc] egkjkV_] ;w\ ih\
enzkl izns] Hkjr ls ckgj] okei{k d`kaxzsl ds` vUnj d`k oke i{k # tokgjk usg]
lqHk" pUnz cksl] d`kaxzsl lektoknh ikVhZ] Hkjrh; d`E;wfuV ikVhZ] vU; oke n\
(12) vxkookn d`h jktuhfr eqfLe hx fgUnw egklHk lkEiznkf;d`rk ,oa
foHktu d`h jktuhfr lk d`k gLrkUrj.] LorU(rk\
(13) ,d` jkV_ ds` i e lqn~<hd`j. usg d`h fons uhfr Hkjr vkSj mlds` iMkslh
ns (19471964) jkT;k d`k Hk"kokn iquxZBu (19351947); {ks(h;rkokn ,oa {ks(h;
vlekurk Hkjrh; fj;klrk d`k ,d`hd`j. fuokZpu d`h jktuhfr e fj;klrk ds` ujs
fizal jkV_h; Hk"k d`k iz'u\
(14) 1947 ds` ckn tkfr ,oa u~tkfrRo mj-vkSifuosfd` fuokZpu-jktuhfr e
fiNMh tkfr;k ,oa tutkfr;k nfr vkUnksu\
(15) vkfZd` fod`kl ,oa jktuhfrd` ifjorZu Hwfe lq|kj ;kstuk ,oa xzkeh.
iqujZpuk d`h jktuhfr mj vkSifuosfd` Hkjr e ikfjfLfrd`h ,oa i;kZoj. uhfr
foKku d`h rjDd`h\
(16) izcks|

,oa vk|qfud` fopkj%

(i) izcks| ds` izeq[ fopkj # d`kaV] lks\
(ii) mifuosk e izcks|-izlkj\
(iii) lektoknh fopkjk d`k mn; ekDlZ rd` ekDlZ ds` lektokn d`k izlkj\

[ 53
(17) vk|qfud`

jktuhfr ds` ew lzksr%

(i) ;wjksih; jkT; iz.kh\
(ii) vejhd`h dz`kfUr ,oa lafo|ku\
(iii) z`kalhlh dz`kfUr ,oa mlds` ifj.ke] 17891815.
(iv) vczkge fad`u ds` lUnHZ ds` lk vejhd`h flfo ;q* ,oa nklrk d`k mUewu\
(v) fczfV x.rU(kRed` jktuhfr] 18151850; lalnh; lq|kj eqDr O;kikjh]
pkVZjoknh\
(18) vkSksxhd`j.%
(i) vaxzsth vkSksfxd` dz`kfUr # d`kj. ,oa lekt ij izHko\
(ii) vU; nsk e vkSksxhd`j. # ;w\ ,l\ ,\] teZuh] l] tkiku\
(iii) vkSksxhd`j. ,oa HweMhd`j.\
(19) jkV_ jkT; iz.kh%
(i) 19o rkCnh e jkV_okn d`k mn;\
(ii) jkV_okn # teZuh vkSj bVh e jkT; fuekZ.\
(iii) iwjs fo'o e jkV_h;rk ds` vkfoHkZo ds` le{k lkezkT;k d`k fo?Vu\
(20) lkezkT;okn ,oa mifuosokn
(i) nf{k. ,oa nf{k.-iwoZ ,f;k
(ii) krhuh vejhd`k ,oa nf{k. vz`hd`k
(iii) vkLV_sf;k
(iv) lkezkT;okn ,oa eqDr O;kikj # uolkezkT;okn d`k mn;\
(21) dz`kfUr ,oa izfrdz`kfUr
(i) 19o rkCnh ;wjksih; dz`kfUr;k
(ii) 19171921 d`h lh dz`kfUr
(iii) `klhokn izfrdz`kfUr] bVh ,oa teZuh
(iv) 1949 d`h phuh dz`kfUr
(22) fo'o ;q*
(i) lEiw.Z ;q* ds` i e ize ,oa f}rh; fo'o ;q* # lekth; fufgrkZ\
(ii) ize fo'o ;q* # d`kj. ,oa ifj.ke\
(iii) f}rh; fo'o ;q* # d`kj. ,oa ifj.ke\
(23) f}rh; fo'o ;q* ds` ckn d`k fo'o
(i) nks fDr;k d`k vkfoHkZo
(ii) r~rh; fo'o ,oa xqVfujis{krk d`k vkfoHkZo
(iii) la;qDr jkV_ la? ,oa oSf'od` fookn

54 ]
(24) vkSifuosfd`

klu ls eqfDr
(i) krhuh vejhd`k-ckshoj
(ii) vjc fo'o-feJ
(iii) vz`hd`k-jaxHsn ls x.rU( rd`
(iv) nf{k. iwoZ ,f;k-fo;ruke
(25) fo-vkSifuoshd`j. ,oa vYifod`kl
(i) fod`kl ds` ck|d` d`kjd` # krhuh vejhd`k] vz`hd`k
(26) ;wjksi d`k ,d`hd`j.
(i) ;q*ksj Lkiuk,a # NATO ,oa ;wjksih; leqnk; ;wjksih;u d`E;qfuVh
(ii) ;wjksih; leqnk; ;wjksfi;u d`E;qfuVh d`k lqn~<hd`j. ,oa izlkj\
(iii) ;wjksfi;kbZ la?\
(27) lksfo;r ;wfu;u d`k fo?Vu ,oa ,d` |zqoh; fo'o d`k mn;
(i) lksfo;r lkE;okn ,oa lksfo;r ;wfu;u d`ks fuikr rd` igqpkus oks d`kjd`]
19851991
(ii) iwohZ

;wjksi e jktuSfrd` ifjorZu 18892001

(iii) hr ;q* d`k vUr ,oa vds`h egkfDr ds` i e US d`k mRd`"Z\

fof|
^'u-i( I
lkafof|d` ,oa izklfud` fof| #
1. lafo|ku ,oa lafo|kuokn # lafo|ku ds` lqLiV {k.\
2. ew vf|d`kj-ksd`fgr ;kfpd`k] fof|d` lgk;rk] fof|d` lsok izkf|d`j.\
3. ew vf|d`kj-funsd` rRo rk ew d`rZO;k ds` chp lEcU|\
4. jkV_ifr d`h laoS|kfud` fLfr rk efU(ifj"n ds` lk lEcU|\
5. jkT;ik rk mld`h fDr;k\
6. mPpre U;k;k; rk mPp U;k;k; #
d` fu;qfDr rk LkukUrj.\
[ fDr;k] d`k;Z ,oa vf|d`kfjrk\
7. ds`Unz] jkT; ,oa Lkuh; fud`k; #
d` la? rk jkT;k ds` chp fo|k;h fDr;k d`k forj.\
[ Lkuh; fud`k;\
x la?] jkT;k rk Lkuh; fud`k;k ds` chp izklfud` lEcU|\
? loksZifj vf|d`kj-jkT; lEif-lkekU; lEif-leqnk; lEif\
8. fo|k;h fDr;k] fos"kf|d`kj ,oa mUeqfDr\

[ 55
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

la? ,oa jkT; ds` v|hu lsok,a #

d` HrhZ ,oa lsok rs lkafo|kfud` lqj{kk izklfud` vf|d`j.\
[ la? ksd` lsok vk;ksx ,oa jkT; ksd` lsok vk;ksx%fDr ,oa d`k;Z\
x fuokZpu vk;ksx%fDr ,oa d`k;Z\
vkikr micU|\
lafo|ku laks|u\
uSlfxZd` U;k; ds` fl*kUr-vkfoHwZr gksrh izo~f;k ,oa U;kf;d` mikxe\
izR;k;ksftr fo|ku ,oa bld`h lkafo|kfud`rk\
fDr;k ,oa lkafo|kfud` klu d`k i~Dd`j.\
izklfud` d`kjZokbZ d`k U;kf;d` iqufoZksd`u\
vksEcMleSu # ksd`k;qDr] ksd`ik vkfn\

vUrjkZV_h; fof|
11. vUrjkZV_h; fof| d`h ^`fr rk ifjHk"k\
12. vUrjkZV_h; fof| rFkk jkV_h; fof| ds` chp lEcU|\
13. jkT; ekU;rk vkSj jkT; mjkf|d`kj\
14. leqnz fu;e%vUrnsZh; tekxZ] s(h; leqnz] lehiL ifjs(] egk}hih; mirV]
vuU; vkfZd` ifjs( rk egkleqnz\
15. O;fDr] jkV_h;rk] jkT;-ghurk-ekuokf|d`kj rk muds` ^orZu ds` f, miC|
^f`;k,a\
16. jkT;k d`h s(h; vf|d`kfjrk-^R;iZ. rk j.\
17. laf|;k-fuekZ.] mi;kstu] i;Zolku vkSj vkj.\
18. la;qDr jkV_%blds` ^eq[ vax] fDr;k] d~`R; vkSj lq|kj\
19. fooknk d`k kfUriw.Z fuiVkjk%fofHUu rjhds`\
10. c d`k fof|iw.Z vkJ; # vk`e.] vkRejk] gLrsi\
11. vUrjkZV_h; ekuooknh fof| ds` ew fl*kUr-vUrjkZV_h; lEesu ,oa led`khu
fod`kl\
12. ijek.q vL(k ds` ^;ksx d`h oS|rk ijek.q vL(k ds` ijh. ij jksd`-ijek.oh;
v^lkj laf|] lhVhchVh\
13. vUrjkZV_h; vkrad`okn] jkT; ^ofrZr vkrad`okn] vigj.] vUrjkZV_h; vkijkf|d`
U;k;k;\
14. u, vUrjkZV_h; vkfZd` vkns rk ekSfnzd` fof|-MCY;wVhvks] VhvkjvkbZih,l]
th,VhVh] vkbZ,e,`] fo'o cd`\
15. ekuo i;kZoj. d`k laj. rk lq|kj%vUrjkZV_h; ^;kl\

56 ]

^'u-i( II
vijk| fof|
11. vkijkf|d` nkf;Ro ds` lkekU; fl*kUr # vkijkf|d` eu#fLfr rk vkijkf|d`
d`k;Z\ lkafof|d` vijk|k e vkijkf|d` eu#fLfr\
12. naM ds` ^d`kj ,oa ubZ izo~f;k tSls fd` e~R;q nM mUewu\
13. rS;kfj;k rk vkijkf|d` ^;kl
14. lkekU; viokn
15. la;qDr rk jpukRed` nkf;Ro
16. nq^sj.
17. vkijkf|d` "M;a(
18. jkT; dss` izfr vijk|
19. ksd` kfUr ds` izfr vijk|
10. ekuo jhj ds` izfr vijk|
11. lEif ds` izfr vijk|
12. L(h ds` izfr vijk|
13. ekugkfu
14. HzVkpkj fujks|d` vf|fu;e] 1988
15. flfo vf|d`kj laj{k. vf|fu;e] 1955 ,oa mjorhZ fo|k;h fod`kl\
16. vfHo;u lkSnk\
vi`R; fof|
1. ^`fr rk ifjHk"k
12. (qfV rk d`Bksj nkf;Ro ij vk|kfjr nkf;Ro vkR;afrd` nkf;Ro\
13. ^frfuf|d` nkf;Ro] jkT; nkf;Ro lfgr\
14. lkekU; ^frjk
15. la;qDr vi`R; d`rkZ\
16. mipkj
17. mis{kk
18. ekugkfu
19. mRikr U;wlsUl
10. "M;a(
11. v^kf|`r canhd`j.
12. fo}s"iw.Z vfH;kstu
13. miHksDrk laj. vf|fu;e-1986

[ 57

lafonk fof| vkSj okf.fT;d` fof|

11. lafonk d`k Loi vkSj fuekZ./bZ-lafonk\
12. LorU( lEefr d`ks nwf"r d`jus oks d`kjd`\
13. wU;] wU;d`j.h;] voS| vkSj izorZuh; d`jkj
14. lafonk d`k iku rk mUekspu
15. lafonk d`Yi
16. lafonk Hax ds` ifj.ke
17. {kfriwfrZ] xkjVh ,oa chek lafonk
18. vfHd`j. lafonk
19. ek d`h fc`h rk vo`; gk;j ijpst
10. Hkxhnkjh d`k fuekZ. rk fo?Vu
11. ij`kE; f[r vf|fu;e] 1881
12. ek;Le rk lqg vf|fu;e] 1996
13. ekud` i lafonk\
led`khu fof|d` fod`kl
1. ksd`fgr ;kfpd`k
2. ckSf*d` lEink vf|d`kj%lad`Yiuk] izd`kj/lEHkouk,\
3. lwpuk izkSksfxd`h fof|] ftle lkbcj fof|;k kfe g] lad`Yiuk] iz;kstu/
lEHkouk,\
4. izfr;ksfxrk fof|%lad`Yiuk] iz;ksx/lEHkouk,\
5. oSd`fYid` fookn lek|ku%lad`Yiuk] izd`kj/lEHkouk,\
6. i;kZoj.h; fof| ls lEcfU|r izeq[ d`kuwu\
7. lwpuk d`k vf|d`kj vf|fu;e\
8. lapkj ek;ek ehfM;k }kjk fopkj.\

fuEuff[r Hk"kvk d`k lkfgR;

uksV%
1. mEehnokj d`ks lEc* Hk"k e dq`N ;k lHh ^'uk ds` mj nsus iM ld`rs g\
2. lafo|ku d`h vkBo vuqlwph e lfEefr Hk"kvk ds` lEcU| e ffi;k ogh gkxh
tks ^|ku ijh{kk ls lEc* ifjfV I ds` [M II [ e nkZ;h xbZ g\
3. mEehnokj ;ku n fd` ftu ^'uk ds` mj fd`lh fofV Hk"k e ug nsus g] muds`
mjk d`ks f[us ds` f, os mlh ek;e d`ks viuk,] tksfd` mUgkus fucU|] lkekU;
v;;u rFkk oSd`fYid` fo";k ds` f, pquk gS\

58 ]

vjch
^'u-i( I
mj vjch e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
1. d` vjch d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl%ijs[k
[ vjch Hk"k ds` O;kd`j.] Nanfo|ku vkSj vad`kjfo|ku d`h ^eq[ fos"rk,a\
x vjch e laf{kIr fucU|\
[M%[
2. lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl vkSj lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk # lkekftd`%lkaL`frd` i~BHwfe]
Dkfld`h lkfgR;] lkfgfR;d` vkUnksu] vk|qfud` ^o~f;k] vk|qfud` x d`k
mnHo vkSj fod`kl # ukVd`] miU;kl] d`gkuh] fucU|\

^'u-i( II
mj vjch e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB;iqLrd`k d`k v;;u visf{kr gksxk\ bld`k ^ki
bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk,xk ftlls v;FkhZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijh{kk
gks lds` #
[M%d`
d`fo
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.

17.
18.
19.

bejkm d`k;l%fd``k ucds` feu ftd`jk gohfcu ok eaft lEiw.Z v

ekSkd`krl lok\
glu fcu Fkchl%fkgh n btosfru unerqgqe lEiw.Z nhoku glu fcu Fkchr\
tjhj%g;;w mekerk ot~dq` vgnku en ls tYokl fl`kgh ok nkfe ;kfru fcd`k
rd` uqcrq vnc # vjch foHkx] vhx< eqfLe fo'ofok;] vhx<\
`tZnkd`%gt th rkfjq` c|k%vks%okrkrqgq lEiw.Z eteqvkrqu feuku uTe,-oku uA] tkfe;k lf`;k] okjk.lh\
v eqrkuCch%;k mrk [Sj-,-v[hu ;k fcark [Sj-,-vchu ls vd`ekgq f`d`cSu ft-,-ckch rd` uqckrq vnc] vjch foHkx] vhx<] eqfLe
fo'ofok;] vhx<\
vcq vk mEekjh%vk `h lch ektnh Hk vuk `kbw ls ok ;k ulw fth
bUuk ngjkd`h gthw rd`\ eteqvkrq feukuc uTe-,-oku uA] tkfe;k lkf`;k]
okjk.lh\
kSd`h%oqhn gqnk `Yds`urq fnvk ls erkjk bk fnud` q`d`kj lkequ uhh
;k xkanh lEiw.Z kSfd`;kr\
kf`t bczkghe%jktkrw fuk`lh `kgErq gLrh lEiw.Z uqcrq vnc\
bZY;k vcw eknh%nekrqu [kjlvks lEiw.Z eqrkjr feuk sj-v-vjch v
gkfnFk] ,e\ ,e\ cnoh\

[ 59

[M%[
d` s[d`
s[d`
1. bCuq eqd``k
2. v-tkfgt

iqLrd`
d`fkg-ok-fnEukg
eqrkjr feu vnkfc vjc
cf[qu gd`he lEiw.Z
3. bd`u [Ynwu
eqd`nnek
4. egewn rSewj
d`kj jkoh
5. rkS`hdq` gd`he
eljkfg;r
6. vCckl egewn
vd`d`kn eqrkjkr feu
vnkfc vjc-II
[ Hkjrh; s[d`k d`k v;;u
1. xqke vh vktkn fcxjkeh
2. kg oqYkg nsgoh
3. tqY`hd`kj vh nsocUnh
4. vCnq vtht eSeu
5. lS;n vcq glu vh gluh unoh\

ikB
v vln o rkj
Hkx-2, ,l\,\ glu vh
unoh }kjk
vjkmu f`r rkhe lEiw.Z
ve eqrkoh lEiw.Z
fl eqUrk-fgjk lEiw.Z
vklhfnd` lEiw.Z

vlfe;k
^'u-i( I
mj vlfe;k e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hk"k
d` vlfe;k Hk"k ds` mnxe vkSj fod`kl d`k bfrgkl-Hkjrh;-vk;Z Hk"kvk e mld`k
LFkku-blds` bfrgkl ds` fofHUu d`k-[M\
[ vlfe;k x d`k fod`kl\
x vlfe;k Hk"k ds` Loj vkSj O;atu%^kphu Hkjrh; vk;ks ls ph vk jgh vlfe;k
ij ck?kr ds` lkFk Lofud` ifjorZu ds` fu;e\
? vlfe;k Cnkoh ,oa blds` Aksr\
Hk"k d`k i foKku f`;k i iwokZJ;h funsZu ,oa vf|d`inh; ij ^R;;\
p ckshxr oSfo;%ekud` ckspk ,oa fos" i ls d`keih cksh\
N mUuhlo rkCnh rd` fofHUu ;qxk e vlfe;k ffi;k d`k fod`kl\
[M%[
lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk vkSj lkfgfR;d` bfrgkl
d` lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk ds` fl*kUr] ubZ leh{kk\
[ fofHUu lkfgfR;d` fo|k,a\
x vlfe;k e lkfgfR;d` ik d`k fod`kl\
? vlfe;k e lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk d`k fod`kl\

60 ]

p;kZxhrk ds` d`k ls vlfe;k lkfgR; ds` bfrgkl d`h fcdq` ^kjfEHd` ^o~f;k
vkSj mud`h lkekftd`-lkaL`frd` i~BHwfe # vkfn vlfe;k-ad`jnso ls igsad`jnso-ad`jnso ds` ckn-vk|qfud`d`k fczfV vkxeu ds` ckn ls LokrU;ksjd`k\ oS.od`k] xksukd`h ,oa LokrU;ksjd`k ij fos" c fn;k tkuk gS\
^'u-i( II
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB;iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visf{kr gksxk vkSj ,sls ^'u
iwNs tk,axs ftuls v;FkhZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijh{kk gks lds`\ mj
vlfe;k e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
jkek;. ds`o v;ks;k d`kaM
ek|o da`nh }kjk
ikfjtkr-gj.
ad`jnso }kjk
jkl`hMk
ad`jnso }kjk d`hrZu ?ks" ls
cjxhr
ek|onso }kjk
jktlw;
ek|ons; }kjk
d`Fkk-Hkxor iqLrd` I ,oa II
cSdq`BukFk Hkpk;Z }kjk
xq: pfjr-d`Fkk ds`o ad`jnso d`k Hkx%laiknd` # egs'oj fu;ksx\
[M%[
eksj thou Lej.
{ehukFk cstcvk }kjk
`ikcj cjkc:vk] d`kd`rj rksiksk
{ehukFk cstcvk }kjk
^frek
pUnz dq`ekj vxjokk
xkocw<k
ineukFk xksgsu cvk }kjk
eukserh
jtuhd`kar cksjnksksbZ }kjk
iqj.h vlfe;k lkfgR;
ckuhd`kar d`kd`rh }kjk
d`kfjvkax ffxjh
T;ksfr ^lkn vxjokk }kjk
thcukj ckrr
chuk cvk fofjafp dq`ekj cvk }kjk
e~R;qat;
chjsUnz dq`ekj Hkpk;Z }kjk
lezkV
uod`kar cvk }kjk

ckaxk
^'u-i( I
Hk"k vkSj lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
mj ckaXk e f[us gkxs
[M%d` : ckaxk Hk"k ds` bfrgkl ds` fo";
1. vk Hkjksih; ls ckaxk rd` d`k d`kkuq`fed` fod`kl k[kvk lfgr oao~{k ,oa
vuqekfur frfFk;k\
2. ckaxk bfrgkl ds` fofHUu pj. ^kphu] e; ,oa uohu ,oa mud`h Hk"kfoKku%lEcU|h fofVrk,a\

[ 61
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

ckaxk d`h uhfr;k ,oa muds` foHsnd` {k.\

ckaxk Cnkoh ds` rRo\
ckaxk x%lkfgR; ds` i%lk|q ,oa ifrr\
vfifufgr fo^d`"Z] vfHJqfr mEkmV] ew|ZU;hHou ^frosVu] ukflD;h-Hou
vuqukfl`r] lehHou lehd`j.] lkn~'; ,usksth] Lojkxe Loj lfUuos
vkfn Lojkxe] e; Lojkxe vFkok Loj HfDr] vUR; Lojkxe] Loj laxfr oko
gkeZuh] Y-Jqfr ,oa W-Jqfr\
ekud`hd`j. d`h leL;k,a rFkk o.Zekk vkSj orZuh rFkk fI;arj. vkSj jkseuhd`j.
d`k lq|kj\
vk|qfud` ckaxk d`k LofuefoKku] ifoKku vkSj okD; foU;kl\ vk|qfud` ckaxk
d`h ofu;k] leqPp;cks|d`] Cn jpuk,a] lekl] ew okD; vfHjpuk\
[M%[ : ckaxk lkfgR; ds` bfrgkl ds` fo";
ckaxk lkfgR; d`k d`k foHktu # ^kphu ckaxk ,oa e;d`khu ckaxk\
vk|qfud` rFkk iwoZ%vk|qfud`-iwoZ ckaxk lkfgR; ds` chp vUrj ls lEcfU|r fo";\
ckaxk lkfgR; e vk|qfud`rk ds` v;qn; ds` vk|kj rFkk d`kj.\
fofHUu e;d`khu ckaxk ik d`k fod`kl # eax d`kO;] oS.o xhfrd`kO;]
ikUrfjr vk;ku jkek;.] egkHkjr] Hkxor ,oa |kfeZd` thoupfjr\
e;d`khu ckaxk lkfgR; e |eZ fujis{krk d`k Loi\
mUuhlo rkCnh ds` ckaxk d`kO; e vk;kud` ,oa xhfrd`kO;kRed` ^o~f;k\
x d`k fod`kl\
ckaxk ukVd` lkfgR; mUuhlo rkCnh] VSxksj] 1944 ds` mijkUr ds` ckaxk ukVd`\
VSxksj ,oa VSxksjksj\
d`Fkk lkfgR;] ^eq[ s[d` # cafd`epUnz] VSxksj] jrpUnz] foHwfrHw".] rkjkad`j]
ekf.d`\
ukjh ,oa ckaxk lkfgR; # ltZd` ,oa l~ftr\

^'u-i( II
foLr~r v;;u ds` f, fu|kZfjr iqLrd` #
mj ckaXk e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
1. oS.o inkoh%d`d`k fo'ofok; fokifr] paMhnkl] Kkunkl] xksfoUnnkl
,oa cjkenkl d`h d`fork,a\
2. paMheax%eqdq`Un }kjk d`kds`rq o~rkUr] lkfgR; vd`kneh\
3. pSrU; pfjrke~r%e; hk] `.nkl d`fojkt jfpr lkfgR; vd`kneh\
4. es?ukno| d`kO;%e|qlwnu n jfpr\
5. d`ikdq`Mk%cafd`epUnz pVthZ jfpr\

62 ]
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.
17.

le; ,oa caxnssj `"d`%cafd`epUnz pVthZ jfpr\

lksukj rkjh%jchUnzukFk VSXkksj jfpr\
fNUui(koh%jchUnzukFk VSxksj jfpr\
[M%[
jDrd`jch%jchUnzuk VSxksj jfpr\
uotkrd`%jchUnzukFk VSxksj jfpr\
x~gnkg%jrpUnz pVthZ jfpr\
^cU| laxzg%Hkx-1, ^Fke pkS|jh jfpr\
vj;d`%foHwfrHw". cuthZ jfpr\
d`gkfu;k%ekf.d` caksik;k; jfpr\
vrkh ekeh] ^kxSfrgkfld`] gksqn-iksjk] ljhl~i] gkjkusj] uVtekbZ] NksVks-cksdq`iqjsj
tk(h] dq`Bjksxhj ckS] tkds` ?q fnrs gks;\
JsB d`fork%thoukpan nkl jfpr\
tkukSjh%lrhukFk HknqMh jfpr\
banzthr%ckn ljd`kj jfpr\

phuh
^'u-i( I
bl ^'u-i( }kjk mEehnokjk ls ;g vis{kk d`h tk,xh fd` mUg ekud` phuh%Hk"k
vkSj bld`h fos"rkvk d`k vPNk Kku gks ftlls mud`h vfHO;fDrxr lkaxBfud`
{kerkvk d`k ijh{k. gks lds`\ lHh ^'uk ds` phuh ls vaxzsth e vuqokn ds` ^'u d`ks
NksMd`j mj phuh Hk"k e f[us gkxs\ lHh ^'uk ds` vad` leku g\
[M%d`
1. fd`lh lkef;d` fo"; ij xHx 500 phuh v{kjk e fucU| s[u\
2. vuqokn
d` phuh ls vaxzsth Hk"k e
[ vaxzsth ls phuh Hk"k e
3. okD;xr vkSj O;kd`jf.d` ^;ksx\
[M%[
1. phuh Hk"k e eqgkojk vkSj ksd`ksfDr;k d`h O;k;k\
2. phuh Hk"k d`k fod`kl\
3. cks|u] la{ksi.\
^'u-i( II
bl ^'u-i( e v;FkhZ ls ;g vis{kk d`h tk,xh fd` mls phu lEcU|h v;;u d`k
vPNk Kku gks vkSj bld`k ^ki bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk,xk ftlls v;FkhZ d`h
vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijh{kk gks lds`\ lHh ^'uk ds` mj phuh e f[us gkxs\ lHh
^'uk ds` vad` leku g\

[ 63

[M%d`
1. vk|qfud` phuh bfrgkl 1919 ls vc rd` d`h ^eq[ ?Vukvk ls lEcfU|r fo";k
ij laf{kIr fVIif.;k\
2. eqfDr iwoZ d`k (19191949) d`h ^eq[ lkfgfR;d` `fr;k d`k vkkspukRed`
ewY;kad`u #
d` kvk h%`ksj tSujsu-fjDk iqj\
[ ck ftu%S`feh\
x w qu%esfMflu] eSMel Mk;jh] fn V_w LVksjh vk` vkg D;w\
? ekvks nqu%feMukbZV\
,bZ fDoax%d`ksYl fjIkbZ esbZ Ms fngqvk] csxj fd`xkbZ vkbZ o fnl M oks
vbZ >s rqnh] vksYM eSu kvksjsu\
p xqvks eksvks%fn xkWMslst
3. phuh lekt ds` fod`kl e nZu vkSj |eZ d`h Hwfed`k\
[M%[
1. 1979 ds` ckn lkekftd`-vkfFkZd` / jktuhfrd` / Sf{kd` / [sdw`n / oSKkfud` vkSj
^kSksfxd`h; fod`kl\
2. mj-eqfDr d`k (1949 ls vc rd` d`h ^eq[ lkfgfR;d` `fr;k d`k vkkspukRed`
ewY;kad`u\
d` xw gqvk-fn Vkmu d`kYM fgfoLd`l q`jks>su
[ psu jk%fV fn fefM ,t jSu nkvks >ksfu;ku
x f;w fuow-fn Dkl-bu-pktZ cSu >qjsu
? Y;w ;kvks%fn weu ,fDtlVl jsux
vkbZ fDoax%f` `kSfl] fn fejj] fn xkMZulZ M_he] fn gUVj gw M_;w cMZl
p w-frax%enjM] ekbZ fcosM enjM\

vaxzsth
bl ikB;`e ds` nks ^'u-i( gkxs\ ble fu|kZfjr ikB;iqLrd`k e ls fuEuff[r
vof| ds` vaxzsth lkfgR; d`k ew v;;u visf{kr gksxk ftlls mEehnokj d`h leh{kk{kerk d`h tkap gks lds`\
^'u-i(% I : 16001900
^'u-i(%II : 19001990
^R;sd` ^'u-i( e nks ^'u vfuok;Z gkxs #
d` ,d` ?q-fVIi. ^'u lkekU; v;;u ls lEcfU|r fo"; ij gksxk vkSj
[ x rFkk i nksuk ds` vuns[s m*j.k d`k vkkspukRed` fo's". gksxk\

64 ]

^'u-i( I
mj vaxzsth Hk"k e f[us gkxs
foLr~r v;;u ds` f, ikB uhps fn, x, g\ v;fFkZ;k ls fuEuff[r fo";k rFkk
?Vukvk ds` foLr~r Kku d`h vis{kk d`h tk,xh # fn fjuslk ,ftkcsFku ,M tsd`ksfo;u
M_kek] esVkf`thd` iks;V_h fn ,fid` ,M fn-eksd` ,fid` uoDkfld`hokn lSVk;j fn
jksekfUVd` ewoeV fn jkbt vkW` fn ukos fn foDVksfj;u ,t\
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

[M%d`
fof;e sDlfi;j # fd`axf;j vkSj fn VSEiSLV
tkWu Mu%fuEuff[r d`fork,a #
A. ds`uksukbZtsu
B. MsFk ch ukbV ^kmM
C. fn xqM eksjks
vkWu fgt feLV_st xksbax Vq csM
fn jSfd`
tkWu feYVu%iSjkMkbt kWLV I, II, IV, IX
vsDtMj iksi%fn jsi vkW` fn kWd`
%fof;e oMZloFkZ%fuEuff[r d`fork,a #
% vksM vku bafVesal vkW` bEeksjVSfVh
% fVaVuZ ,cs
% Fkzh ;hvlZ h fxz;w
% h MosYV veax vuV_ksMu ost
% ekbds`
% jstksT;wu ,M bafMiMsUl
% fn oYMZ bt Vw ep fon vl
% feYVu nkm qMLV ch ffoax ,V fnl vkoj
% vikWu osLVfeuLVj fczt
vYs`M Vsuhlu # bu eseksfj;e
gSufjd` bClsu # , gkWYl gkml
[M%[
tksukFku fLoV%xfolZ V_soYl
tSu vkWLVu%^kbM ,M ^stqfMl
gsujh `hfYMax%VkWe tkWUl
pkYlZ fMd`Ul%gkbZ VkbEl
tkWtZ bf;V%fn fe vku fn `ksl

[ 65
6.
7.

VkWel gkMhZ%Vsl vkW` fn fM vcZjfoYl

ekdZ` V_osu%fn ,MoplZ vkW` gd`cSjh f`u\

^'u-i( II
mj vaxzsth e f[us gkxs
foLr~r v;;u ds` f, ikB uhps fn, x, g\ v;fFkZ;k ls fuEuff[r fo";k vkSj
vkUnksuk d`k ;FksV Kku Hh visf{kr gksxk #
vk|qfud`rkokn # iks;Vl vkW` fn FkVhZt] fn LV_he vk` d`kalusl ukos] ,ClMZ
M_kek] mifuosokn rFkk mj-mifuosokn] vaxzsth e Hkjrh; s[u] lkfgR; e
ekDlZoknh] euksfo's".kRed` vkSj ukjhoknh n~fV;k] mj vk|qfud`rkokn\
[M%d`
1. fof;e cVj ;hVl%fuEuff[r d`fork,a #
% bZLVj 1916
% fn lSd`M d`feax
% ,s ^s;j `kj ekbZ MkVj
% lsfax Vq ckbtfV;e
% fn Vkoj
% veax Ldw` fpYM_u
% hMk ,M fn Loku
% es
% sfil stqh
% n lSds`UM d`feax
% ckbZtfV;e
2. Vh\ ,l\ bf;V%fuEuff[r d`fork,a #
% fn o lkx vkW` ts\ vYs`M ^w`kd`
% tuhZ vkW` fn estkb
% cUVZ ukVZu
3. MCY;w ,p vkMsu%fuEuff[r d`fork,a
% ikVhZu
% E;wth ns O;w vkVZl
% bu eseksjh vkW` MCY;w ch\ ;hVl
% s ;wvj Lhfiax gSM] ekbZ o
% fn vuuksu flfVtu
% d`fUlMj
% eqaMl ,sV bUs`Ul
% fn hYM vk` ,fd`ht
% lSiVsEcj 1, 1939
% isVhu

66 ]
4.
5.
6.

7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

tkWu vklcksuZ%qd` cSd` bu ,axj

lSE;qv cSds`V # osfVax `kj xksMks
f`fi kjfd`u%fuEuff[r d`fork,a #
% uSDLV
% Iht
% fMlSIUl
% vkVjuwUl
% Mst
% feLVj Chuh
,\ ds`\ jkekuqtu # fuEuff[r d`fork,a #
% qfd`ax `kj , d`tu vku , fLoax
% , fjoj
% vkW` enlZ] veax vnj fFkaXl
% o iks;e `kj , okbZ`%1
% Lek % Lds` fjSd`Ul
% vku , xzsV gkml
% vksfcpq,jh
;s lHh d`fork,a vkj ikFkZlkjFkh }kjk lEikfnr rFkk vkWDl`ksMZ ;wfuoflZVh ^sl] ubZ
fnYh }kjk ^d`kfr] nlo%chlo rkCnh ds` Hkjrh; d`fo;k ds` laxzg e miC|
g
[M%[
tksls` d`ksujsM # kMZ fte
tsEl Tok;l # iksV_sV vkW` fn vkfVZLV ,st , ;ax eSu
Mh\ ,p\ kjl # lUl ,M olZ
bZ\ ,e\ `ksLVZj # , iSlst Vq bafM;k
othZfu;k owY` # felst Msksos
jktk jko # d`kaFkkiqjk
oh\ ,l\ uk;ik # , gkml `kj feLVj fcLokl

`p
^'u-i(%I
`p ls vaxzsth e vuqokn ds` ^'u d`ks NksMd`j mj `p e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
1. `p lkfgR; d`h ^eq[ ^o~f;k #
d` Dkfld`hokn
[ LoPNUnrkokn
x ;FkkFkZokn

[ 67
2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

`kal e d`k #
d` LoPNUnrkokn
[ ;FkkFkZokn
x ^Hkookn
ikpok x.ra( #
d` n xkW ,oa ikpok x.ra(
[ ebZ%1968
x ikafinq
? fxLknZ n Lrx
fejka
p fjkWd`
vuqokn # `p ls vaxzsth e lkekftd`-jktuhfrd`-vkfFkZd` ^`fr ds` nks m*j.k d`k
vuqokn-^R;sd` m*j. nks lkS Cnk d`k\
[M%[
`p lkfgR; d`h eq; ^o~f;k #
d` ^rhd`okn
[ vfr;FkkFkZokn
x ,ClMZ d`k jaxeap
`kal e d`k #
d` vfr;FkkFkZokn
[ |uokn
x vewrZ fp(d`k
ikpok x.ra( #
d` `kal e jktuhfrd` n
[ ikpo x.ra( e jkV_ifr d`k LFkku ,oa mld`h Hwfed`k
x ljd`kj
? laln
lhusV
vuqokn # vaxzsth ls `p e lkekftd`-jktuhfrd`-vkfFkZd` ^`fr ds` nks m*j.k d`k
vuqokn%^R;sd` m*j. nks lkS Cnk d`k\

^'u-i( II
mj `p e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
bl ^'u i( e fuEuff[r ikB;iqLrd`k d`k xgu v;;u visf{kr gS\ ^'u bl
rjg rS;kj fd`, tk,axs fd` v;fFkZ;k d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`ks tkpk tk lds`\

68 ]
1. 17o

rkCnh #
d` d`ksusZ
% lhn
[ jkWflu
% vkanzksekd`
x eksf;j
% vkoz
2. 18o rkCnh C;w eksZ % ekfjt n f`xSjks
3. 19o rkCnh #
d` kekfrZu
% fsd`] ok
[ foDVjwxks
% d`kaf;l] , vkos f^l Ih n e] ns vksc
x foDVjwxks
% gjukuh
? eqls
% louh] Uohn nslkacz
esjhes
% d`kskc
p ckYtkd`
% ;wtsuh xzkans
N kcs;j
% enke ckosjh
t ckns;
% bfUorsk vks o;kt] fVDohek ,Yc(ksl
> fjacks
% ksnkesZ n;w ok
k osZu
% pkalksZ n vksre] ek jso `fef;s] b IS;j nka ek dS`j\
[M%[
1. 20o rkCnh
d` ,iksfus;j
% Uoh jsuku] ks ik fejkcks
[ tkd` ^soj
% iqj S`j ks iks( n vka n vUoklk ckcZjk
x ikW ,qokj
% fcrsZ
? ikW oss;jh
% s ik] f`Sl
vkUnzs xhn
% flas`uh ikLrksjs
p d`kew
% b brjkatj
N lk(Z
% s eSu lkYl
t vkbusLd`ks
% jkbuksfljksl
s`d`k`ksuh
d` tsjknZ cslsr
% k;czsj
[ vkuUn nsoh
% ks ok n nzksinh
x s[ gehnq d`kus % vkosZr vkachx
? vCnrh` kch % iks;e , vka ^ksl
1. vkcZ vk iks;El
,Urjk nq eksu
2. s jso fo;suks ;wfjj ';qj ist ,Urjk nq eksu
5. led`khu fo"; ij lkekU; ^`fr d`k fucU|\

[ 69

teZu

1.
2.

1.
2.

^'u-i( I
mj teZu Hk"k e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hk"k d`h lajpuk%v;fFkZ;k ls Cn`e] okD; jpuk rFkk CnkFkZ foKku tSls
fofV igqvk ds` lanHZ e teZu O;kd`j. ds` lE;d` Kku d`h vis{kk d`h tkrh gS\
teZu Hk"k e fucU|%v;fFkZ;k ls vis{kk d`h tkrh gS fd` lkekU; ^d`kj ds`
led`khu fo"; ij fucU| f[rs le; os fn[k,a fd` teZu Hk"k e f[h tkus
okh vfHO;fDr d`h rd`uhd`k ij mud`k vf|d`kj gS\
[M%[
,d` lkekU; fo"; ij f[s ikB d`k vaxzsth ls teZu e vuqokn\
vxzff[r fo";k ds` fo'ks" lanHZ e teZuh d`k vBkjgo lnh ls sd`j orZeku
le; rd` d`k lkekftd`%jktuSfrd` vkSj lkaL`frd` bfrgkl #
d` teZu lekt vkSj laL`fr ij cks|u d`k ^Hko\
[ teZuh ij ^f;u laL`fr d`k ^Hko\
x okbekj x.jkT; e gq, lkaL`frd` okn-fookn\
? teZuh e jkV_h; lektokn ds` v|hu laL`fr d`h vo|kj.k\
1945 ds` ckn nks teZu lkfgR; |kjkvk rFkk laL`fr;k d`k fod`kl\
p teZuh d`k iqujsd`hd`j. vkSj lkaL`frd` fofo|rk d`h leL;k,a\
N ;wjksih; la? e teZu Hk"k rFkk lkfgR; d`h Hwfed`k vkSj ^klafxd`rk\
^'u-i( II

1.

2.

1.

2.

[M%d`
19o rkCnh ls vkt rd` ds` teZu lkfgR; d`k fod`kl
v;fFkZ;k d`ks ^eq[ ^o~f;k] ^frfuf| s[d`k vkSj mud`h egRoiw.Z `fr;k d`h
tkud`kjh gksuh pkfg,\ blds` vUrxZr ds`o s[d`k vkSj mud`h `fr;k d`h tkud`kjh
^kIr d`jus ij tksj ug fn;k tkrk] cfYd` v;FkhZ ls vis{kk d`h tkrh gS fd` og
fd`lh lkfgfR;d` d`k d`h fos"rkvk d`ks ^frfuf| jpukvk ds` vk|kj ij igpkus\
lkfgfR;d` fo|kvk d`k v;;u #
v;fFkZ;k d`ks jkseu] ukoss] ukVd`] xkFkkxhr] ksd`xhr] ^;k.-xhr] ;q*xhr]
dq`jtsf'V tSlh fofHUu fo|kvk d`h egRoiw.Z fos"rkvk d`k Kku gksuk pkfg,\
[M%[
lkfgfR;d` O;k;kvk ds` ^R;{k Kku #
v;fFkZ;k d`ks lkfgR; ds` vkkspukRed` Kku ds` fofHUu n~fVd`ks.k d`h tkud`kjh
gksuh pkfg,\
pquh gqbZ `fr;k d`k v;;u #
d` xks,Vs%gkbZ hMsu Msl tqaxu cFkZj

70 ]

[ fj%ekfj;k LVqvVZ
x bZuMksZ`%xksfM'Vs
? xksV`hM dS`j%fDMj eksj Y;wVs
VkWel eku%MkbZ ojVks'Vu d`kss`
p `kRl d`kw`d`k%oksj Mse xslst
N `hMfj[ MjueSV%Mkb f`thd`j
t eSDl f`Ld`%,aMksjk
> ghufj[ cks%MkbZ osjksjhu ,gjs Msj dS`FkfjukCqe
k baxscksxZ cS[eu%,sl vkSl Mse ,jScM # Mkl M_kbZfcXLV tkj
V jkst vkWlMj%xsfM'Vs
B f`LVk oksY`%Msj xsVhVs fgEes
M xqaVj xzkl%tqaMk thxu

xqtjkrh
^'u-i( I
mj xqtjkrh e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
xqtjkrh Hk"k # Loi rk bfrgkl #
11. xqtjkrh Hk"k d`k bfrgkl # vk|qfud` Hkjrh; vk;Z Hk"k ds` fiNs ,d` gtkj o"Z
ds` fos" lanHZ e\
12. xqtjkrh Hk"k d`h egRoiw.Z fos"rk,a # Lofue foKku] i foKku rk okD; foU;kl\
13. ^eq[ cksf;k # lwjrh] ikV.h] pjksrjh rk lkSjkV_h\
xqtjkrh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl #
e;;qxhu
14. tSu ijEijk
15. HfDr ijEijk # lxq. rk fuxqZ. KkuekxhZ
16. xSj lE^nk;oknh ijEijk kSfd`d` ijEijk
vk|qfud`
17. lq|kjd` ;qx
18. iafMr ;qx
19. xka|h ;qx
10. vuqxka|h ;qx
11. vk|qfud` ;qx
[M%[
lkfgfR;d` Loi fuEuff[r lkfgfR;d` Loik d`h ^eq[ fos"rk,a] bfrgkl vkSj
fod`kl
d` e; ;qx
1. o~kUr # jkl] vk;ku rk in;okrkZ
2. xhfrd`kO; # in

[ 71

[ ksd` lkfgR;
3. HokbZ
x vk|qfud`
4. d`k lkfgR; # miU;kl rk d`gkuh
5. ukVd`
6. lkfgfR;d` fucU|
7. xhfrd`kO;
? vkkspuk
8. xqtjkrh d`h lS*kfUrd` vkkspuk d`k bfrgkl
9. ksd` ijEijk e uohure vuqla|ku
^'u-i( II
mj xqtjkrh e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ikB; iqLrd`k d`k ew v;;u visfr gksxk vkSj ,sls ^'u iwNs
tk,axs ftlls mEehnokj d`h lehk erk d`h tkp gks lds`\
[M%d`
1. e; ;qx
(i) clar fokl `kxq # vKkr`r
(ii) d`knEcjh # Hk.
(iii) lqnkek pfj( # ^sekuan
(iv) pUnz pUnzkorhuh okrkZ # ke
(v) v[sxhrk # v[ks
2. lq|kjd` ;qx rk iafMr ;qx
(vi) ekjh gd`hd`r # ueZnkad`j nos
(vii) `jclohjk # nirjke
(viii) ljLorh pUnz-Hkx 1 : xkso|Zujke f(ikBh
(ix) iwokZki # d`kar ef.ad`j jRukth HVV
(x) jkbuks ioZr # je.HkbZ uhda`B
[M [
1. xka|h ;qx rk vuqxka|h ;qx
(i) fgUn Lojkt # eksgunkl d`jepan xka|h
(ii) ikV.uh ^Hqrk # d`UgS;kk eqah
(iii) d`kO;uh fDr # jke ukjk;. fo'ouk ikBd`
(iv) lkSjkV_uh jl|kj-Hkx 1 # `osjpan es?k.h
(v) ekuohuh HokbZ # iUukk iVs
(vi) ofu # jktsUnz kg
2. vk|qfud` ;qx
(vii) lIrinh # mekad`j tksh
(viii) tukfUrds` # lqjs tksh
(ix) v'oRkek # flrkUq ;jpUnsz

72 ]

fgUnh
^'u-i( I
mj fgUnh e f[us gkxs
Hkx%d`
1. fgUnh Hk"k vkSj ukxjh ffi d`k bfrgkl
(i) viHza] vog vkSj ^kjfEHd` fgUnh d`k O;kd`jf.d` rFkk vuq^;qDr Loi\
(ii) e;d`k e czt vkSj vo|h d`k lkfgfR;d` Hk"k ds` i e fod`kl\
(iii) fl*ukFk lkfgR;] [qljks] lar lkfgR;] jghe vkfn d`fo;k vkSj nfD[uh fgUnh
e [Mh cksh d`k ^kjfEHd` Loi\
(iv) mUuhlo rkCnh e [Mh cksh vkSj ukxjh ffi d`k fod`kl\
(v) fgUnh Hk"k vkSj ukxjh ffi d`k ekud`hd`j.\
(vi) Lora(rk vkUnksu ds` nkSjku jkV_ Hk"k ds` i e fgUnh d`k fod`kl\
(vii) Hkjrh; la? d`h jktHk"k ds` i e fgUnh d`k fod`kl\
(viii) fgUnh Hk"k d`k oSKkfud` vkSj rd`uhd`h fod`kl\
(ix) fgUnh d`h ^eq[ cksf;k vkSj mud`k ijLij lEcU|\
(x) ukxjh ffi d`h ^eq[ fos"rk,a vkSj mlds` lq|kj ds` ^;kl rFkk ekud` fgUnh
d`k Loi\
(xi) ekud` fgUnh d`h O;kd`jf.d` lajpuk\
Hkx%[
2. fgUnh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
1. fgUnh lkfgR; d`h ^klafxd`rk vkSj egRo rFkk fgUnh lkfgR; ds` bfrgkl-s[u d`h
ijEijk\
2. fgUnh lkfgR; ds` bfrgkl ds` fuEuff[r pkj d`kk d`h lkfgfR;d` ^o~f;k #
d` vkfnd`k%fl*] ukFk vkSj jklks lkfgR;\
^eq[ d`fo%pancjnkbZ] [qljks] gsepUnz] fokifr\
[ HfDrd`k%lUr d`kO; |kjk] lw`h d`kO;|kjk] `. HfDr|kjk vkSj jke
HfDr|kjk\
^eq[ d`fo%d`chj] tk;lh] lwj vkSj rqlh\
x jhfrd`k%jhfrd`kO;] jhfrc*d`kO;] jhfreqDr d`kO;
^eq[ d`fo%ds`o] fcgkjh] inekd`j vkSj ?ukuan\
? vk|qfud` d`k%
d` uotkxj.] x d`k fod`kl] HkjrsUnq eaM
[ ^eq[ s[d`%HkjrsUnq] ck `. H vkSj ^rki ukjk;. feJ\
x vk|qfud` fgUnh d`fork d`h eq; ^o~f;k\
Nk;kokn] ^xfrokn] ^;ksxokn] ubZ d`fork] uoxhr] led`khu d`fork vkSj
tuoknh d`fork\

[ 73

3.

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5.

6.

iwNs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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8.

^eq[ d`fo%eSfhj. xqIr] t;ad`j ^lkn] lw;Zd`kar f(ikBh fujkk]

egknsoh oekZ] jke|kjh flag fnud`j] lfPpnkuan ghjkuan okRL;k;u vKs;]
xtkuu ek|o eqfDrcks|] ukxktqZu\
d`Fkk lkfgR;
d` miU;kl vkSj ;FkkFkZokn
[ fgUnh miU;klk d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl
x ^eq[ miU;kld`kj%^sepUn] tSusUnz] ;ik] js.q vkSj Hhe lkguh\
? fgUnh d`gkuh d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl
^eq[ d`gkuhd`kj%^sepUn] t;ad`j ^lkn] lfPpnkuan ghjkuan okRL;k;u]
vKs;] eksgu jkds` vkSj `.k lkscrh\
ukVd` vkSj jaxeap
d` fgUnh ukVd` d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl\
[ ^eq[ ukVd`d`kj%HkjrsUnq] t;ad`j ^lkn] txnh panz ekFkqj] jkedq`ekj oekZ]
eksgu jkds`\
x fgUnh jaxeap d`k fod`kl\
vkkspuk #
d` fgUnh vkkspuk d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl%lS*kfUrd`] O;kogkfjd`] ^xfroknh]
euksfo's".oknh] vkkspuk vkSj ubZ leh{kk\
[ ^eq[ vkkspd`%jkepanz qD] gtkjh ^lkn f}osnh] jkefokl ekZ vkSj uxsUnz\
fgUnh x d`h vU; fo|k,a%fr fucU|] js[kfp(] laLej.] ;k(k o~kUr\
^'u-i( II
mj fgUnh e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB;iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visf{kr gksxk vkSj ,sls ^'u
tk,axs ftuls v;FkhZ d`h vkkspukRed` {kerk d`h ijh{kk gks lds`\
[M%d`
d`chj%d`chj xzaFkkoh vkjfEHd` 100 in
lEiknd`%';ke lqUnjnkl
lwjnkl%Hzejxhr lkj vkjfEHd` 100 in
lEiknd`%jkepanz qD
rqlhnkl%jkepfjrekul lqUnj d`kM
d`forkoh mj d`kM\
tk;lh%inekor flag}hi [M vkSj ukxerh fo;ksx [M\
lEiknd`%';ke lqUnjnkl
fcgkjh%fcgkjh jRukd`j vkjfEHd` 100 nksgs
lEiknd`%txUukFk nkl jRukd`j
eSfFkhj. xqIr%Hkjr Hkjrh
t;ad`j ^lkn%d`kek;uh fpUrk vkSj J*k lxZ
lw;Zd`kar f(ikBh fujkk%jkx-fojkx jke d`h fDr iwtk vkSj dq`dq`jeqk

74 ]

9.
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1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

lEiknd`%jkefokl ekZ
jke|kjh flag fnud`j%dq`:{ks(
vKs;%vkxu ds` ikj }kj vlk; oh.k
eqfDr cks|%czjk{kl
ukxktqZu%ckn d`ks f?jrs ns[k gS] vd`k vkSj mlds` ckn] gfjtu xkFkk\
[M%[
HkjrsUnq%Hkjr nqnZk
eksgu jkds`%vk"k< d`k ,d` fnu
jkepanz qD%fparkef. Hkx%1) d`fork D;k gS] J*k vkSj HfDr\
fucU| fu;] lEiknd`%Mk\ lR;sUnz\
ck`. H] ^sepUn] xqkc jk;] gtkjh ^lkn f}osnh] jkefokl ekZ] vKs;]
dq`csj ukFk jk;\
^sepan%xksnku%^sepan d`h loZJsB d`gkfu;k] lEiknd`%ve~r jk;
eatq"k%^sepan d`h loZJsB d`gkfu;k] lEiknd`%ve~r jk;
^lkn%Lda`nxqIr
;ik%fnO;k
`.h'ojukFk js.q%eSk vkp
eUuw HMkjh%egkHkst
,d` nqfu;k lekukUrj lHh d`gkfu;k
lEiknd`%jktsUnz ;kno\

d`UuM
^'u-i(%I
mj d`UuM e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
d` d`UuM Hk"k d`k bfrgkl%Hk"k D;k gS= Hk"k d`h lkekU; fos"rk,a] nzfoM Hk"k
ifjokj vkSj blds` fofV {k.\ d`UuM Hk"k d`h ^kphurk\ mlds` fod`kl ds`
fofHUu pj.\ d`UuM Hk"k d`h cksf;k\ {ks(h; vkSj lkekftd`\ d`UuM Hk"k ds`
fod`kl ds` fofHUu igw] Lofufed` vkSj vFkZxr ifjorZu\ Hk"k vknku\
[ d`UuM lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl%^kphu d`UuM lkfgR; # ^Hko vkSj ^o~f;k] fuEuff[r
d`fo;k d`k v;;u\
iaik] tUu] ukxpanz # iaik ls jRukd`j o.hZ rd` bu fufnZV d`fo;k d`k fo"; oLrq]
i fo|ku vkSj vfHO;atuk d`h n~fV ls v;;u #
e;;qxhu d`UuM lkfgR;%^Hko vkSj ^o~f;k\ cpu lkfgR; # ckloUuk] vDd`]
egknsoh\
e;;qxhu d`fo # gfjgj jk?oad`] dq`ekjO;kl\ nkl lkfgR; # iqjUnj vkSj d`ud`\
laxr;k # jRukd`j o.hZ\
x vk|qfud` d`UuM lkfgR; # ^Hko] ^o~f;k vkSj fopkj|kjk,\ uoksn;] ^xfrh]
uO;] nfr vkSj cUn;\

[ 75

[M%[
d` d`kO;kL( vkSj lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk%d`fork d`h ifjHk"k vkSj lad`Yiuk,a # Cn]
vFkZ] vad`kj] jhfr] jl] ofu] vkSfpR;\ jl lw( d`h O;k;k,a\
lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk d`h vk|qfud` ^o~f;k%ioknh] ,sfrgkfld`] ekDlZoknh]
ukjhoknh] mj-vkSifuosfd` vkkspuk\
[ d`ukZVd` d`k lkaL`frd` bfrgkl%d`ukZVd` d`h laL`fr e jktoak d`k ;ksxnku #
lkfgfR;d` lanHZ e cnkeh vkSj d`Y;k.h ds` pkqD;k] jkV_dw`Vk] gkSY;k vkSj
fot;uxj ds` kld`k d`k ;ksxnku\
d`ukZVd` ds` ^eq[ |eZ vkSj mud`k lkaL`frd` ;ksxnku\ d`ukZVd` d`h d`k,a #
lkfgfR;d` lanHZ e ewfrZd`k] okLrqd`k] fp(d`k] laxhr] u~R;\
d`ukZVd` d`k ,d`hd`j. vkSj d`UuM lkfgR; ij bld`k ^Hko\

^'u-i( II
mj d`UuM e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB; iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visf{kr gksxk vkSj ,sls ^'u
iwNs tk,axs ftlls mEehnokjk d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijh{kk gks lds`\
[M%d`
d` ^kphu d`UuM lkfgR; #
1. iaik d`k fo`ektqZu fot; lxZ 12 rFkk 13 eSlwj fo'ofok; ^d`ku
2. cnnjk?us lqdq`ekjLokeS;k d`kFks] foqrpksju d`kFks\
[ e;;qxhu d`UuM lkfgR; #
1. opu d`kEer] lEiknd` # ds`\ ekLflIik] ds`\ vkj\ ukxjkt]
caxkSj fo'ofok; ^d`ku\
2. tuf^; d`ud`lEiqr] lEiknd` # Mh\ tokjs xkSMk d`UuM ,M d`Ypj
Mk;jsDVjsV] caxkSj\
3. ufEc;Uukuk jkxks] lEiknd` # Mh\ ,u\ Jhd`krS;k rk\ose\ Lekjd` xzaFk eks]
eSlwj\
4. dq`ekjO;kl Hkjr # d`.Z ioZ eSlwj fo'ofok;\
5. Hkjrs oSHo laxzg] lEiknd` # rk\ lq\ ke jko] eSlwj fo'ofok;\
[M%[
d` vk|qfud` d`UuM lkfgR; #
1. d`kO;%gkslxUuM d`fors] lEiknd` # th\ ,p\ uk;d` d`UuM lkfgR; ifjq] caxkSj\
2. miU;kl%cskn tho%fojke d`kjar ek|oh-vuqie fujatu vkSMkk%nsokuq
egknso\
3. d`gkuh%d`UuM lUu] d`kFksxq] lEiknd` # th\ ,p\ uk;d` lkfgR; vd`kneh] ubZ
fnYh\
4. ukVd`%qnz riLoh%dq`osEiq\ rqxd`%fxjh d`ukZM\
5. fopkj lkfgR;%nso%,\ ,u\ ewfrZ jko ^d`kd` # Mh\ oh\ ds`\ ewfrZ] eSlwj\

76 ]

[ ksd` lkfgR; #
1. tuin Loi%MkW\ ,p\ ,e\ uk;d` rk\ oSe\ Lekjd` xzaFk eks] eSlwj
2. tuin xhrkath%lEiknd` # Mh\ Tkokjs xkSMk ^d`kd` # lkfgR; vd`kneh] ubZ fnYh
3. d`UuM tuin # d`kFksxkq%lEiknd` # ts\ ,l\ ijefoS;k eSlwj fo'ofok;\
4. chfM eDd`kw # cSsMh%lEiknd` # d`ksxkSMk ukxokjk ^d`kd` # caxkSj fo'ofok;\
5. lfojn vksxkrqxkq # lEiknd` # ,l\ th\ bejkiqj\

d`'ehjh
^'u-i( I
1.
2.
3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.

mj d`'ehjh e f[us gkxs

[M%d`
d`'ehjh Hk"k ds` oakuqxr lEcU| # fofHUu fl*kUr
?Vuk s( rk cksf;k HkSxksfd`/lkekftd`
LofuefoKku rk O;kd`j. #
(i) Loj o O;atu O;oLk
(ii) fofHUu d`kjd` foHfDr;k lfgr laKk,a rk loZeku
(iii) f`;k,a # fofHUu ^d`kj ,oa d`k
okD; lajpuk #
(i) lk|kj.] d`rZ~okP; o ?ks".kRed` d`u
(ii) leUo;
(iii) lkishd`j.
[M%[
14o rkCnh e d`'ehjh lkfgR; lkekftd`-lkaL`frd` rk ckSf*d` i~BHwfe k
n;kn rk sbZ[q vke ds` fos" lanHZ lfgr
mUuhlo rkCnh d`k d`'ehjh lkfgR; fofHUu fo|kvk d`k fod`kl # oRlu xt
rk euoh\
chlo rkCnh ds` iwokZ*Z e d`'ehjh lkfgR; egtwj rk vktkn ds` fos" lanHZ
lfgr fofHUu lkfgfR;d` ^Hko
vk|qfud` d`'ehjh lkfgR; d`gkuh] ukVd`] miU;kl rk uTe ds` fod`kl ds` fos"
lanHZ lfgr
^'u-i( II
mj d`'ehjh e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
mUuhlo rkCnh rd` ds` d`'ehjh d`kO; d`k xgu v;;u #
(i) k n;kn
(ii) sbZ[q vke
(iii) gCck [krwu

[ 77
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3.
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2.

3.

4.

d`'ehjh d`kO; # 19o rkCnh

(i) egewn xkeh oRlu
(ii) ed`cw kg tqjst
(iii) jlw ehj xt
(iv) vCnq vgen unhe ukr
(v) `.tw jktnku fo xqu
(vi) lw`h d`fo ikB; iqLrd` laxkc-^d`ku-d`'ehjh foHkx] d`'ehjh fo'ofok;
chlo rkCnh d`k d`'ehjh d`kO; ikB; iqLrd`-vkftp d`kfj k;jh] ^d`kud`'ehjh foHkx] d`'ehj fo'ofok;
lkfgfR;d` lekkspuk rk vuqla|ku d`k;Z # fod`kl ,oa fofHUu ^o~f;k\
[M%[
d`'ehjh d`gkfu;k d`k fo's".kRed` v;;u\
(i) v`lkuk eteq,%^d`ku-d`'ehjh foHkx] d`'ehj fo'ofok;
(ii) d`kqj v`lkuk vt%^d`ku-lkfgR; vd`kneh\
(iii) geklj d`kqj v`lkuk-^d`ku-lkfgR; vd`kneh\
ds`o fuEuff[r d`gkuh s[d` #
vrj eksfg-mnnhu] vehu d`kfe] gfj`. d`kS] n; d`kS Hkjrh] calh funksZ"]
xqu ekftn\
d`'ehjh miU;kl #
(i) th,u xksgj d`k eqtfje
(ii) eku-bokubfpu VkWLVk; d`h n Ms vkW` bfp d`k d`'ehjh vuqokn
d`'ehjh foHkx }kjk ^d`kfr
d`'ehjh ukVd` #
(i) gfj `. d`kS d`k ukVqd` d`fjo can
(ii) vkWd` ,axh ukVqd`] lsok eksrhk d`hew] lkfgR; vd`kneh }kjk ^d`kfr
(iii) jkft bfMil vuq\ uth equkoj] lkfgR; vd`kneh }kjk ^d`kfr
d`'ehjh ksd` lkfgR; #
(i) d`kqj qfd` f;sVj] s[d`-eksgEen lqHku Hxr-^d`ku] d`'ehjh foHkx] d`'ehj
fo'ofok;\
(ii) d`kfjh qd`h ch lHh vad` tEew ,oa d`'ehj lkaL`frd` vd`kneh }kjk ^d`kfr\

d`kd`.h
^'u-i( I
mj d`kd`.h e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
d`kd`.h Hk"k d`k bfrgkl #
1. Hk"k d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl rk bl ij iMus oks ^Hko\
2. d`kd`.h Hk"k ds` eq; i rk mud`h Hk"kbZ fos"rk,a\

78 ]
3.

d`kd`.h Hk"k e O;kd`j. vkSj Cnd`ks" lEcU|h d`k;Z-d`kjd`] f`;k fos".] vo;o
rk okP; ds` v;;u lfgr\
4. iqjkuh ekud` d`kd`.h] ubZ ekud` d`kd`.h rk ekud`hd`j. d`h leL;k,a\
[M%[
d`kd`.h lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl #
mEehnokjk ls visk d`h tk,xh fd` os d`kd`.h lkfgR; rk mld`h lkekftd` vkSj
lkaL`frd` i~BHwfe ls Hh-Hkfr ifjfpr gk rk blls mBus okh leL;kvk rk eqk
ij fopkj d`jus e le gk\
(i) d`kd`.h lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl-^kphure lEHkfor lzksr ls sd`j orZeku d`k rd`
rk eq; `fr;k] s[d`k vkSj vkUnksuk lfgr\
(ii) d`kd`.h lkfgR; ds` mjksj fuekZ. d`h lkekftd` vkSj lkaL`frd` i~BHwfe\
(iii) vkfnd`k ls vk|qfud` d`k rd` d`kd`.h lkfgR; ij iMus oks Hkjrh; vkSj
ik'pkR; ^Hko\
(iv) fofHUu s(k vkSj lkfgfR;d` fo|kvk e mHjus okh vk|qfud` ^o~f;k-d`kd`.h
ksd` lkfgR; ds` v;;u lfgr\
^'u-i( II
mj d`kd`.h e f[us gkxs
d`kd`.h lkfgR; d`h ew ikB
fo";d` lekkspuk
;g ^'u-i( bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk,xk fd` mEehnokj d`h vkkspuk rk
fo's". erk d`h tkp gks lds`\
mEehnokjk ls d`kd`.h lkfgR; ds` foLr~r ifjp; d`h visk d`h tk,xh vkSj ns[k
tk,xk fd` mUgkus fuEuff[r ikB;iqLrd`k d`ks ew e i<k gS vok ug\
[M%d`
x #
1. d` d`kd`.h eulkaxks(h i ds` vkok ^ks\ vksffoUgks xksEl }kjk lEikfnr
[ vksYM d`kd`.h Xost ,aM fV_spj] nh ikstqZxht
jks # ^ks\ vksffoUgks xksEl }kjk lEikfnr\
2. d` vksVeks MsUopjd` # ,\ oh\ MkW\ q`t d`k miU;kl\
[ osMks vkuh ojse # ,aVksfu;ks ijsjk d`k miU;kl\
x Msokps dq`jisu # oh\ ts\ ih\ lYnkuk d`k miU;kl\
3. d` otzf[uh-sukW; xksbe-ckc # karkjke onsZ oofd`j }kjk lEikfnr laxzg\
[ d`kd`.h fr fucU| # ';ke osjd`j }kjk lEikfnr fucU| laxzg\
x rhu nd`e # pUnzd`kar ds`f. }kjk lEikfnr laxzg\
4. d` fMekaM # iqaMhd` ukbd` d`k ukVd`\
[ d`knfEcuh-, felsuh vkW` ekWMuZ ^kst # ^ks\ vks\ts\,`\ xksEl rk Jherh ih\
,l\ rnd`ksnd`j }kjk lEikfnr\
x jk rq ts vks ?qfn;ks # Jherh t;arh ukbZd`

[ 79

[M%[
i
1.

d`
[
2. d`
[
3. d`
[
4. d`
[

bovf. eksjh # ,MqvkMksZ cwuks fMlwtk }kjk jfpr d`kO;\

vczoape ;Knku # qbZl esLds`jsugkl\
xksMMs jkek;. # vkj\ ds`\ jko }kjk lEikfnr
jRugkj I ,aM II, d`sDu vkW` iks;El # vkj\ oh\ iafMr }kjk lEikfnr\
t;ks-tq;ks-iks;El # euksgj , ljnslkbZ
d`uknh ekVh d`kd`.h d`fo # ^rki ukbZd` }kjk lEikfnr d`fork laxzg
vVkps d`Ys # ikaMqjax HaxqbZ }kjk jfpr d`fork,a\
;eu # ek|o cksjd`j }kjk jfpr d`fork,a\

e;ke
^'u-i( I
mj e;ke e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hkx-1 : e;ke Hk"k d`h ^kjfEHd` voLk #
1.1 fofHUu fl*kUr # ^kd` nzfofM;u] rfe] laL`r ls mnHo
1.2 rfe rk e;ke d`k lEcU| ,\vkj\ jktjktoekZ ds` N# . u;k
1.3 ikVVq lE^nk;-ifjHk"k] jkepfjre] ijorhZ ikVVq `fr;k-fujk.e `fr;k rk `.
xkk\
Hkx-2 # fuEuff[r d`h Hk"kbZ fos"rk,a\
2.1 ef.^oke-ifjHk"k\ ef. ^oke e f[h ^kjfEHd` `fr;k d`h Hk"k-pEiw]
lansd`kO;] pUnzksRlo] NqViqV `fr;k ijorhZ ef.^ok `fr;k-e;;qxhu pEiw ,oa
vkVV d`k\
2.2 ksd` xkk # nf.h rk mjh xkk,a] ekfIik xhr\
2.3 ^kjfEHd` e;ke x-Hk"k d`ksfVh;e] czkaM iqjk.e vkVV-^d`kje] `e nhfid`k
rk ufEc;ku rfe\
Hkx-3 : e;ke d`k ekud`hd`j.
3.1 ik.k] fd`fIikVVq rk rqYu d`h Hk"k d`h fos"rk,a\
3.2 Lonsh rk ;wjksih; feufj;k d`k e;ke d`ks ;ksxnku\
3.3 led`khu e;ke d`h fos"rk,a # ^klfud` Hk"k ds` i e e;ke\ foKku
rk ^kSksfxd`h lkfgR; d`h Hk"k-tu lapkj d`h Hk"k\
[M%[
lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
Hkx-4 : ^kphu rk e;;qxhu lkfgR; #
4.1 ikVVq-jke pfjre] fujk.e `fr;k ,oa `. xkk\
4.2 ef.^oke-vkVV d`k] paiw vkfn ^kjfEHd` rk e;;qxhu ef.^ok `fr;k\

80 ]
4.3
4.4

ksd` lkfgR;\
fd`fikVVq] rqY rk egkd`kO;\
Hkx-5 : vk|qfud` lkfgR;-d`fork
5.1 oS.ef. d`fo rk led`khu d`fo
5.2 LoPNUnrkokn d`k vkxeu-d`fo(; d`k d`kO;-vkku] mYwj rk oYrks
5.3 d`fo(; ds` ckn d`h d`fork\
5.4 e;ke d`fork e vk|qfud`rkokn\
Hkx-6 : vk|qfud` lkfgR;-x
6.1 ukVd`
6.2 miU;kl
6.3 ?q d`k
6.4 thouh] ;k(k o.Zu] fucU| vkSj lekkspuk\

^'u-i( II
mj e;ke e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ikB; iqLrd`k d`k ew v;;u visfr gksxk vkSj ijhk e
mEehnokj d`h vkkspukRed` erk d`ks tkpus oks ^'u iwNs tk,axs\
[M%d`
Hkx-1
1.1 jkepfjre-iVe-1
1.2 d`.' jkek;.e-ckd`kMe ^e 25 i
1.3 m.quhf lose-iwoZ Hkxe 25 'ksd`] ^Lrkouk lfgr\
1.4 egkHkjre # fd`fIikVVq-Hhe ioZe
Hkx-2
2.1 dq`ekju vkku-fpUrk vofL;k; lhrk
2.2 oSksfIiYh dq`fV;ksf"Dd`
2.3 th ad`j dq`i-is:UrPpu
2.4 ,u\ oh\ `. okfj;kj-frokafnf;s ikVVq
Hkx-3
3.1 vks,uoh-Hwfe d`ks: pje xhfre
3.2 v;Iik if.Dd`k-dq`:s(e
3.3 vkfDd`VVe iaMs es'kafr
3.4 vkVVwj jfo oekZ-es?i
[M%[
Hkx-4
4.1 vks\ parq esuu-banqs[k

[ 81
4.2
4.3

rd`f"-psEehu
vks\ oh\ fot;u-[krkfDd`UVs bfrgkle

Hkx-5
5.1 ,e\ Vh\ oklqnsou uk;j-oku^Le laxzg
5.2 ,u\ ,l\ ek|ou-fgfXoka laxzg
5.3 lh\ ts\ kel-1128-b `kbe 27
Hkx-6
6.1 dq`fVV`. ekjkj-Hkjr i;ZVue
6.2 ,e\ ds`\ lkuw-u(axqVs LusgHktue
6.3 oh\ Vh\ HVVffjikn-d`f.he fd`ukoqe

ef.iqjh
^'u-i( I
mj ef.iqjh e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hk"k
d` ef.iqjh Hk"k d`h lkekU; fos"rk, vkSj mlds` fod`kl d`k bfrgkl] mj-iwohZ
Hkjr d`h frCcrh-cehZ Hk"kvk ds` chp ef.iqjh Hk"k d`k egRo rk Lku] ef.iqjh Hk"k
e v;;u e uohure fod`kl] ^kphu ef.iqjh ffi d`k v;;u vkSj fod`kl\
[ ef.iqjh Hk"k d`h egRoiw.Z fos"rk,
(i) Loj foKkuLofue `ksuhe] Loj] O;atu] la;kstu] Lojd`] O;atu lewg vkSj
bud`k ^knqHkZo vjbld`h lajpuk] Loi rk ^d`kj\
(ii) i foKku Cn Js.h] |krq rk blds` ^d`kj ^R;; vkSj blds` ^d`kj
O;kd`jf.d` Jsf.;kx] la;k] iq:"] d`kjd`] d`k vkSj buds` fofHUu i\ la;kstu
d`h ^f`;k lekl vkSj laf|\
(iii) okD; foU;klCn `e] okD;k ds` ^d`kj] okD;ka vkSj miokD;k d`k xBu\
[M%[
d` ef.iqjh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl vkjafHd` d`k 17o rkCnh rd` lkekftd`
rk lkaLd~`frd` i~BHwfe] fo"; oLrq] d`k;Z d`h Sh rk jhfr\
e; d`k vBkjo rk mUuhlo rkCnh lkekftd` |kfeZd` rk jktuhfrd`
i~BHwfe] fo";oLrq] d`k;Z d`h Sh rk jhfr\
vk|qfud` d`k ^eq[ lkfgfR;d` ik d`k fod`kl-fo";oLrq] jhfr vkSj Sh e
ifjorZu\
[ ef.iqjh ksd` lkfgR;nard`k] ksd` d`k] ksd` xhr] xkk ksd`ksfDr rk igsh\
x ef.iqjh laLd~`fr ds` fofHUu ifgUnwiwoZ ef.iqjh vkLk] fgUnqRo d`k vkxeu
vkSj leUo;okn d`h ^f`;k ^nZu d`k-kbZ gjksok] egkjl] Lonsh [s-lxks
d`kaxtsbZ] [kx d`kaxtsbZ d`kax\

82 ]

^'u-i( II
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ikB; iqLrd`k d`k ew v;;u visfr gS vkSj ^'uk d`k
Loi ,slk gksxk ftlls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk gks lds`\
[M%d`
^kphu rk e;d`khu ef.iqjh lkfgR;
d` ^kphu ef.iqjh lkfgR;
1. vks\ eksxs'oj lg la\
uqfer d`Iik
2. ,e\ xkSjkpan lg la\
ouok fgj.
3. ,u\ [spanz lg la\
ukSxd`kax `Ec d`kck
4. ,e\ panz lg la\
iaks;ch [kx
[ e;d`khu ef.iqjh lkfgR;
1. ,e\ pUnz lg la\
lelksd` xkack
2. vkj\ ds`\ Lusg lg la\
jkek;. vkfn d`kaM
3. ,u\ [spanz lg la\
|uat; kbcw uXck
4. vks\ Hksxs'oj lg la\
panzd`hfrZ ftk paxck
[M%[
vk|qfud` ef.iqjh lkfgR;
d` d`fork rk egkd`kO;
(1) d`fork
d` ef.iqjh sjx ^d`ku ef.iqjh lkfgR; ifj"n 1988 la\
[\ pksck lg
ih nksbZ] Sexh psd`k vkenk ksd`Vd`
Mk\ ,\ d`e lg
futZurk fujc jktuh
,\ ehukds`ru lg
d`ekYnk ukXxe[ksMk
,\ lejsUnz lg
baxkxh ukx eeax sd`kbZ Ec lrs
bZ\ uhd`kar lg
ef.iqj] eaxuck
Jh chjsu
rax[q gqbZ
\ boksfikd`
vukSck axkck ftck
[ d`kUch sjx ^d`ku ef.iqj fo'ofok; 1998 la
Mk\ ,\ d`e lg
fcLok-^se
Jh chjsu
p`nzck sbxh ;su
\ bcksfikd`
ujd` ikrk i~foh
(2) egkd`kO;
1. ,\ nksjsUnz thr lg
d`kalk cks|k
2. ,p\ vaxu? lg
[ack-ksbZch sjx lu-lsuck] sbZ axck]
kew [kxh fopkj

[ 83
(3)

ukVd`
1. ,l\ fr lg
vjsIik ek:i
2. th\ lh\ Vkxczk
eSfV_d` ikl
3. ,\ lejsUnz
tt lkgsc d`h beax
[ miU;kl] d`gkuh rk x
(I) miU;kl
1. Mk\ ,\ d`e lg
ek|ch
2. ,p\ vaxu? lg
tgsjk
3. ,p\ xq.ks lg
keu
4. ikNk ehVsbZ
bE`k vkeklqax] eSxh bx] uqaxlhrd`h f`ce
(II) d`gkuh
d` d`kUch ofjepk ^d`ku ef.iqj fo'ofok; 1997 la\
vkj\ ds`\ hrthr lg
d`ek d`ek
,e\ ds`\ fcuksfnuh
vkbxh knzck ghVi kw
[\ ^d`k
osue kjsZx
[ ifj"n d`h [kaxrck ofjepk ^d`ku ef.iqjh lkfgR; ifj"n 1994 la\
,l\ uhfcj kL(h
ks[kRik
vkj\ ds`\ baxck
d`fjuqaxh
x vukSck ef.iqjh ofjepk ^d`kufn d`Ypj `ksje ef.iqj 1992 la\
,u dqa`teksgu lg
btkr ruck
bZ\ nhuef.
uaxd` [kxukax
(III) x
d` okjxh ld`ksu M;w ikVZ ^d`ku fn d`Ypj `ksje ef.iqj 1992 la\
[\ pkSck lg
[ackksbZfcxh okjh veklqax egkd`kO;
[ d`kaph okjx ^d`ku
ef.iqj fo'ofok; 1998 la\
ch\ ef.lu kL(h
`ktck
p\ ef.gj lg
kbZ-gjkSck
x viquck okjx ^d`ku
ef.iqj fo'ofok; 1986 la\
p\ fid` lg
lekt veklqax laLd~`fr
,e\ ds`\ fcuksfnuh
ksbZfcnq osjksgksbnk
,fjd` U;wVu
d`xh egkslk
vkbZ\ vkj\ ckcw }kjk vuwfnr
? ef.iqjh okjx ^d`ku fn d`Ypj `ksje ef.iqj 1999 la\
,e\ d~`. eksgu lg
ku

84 ]

ejkBh
^'u-i( I
mj ejkBh e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hk"k vkSj ksd` fo|k
d` Hk"k d`k Loi vkSj d`k;Z
ejkBh ds` lanHZ e
Hk"k lads`ru ^.kh ds` i e UxqbZ vkSj ijkS] vk|kjHwr d`k;Z] d`kO;kRed`
Hk"k] ekud` Hk"k rk cksf;k] lkekftd` ^kp ds` vuqlkj Hk"kbZ ifjorZu rsjgo
rk l(go rkCnh e ejkBh d`h Hk"kbZ fos"rk,\
[ ejkBh d`h cksf;k
vfgjk.h] cjgnh] Mkaxh
x ejkBh O;kd`j.
Cn-Hsn ikVZl vk` Lihp] d`kjd` O;oLk ds`l flLVe] ^;ksx fopkj okP;
? ksd` fo|k ds` Loi vkSj ^d`kj
ejkBh ds` fos" lanHZ e
ksd`xhr] ksd`d`k] ksd`ukV;
[M%[
lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl vkSj lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk
d` ejkBh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
1. ^kjaH ls 1818 bZ\ rd`egkuqHko s[d`] ojd`kjh d`fo] iafMr d`fo] kfglZ]
ck[j lkfgR; ds` fos" lanHZ e\
2. 1850 bZ\ ls 1990 rd`d`kO;] d`klkfgR; miU;kl vkSj d`gkuh ukVd` vkSj
^eq[ lkfgR; |kjkvk ds` fos" lanHZ e rk jksekafVd`] ;kZoknh]
vk|qfud`rkoknh] nfr] xzkeh. vkSj ukjhoknh vkanksuk ds` fod`kl ds` fos"
lanHZ e\
[ lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk%
1. lkfgR; d`k Loi vkSj d`k;Z
2. lkfgR; d`k ewY;kad`u
3. vkkspuk d`k Loi] ^;kstu vkSj ^f`;k
4. lkfgR;] laLd~`fr vkSj lekt
^'u-i( II
mj ejkBh e f[us gkxs
fu|kZfjr lkfgfR;d` jpukvk d`k ew ikB fo";d` v;;u
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB; iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visfr gksxk vkSj ble
v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`ks tkpus oks ^'u iwNs tk,axs\

[ 85

[M%d`
x
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Le~fr L
egkRek : tksfrck w`ssrd`kfj;kpk vklqn lkoZtfud` lR;|eZ
,l\ oh\ ds`rd`jczk. d`U;k
ih\ ds`\ v(skLVkax ueLd`kj
jPpan eqfDr cks|tkuk gs ckskrq tss
mnHo SYds`hu
ckcw jko ckxqtsOgk eh tkr pksjh gksrh
xkSjh nsikaMs,ds`d` iku xkkO;k
ihvkbZ lksud`kEcsvkBouhUps ih
[M%[

(1)

ukensokUph vHaxok.h
lEiknd`bukenkj] jssd`j] fejktd`j] ekWMZu cqd` fMiks] iq.s
isUtku
lEiknd`,e\ ,u\ vnoUr] lkfgR; ^lkn ds`Unz] ukxiqj
ne;UrhLo;aoj
}kjkj?quk iafMr
ckd`oph d`fork
}kjkckd`fo
fok[k
}kjkdq`lqekxzt
e~nxa|
}kjkfoUnk d`jUnhd`j
tkfgjukek
}kjkukjk;. lqosZ
la;k d`kps d`fork
}kjkxzsl
;k lsr tho jekr ukgh
}kjkukenso <lk

d`kO;
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

usikh
^'u-i( I
mj usikh e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
1. ubZ Hkjrh; vk;Z Hk"k ds` i e usikh Hk"k ds` mnHo vkSj fod`kl d`k bfrgkl\

86 ]
2.

3.
4.

usikh O;kd`j. vkSj Lofue foKku ds` ew fl*kar

(i) laKk i vkSj d`ksfV;kx] opu] d`kjd`] fos".] loZuke]
(ii) f`;k i vkSj d`ksfV;k d`k] i] okP;] |krq] ^R;;\
(iii) usikh Loj vkSj O;atu\

vO;;

usikh Hk"k d`h ^eq[ cksf;k\

Hk"k vkanksu tSls gUr cfgd`kj] >kjksokn vkfn ds` fos" lanHZ e usikh d`k
ekud`hd`j. rk vk|qfud`hd`j.\
5. Hkjr e usikh Hk"k d`k f.-lkekftd`-lkaLd~`frd` ik ds` fos" lanHZ e bld`k
bfrgkl vkSj fod`kl\
[M%[
1. Hkjr e fod`kl ds` fos" lanHZ e usikh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl\
2. lkfgR; d`h ew vo|kj.k, rk fl*kard`kO;/lkfgR;] d`kO; ^;kstu lkfgfR;d`
fo|k,] Cn fDr] jl] vad`kj] (klnh] d`kenh] lkn;ZkL(] Sh-foKku\
3. ^eq[ lkfgfR;d` ^o~f;k rk vkUnksu LoPNarkokn] ;kZokn] vfLrRookn]
vk;kfed` vkUnksu] led`khu usikh s[u] mjvk|qfud`rkokn\
4. usikh ksd` lkfgR; ds`o fuEuff[r ksd` Loi lokbZ] >kO;ksjh] lsks]
lafxuh] gkjh\
^'u-i( II
mj usikh e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB;-iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visfr gksxk vkSj bld`k
^ki bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk;sxk ftlls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk
gks lds`\
[M%d`
1. lkark KkfUM nkl # mn; gjh
2. s[uk iksM;k # r:. rkilh
ds`o III, V, VI, XII, XV, XVIII foJke
3. vkxe lg fxfj # tksd`ks ^frfcEc # jks;d`ks ^frofu
ds`o fuEuff[r d`fork, ^lkod`k] fpP;kgrlax C;w>sd`ks ,d` jkr] NksjksbZ]
tksd`ks ^frfcEcjks;d`ks ^frofu] gejks vkd`ke.h] ikuh gqUNk mT;kks] frgkj\
4. gfjHDr d`Vok # ;ks ftUnxh [kbZ ds` ftUnxh
ds`o fuEuff[r d`fork, thou ,d` n~fV ;ks ftUnxh [kbZ ds` ftUnxh]
vkd`k rkjk ds` rkjk] gfekbZ fuj|ks ukle>k] [kbZ eU;krk ;kgka] vkReknqfrd`ks
cfnku d`ks\
5. ckd~`.lkek # ^gkn
6. eucgknqj eqf[;k # v;kjksek ckapusgk
ds`o fuEuff[r ,d`kad`hv;kjksek ckapusgk] lqLds`jk

[ 87

[M%[
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

banz lqUnkl # lgkjk

fcgknqj Ns(h # cziq( d`ks NsNk
i ukjk;. flUgk # d`k uojRu
ds`o fuEuff[r d`gkfu;k fcVsd`k dq`jk] ftEesokjh d`kLd`ks] |uekfrd`ks flusek
LoIu] fooLr thou\
banzcgknqj jkW; # foiuk d`fVi;k
ds`o fuEuff[r d`gkfu;k jkrHjh gqfj p;ks] t;e;k vq`e( s[ek.h
vbZiqx] Hkxh] ?ks" ckcw] NqVekb;ks\
lkuw kek # d`k lain
ds`o fuEuff[r d`gkfu;k LokLuh ekaNs [kuh rjek ,d`fnu q`jcks xkSu NkM;k]
vflukd`ks ekaNs\
{eh ^lkn nsod`ksVk # {eh fuca| laxzg
ds`o fuEuff[r fuca| Jh x.sk; ue#] usikh lkfgR; d`ks bfrgklek]
loZJsB iq:"] d`Yiuk] d`k jk thou] x|k cqf*eku d`h xq: =
jked~`.ekZ # nklxksj[k
ds`o fuEuff[r fuca|] d`fo] lekt jk lkfgR;] lkfgR; ek lisrk] lkfgfR;d`
:fp d`ks ^kS<rk] usikh lkfgR; d`ks ^xfr\

mfM;k
^'u-i( I
mj mfM;k e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
mfM;k Hk"k d`k bfrgkl
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)

mfM;k Hk"k d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl] mfM;k Hk"k ij vkWfLV_d`] nzkfoM] `kjlhvjch rk vaxzsth d`k ^Hko\
Lofud`h rk Lofue foKkuLoj] O;atu] mfM;k] ofu;k e ifjorZu ds` fl*kar\
i foKku fie fuckZ|] ifjc*] lekl vkSj lfEeJ] O;qRifijd` rk
foHfDr ^|ku ^R;;] d`kjd` foHfDr] f`;k la;kstu\
okD; jpukokD;k ds` ^d`kj vkSj mud`k ikUrj.] okD;k d`h lajpuk\
CnkZ foKkuCnkZ] fVksfDr e ifjorZu ds` fofHUu ^d`kj\
orZuh] O;kd`jf.d` ^;ksx rk okD;k d`h lajpuk e lkekU; vqf*;k\
mfM;k Hk"k e s(h; fHUurk, if'peh] nf.h vkSj mjh mfM;k rk cksf;k
Hk(h vkSj nsfl;k\

88 ]

[M%[
mfM;k lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
(i) fofHUu d`kk e mfM;k lkfgR; d`h ,sfrgkfld` i~BHwfe lkekftd`] lkaLd~`frd` rk
jktuSfrd`\
(ii) ^kphu egkd`kO;] vad~`r d`kO; rk inkof;k\
(iii) mfM;k lkfgR; d`k fofV lajpukRed` Loi d`ksbh] pkSfrlk] iksbZ] pkSinh] pEiw
(iv) d`kV;] ukVd`] d`gkuh] miU;kl] fucU| rk lkfgfR;d` lekkspuk d`h vk|qfud`
^o~f;k\
^'u-i( II
mj mfM;k e f[us gkxs
ikB; iqLrd`k d`k vkkspukRed` v;;u
bl ^'u-i( e ew ikB; iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visfr gksxk rk v;hZ d`h
vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk h tk,xh\
[M%d`
d`kO;
^kphu
1. ljk nkl # kafr ioZ egkHkjr ls
2. txuk nkl # Hkxor] X;kgjok Lda`| tknw vo?wr laokn
e;d`khu
3. nhukd~`. nkl # jk[ d`Yks 16 rk 34 Nan
4. misUnz Hkatk # ko;orh1 rk 2 Nan
vk|qfud`
5. jk|kuk jk; # panzHkxk
6. ek;k?j ekulg # thou-fprk
7. lfpnkuan jkmrjk; # d`fork1962
8. jekd`kar j # lIre )`rq
[M%[
ukVd`
19. euksjatunkl # d`kB ?ksMk
10. fot; feJk # rkrk fujatu
miU;kl
11. `d`hj eksgu lsukifr # Neuk vxqU
12. xksuhuk eksgUrh # nkukikuh
d`gkuh
13. lqjsUnz eksgUrh # ejkjk e~R;q
14. eukst nkl # {eh vfHlkj
fuca|
15. fpjatu nkl # rjax-vks-rkf*r ^e ikp fuca|
16. panz s[j j # eu lR;|eZ d`kgwNh ^e ikp fuca|

[ 89

ikh
^'u-i( I
ikh Hk"k
d~`i;k ;ku n lHh ^'uk ds` mj ikh Hk"k e nsoukxjh vok jkseu ffi e
f[us gkxs\
[M%d`
1. ikh d`k mnHo vkSj mnxe-L rk bld`h fos"rk,\
2. ikh O;kd`j.(i) ikh O;kd`j. d`h ikfjHkf"d` Cnkoh vD[j] lj] O;atu]
fuXxfgr] uke] lOcuke] vk;kr] milXx] fuikr] vO;;\ (ii) d`kjd`]
(iii) lekl] (iv) laf|] (v) rf*r viPp cks|d` vkSj vf|d`kjcks|d`-iPp;\
(vi)`fuEuff[r Cnk ds` O;qRifew # cq*k] fHD[q] lkeusjks lRik] ?Eek] rk;]
iqfjlkue rqEgs vEgseh] eqfuuk] jhlq `k;] vVBhl] jUue] la|ks\
3. ikh ls vaxzsth e nks vuns[s m*j.k d`k vuqokn\
[M%[
4. fuEuff[r fo";k e ls fd`lh ,d` ij 300 Cnk d`k fucU|
d` Hxokcq*ks
[ frD[.e
x vfj;ks vBafxd`ks eXxks
? pkfj vfj;lPpkfu
d`Eeoknks
p ifrPpleqIiknks
N fuCckue ijee lq[e
t frfiVd`e
> |Eeine
k efT>ek-ifrink
5. ikh mnnj.k d`k lkj\
6. ikh d`kO; d`h ikh Hk"k e O;k;k\
7. fuEuff[r vfcd`kjh vO;; ,oa fuikr d`k vZ vkSj v;hZ }kjk ikh okD;k e
mud`k ^;ksx
(1) v] (2) vUrjk] (3) vn?k] (4) d`nk] (5) fd`kork] (6) vghje]
(7) fnok] (8) ;k] (9) ps] (10) ls;;kHhne] (11) fcuk] (12) dq`nkpue]
(13) lf*e] (14) varjsu] (15) [ks] (16) ek] (17) ,oe] (18) ,r] (19) fd`j]
(20) iu\
^'u-i( II

ikh lkfgR;
ble nks ^'u vfuok;Z gkxs ftuds` mj ikh Hk"k e nsoukxjh vok jkseu ffi
e f[us gkxs\ s" ^'uk ds` mj ;k rks ikh vok mEehnokj }kjk pqus gq, ijh{kk
ek;e e f[us gkxs\

90 ]

[M%d`
(i) ikh Aksrk ls cq* d`k thou o~ vkSj mins\
(ii) fuEuff[r iqLrd`k vkSj s[d`k ds` lanHZ e ikh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl-^kekf.d` vkSj
v^kekf.d`
egkoXx] pqYoXx] ikfreksD[] nh?-fud`k;] |Eein] tkrd`] sjxkk] sjhxkk]
nhioa] egkoa] nBoa] kluoa] fefUnig] isVd`ksiMsl] usfVVIid`j.] cqnn]
cq*?ksl vkSj |Eeik\
[M%[
1.

fuEuff[r fu|kZfjr ikBk e ls ew ikB fo";d` ^'u] vkkspukRed` fVIif.;k

rk lfVIi. vuqokn laca|h ^'u iwNs tk,axs
(i)
nh?%fud`k; ds`o lkeUu`%lq
(ii) lq-fuikr ds`o [Xx folf.%lq vkSj ?fu;%lq
(iii) |Eein ds`o igs ikp oXx
(iv) fenig ds`o [.-ig
(v) egkoa ds`o r~rh; laxhfr
(vi) vfH|Ee iR%la? igk] nwljk vkSj NBk ikB
(vii) ikh Nanfo|ku-cqksn;-vuqVBqe] banoftjk] misUnoftjk] clar frd`k]
ekfuh] fl[kfj.h] mitkfr] rksVd`] nks|d`] oalVB\
(viii) ikh va d `kj fo|ku lq c ks | ka d `kj-;ed`] vuIikl id`] miek]
vfrl;qf] O;frjsd`] funLluk] vRarjU;kl] nhid`] fnVBar\
2. fu|kZfjr ikBk e ls ckS* nZu ij lafIr fVIif.;k\
3. fu|kZfjr ikBk e ls ikh d`kO; d`h O;k;k\

`kjlh
^'u-i( I
ble nks ^'uk d`k mj `kjlh e nsuk gksxk\ s" ^'uk ds` mj ;k rks `kjlh e
vok mEehnokj }kjk ijhk ds` f, pqus x, Hk"k ek;e e fn, tkus pkfg,\
[M%d`
1. d` `kjlh Hk"k ds` mnHo vkSj fod`kl d`k o.Zu\
bld`k mj `kjlh e nsuk gksxk
[ vuq^;qDr O;kd`j.] vad`kj] NankL(] ^k;# ^;qDr gksus oks eqgkojs vkSj
ksd`ksfDr;k\
(I) O;kd`j. bLe vkSj mlds` ^d`kj] tehj-,-eqkfl vkSj equd`kfl]
eqjkd`kch-rkSfl`h] eqjkDc-,-btk`h] bLeh-bkjk] eqku bZkbg] s`
vkSj blds` ^d`kj] d`k] xjnku ] ,d`opu vkSj cgqopu] tqEs vkSj
muds` ^d`kj\

[ 91
(II)

vad`kj fo|kurtuhl] bf'rd`kd`] qtqe-ek-k-;ktqe] l;kd` rq

vknkn] d`Yc] rkjlh] bfLrvkjk] ekjkrqu ukthj] `-vks uJ] bgke]
gqLu-,-rkh] rktkgqh-vkjs`kusg] rehg] rulhDl flr\
(III) Nanfo|kuckgjh-eqtkjk] jke] eqrkd`kd`jhc] rkfo] gtkt] d`kfe\
[M%[
1. `kjlh e lafIr fuca|250 Cnk e bld`k mj `kjlh e nsuk gksxk
2. bZjku vkSj Hkjr e `kjlh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk vkSj
ShDkfld`h vkSj vk|qfud` lkfgR; d`h ^o~f;klkekftd`-lkaLd~`frd` ^Hko] ukVd`]
miU;kl] d`gkuh lfgr vk|qfud` lkfgfR;d` fo|kvk d`k fod`kl\

^'u-i( II
nks vfuok;Z ^'u gkxs%tks x vkSj i ds` ew ikBk ls ,d`-,d` gkxs ftuds` mj
`kjlh e nsus gkxs\ s" ^'uk ds` mj ;k rks `kjlh e nsus gkxs vok mEehnokj }kjk
ijhk ds` f, pqus x, Hk"k ek;e e nsus gkxs\
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB;`ek d`k v;;u visfr gksxk vkSj ble ,sls
^'u iwNs tk,axs ftlls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` erk d`h ijhk gks lds`\
[M%d`
x
1. futkeh vkth lej da`nh pgkj ed`kk
(i) nkchjh
(ii) k;jh
2. d`kcql/ch] o'exhjd`kcqlukek
(i) nkj fukr-,-gd`-,-ihnkj-ok-eknj
(ii) nkj foh tqLrku vt lq[kunkuh
(iii) nkj rkfc bYeh ok `d`hg ok q`d`kgk
3. knh hjkthxqfLrka
(i) nkj rkhj-,-lqgcr
4. eks\ vo`htkokfe;q fgd`k;r
(i) igh nl fgnk;r
5. ft;kmnnhu cuhZrkjh[-,-f`jkstkgh
(i) oklkok-,-lqYrku ccu os `jtan-,-cqtqxZ
6. vcq `tvkbZu-,-vd`cjh
(i) vkbZu-[thuk-,-vkcknh
(ii) vkbZu-,-fcLrku-,-bd`ck
(iii) vkbZu-,-eaft nkj ;qjhgk
(iv) vkbZu-,-fpjkx vk`jksth

92 ]
7.

8.

lkfnd`-,-fgnk;r
(i) n vdq`
(ii) fxjnkc
eks\ fgtkth
(i) [qndq`h
(ii) ists'd`-,-p'e
[M%[

d`kO;
1.

f`jnkSlhkgukek
(i) Lre`-vks-lksgjkc
2. [;ke Lckb;ka
jnh` vh` vkSj cs
3. knh fjkthcqLru
nkj vn-vks-rnchj-vks-jkbZ
4. vehj [qljkseteqvk-,-nhoku-,-[qljks
jnh` nk
5. ekSkuk eeuoh eukoh
nrj nqOoe d`k ^e Hkx
6. gkf`t
jnh`] vh` vkSj nk
7. m`hZ fjkthd`klka;n
(i) bd`ck-,-d`je fexktn vjckch-fgekejk\
(ii) gj lqrk tkus fd` ck d`'ehj nkj vkcn\
(iii) ckg-,-bZn ds` nkj rd`;k xkg-,-ukt-vks ubZe\
8. xkfc xtf;kr jnh` vh`
9. cgkj egnh
(i) tqxgn-,-tax
(ii) qdq`r-,-kc
(iii) nekokufn;s
(iv) nq[rj-,-cljk
10. q`x-,-`k[Ztkn
(i) nkj cjkcj-,-[qnk
(ii) fno-,-kc
11. fuek;qft
(i) D;w
(ii) [kj-d`u
fVIi.hx vkSj i ds` ikBk d`h O;k;k `kjlh e d`juk vfuok;Z gS\

[ 93

iatkch
^'u-i( I
d`
[
x

d`

mj iatkch e xq:eq[h ffid e f[us gkxs

[M%d`
iatkch Hk"k d`k mnHo fod`kl ds` fofHUu pj. vkSj iatkch Hk"k e uwru
fod`kliatkch Loj foKku d`h fos"rk, rk bld`h rkuk d`k v;;uLoj ,oa
O;atu d`k oxhZd`j.\
iatkch i foKku opu-x ^.kh ltho ,oa vltho milxZ] ^R;; ,oa
ijlxks d`h fofHUu d`ksfV;k\ iatkch Cn-jpukrRle] rnHo iokD; foU;kl]
iatkch e d`rkZ ,oa d`eZ d`k vfH^k; laKk ,oa f`;k inca|\
Hk"k ,oa cksh cksh ,oa O;fDr d`k vfH^k; iatkch d`h ^eq[ cksf;k
iksksgkjh] ek>h] nksvkch] ekoh] iqvkf|lkekftd` Lrjhd`j. ds` vk|kj ij okd`
ifjorZu d`h fof|ekU;rk] rkuk ds` fos" lanHZ e fofHUu cksf;k ds` fofV
.\ Hk"k ,oa ffixqjeq[h d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl iatkch ds` f, xqjeq[h
d`h mi;qDrrk\
kL(h; i~BHwfeuk tksxh lfgr\
e;d`khu lkfgR;xqjer] lw`h] fd`Llk ,oa okj] tuelkf[;k\
[M%[
vk|qfud` ^o~f;k
jgL;oknh] LoPNarkoknh] ^xfroknh ,oa uo-jgL;oknh
ohj lg] iwj. lg] eksgu lg] ve~rk ^hre] ckck
coUr] ^hre lg] l`hj] ts\ ,l\ usd`h
^;ksxoknh tlohj lg vgwokf;k] jfoUnj jfo]
vtk;c d`ek
lkn;Zoknh gjHtu lg] rkjk lg
uo-^xfroknh ik] txrkj] ikrj\
ksd` lkfgR;
ksd` xhr] ksd` d`k,] igsf;k] d`gkor\
egkd`kO;] lkfgR;
ohj lg] vorkj lg vktkn] eksgu lg
xhfrd`kO;
xq:] lw`h vkSj vk|qfud` xhfrd`kj eksgu lg] ve~rk
^hre] fodq`ekj] gjHtu lg\
ukVd`
vkbZ\lh\ uank] gjpj. lg] coar xkxhZ] ,l\ ,l\
ls[k] pj. nkl fl*w\
miU;kl
ohj lg] ukud` lg] tloar lg da`o] d`jrkj lg
nqXx] lq[chj] xqjn;k lg] nhi d`kSj fVok.k] Lo.Z
panu\
d`gkuh
lqtku lg] ds`\ ,l\ fodZ`] ^se ^d`k] oj;ke lU|w\
lkekftd`-lkaLd~`frd`
vkSj lkfgR; ^Hko # laLd~`r] `kjlh vkSj if'peh\

94 ]

fuca| #
lkfgR; vkkspuk #

iwj. lg] rstk lg] xqjc lg\

,l\ ,l\ s[k] vrj lg] fd`u lg] gjHtu lg]
ute gqlSu lS;n\

^'u-i( II
mj iatkch e xq:eq[h ffi e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB; iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visfr gksxk vkSj bld`k
^ki bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk,xk ftlls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk
gks lds`\
[M%d`
d` s[ `jhn
vkfn xza e lfEefr lEiw.Z ok.h\
[ xq: ukud`
ti th] okjkekg] vklk nh okj\
x cqYs kg
d`kf`;ka
? okfjlkg
ghj
[M%[
d` kg eksgEen
taxukek tax l?ku rs f`jafx;ku
|uh jke pkf(d` d`fo
panu okjh] lw`h [kuk] uokatgka
[ ukud` lg miU;kld`kj
fpVVk gw] ifoj ikih] ,d` e;ku nks rokjka
x xq:c lg fuca|d`kj
ftUnxh nh jkl] uoka fokk] esfj;ka vHw ;knka
cjkt lkguh ;k(k-fooj. esjk lh l`jukek] esjk ikfd`Lrkuh l`jukek
? coar xkxhZ ukVd`d`kj
ksgk dq`VV] |wuh nh vXx] lqYrku jft;k
lar lg ls[k vkkspd`
lkfgR;kZ] ^fl* iatkch d`fo iatkch d`kc fjksef.

lh
^'u-i( I
lh ls vaxzsth vuqokn ds` ^'u d`ks NksMd`j mj lh e f[us gkxs

Hk"k rk laLd~`fr
[M%d`
I. vk|qfud` "h Hk"kofu foKku] i foKku] okD; foKku] d`ks foKku] d`ks
jpuk vkSj vZ foKku] Hk"k foKku\
II. lh ls vaxzsth e rk vaxzsth ls lh Hk"k e vuqokn\
[M%[
I. lh la? d`k lkekftd`-jktuSfrd` rk vkfZd` fod`kl
lu 1812 d`k nsHfDriw.Z ;q*] vDVwcj `kafr] isjsl(ksbd`k vkSj XsluksLRl]
;w\,l\,l\vkj\ d`k fo?Vu] lh la? d`h s(h; vkSj lkaLd~`frd` fHUurk,\
lkekU; fo";k d`k fucU|

[ 95

^'u-i( II
mj lh e f[us gkxs

lkfgR;
[M%d`
lkfgfR;d` bfrgkl rk lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk lkfgfR;d` vkUnksu] Hkoqd`rkokn]
jksekalokn] ^d~`frokn] ;kZokn] vkkspukRed`] ;kZokn] lektokn] ijkd`kBkokn]
^rhd`okn] Hfo;okn] lkfgfR;d` fo|kvk d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl] ksd` lkfgR;] xhr
vkSj d`fork, ,\ ,l\ iqf'd`u] ,e\ ;w\ jeksUrkso] vsDtMj Okd`] btzsfuu] oh
ek;d`ksoLd`h] vUuk vekrksok\ egkxkk,\ ,u\ VkLVk;] ,e\ ksks[kso\ d`gkuh]
miU;kfld`k] miU;kl-iqf'd`u] jeksUrkso] ,u\ oh\ xksxks] ,l\ 'psfUnzu] vkbZ\
xksUpkjkso] vkbZ\ rthZuso] ,`\ ,e\ nksLrksoLd`h] ,\ ,u\ VkLVk;] ,\ ih\ ps[kso] ,e]
xksd`hZ] ,e\ ksks[kso] vkbZ\ cqfuu] bZ\ tsfe;kfru] cksfjl ikLrsjud`d`] ,\ lksY>sfuRlhu]
,e\ cqYxkd`kso] pxht vkewRekrkso] osUrhu jL;wrhu] oh\ qfDu\ vkkspuk
csfULd`h] nksczksY;wckso] psuhZsOLd`h] filkjso\
ukVd`ps[kso] xksxks\ lkekftd`-jktuSfrd` vkUnksuk d`k lkfgR; ij ^Hko\
[M[
bl [M e fu|kZfjr ew ikB;iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visfr gksxk vkSj bld`k ^ki
bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk,xk\ ftlls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk gks
lds`\
1. ,\ ,l\ iqf'd`u
bUthfu vksfuftu
2. ,e\ ;w\ jeksUrkso
ghjks vkW` ikoj VkbEl
3. ,u\ oh\ xksxks
jsfotksj
4. vkbZ\ ,l\ rftZuso
`knlZ ,aM lal
5. ,`\ ,e\ nksLrksOLd`h
`kbe ,aM ifueV
6. ,\ ,u\ VkLVk;
1. okj ,aM ihl
2. jstjsDu
7. ,\ ih\ ps[kso
1. rksLd`k
2. LeVZ fpuksofOud`k
3. d`ehf;u
8. ,\ ,e\ xksd`hZ
enj
9. ,\ CkWd`
fn VosYo
10. ch\ ch\ ek;d`ksOLd`h
1. DkmM-bu iVl
2. xqM
11. ,e\ ksks[kso
s`V vkW` , eSu
12. ch\ ikLrsjukd`
MkWDVj ftokxks
13. lksY>s fuRlhu
ou Ms bu fn kb` vkW` bZoku nkfulksfop

96 ]
14.
15.
16.

oh\ jLiwrhu
pxht vkbRekrkso
oh\ qfDu

f>oh vkbZ iksEuh

cSh iksjks[ksn
qfnd`

laLd~`r
^'u-i( I
rhu ^'uk tSlk fd` iz'u-i( e funsZfr gksxk ds` mj laL`r e fn, tkus pkfg,\
s" ^'uk ds` mj ;k rks laL`r e vok mEehnokj }kjk ijhk ds` f, pqus x, Hk"k
ek;e e fn, tkus pkfg,\
[M%d`
1. laKk] laf|] d`kjd`] lekl] d`rZfj vkSj d`eZ.h okP; okP; ^;ksx ij fos" c
nsrs gq, O;kd`j. d`h ^eq[ fos"rk,\
2. d` oSfnd` laLd~`r Hk"k d`h eq; fos"rk,\
[ kL(h; laLd~`r Hk"k ds` ^eq[ .\
x Hk"k oSKkfud` v;;u e laLd~`r d`k ;ksxnku\
3. lkekU; Kku
d` laLd~`r d`k lkfgfR;d` bfrgkl\
[ lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk d`h ^eq[ ^o~f;k\
x jkek;.
? egkHkjr
lkfgR; fo|kvk d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl\
egkd`kO;
id` ukVd`
d`k
vk;kf;d`k
pEiw
[aM d`kO;
eqDrd` d`kO;
[M%[
4. Hkjrh; laLd~`fr d`k lkj] fuEuff[r d`k c nsrs gq,
d` iq:"kZ
[ laLd`kj
x o.kZJe O;oLk
? d`k vkSj fr d`k
rd`uhd`h foKku
5. Hkjrh; nZu d`h ^o~f;k%
d` ehekalk

[ 97

[ osnkar
x U;k;
? oSsf"d`
lka;
p ;ksx
N cq*
t tSu
> pkokZd`
6. laLd~`r e lafIr fuca|\
7. vuns[k ikBka vkSj ^'u bld`k mj laLd~`r e nsuk gksxk\
^'u-i( II
oxZ 4 ls ^'u d`k mj ds`o laL`r e nsuk gksxk\ oxZ 1, 2 vkSj 3 ds` ^'uk ds`
mj ;k rks laL`r e vok mEehnokj }kjk pqus x, Hk"k ek;e e nsus gkxs\
[M%d`
fuEuff[r leqPp;k d`k lkekU; v;;u
oxZ1
d` j?qoaed`kfnkl
[ dq`ekjlaHoed`kfnkl
x fd`jkrktqZuh;eHkjfo
? fqiko|eek?
uS"| pfjreJhg"Z
p d`knEcjhck.HVV
N ndq`ekj pfjrenaMh
t fojkT;ksn;e,l\ ch\ okjusd`j
oxZ2
d` bZ'kokL;ksifu"n
[ Hxonxhrk
x okYehfd` jkek;. d`k lqanjd`kaM
? d`kSfVY; d`k vZkL(
oxZ3
d` LoIuokloneHkl
[ vfHKku kdq`Ured`kfnkl
x e~PNd`fVd`ewnzd`
? eqnzkjklefok[n
mjjkepfjreHoHwfr

98 ]

p jRukohJhg"Zo|Zu
N os.hlagkje HVVukjk;.
oxZ4
fuEuff[r ij laLd~`r e lafIr fVIif.;k f[
d` es?nwred`kfnkl
[ uhfrrd`eHr~Zgfj
x iapra(
? jktrjafx.hd`Yg.
g"Zpfjreck.H
p ved`rd`e ved`
` N xhrxksonet;nso
[M%[
bl [M e fuEuff[r ikB; iqLrd`k d`k i<uk visfr gksxk #
oxZ 1 vkSj 2 ls ^'uk ds` mj ds`o laL`r e nsus gkxs\ oxZ 3 ,oa 4 ds` ^'uk ds`
mj laL`r e vok mEehnokj }kjk pqus x, Hk"k ek;e e nsus gkxs\
oxZ1
d` j?qoae%lxZ 1] 'ksd` 1 ls 10
[ dq`ekjlaHoe%lxZ 1] 'ksd` 1 ls 10
x fd`jkrktqZuh;e%lxZ 1] 'ksd` 1 ls 10
oxZ2
d` bZ'kokL;ksifu"n 'ksd` 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 15 vkSj 18
[ Hxorxhrk v;k;II'ksd` 13 ls 25
x okYehfd` d`k lqanjd`kaM lxZ 15] 'ksd` 15 ls 30
xhrk ^sl laLd`j.
oxZ 1 vkSj 2 ls ^'uk ds` mj ds`o laLd~`r e nsus gkxs\
oxZ3
d` es?nwre 'ksd` 1 ls 10
[ uhfrrd`e 'ksd` 1 ls 10
Mh\ Mh\ d`kSlkEch }kjk lEikfnr] Hkjrh; fok Hou ^d`ku
x d`knEcjh-qd`uklksins ds`o
oxZ4
d` Loiuoklone%vad` VI
[ vfHKku kdq`Ure%vad` IV 'ksd` 15 ls 30
,e\ vkj\ d`ks laLd`j.
x mjjkepfjre%vad` 1] 'ksd` 31 ls 47
,e\ vkj\ d`ks laLd`j.

[ 99

flU|h
^'u-i( I
flU|h vjch vok nsoukxjh ffi e f[us gkx]s
[M%d`
flU|h Hk"k d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl%fofHUu fo}kuk ds` er\
Loj foKku] vkd~`fr foKku ,oa okD; foU;kl ds` lk flU|h Hk"k ds` laca|
lfgr flU|h d`h egRoiw.Z Hk"k oSKkfud` fos"rk,\
flU|h Hk"k d`h ^eq[ cksf;k\
foHktu ds` igs vkSj foHktu ds` ckn d`h vof|;k e flU|h Cnkoh vkSj
muds` fod`kl ds` ckn vU; Hk"kvk vkSj lkekftd` fLfr;k ds` izHko ds`
prs Hkjr e flU|h Hk"k d`h lajpuk e ifjorZu\
[M%[
[mj

1.

d`
[
x
?

2.

fofHUu ;qxk ds` lkekftd`-lkaLd~`frd` lanHZ e flU|h-lkfgR;

d` ksd` lkfgR; lesr lu 1350 bZ\ rd` d`k ^kjafHd` e;d`khu lkfgR;\
[ lu 1350 bZ\ ls 1850 bZ\ rd` d`k ijorhZ e;d`khu lkfgR;\
x lu 1850 bZ\ ls 1947 bZ\ rd` d`k iqutkZxj. d`k\
? vk|qfud` d`k lu 1947 bZ\ ls vkxs\
vk|qfud` flU|h lkfgR; d`h lkfgfR;d` fo|k, vkSj d`fork] ukVd`] miU;kl]
d`gkuh] fucU|] lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk] thouh] vkRed`k] laLej. vkSj ;k(k
fooj.k e ^;ksx
^'u-i( II
[mj flU|h vjch vok nsoukxjh ffi e f[us gkx]s
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB; iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visfr gksxk vkSj bld`k
^ki bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk,xk ftlls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk
gks lds`\
[M%d`
bl [aM e ikB; iqLrd`k d`h l^lax O;k;k, vkSj vkkspukRed` fo's". gkxs\
(1) d`kO;
d` kg tks pwM k;j] laiknd` # ,p\ vkbZ\ lnjku^.h lkfgR; vd`kneh
}kjk ^d`kfr ^e lkS i~B\
[ lkp tks pwM d`ke] lEiknd` # d`Y;k. ch\ vMok.h lkfgR; vd`kneh
}kjk ^d`kfr flZ` d`kfil\
x lkeh-,-tk pan 'ksd`] lEiknd` # ch\ ,p\ ukxjk.h lkfgR; vd`kneh
}kjk ^d`kfr ^e lkS i~B\
? k;j-,-csokl fd`fupan csokl flZ` lkeqUMh fliqu Hkx\

100 ]

jkSu Naojks ukjk;. ';ke\

p fojgaxs [kuiksbZ th flU|h k;h th pwM laiknu # ,p\ vkbZ\
lnjkux.h lkfgR; vd`kneh }kjk ^d`kfr\
(2) ukVd`
d` csgrjhu flU|h ukVd` ,d`kad`h ,e\ ;k }kjk laikfnr xqtjkr flU|h
vd`kneh }kjk ^d`kfr\
d`kd`ks d`kwe iw.kZof| ukVd` # enu tqek.h\
[M%[
bl [aM e ikB; iqLrd`k d`h l^lax O;k;k, vkSj vkkspukRed` fo's". gkxs
d` ik[hvjk okkj [ku foNM;k miU;kl xksfoUn ekYgh\
[ lr nhUg. miU;kl # d~`fu lrok.h\
x pwM flU|h d`gkfu;k d`gkfu;k Hkx-III laiknd` # ^se ^d`k lkfgR; vd`kneh
}kjk ^d`kfr\
? ca|u d`gkfu;k lqUnjh mepankuh\
csgrjhu flU|h etewu fucU| laiknd` # ghjks Bkdq`j] xqtjkr flU|h vd`kneh
}kjk ^d`kfr\
p flU|h rud`hn vkkspuk laiknd` # oklokuh lkfgR; vd`kneh }kjk
^d`kfr\
N eqeghuth g;krh-,-tk-lksuk ik od`kZ vkRed`k iksikVh ghjkuankuh\
t Mk\ pksbze fxMokuh thouh # fo.q ekZ\

rfe
^'u-i( I
mj rfe e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hkx-1 # rfe Hk"k d`k bfrgkl #
^eq[ Hkjrh; Hk"k ifjokj%Hkjrh; Hk"kvk e] fos"d`j nzfoM ifjokj e rfe
d`k Lku-nzfoM Hk"kvk d`h la;k rk s( foLrkj\
laxe lkfgR; d`h Hk"k-e;d`khu rfe # iYo ;qx d`h Hk"k ds` lanHZ-laKk]
f`;k] fos". rk f`;k fos". d`k ,sfrgkfld` v;;u-rfe e d`k lwpd` ^R;;
rk d`kjd` fp\
rfe Hk"k e vU; Hk"kvk ls Cn xzg.-s(h; rk lkekftd` cksf;k-rfe e
s[u d`h Hk"k vkSj ckspk d`h Hk"k e vUrj\
Hkx-2 # rfe lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl #
rksd`kfIi;e-laxe lkfgR;-vd`e vkSj iqje d`h d`kO; fo|k,a%
laxe lkfgR; d`h iafujis fos"rk,a%uhfrijd` lkfgR; d`k fod`kl # flIifnd`kje
vkSj ef.es[\

[ 101

Hkx-3 # HfDr lkfgR; #

vkokj vkSj uk;ukj%vkokjk ds` lkfgR; e l[h Hko czkbM fefLVflTeNqViqV lkfgfR;d` fo|k,a rwVVq] mk] ijf.] dq`joaft\
vk|qfud` rfe lkfgR; ds` fod`kl ds` lkekftd` d`kjd` # miU;kl] d`gkuh vkSj
vk|qfud` d`fork-vk|qfud` s[u ij fofHUu jktuhfrd` fopkj|kjkvk d`k ^Hko\
[M%[
Hkx-1 # rfe ds` v;;u e ubZ ^o~f;k #
lekkspuk ds` mikxe # lkekftd`] euksoSKkfud`] ,sfrgkfld` rk uSfrd`-lekkspuk
d`k ^;ksx-lkfgR; ds` fofo| miknku # mYqjS .] bjSfPp] rks.ee fed`]
vksRrqoxe d`k id`] vaxne O;aX;] esIikMq] ifM;e cc] dq`fj;hMq ^rhd`]
b.eS vusd`kZd`rk-rqukRed` lkfgR; d`h vo|kj.k-rqukRed` lkfgR; ds` fl*kUr\
Hkx-2 # rfe e ksd` lkfgR; #
xkk,a] xhr] ksd`ksfDr;k vkSj igsf;k-rfe ksd` xkkvk d`k lkektoSKkfud`
v;;u\ vuqokn d`h mi;ksfxrk-rfe d`h `fr;k d`k vU; Hk"kvk e vuqokn-rfe e
i(d`kfjrk d`k fod`kl\
Hkx-3 # rfe d`h lkaL`frd` fojklr #
^se vkSj ;q* d`h vo|kj.k-vje d`h vo|kj.k-^kphu rfek }kjk ;q* e viukbZ
xbZ uSfrd` lafgrk\ ikpk f.S s(k d`h ^k,a] fo'okl] jhfr-fjokt rk mikluk fof|\
mj-laxe lkfgR; e vfHO;Dr lkaL`frd` ifjorZu-e;d`k e lkaL`frd`
lfEeJ. tSu rk ckS*\ iYo] ijorhZ] pks rk uk;d` ds` fofHUu ;qxk e d`kvk
vkSj okLrqd`k d`k fod`kl\ rfe lekt ij fofHUu jktuhfrd`] lkekftd`] |kfeZd` rk
lkaL`frd` vkUnksuk d`k ^Hko\ led`khu rfe lekt ds` lkaL`frd` ifjorZu e tu
ek;ek d`h Hwfed`k\

^'u-i( II
mj rfe e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ikB;-iqLrd`k d`k ew v;;u vko';d` gS\ ijhk e
mEehnokj d`h vkkspukRed` erk d`ks tkpus oks ^'u iwNs tk,axs\
[M d`
Hkx-1 # ^kphu lkfgR;
(1) dq`UrksdS` 1 ls 25 rd` d`fork,a
(2) iqjukuw 182 ls 200 rd` d`fork,a
(3) fr:Ddq`j iks ik # vjfl;qe veSfPp;qe bjSekVfp ls voSvatkeS rd`
Hkx-2 # egkd`kO;
(1) flIifnd`kje enqjS d`kaMe
(2) da`c jkek;.e dqa`Hd`.Zu onS iMe

102 ]

Hkx-3 # HfDr lkfgR;

(1) fr:okpd`e # uh fo.Iie
(2) foIikoS lHh-in
[M%[
vk|qfud` lkfgR;
Hkx-1 # d`fork
(1) Hkjfr;kj # d`.u ikVVq
(2) Hkjrh nklu # dq`MqEc foqDdq`
(3) uk\ d`kejklu # dq`Iiq ejd`
x
(1) eq\ ojnjktukj # vjeqe vjfl;qe
(2) lh\ ,u\ v.knqjS # ,s] rkUn rfexes\
Hkx-2 # miU;kl] d`gkuh vkSj ukVd`
(1) vfd`u # fpfjI;koS
(2) t;d`karu # xqihMe
Hkx-3 # ksd` lkfgR;
(1) eqIikVu d`rS # u\ okuekeS la\ ^d`ku # enqjS d`kejkt fo'ofok;]
enqjS
(2) eS;fo # fd`\ok\ txUuku la\ ^d`ku # ljLorh eg] ratkj

rsqxw
^'u-i( I
mj rsqxw e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hk"k
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

nzfoM Hk"kvk e rsqxw d`k Lku vkSj bld`h ^kphurk%rsqxw] rsqxw vkSj vka|z d`k
O;qRif-vk|kfjr bfrgkl\
vk-nzfoM ls ^kphu rsqxw rd` vkSj ^kphu rsqxw ls vk|qfud` rsqxw rd` LojfoKkuh;] ifoKkuh;] O;kd`jf.d` vkSj okD;xr Lrjk e eq; Hk"k;h ifjorZu\
Dkfld`h rsqxw d`h rquk e ckspk d`h O;kogkfjd` rsqxw d`k fod`klvkSipkfjd`
vkSj d`k;kZRed` n~fV ls rsqxw Hk"k d`h O;k;k\
rsqxw Hk"k ij vU; Hk"kvk d`k ^Hko\
rsqxw Hk"k d`k vk|qfud`hd`j.
d` Hk"k;h rk lkfgfR;d` vkanksu vkSj rsqxw Hk"k ds` vk|qfud`hd`j. e mud`h
Hwfed`k\
[ rsqxw Hk"k ds` vk|qfud`hd`j. e ^pkj ek;ek d`h Hwfed`k v[ckj] jsfM;ks]
Vshfotu vkfn\

[ 103

x oSKkfud` vkSj rd`uhd`h lfgr fofHUu oeks ds` chp rsqxw Hk"k e u;s Cn
x<rs le; ikfjHkf"d`h vkSj f`;kfof| ls lacaf|r leL;k,\
6. rsqxw Hk"k d`h cksf;k ^knsfd` vkSj lkekftd` fHUurk, rk ekud`hd`j. d`h
leL;k,\
7. okD;-foU;k;-rsqxw okD;k e ^eq[ foHktu-lj] fefJr vkSj la;qDr okD; laKk
vkSj f`;k-fos;u-ukfed`hd`j. vkSj laca|hd`j. d`h ^f`;k,-^R; vkSj ijks
^Lrqrhd`j.-ifjorZu ^f`;k,\
8. vuqoknvuqokn d`h leL;k,lkaLd~`frd`] lkekftd` vkSj eqgkojklaca|h vuqokn
d`h fof|;kvuqokn ds` s( e fofHUu n~fVd`ks.lkfgfR;d` rk vU; ^d`kj ds`
vuqoknvuqokn ds` fofHUu mi;ksx\
[M%[
lkfgR; #
1. ukUu;-iwoZ d`k e lkfgR;-ekxZ vkSj nsh d`fork\
2. ukUu; d`k-vka|z egkHkjr d`h ,sfrgkfld` vkSj lkfgfR;d` i~BHwfe\
3. s" d`fo vkSj mud`k ;ksxnkuf}ikn] lkrd`] jkxn mnkgj.\
4. frDd`u vkSj rsqxw lkfgR; e frDd`u d`k Lku\
5. ,jZuk vkSj mud`h lkfgfR;d` jpuk, upu lkseu vkSj d`kO; ds` ^fr mud`k u;k
n~fVd`ks.\
6. Jhuk vkSj iksru mud`h jpuk, rk ;ksxnku\
7. rsqxw lkfgR; e HfDr d`forYid` vUtkeS;k] jkenklq RkxS;k\
8. ^ca|k d`k fod`kld`kO; vkSj ^ca|\
9. rsqxw lkfgR; d`h nfD[uh fopkj|kjk j?quk uk;d`] psekdq`j od`Vd`fo vkSj
efgk d`fo-lkfgR;-i] tSls ;xku] x vkSj ind`fork\
10. vk|qfud` rsqxw lkfgR; vkSj lfgR;-i-miU;kl] d`gkuh] ukVd`] ukfVd`k vkSj
d`kO;-i\
11. lkfgfR;d` vkanksu # lq|kj vkanksu] jkV_okn] uoDkfld`hokn] LoPNUnrkokn vkSj
^xfroknh] `kafrd`kjh vkanksu\
12. fnxEcjd`koqq] ukjhoknh vkSj nfr lkfgR;\
13. ksd`lkfgR; ds` ^eq[ foHktuksd` d`kvk d`k ^Lrqrhd`j.\

^'u-i( II
mj rsqxw e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB; iqLrd`k d`k v;;u visfr gksxk vkSj ,sls ^'u
iwNs tk,axs ftlls v;hZ d`h fuEuff[r fo";k ls lacaf|r vkkspukRed` erk d`h
tkp gks lds`
(i) lkn;Zijd` n~fVd`ks. jl] ofu] o`ksfDr vkSj vkSfpR;-ilaca|h vkSj
lajpukRed`-cc ;kstuk vkSj ^rhd`okn\
(ii) lektkL(h;] ,sfrgkfld`] vknZoknh vkSj euksoSKkfud` n~fVd`ks.\

104 ]

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

[M%d`
ukUu;-nq;ar pfj( vkfn ioZ pkSk lxZ Nan 5-109
frDd`uJh d~`. jk;cjkeq mksx ioZrhljk lxZ Nan 1-144
Jhuk-xquk fuf| d`k d`klh [aMe-pkSk lxZ Nan 76-133
ixh lqju-lqxf( lfuqd`k d`k-iq.ksZn;keq-pkSk lxZ Nan 60-142
eksYk-jkek;ukeq vorkfjd` lfgr ck d`kaM
d`lq iq:"kse d`fovka|z uk;d` lrd`keq\
[M%[
xqtZn vIik jkovfueqRkq d`gkfu;k
fo'ouk lR;ukjk;.vka|z ^fLr
nsoqkifY d~`. kL(hd~`.ie moZlh vkSj ^ole d`ks NksMd`j
Jh Jhegk ^Lkue
tqokxfCce Hkx-1
Jh ukjk;. jshd`iwZjolUrk jk;kq
d`uqijfr ojEekkjnk s[kq Hkx-1
vk(s;,u\ th\ vks\
jp d`kaM fo'ouk kL(hvYithoh

mnwZ
^'u-i( I
mj mnwZ e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
mnwZ Hk"k d`k fod`kl
d` Hkjrh; vk;Z Hk"k d`k fod`kl #
(i) ^kphu Hkjrh;vk;Z
(ii) e;;qxhu Hkjrh; vk;Z
(iii) vokZphu Hkjrh;vk;Z
[ if'peh fgUnh rk bld`h cksf;k] tSls cztHk"k] [Mh cksh] gfj;k.oh]
d`UukSth] cqansh\
mnwZ Hk"k ds` mnHo ls lacaf|r fl*kar\
x fnfD[uh mnwZmnHo vkSj fod`kl bld`h egRoiw.Z Hk"k ewd` fos"rk,\
? mnwZ Hk"k ds` lkekftd` vkSj lkaLd~`frd` vk|kj vkSj muds` foHsnd` .ffi]
Loj foKku] vkd~`fr foKku] Cn HaMkj\

[ 105

[M%[
d` fofHUu fo|k, vkSj mud`k fod`kl(i) d`fork xt] eluoh] d`lhnk] eflZ;k]
ckbZ] tnhn] uTe\
(ii) xmiU;kl] d`gkuh] nkLrku] ukVd`] bakb;k] [qrwr] thouh\
[ fuEuff[r d`h egRoiw.Z fos"rk,
(i) nfD[uh] fnYh vkSj [u k[k,\
(ii) lj lS ; n vkUnks u] LoPNa n rkoknh vkUnks u] ^xfrh vkUnks u]
vk|qfud`rkokn\
x lkfgfR;d` vkkspuk vkSj mld`k fod`kl gkh] fch] Dheqnnhu vgen]
,grs';ke gqlSu] vks vgen lqj\
? fucU| s[ lkfgfR;d` vkSj d`Yiuk ^|ku fo";k ij

^'u-i( II
mj mnwZ e f[us gkxs
bl ^'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB; iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visfr gksxk vkSj bld`k
^ki bl ^d`kj rS;kj fd`;k tk,xk ftlls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`h ijhk
gks lds`\
[M%d`
1. ehj vEeku
ckxkscgkj
2. xkfc
bfUr[kg-,-[qrwr-, xkfyc
3. eksgEen gqlSu vktkn
uSjax-,-[;k
4. ^sepan
xksnku
5. jktsUnz lg csnh
vius nq#[ eq>s ns nks
6. vcq d`ke vktkn
xqckj-,-[kfrj
[M%[
1.

ehj

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

ehj glu
xkfc
bd`ck
f`jkd`
S`t
v[r:feku

bfUr[ko-,-ehj
lEiknd` # vcnq gd`
lg c;ka
nhoku-,-xkfc
ck-,-ftcjS
xq-,-uxek
nLr-,-lck
cr-,-Egkr

106 ]

^ca|
v;hZ d`ks ^ca| d`k foKku vkSj d`k ds` i e lad`Yiuk vkSj fod`kl d`k v;;u
d`juk pkfg, vkSj ^ca| ds` vxz.h fopkjd`k ds` ;ksxnku d`ks vkRelkr d`juk pkfg, rk
d`k;Zuhfrd` ,oa ^pkukRed` ifjos d`ks n~fVxr j[rs gq, bld`h lad`Yiukvk d`ks
okLrfod` klu ,oa O;olk; fu.Z;u e ^;ksx e kuk pkfg,\
^'u-i( I
1. ^ca|d`h; d`k;Z ,oa ^f`;k # ^ca| d`h lad`Yiuk ,oa vk|kj] ^ca| pru d`k
fod`kl ^ca|d`h; d`k;Z-vk;kstuk] laxBu] fu;a(. fu.Z;u ^ca|d` d`h Hwfed`k]
^ca|d`h; d`kS meo~f uo^orZu ^ca| fo'oO;kih okrkoj. e ^ca|] uE; ^.kh
^ca|u lkekftd` mjnkf;Ro ,oa ^ca|d`h; vkpkjuhfr ^f`;k ,oa xzkgd` vfHfoU;kl
^R; ,oa v^R; ewY; k~a[k ij ^ca|d`h; ^f`;k,a\
2. laxBukRed` O;ogkj ,oa vfHd`Yi # laxBukRed` O;ogkj d`k lad`YiukRed` funZ
O;fV ^f`;k,a-O;fDrxr] ewY; ,oa vfHo~f] ^R;.] vfH^sj.] vf|xe ,oa iquoZu]
d`k;Z ruko ,oa ruko ^ca|u] laxBu O;ogkj d`h xfr d`h%lk ,oa jktuhfr] }U} ,oa
okrkZ] usr~Ro ^f`;k ,oa Sf;ka] la^s". laxBukRed` ^f`;k,a%fu.Z;u] `R;d` vfHd`Yi
lkaxBfud` vfHd`Yi ds` Dkfld`h] uoDkfld`h ,oa vkikr mikxe laxBukRed` fl*kar
,oa vfHd`Yi%laxBukRed` laL`fr] lkaL`frd` vusd`rk ^ca|u] laxBu vf|xe
laxBukRed` ifjorZu ,oa fod`kl Kku vk|kfjr me-^.kf;ka ,oa ^f`;k,a tkraf(r
,oa vkHklh laxBu\
3. ekuo lalk|u ^ca| # ekuo lalk|u d`h pqukSfr;ka ekuo lalk|u ^ca| ds` d`k;Z
ekuo lalk|u ^ca| d`h Hkoh pqukSfr;ka ekuo lalk|uk d`k d`k;Zuhfrd` ^ca| ekuo
lalk|u vk;kstuk `R;d` fo's". `R;d` ewY;kad`u HrhZ ,oa p;u ^f. ,oa
fod`kl] inksUufr ,oa Lkukarj. fuiknu ^ca| ^frd`j ^ca| ,oa kH d`eZpkjh
euksc ,oa mRiknd`rk laxBukRed` okrkoj. ,oa vkSksfxd` laca| ^ca| ekuo lalk|u
s[kd`j. ,oa s[k ijhk ekuo lalk|u lwpuk ^.kh varjkZV_h; ekuo lalk|u ^ca|\
4. ^ca|d`k ds` f, s[kd`j. # foh; s[kd`j.%lad`Yiuk] egRo ,oa s(]
lkekU;r;k Loh`r s[kd`j. fl*kar] rqui( ds` fo's". ,oa O;olk; vk; ekiu ds`
fos" lanHZ e foh; fooj.k d`ks rS;kj d`juk] lkexzh lwph ewY;kad`u ,oa ewY;kl]
foh; fooj. fo's".] fuf| ^okg fo's".] ud`nh] ^okg fooj.] ^ca| s[kd`j.%
lad`Yiuk] vko';d`rk] egRo ,oa s( kxr s[kd`j.%vfHs[ ,oa ^f`;k,a] kxr
stj ,oa fu;a(. s[k,a] foh; ,oa kxr s[kvk ds` chp lek|ku ,oa lekd`u
ijh kxr ,oa fu;a(.] `R;d` ,oa ^f`;k kxr vkd`u] ctV ,oa ctVh; fu;a(.]
fuiknu ctVu] wU;|kfjr ctVu] laxr kxr-vkd`u ,oa fu.Z;u kxr-vkd`u]
ekud` kxr-vkd`u ,oa ^lj. fo's".] lhekar kxr vkd`u ,oa voks". kxrvkd`u\
5. foh; ^ca| # fo d`k;Z ds` {; ewY; ,oa ^fr kH d`h lad`Yiuk,a ckaMk ,oa
s;jk d`k ewY;kad`u d`k;Zh iwath d`k ^ca| ^kDd`u ,oa foh;u ud`nh] ^kI;k]

[ 107

lkexzh lwph ,oa pkw ns;rkvk d`k ^ca|u iwath kxr iwath ctVu foh; ,oa ^pku
sojst iwath lajpuk vfHd`Yi fl*kar ,oa O;ogkj s;j|kjd` ewY; l~tu kHka
uhfr] fuxe foh; uhfr ,oa d`k;Zuhfr] fuxe dq`d`hZ ,oa iquljpuk d`k;Zuhfr ^ca| iwath
,oa eqnzk cktkj laLk,a ,oa ^i( is ij nsuk] fd`jk;k [jhn ,oa tksf[e iwath iwath
cktkj fofu;eu tksf[e ,oa ^frkH # iksVZ`ksf;ks fl*kar CAPM; APT; foh;
O;qRiUu fod`Yi `;wplZ] LoSi foh; s(d` e vfHuo lq|kj\
6. foi.u ^ca| # lad`Yiuk] fod`kl ,oa s( foi.u d`k;Zuhfr lw(hd`j. ,oa
foi.u ;kstuk ds` ?Vd` cktkj d`k [aMhd`j. ,oa {;ksUeq[u i; d`k voLkuu ,oa
foHsnu ^fr;ksfxrk fo's". miHksDrk cktkj fo's". vkSksfxd` s`rk O;ogkj cktkj
vuqla|ku mRikn d`k;Zuhfr d`her fu|kZj. d`k;Zuhfr;ka foi.u ljf.;k d`k vfHd`Yiu
,oa ^ca|u ,d`h`r foi.u lapkj xzkgd` larks" d`k fuekZ.] ewY; ,oa ^fr|kj. lsok,a
,oa v-kH foi.u foi.u e vkpkj] xzkgd` lqjk] baVjusV foi.u] [qnjk ^ca|
xzkgd` laca| ^ca| lkd`Y;oknh foi.u d`h lad`Yiuk\

^'u-i( II
1. fu.Z;u d`h ifjek.kRed` ^fof|;ka # o.ZukRed` lkaf;d`h-lkj.hc*] vks[h; ,oa
lkaf;d` fof|;ka] ^kf;d`rk d`k fo"; ^os] vlarr ,oa larr ^kf;d`rk caVu]
vkuqekfud` lkaf;d`h-^frnhZ caVu] ds`Unzh; lhek ^es;] ek;k ,oa vuqikrk ds` chp varj
ds` f, ifjd`Yiuk ijh.] lefV ^lj.k ds` ckjs e vuqeku] d`kbZ-LDoS;j ,oa
ANOVA, lj lglaca| ,oa lekJk;.] d`kJs.h ,oa iwokZuqeku] fu.Z; fl*kUr]
lwpd`kad` jSf[d` ^ksxzkeu-leL;k lw(hd`j.] ^leqPp; fof| ,oa vks[h; g] lqxzkfgrk
fo's".\
2. mRiknu ,oa O;kikj ^ca| # O;kikj ^ca| ds` ewHwr fl*kar mRiknukZ vk;kstuk
leLr mRiknu vk;kstuk] erk vk;kstuk] la;a( vfHd`Yi # ^f`;k vk;kstuk] la;a(
vkd`kj ,oa O;kikj eku] lqfo|kvk d`k ^ca|u kbZu larqu mid`j. ^frLkiu ,oa
vuqj. mRiknu fu;a(. iwfrZ k~a[k ^ca|u%fo`srk ewY;kad`u ,oa s[kijhk xq.rk
^ca|u lkaf;d`h; ^f`;k fu;a(.] "M flXek] fuekZ. ^.kf;k e uE;rk ,oa Lw`frZ
fo'o Js.h d`k fuekZ. ifj;kstuk ^ca|u lad`Yiuk,a] vuqla|ku ,oa fod`kl ^ca|] lsok
O;kikj ^ca| lkexzh ^ca|u d`h Hwfed`k ,oa egRo] ewY; fo's".] fuekZ. vok `;
fu.Z; lkexzh lwph fu;a(.] vf|d`re [qnjk d`her vis" ^ca|u\
3. ^ca| lwpuk ^.kh # lwpuk ^.kh d`k lad`YiukRed` vk|kj lwpuk fl*kar
lwpuk lalk|u ^ca| lwpuk ^.kh ^d`kj ^.kh fod`kl-^.kh ,oa vfHd`Yi
fogaxkoksd`u] iz.kh fod`kl ^ca| thou%p`] vkWukbu ,oa forfjr ifjosk ds` f,
vfHd`Yiu ifj;kstuk d`k;kZUo;u ,oa fu;a(. lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h d`h ^o~f;ka vkd`Mk
lalk|u ^ca|u%vkd`Mk vk;kstuk DDS ,oa RDBMS; me lalk|u vk;kstuk
(ERP), fos"K ^.kh] E-fctusl vkfdZ`VsDpj] bZ-xousZl] lwpuk ^.kh vk;kstuk]
lwpuk ^.kh e uE;rk mi;ksDrk lac*rk lwpuk ^.kh d`k ewY;kad`u\

108 ]
4. ljd`kj O;olk; varjki~B # O;olk; e jkT; d`h lgHkfxrk] Hkjr e ljd`kj]
O;olk; ,oa fofHUu okf.T; eaMk rk mksx ds` chp vU;ksU;f`;k ?q mksxk ds`
^fr ljd`kj d`h uhfr u, me d`h Lkiuk gsrq ljd`kj d`h vuqefr tu forj. ^.kh
d`her ,oa forj. ij ljd`kjh fu;a(. miHksDrk laj. vf|fu;e (CPA) ,oa
miHksDrk vf|d`kjk ds` laj. e LoSfPNd` laLkvk d`h Hwfed`k ljd`kj d`h ubZ vkSksfxd`
uhfr mnkjhd`j. v-fofu;eu ,oa futhd`j. Hkjrh; ;kstuk ^.kh fiNMs s(k ds`
fod`kl ds` lEcU| e ljd`kjh uhfr i;kZoj. laj. gsrq O;olk; ,oa ljd`kj ds` nkf;Ro
fuxe vfHklu lkbcj fof|;ka\
5. d`k;Zuhfrd` ^ca| # v;;u s( ds` i e O;olk; uhfr d`k;Zuhfrd` ^ca| d`k
Loi ,oa fo"; s(] lkefjd` vk;] n~fV] ms'; ,oa uhfr;ka d`k;Zuhfrd` vk;kstuk
^f`;k ,oa d`k;kZUo;u ifjosh; fo's". ,oa vkarfjd` fo's".] SWOT fo's".
d`k;Zuhfrd` fo's". gsrq mid`j. ,oa ^fof|;ka%^Hko vkO;wg # vuqHo o`] BCG
vkO;wg] GEC cgqd`] mksx fo's".] ewY; k~a[k d`h lad`Yiuk O;olk; ^frBku d`h
d`k;Zuhfrd` ifjPNsfnd`k ^fr;ksfxrk fo's". gsrq <kapk O;olk; ^frBku d`k ^fr;ksxh
kH oxhZ; ^fr;ksxh d`k;Zuhfr;ka fod`kl d`k;Zuhfr%foLrkj] lekd`u ,oa fok[u
`ksM lerk d`h lad`Yiuk] d`k;Zuhfrd` uE;rk d`k;Zuhfr iqujkfod`kj d`k;Zuhfr ,oa
lajpuk eq; d`k;Zikd` ,oa ifj"n VuZvjkmaM ^ca|u ^ca|u ,oa d`k;Zuhfrd` ifjorZu
d`k;Zuhfrd` lgca| fo;u ,oa vf|xzg. Hkjrh; lanHZ e d`k;Zuhfr ,oa fuxe fod`kl\
6. varjkZV_h; O;olk; # varjkZV_h; O;olk; ifjos # ek ,oa lsokvk e O;kikj ds`
cnrs la?Vu Hkjr d`k fonsh O;kikj uhfr ,oa ^o~f;ka varjkZV_h; O;kikj d`k fo
iks". s(h; vkfZd` lg;ksx FTA; lsok ^frBkuk d`k varjkZV_h;d`j. varjkZV_h;
mRiknu varjkZV_h; d`Eifu;k e O;olk; ^ca| varjkZV_h; d`jk|ku fo'oO;kih
^fr;ksfxrk ,oa ^ksksfxd`h; fod`kl fo'oO;kih bZ-O;olk; fo'oO;kih lkaxBfud` lajpuk
vfHd`Yiu ,oa fu;a(. cgqlkaL`frd` ^ca| fo'oO;kih O;olk; d`k;Zuhfr fo'oO;kih
foi.u d`k;Zuhfr fu;kZr ^ca| fu;kZr vk;kr ^f`;k,a la;qDr mi`e fonsh fuos
fonsh ^R; fuos ,oa fonsh iksVZ`ksf;ks fuos lhekikj fo;u ,oa vf|xzg.
fonsh eqnzk tksf[e mnHklu ^ca| fo'o foh; cktkj ,oa varjkZV_h; cd`x] ck )`.
^ca|u ns tksf[e fo's".\

xf.r
^'u-i( I
1. jSf[d` chtxf.r%R ,oa C lfn lefV;k] jSf[d` vkfJrrk ,oa Lora(rk]
milefV;k] vk|kj] foek] jSf[d` ikarj.] d`ksfV ,oa wU;rk] jSf[d` ikarj. d`k
vkO;wg\ vkO;wgk d`h chtkoh] iafDr ,oa LrEH leku;u] lksikud` i] laokZxlerk ,oa
leirk] vkO;wg d`h d`ksfV] vkO;wg d`k O;qRiUu] jSf[d` lehd`j. ^.kh d`k g]
vfHf.d` eku ,oa vfHf.d` lfn] vfHf.d` cgqin] ds`s-gSfeYVu ^es;]
lefer] fo"e lefer] gfeZVh] fo"e gfeZVh] kafcd` ,oa ,sfd`d` vkO;wg ,oa muds`
vfHf.d` eku\

[ 109
2. d`u%okLrfod` la;k,] okLrfod` pj ds` `u] lhek] lkarR;] vod`uh;rk]
ek;eku ^es;] s"`k ds` lk Vsj d`k ^es;] vfu|kZfjr i] mfPpB ,oa vfYiB]
vuarLihZ] o` vuqjs[.] nks ;k rhu pjk ds` `u # lhek] lkarR;] vkafd` vod`t]
mfPpB ,oa vfYiB kxzkat d`h xq.d` fof| tSd`ksch fuf'pr lekd`k d`h jheku
ifjHk"k] vfuf'pr lekd`] vuar bfU`fuV ,oa ba^kWij vod`] f}|k ,oa f(|k
lekd` ds`o ewY;kad`u ^fof|;k] s(] i~B ,oa vk;ru\
3. fo'sf"d` T;kfefr%f(foeh; foekvk e d`krhZ; rk |zqoh; funsZkad`] f(-pjk e
f}?krh lehd`j.; fofgr ik d`k ?qd`j.; lj js[k,a] nks fo"erh; js[kvk ds` chp
d`h ?qre nwjh] ler] xksd`] adq`] csu] ijo;t] nh?Zo~t rk ,d` i~Bh o
f}i~Bh vfrijo;t vkSj muds` xq.|eZ\
4. lk|kj. vod` lehd`j.%vod` lehd`j.k d`k lai.] ^e d`ksfV ,oa ^e
?kr d`k lehd`j.] lekd`u xq.d`] acd`ks.h; laNsnh] ^e?kr d`k ug] fd`Urq ^e
d`ksfV d`k lehd`j.] Dsjks d`k lehd`j.] fofp( g\ fu;e xq.kad` oks f}rh; ,oa
mPprj d`ksfV ds` jSf[d` lehd`j.] iwjd` `u] fos" lekd` ,oa O;kid` g\ pj
xq.kad` oks f}rh; d`ksfV ds` jSf[d` lehd`j.] vk;j-d`kSh lehd`j.] ^kap fopj.
fof| d`k ^;ksx d`j iw.Z g d`k fu|kZj. tc ,d` g Kkr gks\
kIkl ,oa O;qR`e kIkl ikarj ,oa muds` xq.|eZ] ^kjfEHd` `uk ds` kIkl
ikarj] fu;r xq.kad` oks f}rh; d`ksfV jSf[d` lehd`j.k ds` f, ^kjafHd` eku leL;kvk
ij vuq^;ksx\
5. xfrd`h ,oa LSfrd`h%)`tqjs[h; xfr] lj vkorZxfr] ler e xfr] ^sI;
^kstsDVkb] O;ojks| xfr] d`k;Z ,oa tkZ] tkZ d`k laj. ds`ij fu;e] ds`Unzh; c
ds` vUrxZr d`k,a\ d`. fud`k; d`k lUrqu] d`k;Z ,oa fLfrt tkZ ?"Z.] lk|kj.
d`Vujh] d`fYir d`k;Z d`k fl*kUr] lUrqu d`k Lkf;Ro] rhu foekvk e c lUrqu\
6. lfn fo's".%vfn vkSj lfn s(] vfn pj ds` lfn s( d`k vod`u]
d`krhZ; ,oa csukd`kj funsZkad`k e ^o.rk] vilj. ,oa d`Z] mPprj d`ksfV vod`u]
lfn rRled` ,oa lfn lehd`j.\
T;kferh; vuq^;ksx%vkd`k e o`] o`rk ,oa ,Bu] lsjsV-s`usV ds` lw(\
xSl ,oa LVksDl ^es;] xzhu ds` rRled`\

^'u-i( II
1. chtxf.r%lewg] milewg] p`h; lewg] lgleqPp;] kxzkat ^es;] ^lkekU;
milewg] foHkx lewg] lewgk d`h lekd`kfjrk] vk|kjh rqY;kd`kfjrk ^es;] `ep; lewg]
ds`h ^es;\
o;] mio; ,oa xq.tkoh] o;k d`h lekd`kfjrk] iw.kd`h; ^kar] eq;
xq.tkoh ^kar] ;wfDMh; ^kar ,oa vf}rh; xq.u[aMu ^kar] s(] foHkx s(\
2. okLrfod` fo's".%U;wure miifjlhek xq.|eZ oks `fer s( ds` i e
okLrfod` la;k fud`k;] vuq`e] vuq`e lhek] d`kSh vuq`e] okLrfod` js[k d`h
iw.Zrk] Js.h ,oa bld`k vfHlj.] okLrfod` ,oa lfEeJ ink d`h Jsf.;k d`k fujis rk

110 ]

l^frca| vfHlj.] Js.h d`k iqufoZU;kl\ `uk d`k lkarR; ,oa ,d`leku lkarR;] lagr
leqPp;k ij lkarR; `uk ds` xq.|eZ\
jheku lekd`] vuar lekd`] lekd`u-xf.r ds` ew ^es;\ `uk ds` vuq`ek
rk Jsf.;k ds` f, ,d`leku vfHlj.] lkarR;] vod`uh;rk ,oa lekd`uh;rk]
vusd` nks ;k rhu pjk ds` `uk ds` vkafd` vod`t] mfPpB ,oa vfYiB\
3. lfEeJ fo's".%fo'sf"d` `u] d`kSh-jheku lehd`j.] d`kSh ^es;] d`kSh d`k
lekd` lw(] fo'sf"d` `u d`k ?kr Js.h fui.] Vsj Js.h] fofp(rk,a] ksjka Js.h]
d`kSh vos" ^es;] d`UVwj lekd`u\
4. jSf[d` ^ksxzkeu%jSf[d` ^ksxzkeu leL;k,a vk|kjh g] vk|kjh lqlaxr g ,oa
bVre g] gk d`h vks[h fof| rk ,d`|k fof|\ }Srrk] ifjogu rk fu;ru
leL;k,a\
5. vkafd` vod`u lehd`j.%rhu foekvk e i~Bdq` ,oa vkafd` vod` lehd`j.
lai.] ^e d`ksfV ds` jSf[d`d`Yi vkafd` vod` lehd`j.k ds` g] d`kSh vfH.
fof|] fu;r xq.kad`k oks f}rh; d`ksfV ds` jSf[d` vkafd` vod` lehd`j.] fofgr i]
d`fEir rarq d`k lehd`j.] rki lehd`j.] kIkl lehd`j. ,oa muds` g\
6. la;kRed` fo's". ,oa d`EI;wVj ^ksxzkeu%la;kRed` fof|;k] f}foHktu }kjk ,d`
pj ds` chtxf.rh; rk vchth; lehd`j.k d`k g] jsxqk `kfYl rk U;wVu-jk`lu
fof|;k] xkmlh; fujkd`j. ,oa xkml-tkWMZu ^R;] xkml-lhMs iqujkorhZ fof|;k
}kjk jSf[d` lehd`j. fud`k; d`k g\ U;wVu d`k vxz rk i'p varosZu] kaxzkt d`k
varosZu\
la;kRed` lekd`u%leach fu;e] lilu fu;e] xkmlh; s(d`u lw(\
lk|kj. vod` lehd`j.k d`k la;kRed` g # vk;j rk jaxk-dq`-fof|;k\
d`EI;wVj ^ksxzkeu # f}vk|kjh i*fr] vad`k ij xf.rh; rk rdZ`laxr laf`;k,a]
vV vk|kjh rk "ksMl vk|kjh i*fr;k] neo i*fr ls ,oa neo i*fr e
ikarj.] f}vk|kjh la;kvk d`h chtkoh\
d`EI;wVj ^.kh ds` rRo rk esejh d`h lad`Yiu] vk|kjh rdZ`laxr }kjk rk lR;
lkjf.;k] cwh; chtkoh] ^lkekU; i\
vfpfr iw.kd`k] fpfr iw.kd`k ,oa okLrfod`] f}ifjq*rk okLrfod` rk nh?Z
iw.kd`k d`k fui.\ la;kRed` fo's". leL;kvk ds` g ds` f, d`ufof| vkSj ^okg
lafi(\
7. ;kaf(d`h ,oa rj xfrd`h%O;kih`r funsZkad`] Mh,sacVZ fl*kar ,oa kxzkat
lehd`j.] gSfeYVu lehd`j.] tMRo vk?w.Z] nks foekvk e n~< iMk d`h xfr\
lkarRo lehd`j.] v';ku ^okg ds` f, vk;j d`k xfr lehd`j.] ^okg js[k,a]
d`. d`k i] foHo ^okg] f}foeh; rk vr# lefer xfr] mnxe rk vfHxe]
Hzfe xfr] ';ku rj ds` f, uSfo;j-LVksd` lehd`j.\

[ 111

;kaf(d` bathfu;jh
iz'ui( I
1. ;kaf(d`h
1.1 n~< iMk d`h ;kaf(d`h%vkd`k e lkE;koLk d`k lehd`j. ,oa bld`k vuq^;ksx]
s(` ds` ^e ,oa f}rh; vk?w.Z] ?"Z. d`h lj leL;k,] ler xfr ds` d`.k d`h
q*xfrd`h] ^kjafHd` d`. xfrd`h\
1.2 foi.h; iMk d`h ;kaf(d`h%O;kih`r gqd` d`k fu;e ,oa bld`k vuq^;ksx] vh;
^frc ij vfHd`Yi leL;k,] vii. ^frc ,oa vk|kjd` ^frc] xfrd` Hkj. ds`
f, lkexzh ds` xq.] naM e cad`u vii. ,oa ^frc] eq; ^frck ,oa fo`fr;k d`k
fu|kZj.%fo'sf"d` ,oa vks[h] la;qDr ,oa fefJr ^frc] f}vh; ^frc-ruq
fHfd` nkc HkM] xfrd` Hkj ds` f, inkZ O;ogkj ,oa vfHd`Yi d`kjd`] ds`o cad`u
,oa ejksMh Hkj ds` f, xks SV d`k vfHd`Yi] LSfrd` fu|kZjh leL;kvk ds` f, naM
d`k fosi] Hax ds` fl*kUr\
2. bathfu;jh inkZ
Bkslk d`h vk|kjHwr lad`Yiuk,a ,oa lajpuk] lkekU; ksg ,oa vksg inkZ ,oa muds`
vuq^;ksx] LVhk d`k rki mipkj] v|krq-IkfLVd`] lsjsfed`] lafeJ inkZ ,oa uSuksinkZ\
3. ;a(k d`k fl*kUr
ler-f`;kfof|;k d`k q*xfrd` ,oa xfrd` fo's".\ dS`e] fx;j ,oa vf|pf`d`
fx;jekk,a] xfrikd` p`] vf|fu;a(d`] n~< ?w.Zd`k d`k lUrqu] ,d` ,oa cgqflMjh
batu] ;kaf(d`ra( d`k jSf[d` d`Eiu fo's". ,d` Lokra;] d`ksfV pk ,oa SV d`k
vkorZu\
4. fuekZ. d`k foKku
4.1 fuekZ. ^`e%;a( vkStkj bathfu;jh-O;kikjh c fo's".] Vsj d`k vkStkj
vk;q lehd`j.] < ehuu] NC ,oa CNC ehuu ^`e] ftx ,oa Lkf;d`\
v< ehuu-EDM, ECM, ijkJO;] t ^|kj ehuu] bR;kfn stj ,oa IkTek
ds` vuq^;ksx] tkZ nj vod`u\
i. ,oa osYMu ^`e-ekud` ^`e\
ekfid`h%vUok;kstuk ,oa lfg.qrkvk d`h lad`Yiuk] vkStkj ,oa ^eki] rqfu(]
EckbZ d`k fujh.] fLfr ifjPNsfnd`k ,oa i~B laiwfrZ\
4.2. fuekZ. ^cU|%ra( vfHd`Yi%S`DVjh vofLfr-lj OR ekWM] la;a(
vfHU;kl-i*fr vk|kfjr] bathfu;jh vkfZd` fo's". ,oa Hax ds` vuq^;ksx-mRiknkoj.]
^`e oj. ,oa erk vk;kstuk ds` f, fos". Hh] iwoZ fu|kZfjr le; ekud`\
^.kh vk;kstuk%lekJ;. ,oa vi?Vu ij vk|kfjr iwoZd`u fof|;k] cgq ekWM
,oa ^klaHkO; leUok;kstu js[k d`k vfHd`Yi ,oa lUrqu] lkexzh lwph ^cU|-vkns

112 ]

d`k ,oa vkns ek(k fu|kZj. ds` f, ^kf;d`rkRed` lkexzh lwph ekWM] JIT ^.kh]
;qfDre; mnxehd`j.] varj-la;a( laHkjra(\
ra( laf`;k ,oa fu;a(.%`R;d`kk ds` f, vuqlwpd` d`u fof|] mRikn ,oa
^`e xq.rk fu;a(. ds` f, lkaf;d`h; fof|;k d`k vuq^;ksx] ek;] ijkl] nwf"r
^frrrk] nks"k d`h la;k ,oa ^fr;wfuV nks" ds` f, fu;a(. pkVZ vuq^;ksx] xq.rk
kxr ^.kf;k] lalk|u] laxBu ,oa ifj;kstuk tksf[e d`k ^ca|u\
^.kh lq|kj%dq` xq.rk ^ca|] uE;] ` ,oa n laxBuk d`k fod`kl ,oa ^ca|u
tSlh ^.kf;k d`k d`k;kZUo;u\

iz'ui( II
1. ekxfrd`h]

xSl xfrd`h ,oa VcksZ ;a(

1.1 mekxfrd`h ds` ^e fu;e ,oa f}rh; fu;e d`h vk|kjHwr lad`Yiuk,a] ,sUV_kWih
,oa ^fr`e.h;rk d`h lad`Yiuk] miC|rk ,oa vuqiC|rk rk v^fr`e.h;rk\
1.2 rjk d`k oxhZd`j. ,oa xq.|eZ] vlaaihM; ,oa laihM; rj ^okg] eSd` la;k
d`k ^Hko ,oa laihM;rk] lkarR; laosx ,oa tkZ lehd`j.] ^lkekU; ,oa fr;Zd` ^?kr]
,d` foeh; le,V_kWih ^okg] rjk d`k ufd`k e ?"Z. ,oa tkZ varj. ds` lk ^okg\
1.3 ia[k] Cksvjk ,oa laihfM(k ls ^okg] vh; ,oa vid`nzh ^okg foU;kl]ia[k
,oa laihfM(k d`k vfHd`Yi] laihMuk vkSj Vkjckbu lksikuh d`h lj leL;k,a] foo~r ,oa
lao~r p` xSl Vjckbu] xSl Vjckbu e fd`;k x;k d`k;Z] iqu# rki ,oa iqutZuu\
2. ek varj.
2.1 pku ek varj.-lkekU; pku lehd`j.-kIkl] Ioklk ,oa w`fj,
lehd`j.] pku d`k w`fj, fu;e] lj fHf Bksl ,oa [ks[s csu rk xksd`k ij
xk ,d` foeh; Lk;h nk ek pku\
2.2 laogu ek varj.-U;wVu d`k laogu fu;e] eqDr ,oa ^.ksfnr laogu] piVs
r ij vlaihM; rj ds` Lrjh; ,oa foqC| ^okg ds` nkSjku ek varj.] ulsYV
la;k] txfrd` ,oa eh; lhekarijr ,oa mud`h eksVkbZ d`h lad`Yiuk,] ^kaV la;k]
ek ,oa laosx varj. ds` chp vuqirk-jsukWYMl] d`kscuZ] ^kaV vuqirk,] Sfrt
ufd`kvk ls Lrjh; ,oa foqC| ^okg ds` nkSjku ek varj.] Sfrt ,oa okZ|j rk
ls eqDr laogu\
2.3 `f.d`k fofd`j.-vk|kjHwr fofd`j. fu;e] tSls fd`] LVhs`u-cksYVteSu] Ikad`
forj.] ohu foLkiu] vkfn\
2.4 vk|kjHwr ek fofuef;( fo's".] ek fofuef;(k d`k oxhZd`j.\
3. varnZgu baftu
3.1 oxhZd`j.] laf`;k ds` ekxfrd` p`] Hax fDr] lwfpr fDr] ;kaf(d` nrk]
ek lek;kstu pknj] fuiknuu vfH. d`k fuoZpu] isV_ks] xSl ,oa Mht baftu\

[ 113
3.2 SI ,oa CI baftuk e ngu] lkekU; ,oa vlkekU; ngu] viL`ksVu ij d`k;Zh
^kpk d`k ^Hko] viL`ksVu d`k U;wuhd`j.] SI ,oa CI baftuk ds` f, ngu ^d`ksB ds`
^d`kj] ;kstd`] mRltZu\
3.3 varnZgu baftuk d`h fofHUu ^.kf;k-b|u] Lusgu] hr ,oa lapj. ^.kf;k]
varnZgu baftuk e fod`Yih b|u\
4. Hki bathfu;jh
4.1 Hki tuu-vkksf|r jfd`u p` fo's".] vk|qfud` Hki ckW;j] `kafrd` ,oa
vf|`kafrd` nkck ij Hki] ^okr miLd`j] ^k`frd` ,oa `f(e ^okr] ckW;j b|u] Bksl]
nzo ,oa xSlh; b|u] Hki Vjckbu-fl*kUr] ^d`kj] la;kstu] vkosx ,oa ^frf`;k
Vjckbu] vh; ^.ksn\
4.2 Hki raqM-vfHlkjh ,oa vilkjh rqaM e Hki d`k ^okg] vknzZ] lar~Ir ,oa vf|rIr
tSlh fofHUu ^kjfEHd` Hki nkvk ds` lk vf|d`re fuLlj. ds` f, da`B ij nkc]
i'pnkc fopj. d`k ^Hko] rqaMk e Hki d`k vf|lar~Ir ^okg] folu js[k\
4.3 vkarfjd` ,oa ck v^fr`E;rk ds` lk jfd`u p`] iquLrki xq.d`] iquLrkiu
,oa iqutZuu] vf|fu;a(. fof|;k] i'p nkc ,oa mifud`klu Vjckbu\
4.4 Hki fDr la;a(-la;qDr p` fDr tuu] ek iqu# ^kfIr Hki tfu(
(HRSG) rIr ,oa vrIr] lgtuu la;a(\
5. ^hru ,oa okrkuqdw`u
5.1 oki laihMu ^hru p` pH ,oa T-s vkjs[k ij p`] i;kZoj. vuqdw`h
^hrd` nzO;- R 143a, R 123, okfi(] nzof.(] ^lj. lk|u tSls ra(] laj oki
voks". ra(\
5.2 vknzZ rkfefr-xq.|eZ] ^`e] s[kfp(] laos rkiu ,oa hru] vknzhZd`j. ,oa
vuknzhZd`j. ^Hkoh rki`e] okrkuqdw`u Hkj ifjd`u] lj okfguh vfHd`Yi\

fpfd`Rlk foKku
iz'ui( I
1. ekuo

kjhj
mifj ,oa v|ksk[kvk] Lda`|laf|;k] dw`Ygs ,oa d`kbZ e jDr ,oa raf(d`k laHj.
lesr vuq^;qDr kjhj\
ld` kjhj] 'DrlaHj. ,oa ftk d`k `h; viokg k;jkWbM] Lru xzaf] tBj]
;`r] ^kWLVsV] tuuxzaf ,oa xHkZ;\
Mk;k`ke] isjhfu;e ,oa oa.^ns d`k vuq^;qDr kjhj\
o~Dd`] ew(k;] xHkZ; ufd`kvk] q`okfgd`kvk d`k jksx. kjhj\
Hzw. foKku%vijk ,oa vijk jks|\ n;] vka(] o~Dd`] xHZ;] Mcxzaf] o~". d`k
fod`kl ,oa mud`h lkekU; tUetkr vlkekU;rk,a\

114 ]

ds`Unzh; ,oa ifjljh; Lolapkfyr raf(d`k-ra(%efLrLd` ds` fu;k] ^efLrLd`es nzo ds`
ifjHze. d`k ld` ,oa jksx. kjhj] raf(d`k ekxZ ,oa Roph; laosnu] Jo. ,oa n~fV
fofr] d`ik raf(d`k,a] forj. ,oa jksxkf.d` egRo] Lolapkfr raf(d`k ra( ds`
vo;o\
2. ekuo jhj f`;k-foKku
vosx d`k pku ,oa lapj.] ladq`pu d`h f`;kfof|] raf(d`k-ish; lapj.] ^frorZ]
larqu fu;a(.] lafLfr ,oa ish-rku] vojksgh] ekxZ] vuqefLrd` ds` d`k;Z] vk|kjh
xafMd`k,a] funzk ,oa psruk d`k f`;kfoKku\
vUr#Akoh ra(%gkeksZuk d`h f`;k d`h f`;kfof|] jpuk] lzo.] ifjogu] mikip;]
if`;kt ,oa ih;w" xzaf ds` d`k;Z ,oa lzo. fu;eu\
tuu ra( d`k jhj f`;k foKku%vkrZop`] LrU;L(o.] lxHZrk\
jDr%fod`kl] fu;eu ,oa jDrd`ksfd`kvk d`k ifj.ke\ n;okfgd`k] nfuLiknu]
jDrnkc] nokfgd`k d`k;Z d`k fu;eu\
3. tSo jlk;u
vaxd`k;Z ijh.-;`r] o~Dd`] k;jkWbM ^ksVhu la's".] foVkfeu ,oa [fut]
fucZU|u fo[aM nS;Z cgqirk (RFLP), ikWhesjst ka~[k ^frf`;k (PCR), jsfM;ksbE;wuks,sls (RIA).
4. fo`fr foKku
ks ,oa fojksg.] o~f* foksH ,oa dS`Ulj] jg;weSfVd` ,oa bLd`hfed` n; jksx ,oa
bLd`hfed` n; jksx ,oa Mk;fcVht esfVl d`k fo`frtuu ,oa rd`fo`fr foKku\
lqnE;] nqnZe] ^kfed` ,oa fosih nqnZerk e foHsnu] 'oluhtU; d`kflZuksek d`k
fo`frtuu ,oa rd`fo`fr foKku] Lru d`kflZuksek] eq[ d`lj] xzhok d`lj] Y;wd`hfe;k]
;`r fljksfll] Lrod`o~Dd`ks] ;{ek] rhoz vfLeTtkks d`k gsrq] fo`frtuu ,oa
rd` fo`fr foKku\
5. lw{etSfod`h
nsgnzoh ,oa d`ksfd`k ek;fer jksxerk fuEuff[r jksx d`kjd` ,oa mud`k
^;ksxkk funku%
euxksd`kWDd`kl] lkeksusk
xsk] gihZt] Mxw] iksf;ks
HIV/AIDS, esfj;k] bZ-gLVksffVd`k] fx;kfMZ;k
d`fMMk] f`IVksd`kWDd`l] ,sLiftZl
6. Hs"txq. foKku
fuEuff[r vkS"|k ds` d`k;Z d`h f`;kfof| ,oa ik'oZ^Hko
,sfUVik;jsfVDl ,oa ,ukYtsflDl] ,sfUVck;ksfVDl] ,sfUVesfj;k] ,sfUVd`kktkj]
,sfUVMk;kcsfVDl

[ 115

,sfUVgk;ijVflo] ,sfUVMkb;wjsfVDl] lkekU; ,oa n oklksfMsVlZ] ,sfUVokbj]

,sfUViSjkflfVd`] ,sfUVa`x] bE;wuksl^sVl
,sfUVd`lj
7. U;k; lEcU|h vkS"| ,oa fo" foKku
fr ,oa ?kok d`h U;k;lEcU|h ijhk] jDr ,oa q` |Cck d`h ijhk] fo"kDrrk]
ked` vfrek(k] `klh] Mwcuk] tuk] DNA ,oa `xj^V v;;u\

iz'ui( II
1. lkekU;

d`k;fpfd`Rlk
VsVsul] jScht] AIDS, MX;w] d`kk-vktkj] tkikuh ,Ulss`kbfVl d`k gsrq] jksx
. fos"rk,a] funku ,oa ^ca|u fuokj. lfgr ds` fl*kUr\
fuEuff[r ds` gsrq] jksx. fos"rk,a] funku ,oa ^ca|u ds` fl*kUr%
bLd`hfed` n; jksx] q`q`l var# Y;rk 'oluh vLek
q`q`lkoj.h fu#lj.] ;{ek] vikoks". la.] vE isfIVd` jksx] fo"k.qt
;`rks ,oa ;`r fljksfll\
Lrod`o~Dd`ks ,oa xksf.d`ko~Dd`ks] o~Dd`ikr] vio~Dd`h; la.] o~Dd`okfgd`k
vfrfjDrnkc] Mk;fcVht esfVl ds` minzo] Lda`nufod`kj] Y;wd`hfe;k[ vo-,oa-vfrkW;jkWbfMTe] esfuUtk;fVl ,oa ,Ulss`kbfVl\ fpfd`Rld`h; leL;kvk e bestx]
vYV_klkmaM] bZd`ks d`kfMZ;ksxzke] CT LdS`u] MRI.
prk ,oa volkn euksfoffIr ,oa fo[afMr-euLd`rk rk E.C.T.
2. ckjksx foKku
jksx^frjks|hd`j.] csch-`Mh vLirk] tUetkr ';ko n; jksx 'olu foksH
la.] 'oluh-q`q`lks] ^efLrd`h; uotkr d`kek] IMNCI oxhZd`j. ,oa ^ca|u]
PEM d`ksfVd`j. ,oa ^ca| IARI ,oa ikp o"Z ls NksVs fqvk d`h ^okfgd`k ,oa mld`k
^ca|\
3. Ropk foKku
lksfj,fll] ,ftZd` MesZVkbfVl] Lds`cht] ,Dthek] fofVfxks] LVhou-tkWulu
la.] kbds`u Isul\
4. lkekU; Y; fpfd`Rlk
[aMrkq [aMksB d`h jksx. fos"rk] d`kj. ,oa ^ca| ds` fl*kUr\
Loj;a(h; vcqZn] eq[ ,oa bZlkss`xl vcqZn\
ifj|h; |euh jksx] oSfjd`kst osUl] egl|euh ladq`pu k;jkWbM] vf|o~Dd` xzaf ds`
vcqZn\
`ksMk] d`lj] Lru d`k rarqxzakf vcqZn ,oa xzafrk\
isfIVd` vYlj jDrlzko] vka(;{ek] vYljsfVo d`kskbfVl] tBj d`lj
gheksksjSDl] fik;] o~Dd` ;wjsVj ,oa ew(k; d`h ijh] jsDVe] ,ul] ,u]
dS`u] fik; ,oa fiokfguh d`h Y; nkvk d`k ^ca|\

116 ]

LIhuksesxSh] d`kWhflLVkbfVl] iksVZ vfjDrnkc] ;`r `ksMk] isjhVksukbfVl]

if`;kt h"Z d`kflZuksek\
jh< foHax] d`ksh foHax ,oa vfL V;wej
,aMksLd`ksih
S^ksLd`ksfid` ltZjh\
5. ^lwfr foKku ,oa ifjokj fu;kstu lesr L(h jksx foKku
lxHZrk d`k funku
^lo ^ca|] r~rh; pj. ds` minzo] ^loiw.Z ,oa ^loksj jDr lzko] uotkr d`k
iqjTthou] vlkekU; fLfr ,oa d`fBu ^lo d`k ^ca|] d`kiwoZ ^lo uotkr d`k
^ca|\
vjDrrk d`k funku ,oa ^ca|\
lxHZrk d`k ^h,DfIl;k ,oa VkWDlhfe;k] jtksfuo~R;qj la. d`k ^ca|\ baV_k ;wVsjhu ;qfDr;k] xksf;k] V;wcsDVkWeh ,oa oSlsDVkWeh\
lxHZrk d`k fpfd`Rld`h; lekiu ftle fof|d` igw kfe g\
xzhok d`lj\
Y;wjksfV;k] Jksf. osnuk] oa;rk] fMla`Du ;wVsjhu jDrlzko (DUB), vehuksfj;k]
;wVjl d`k rarqish vcqZn ,oa Hza\
6. leqnk; d`k;fpfd`Rlk fuokjd` ,oa lkekftd` d`k; fpfd`Rlk
fl&kUr] ^.kh] mikxe ,oa tkuifnd` jksx foKku d`k ekiu iks". lEcU|h
jksx/fod`kj ,oa iks". d`k;Z`e
LokLF; lwpuk laxzg.] fo's". ,oa ^Lrqfr\
fuEuff[r ds` fu;a(./mUewu ds` f, jkV_h; d`k;Z`ek ds` ms';] ?Vd` ,oa
`kafrd` fo's". # esfj;k] d`kkvktkj] `kbsfj;k ,oa ;{ek HIV/AIDS, ;kSu
la`fer jksx ,oa Mxw\
LokLF; ns[Hk ^nk; ^.kh d`k `kafrd` ewY;kad`u\
LokLF; ^ca|u ,oa ^klu # rd`uhd`] lk|u] d`k;Z`e d`k;kZUo;u ,oa ewY;kad`u\
tuu ,oa fq LokLF; ds` ms';] ?Vd`] {; ,oa fLfr] jkV_h; xzkeh. LokLF;
feu ,oa lglzkCnh fod`kl {;\
vLirk ,oa vkSksfxd` vifV ^ca|\

nZukL(
iz'ui( I
nZukL( d`k bfrgkl vkSj leL;k,a
nZu d`k bfrgkl ,oa leL;k,a
1. IsVks ,oa vjLrw # ^R;; nzO; vkd`kj ,oa iqnx d`k;Zd`kj. Hko okLrfod`rk
,oa D;rk\

[ 117
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

rdZ`cqf*okn nsd`krZ] fLiukstk] hcfut # nsd`krZ d`h i*fr ,oa vlafnX| Kku
ijekRek eu-jhj }Srokn fu;rRookn ,oa Lokra;\
bafnz;kuqHo okn kWd`] cdZ`s] we # Kku d`k fl*kUr nzO; ,oa xq. vkRek ,oa
ijekRek la;okn\
d`kaV # la's"kRed` ^kxuqHfod` fu.Z; d`h laHork # fnd` ,oa d`k inkZ
rdZ`cqf* ^R;; fo^fr"s| ijekRek ds` vfLrRo ds` ^ek.k d`h ehekalk\
ghxs # }a}kRed` ^.kh ije^R;;okn\
ewj] jls ,oa iwoZorhZ foVtsULVhu # lkekU; cqf* d`k eaMu ^R;;okn d`k [aMu
rkfdZ`d` ijek.okn rkfdZ`d` jpuk viw.Z ^rhd` vZ d`k fp( fl*kUr mfDr ,oa
^nZu\
rkfdZ`d` ^R;okn # vZ d`k lR;kiu fl*kUr rRoehekalk d`k vLohd`kj vfuok;Z
^frKfIr d`k Hkf"d` fl*kUr\
mjorhZ foVxLVhu # vZ ,oa ^;ksx Hk"k-[s # O;fDr Hk"k d`h ehekalk\
lao~frkL( glZ # ^.kh lkj fl*kUr euksfoKkuijrk d`k ifjgkj\
vfLrRoijd`rkokn d`hdZ`xknZ] lk(Z] ghMsxj # vfLrRo ,oa lkj oj.] mj
nkf;Ro ,oa ^kekf.d` vfLrRo fo'ofulr ,oa d`klk\
Dokbu ,oa LV_kWu # bafnz;kuqHookn d`h ehekalk ew fofV ,oa O;fDr d`k
fl*kUr\
pkokZd` # Kku d`k fl*kUr vrfnz; lRok d`k vLohd`kj\
tSunZu # lk d`k fl*kUr lIrHaxh U;k; ca|u ,oa eqfDr\
ckS*nZu la^nk; # ^rhR;leqRikn f.d`okn] uSjkRE;okn\
U;k;-oSsf"d` # inkZ fl*kUr vkHkl fl*kUr ^ek. fl*kUr vkRek] eqfDr
ijekRek ijekRek ds` vfLrRo ds` ^ek. d`k;Zd`kj.-Hko d`k fl*kUr] l~fV d`k
ijek.qoknh fl*kUr\
lka; # ^`fr iq:" d`k;Zd`kj.-Hko eqfDr\
;ksx # fp fpo~f Ds lekf| dS`oY;\
ehekalk # Kku d`k fl*kUr\
osnkar la^nk; # czu bZ'oj vkReu tho txr ek;k vfok v;kl eks
vi~d` flf* iapfo|Hsn\
vjon # fod`kl] ^frfod`kl iw.Z ;ksx\

iz'ui( II
lkekftd` - jktuSfrd` nZu
1. lkekftd` ,oa jktuSfrd` vknZ # lekurk] U;k;] Lora(rk\
2. ^Hqlk # vkfLVu cksnk] kLd`h] d`kSfVY;\
3. O;fDr ,oa jkT; # vf|d`kj d`ZO; ,oa mjnkf;Ro\

118 ]
4.

klu ds` ^d`kj # jktra( |eZra( ,oa ksd`ra(\

5. jktuSfrd` fopkj|kjk, # vjktd`rkokn ekDlZokn ,oa lektokn\
6. ekuookn |eZfujisrkokn cgqlaL`frokn\
7. vijk| ,oa naM # HzVkpkj] O;kid` glk] tkfrlagkj] ^k.naM\
8. fod`kl ,oa lkekftd` mUufr\
9. x Hsn # L(hHzw. gR;k] Hwfe ,oa lEif vf|d`kj lfDrd`j.\
10. tkfr Hsn # xk|h ,oa vacsMd`j\
|eZ-nZu
1. bZ'oj d`h |kj.k # xq. euq; ,oa fo'o ls lEcU| Hkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;\
2. bZ'oj ds` vfLrRo ds` ^ek. vkSj mld`h ehekalk Hkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;\
3. vqH d`h leL;k\
4. vkRek # vejrk iqutZUe ,oa eqfDr\
5. rdZ`cqf*] Jqfr ,oa vkLk\
6. |kfeZd` vuqHo # ^`fr ,oa oLrq Hkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;\
7. bZ'oj jfgr |eZ
8. |eZ vkSj uSfrd`rk\
9. |kfeZd` qfprk ,oa ije lR;rk d`h leL;k\
10. |kfeZd` Hk"k d`h ^`fr # lkn~';ewd` ,oa ^rhd`kRed` laKkuoknh ,oa
fuLlaKkuoknh\

HkSfrd`h
^'u-i( I
1.

d` d`. xfrd`h
xfrfu;e] tkZ ,oa laosx d`k laj.] ?w.hZ s`e ij vuq^;ksx] vid`nzh ,oa
d`ksfj;kfl Roj. d`nzh; c ds` vUrxZr xfr d`ks.h; laosx d`k laj.] ds`Ij fu;e
s( ,oa foHo xksh; iMk ds` d`kj. xq:Ro s( ,oa foHo xkSl Ioklk lehd`j.]
xq:Ro LotkZ f}iM leL;k lekuhr nzO;eku jnj`ksMZ ^d`h.Zu nzO;eku ds`Unz ,oa
^;ksxkk lanHZ s`e\
[ n~< iMk d`h ;kaf(d`h
d`.fud`k; nzO;eku ds`Unz] d`ks.h; laosx] xfr lehd`j. tkZ] laosx ,oa d`ks.h;
laosx ds` laj. ^es; ^R;kL ,oa v^R;kLk la?u n~< iM Lokra; d`ksfV;ka] vk;j
^es;] d`ks.h; osx] d`ks.h; laosx] tMRo vk?w.Z] lekarj ,oa vfHac vk ds` ^es;]
?w.Zu gsrq xfr d`k lehd`j. vkfod` ?w.Zu n~< iMk ds` i e f} ,oa f(-ijekfod`
v.q] iqjLlj. xfr] Hzfe] ?w.kZLkih\

[ 119

x larr ek;ek d`h ;kaf(d`h

^R;kLrk] gqd` d`k fu;e ,oa lenSfd` Bkslk ds` ^R;kLrkad` rk muds` varlca|
^okgjs[k Lrjh; ^okg] ';kurk] Iokt; lehd`j.] cjuwh lehd`j.] LVksd` fu;e ,oa
mlds` vuq^;ksx\
? fofV vkisfd`rk
ekbd`Ylu-ekssZ ^;ksx ,oa bld`h fook,a kWjt ikarj.-nS;Z-ladq`pu] d`ko~f*]
vkisfd`h; osxk d`k ;ksx] foiu rk MkWIj ^Hko] nzO;eku-tkZ laca|] ; ^f`;k ls
lj vuq^;ksx prqfoZeh; laosx lfn HkSfrd` ds` lehd`j.k ds` lg^lj.\
2.

rjax ,oa ^d`kfd`h

d` rjax # lj vkorZ xfr] voeafnr nksu] ^.ksfnr nksu rk vuqukn foLian

rarq e fLj rjax Lianu rk rjax lapkf;d`k,a] ^koLk rk lewg osx\ gkbZtu ds`
fl*kUr ls ijkorZu rk viorZu\
[ T;kferh; ^d`kfd`h # `jesV ds` fl*kUr ls ijkorZu rk viorZu ds` fu;e]
mikh; ^d`kfd`h e vkO;wg i*fr%irs l ds` lw(] fuLian r] nks irs lk d`h
^.kh] o.Z rk xksh; foiu\
x O;frd`j. # ^d`k d`k O;frd`j. - ;ax d`k ^;ksx] U;wVu o;] ruq f`Yek }kjk
O;frd`j.] ekbd`Ylu O;frd`j. ekih fofo| fd`j.iqat O;frd`j. ,oa s`czh-isjV
O;frd`j. ekih\
? foorZu # `kugks`j foorZu - ,d` js[k fNnz] f}js[kfNnz] foorZu xzsVx] foHsnu
erk o~rh; }kjd` }kjk foorZu rk ok;oh; iSVuZ s`lus foorZu - v*Z vkorZu
tksu ,oa tksu IsV] o~h; }kjd`\
|zqohd`j. ,oa vk|qfud` ^d`kfd`h # js[h;] o~h; |zqfor ^d`k d`k mRiknu rk
vfHKku f}viorZu] prqk rjax IsV] ^d`kh; lf`;rk] jsk ^d`kfd`h ds` fl*kUr]
h.u] LVsi-baMsDl rk ijcf;d` baMsDl rarqvk e Lian ifjsi.] inkZ ifjsi.]
,d` i jsk slj - vkbu LVkbu A rk B xq.kad`\ ch rk ghf;e fu;kWu slj\
slj ^d`k d`h fos"rk,a\ Lkfud` rk d`kfd` lac*rk] slj fd`j.iqat d`k `ksd`lu\
slj f`;k ds` f, f(-Lrjh; ;kstuk] gkskxzk`h ,oa lj vuq^;ksx\
3.

foqr ,oa pqacd`Ro

d` fLj oSqr ,oa fLj pqEcd`h; # fLj oSqr e kIkl ,oa Ioklk lehd`j. ,oa
mud`k vuq^;ksx\ vkos fud`k; d`h tkZ] vfn foHo d`k cgq|zqo ^lkj\ ^frfcEc fof|
,oa mud`k vuq^;ksx\ f}|zqo ds` d`kj. foHo ,oa s(] ck s( e f}|zqo ij c ,oa c
vk?w.Z\ ijkoSqr] |zqo.\ ifjlhek - eku leL;k d`k g - ,d` leku oSqr s( e pkd`
rk ijkoSqr xksd` pqEcd`h; d`ks] ,d`leku pqEcfd`r xksd`] kSg pqEcd`h; inkZ]
SfY;] tkZ kl\

120 ]

[ |kjk foqr # fd`jpkW` fu;e ,oa muds` vuq^;ksx\ ck;ks-lokVZ fu;e] ,sfEi;j
fu;e] S`jkMs fu;e] sUt fu;e\ Lo\ ,oa vU;ksU; ^sjd`Ro\ ^R;korhZ |kjk (A.C.)
ifji e ek; ,oa oxZ ek; ew (rms) eku\ RL ,oa C ?Vd oks DC ,oa AC
ifji - Js.hc* ,oa lekUrj vuqukn xq.rk d`kjd` ifj.kfe( ds` fl*kUr\
x foqr pqEcd`h; rjax ,oa d~`f.d`k fofd`j. # foLkiu |kjk ,oa esDlos ds`
lehd`j. fuokZr e rjax lehd`j.] IokbaVx ^es; lfn ,oa vfn foHo foqr
pqEcd`h; s( ^fn] eSDlos lehd`j.k d`k lg^lj.\ lenSfd` ijkoSqr e rjax
lehd`j.] nks ijkoSqrk d`h ifjlhek ij ijkorZu rk viorZu S`lu lEcU| iw.Z
vkarfjd` ijkorZu ^lkekU; ,oa vlaxr o.Z fosi. jss ^d`h.Zu `f.d`k fofd`j. ,oa
Id` fofd`j. fu;e] LVh`u - cksYVeSu fu;e] fo;su foLkiu fu;e ,oa jss - thUl
fu;e\
4. rkih; ,oa lkaf;d`h; HkSfrd`h
d` ekxfrd`h # ekxfrd`h d`k fu;e] mR`E; rk v^fr`E; ^`e] ,UV_kWih
lerkth] *kse] lenkc] levk;ru ^`e rk ,UV_kWih ifjorZu\ vkWVks ,oa Mht
baftu] fxC; ^koLk fu;e ,oa jklk;fud` foHo\ okLrfod` xSl d`h voLk ds` f,
okaMjokYl lehd`j.] `kfUrd` fLjkad` vkfod` osx ds` f, eSDlos cksYVeku forj.]
ifjogu ifj?Vuk] lefoHktu ,oa ohfj; ^es; Bksl d`h fofV ek d`k M;wka isrh] vkbaLVkbu] ,oa Msch fl*kUr\ esDlos lEcU| ,oa vuq^;ksx Dkfl;l DsijkWu
lehd`j. *kse fopqacd`u] tw - ds`fYou ^Hko ,oa xSlk d`k nzo.\
[ lkaf;d`h; HkSfrd`h # Lw ,oa lw{e voLk,a] lkaf;d`h; caVu] eSDlos cksYVteku] cksl - vkbaLVkbu ,oa `ehZ - fnjkd` caVu] xSlk d`h fofV ek ,oa
`f.d`k fofd`j. e vuq^;ksx ud`kjkRed` rki d`h lad`Yiuk\

iz'ui( II
1. DokUVe ;kaf(d`h%d`. rjax }Srrk] JksMxj lehd`j. ,oa ^R;kkeku
vfuf'prrk fl*kUr] eqDrd`.] ckWDl e d`.] ifjfer dw`i e d`. ds` f, ,d` foeh;
JksMxj lehd`j. d`k g xkmlh; rjax - osLVu] jSf[d` vkorhZ ksd` ix - foHo
}kjk ,oa vk;rkd`kj jksf|d`k }kjk ijkorZu ,oa lapj. f(foeh; ckWDl e d`.]
voLkvk d`k ?uRo] |krqvk d`k eqDr bsDV_kWu fl*kUr] d`ks.h; laosx] gkbM_kstu
ijek.q v*Z^p`. d`.] ikmh ^p`. vkO;wgk ds` xq.|eZ\
2. ijekfod` ,oa vkfod` HkSfrd`h%LVuZ - xsZd` ^;ksx] bsDV_kWu p`.] gkbM_kstu
ijek.q d`h lw{e lajpuk\ L-S ,\,l\ ;qXeu] J-J ts\-ts\ ;qXeu\ ijek.q voLk
d`k LisDV_kWeh lads`ru\ theku ^Hko\ z`d`-da`Mkse fl*kUr ,oa vuq^;ksx\ f}ijek.q v.q ds`
?w.Zuh] d`kEifud` ,oa bsDV_kWfud` LisDV_e d`k ^kfed` fl*kUr jeu ^Hko ,oa vk.fod`
lajpuk stj jeu LisDV_fed`h [xksfd`h e mnklhu gkbM_kstu ijek.q] vk.fod`
gkbM_kstu ,oa vkfod` gkbM_kstu vkW;u d`k egRo ^frnhfIr ,oa Lq`jnhfIr NMR ,oa
EPR d`k ^kfed` fl*kUr ,oa vuq^;ksx] SEc l~fr d`h ^kfed` O;k;k ,oa bud`k
egRo\

[ 121
3. ukfHd`h; ,oa d`. HkSfrd`h%ewHwr ukfHd`h; xq.|eZ vkd`kj] ca|u tkZ] d`ks.h;
laosx] lerk] pqEcd`h; vk?w.Z v*Z-vkuqHfod` nzO;eku lw( ,oa vuq^;ksx] nzO;eku
ijo; M;wVsjkWu d`h ew voLk] pqEcd`h; vk?w.Z ,oa vds`Unzh; c ukfHd`h; c d`k
eslku fl*kUr] ukfHd`h; c d`h ^eq[ fos"rk,a ukfHd` d`k d`ks ekWM - l`rk,a
,oa lhek,a chVk kl e lerk d`k mYa?u xkek kl ,oa vkUrfjd` ikarj.\ eklckSj
LisDV_fed`h d`h ^kfed` |kj.k ukfHd`h; vfHf`;k d`k Q eku ukfHd`h; fo[Mu ,oa
la;u] rkjkvk e tkZ mRiknu ukfHd`h; fj,DVj\
ew d`.k d`k oxhZd`j. ,oa mud`h vU;ksU;f`;k,a laj. fu;e gSM_ksuk d`h DokdZ`
lajpuk h. oSqr ,oa ^c vU;ksU; f`;k d`k s(%DokVk] ck ds` ,d`hd`j. d`h
^kfed` |kj.k\ U;wfV_uk d`h HkSfrd`h\
4. Bksl voLk HkSfrd`h] ;a( ,oa bsDV_kWfud`h%inkZ d`h f`LVh; ,oa vf`LVh;
lajpuk fofHUu f`LV fud`k;] vkd`kh lewg f`LV lajpuk fu|kZj. d`h fof|;k Xfd`j. foorZu] `eoh. ,oa lapj. bsDV_kWu lw{enhZ Bkslk d`k i fl*kUr - pkd`]
foqrjks|h ,oa v*Zpkd` Bkslk ds` rkih; xq.|eZ] fofV ek] Msch fl*kUr
pqEcd`Ro ^fr] vuq ,oa ksg pqEcd`Ro vfrpkd`rk ds` vo;o] ekbLuj ^Hko]
tksls`lu laf| ,oa vuq^;ksx mPp rki`e vfrpkd`rk d`h ^kfed |kj.k\
uSt ,oa ck v*Zpkd` p-n-p ,oa n-p-n V_kaftLVj] ^o|Zd` ,oa nksf(]
laf`;kRed` ^o|Zd` FET, JFET ,oa MOSFET; vad`h; bsDV_kWfud`h - cwh; rRled`]
Mh ekWxZu fu;e] rdZ` }kjk ,oa lR; lkjf.;k lj rdZ` ifji e ^frjks|h] lkSj
ls ekb`ks^kslslj ,oa vad`h; d`EI;wVjk ds` ew fl*kUr\

jktuhfr foKku vkSj vUrjkZV_h; lEcU|

iz'ui( I
jktuhfrd` fl*kUr rk Hkjrh; jktuhfr
11. jktuSfrd` fl*kar # vZ ,oa mikxe\
12. jkT; ds` fl*kar # mnkjoknh] uomnkjoknh] ekDlZoknh] cgqoknh] i'p-mifuosh ,oa
ukjh-vf|d`kjoknh\
13. U;k; # jkW ds` U;k; ds` fl*kUr ds` fos" lanHZ e U;k; ds` la^R;; ,oa blds`
leqnk;oknh lekkspd`\
14. lekurk # lkekftd`] jktuSfrd` ,oa vkfZd` lekurk ,oa Lora(rk ds` chp laca|
ld`kjkRed` d`k;Z\
15. vf|d`kj # vZ ,oa fl*kUr fofHUu ^d`kj ds` vf|d`kj ekuokf|d`kj d`h lad`Yiuk\
16. ksd`ra( # Dkfld`h ,oa led`khu fl*kUr ksd`ra( ds` fofHUu ekWM ^frfuf|d`] lgHkxh ,oa foehZ\
17. fDr] ^k|kU;] fopkj|kjk ,oa oS|rk d`h lad`Yiuk\
18. jktuSfrd` fopkj|kjk,a # mnkjokn] lektokn] ekDlZokn] `klhokn] xk|hokn ,oa
ukjh-vf|d`kjokn\

122 ]
19.

Hkjrh; jktuSfrd` pru # |eZkL(] vZkL( ,oa ckS* ijEijk, lj lS;n vgen
[ku] Jh vjon] ,e\ ds`\ xka|h] ch\ vkj\ vacsMd`j] ,e\ ,u\ jkW;\
10. ik'pkR; jktuSfrd` pru # IsVks] vjLrw] eSfd`;kosh] gkWCl] kWd`] tkWu ,l\ fe
ekDlZ] xzkELd`h] gkUuk vkjsUV\
Hkjrh; klu ,oa jktuhfr
1. Hkjrh; jkV_okn%d` Hkjr ds` Lok|hurk laxzke d`h jktuSfrd` d`k;Zuhfr;k #
lafo|kuokn ls tu lR;kxzg] vlg;ksx] lfou; voKk ,oa Hkjr NksMks mxzoknh
,oa `kfUrd`kjh vkUnksu] fd`lku ,oa d`kexkj vkUnksu\
[ Hkjrh; jkV_h; vkUnksu ds` ifj^s{; # mnkjoknh lektoknh ,oa ekDlZoknh
mxzekuorkoknh ,oa nfr\
2. Hkjr ds` lafo|ku d`k fuekZ. # fczfV klu d`k fjD fofHUu lkekftd` ,oa
jktuSfrd` ifj^s{;\
3. Hkjr ds` lafo|ku d`h ^eq[ fos"rk, # ^Lrkouk] ekSfd` vf|d`kj rk d`ZO;]
uhfr funsZd` fl*kUr] lalnh; ^.kh ,oa laks|u ^f`;k U;kf;d` iqufoZksd`u ,oa
ew lajpuk fl*kUr\
4. d` la? ljd`kj ds` ^|ku vax # d`k;Zikfd`k] fo|kf;d`k ,oa loksZPp U;k;k; d`h
fopkfjr Hwfed`k ,oa okLrfod` d`k;Z^.kh\
[ jkT; ljd`kj ds` ^|ku vax # d`k;Zikfd`k] fo|kf;d`k ,oa mPp U;k;k;k d`h
fopkfjr Hwfed`k ,oa okLrfod` d`k;Z^.kh\
5. vk|kfjd` ksd`ra( # iapk;rh jkt ,oa uxj klu 73 o ,oa 74o laks|uk d`k
egRo vk|kfjd` vkUnksu\
6. lkafof|d` laLk, / vk;ksx # fuokZpu vk;ksx] fu;a(d` ,oa egks[k ijhd`] fo
vk;ksx] la? ksd` lsok vk;ksx] jkV_h; vuqlwfpr tkfr;k vk;ksx] jkV_h; vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;k vk;ksx] jkV_h; efgk vk;ksx] jkV_h; ekuokf|d`kj vk;ksx] jkV_h;
vYila;d` vk;ksx] jkV_h; fiNMk oxZ vk;ksx\
7. la? jkT; i*fr # lkafo|kfud` mica|] ds`Unz jkT; laca|k d`k cnrk Loi]
,d`hd`j.oknh ^o~f;k ,oa s(h; vkd`kak, varj-jkT; fookn\
8. ;kstuk ,oa vkfZd` fod`kl # usgoknh ,oa xk|hoknh ifj^s{;] ;kstuk d`h Hwfed`k
,oa futh s(] gfjr `kfUr] Hwfe lq|kj ,oa `f" laca|] mnkjhd`j. ,oa vkfZd`
lq|kj\
9. Hkjrh; jktuhfr e tkfr] |eZ ,oa u~tkrh;rk\
10. n ^.kh # jkV_h; ,oa s(h; jktuSfrd` n] nk ds` oSpkfjd` ,oa lkekftd`
vk|kj] cgqnh; jktuhfr ds` Loi ncko lewg] fuokZpd` vkpj. d`h ^o~f;k]
fo|k;d`k ds` cnrs lkekftd` - vkfZd` Loi\
11. lkekftd` vkUnksu# ukxfjd` Lora(rk,a ,oa ekuokf|d`kj vkUnksu efgk vkUnksu]
i;kZoj. vkUnksu\

[ 123

iz'ui( II
rqukRed` jktuhfr rk vUrjkZV_h; lEcU|
rqukRed` jktuSfrd` fo's". ,oa vUrjkZV_h; jktuhfr
1. rqukRed` jktuhfr # Loi ,oa ^eq[ mikxe jktuSfrd` vZO;oLk ,oa
jktuSfrd` lektkL(h; ifj^s{; rqukRed` ^f`;k d`h lhek,a\
2. rqukRed` ifj^s{; e jkT; iwathoknh ,oa lektoknh vZO;oLkvk e jkT; ds`
cnrs Loi ,oa mud`h fos"rk,a rk mUur vkSksfxd` ,oa fod`klh lekt\
3. jktuSfrd` ^frfu|ku ,oa lgHkfxrk # mUur vkSksfxd` ,oa fod`klh lektk e
jktuSfrd` n] ncko lewg ,oa lkekftd` vkUnksu\
4. HweaMh; # fod`flr ,oa fod`klh lektk ls ^kIr vuqf`;k,a\
5. vUrjkZV_h; laca|k ds` v;;u ds` mikxe # vknZoknh ;kZoknh] ekDlZoknh]
^d`k;Zoknh] ,oa ^.kh fl*kUr\
6. vUrjkZV_h; laca|k e vk|kjHwr lad`Yiuk,a # jkV_h; fgr] lqjk ,oa fDr fDr
larqu ,oa ^frjks| ij - jkV_h; d`rkZ ,oa lkewfgd` lqjk fo'o iwathokn
vZO;oLk ,oa HweaMhd`j.\
7. cnrh vUrjkZV_h; jktuhfr O;oLk # d` egkfDr;k d`k mn; d`k;Zuhfrd` ,oa
oSpkfjd` f}|qjh;rk] L(hd`j. d`h gksM ,oa hr ;q* ukfHd`h; [rjk\
8. vUrjkZV_h; vkfZd` O;oLk d`k mnHo # czsVuoqM ls fo'o O;kikj laxBu rd`\
lektoknh vZO;oLk,a rk ikjLifjd` vkfZd` lgk;rk ifj"n (CMEA); uo
vUrjkZV_h; vkfZd` O;oLk d`h r~rh; fo'o d`h ekax fo'o vZO;oLk d`k
HweaMhd`j.\
9. la;qDr jkV_ # fopkfjr Hwfed`k ,oa okLrfod` s[k-tks[k fos"h`r la;qDr jkV_
vfHd`j. - {; ,oa d`k;Zd`j. la;qDr jkV_ lq|kjk d`h vko';d`rk\
10. fo'o jktuhfr d`k s(h;d`j. # EU, ASEAN, APEC, SAARC, NAFTA.
11. led`khu oSf'od` ljksd`kj # ksd`ra(] ekuokf|d`kj] i;kZoj.] x U;k;]
vkrad`okn] ukfHd`h; ^lkj]
Hkjr rk fo'o
1. Hkjr d`h fonsh uhfr # fons uhfr ds` fu|kZjd` uhfr fuekZ. d`h laLk,a fujarjrk
,oa ifjorZu\
2. xqV fujisrk vkUnksu d`ks Hkjr d`k ;ksxnku # fofHUu pj. orZeku Hwfed`k\
3. Hkjr vkSj nf. ,f;k #
d` s(h; lg;ksx # SAARC-fiNs fuiknu ,oa Hkoh ^R;kk,a\
[ nf. ,f;k eqDr O;kikj s( ds` s( e\
x Hkjr d`h iwoZ vfHeq[u uhfr\

124 ]

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

? s(h; lg;ksx d`h ck|k,a # unh t fookn voS| lhek ikj mR^oklu
u~tkrh; }a} ,oa miIYo lhek fookn\
Hkjr ,oa oSf'od` nf. # v`hd`k ,oa krhuh vesfjd`k ds` lk laca| NIEO ,oa
WTO okrkZvk ds` f, vko';d` usr~Ro d`h Hwfed`k\
Hkjr ,oa oSf'od` fDr ds`Unz # la;qDr jkT; vesfjd`k] ;wjksi la? (EU), tkiku
phu vkSj l\
Hkjr ,oa la;qDr jkV_ ^.kh # la;qDr jkV_ kfUr vuqj. e Hwfed`k lqjk
ifj"n e Lk;h lnL;rk d`h ekax\
Hkjr ,oa ukfHd`h; ^'u # cnrs ^R;. ,oa uhfr\
Hkjrh; fons uhfr e gk ds` fod`kl # v`xkfuLrku e gk ds` lad`V ij Hkjr
d`h fLfr] bjkd` ,oa if'pe ,f;k US ,oa btjkb ds` lk c<rs laca| ubZ
fo'o O;oLk d`h n~fV\

euksfoKku
iz'ui( I
euksfoKku ds` vk|kj
1. ifjp;%euksfoKku d`h ifjHk"k\ euksfoKku d`k ,sfrgkfld` iwoZo~ ,oa 21o
rkCnh e ^o~f;k\ euksfoKku ,oa oSKkfud` i*fr] euksfoKku d`k vU; lkekftd` vkSj
^k`frd` foKkuk ls laaca| lkekftd` leL;kvk e euksfoKku d`k vuq^;ksx\
2. euksfoKku d`h i*fr%vuqla|ku ds` ^d`kj - o.ZukRed`] ewY;kad`uh] uSnkfud` ,oa
iwokZuqekfud`\ vuqla|ku i*fr # ^s.] losZ.] O;fDr v;;u ,oa ^;ksx] ^;ksxkRed`
rk v^;ksxkRed` vfHd`Yi d`h fos"rk,\ ijh. ln~ vfHd`Yi ds`Unzh; lewg ppkZ]
fopkjkos] vk|kj fl*kUr mikxe\
3. vuqla|ku ^.kf;k%euksoSKkfud` vuqla|ku e eq; pj. leL;k d`u]
^kDd`Yiuk fui.] vuqla|ku vfHd`Yi] ^frp;u] vkd`Mk laxzg ds` mid`j.] fo's".
,oa O;k;k rk fooj. s[u\ ew ds` fo:* vuq^;qDr vuqla|ku] vkad`Mk laxzg d`h
fof|;k lkkRd`kj] ^s.] ^'ukoh] vuqla|ku vfHd`Yi d`k;ksZj ,oa ^;ksxkRed`]
lkaf;d`h ^fof|;k d`k vuq^;ksx Vh-ijh.] f}ekxhZ ,uksok] lglaca|] lekJ;. ,oa
S`DVj fo's".] en vuqf`;k fl*kUr\
4. ekuo O;ogkj d`k fod`kl%o~f* ,oa fod`kl fod`kl ds` fl*kUr] ekuo O;ogkj d`ks
fu|kZfjr d`jus oks vkuqoafd` ,oa i;kZoj.h; d`kjd`k d`h Hwfed`k lekthd`j. e
lkaL`frd` ^Hko thou foLr~fr fod`kl-vfH. fod`klkRed` d`k;Z thou foLr~fr ds`
^eq[ pj.k e euksoSKkfud` LokLF; d`k laao|Zu\
5. laosnu vo|ku vkSj ^R;.%laosnu # lhek d`h lad`Yiuk] fujsi ,oa U;wure
cks|-Hsn nsgh] lads`r miaHu ,oa lrdZ`rk vo|ku d`ks ^Hkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`
ftle foU;kl ,oa mhiu vfH. kfe g\ ^R;. d`h ifjHk"k vkSj lad`Yiuk]

[ 125

^R;. e tSfod` d`kjd` ^kR;fd` laxBu-iwoZ vuqHok d`k ^Hko ^kR;fd` jk-lkarjk
,oa xgurk ^R; d`ks ^Hkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`] vkeki vkd`u ,oa ^kR;kfd` rRijrk\
^R;. d`h lqxzkrk] vrhfUnz; ^R;.] laL`fr ,oa ^R;.] volhe ^R;.\
6. vf|xe%vf|xe d`h lad`Yiuk rk fl*kUr O;ogkjoknh] xsLVkYVoknh ,oa
lwpuk ^`e. ekWM\ foksi] foHsn ,oa lkekU;hd`j. d`h ^f`;k, d`k;Z`ec*
vf|xe] ^kf;d`rk vf|xe vkRe vuqnskRed` vf|xe ^chd`j. d`h lad`Yiuk,] ^d`kj
,oa lkjf.;k ik;u] ifjgkj ,oa naM] ^fri. ,oa lkekftd` vf|xe\
7. Le~fr%lads`ru ,oa Lej. vYikof| Le~fr] nh?kZof| Le~fr] laosnh Le~fr]
^frekijd` Le~fr vuqj.u Le~fr efYVLVksj ekWM] ^`e. ds` Lrj laxBu ,oa Le~fr
lq|kj d`h Lej.tud` rd`uhd` foLej. ds` fl*kUr ;] O;fDrd`j. ,oa ^R;ku;u
fo`u vf|Le~fr Le~frksi vk?krksj ,oa vfH?kriwoZ\
8. fpUru ,oa leL;k lek|ku%fi;kts d`k laKkukRed` fod`kl d`k fl*kUr lad`Yiuk
fuekZ. ^`e lwpuk ^`e.] rdZ` ,oa leL;k lek|ku\ leL;k lek|ku e lgk;d` ,oa
ck|kd`kjh d`kjd`] leL;k lek|ku d`h fof|;k # l~tukRed` pru ,oa l~tukRed`rk d`k
^friks". fu.Z;u ,oa vf|fu.Z; d`ks ^Hkfor d`jus oks d`kjd` vfHuo ^o~f;k\
9. vfH^sj. rk laosx%vfH^sj. laosx ds` euksoSKkfud` ,oa jhj f`;kRed` vk|kj]
vfH^sj. rk laosx d`k ekiu vfH^sj. ,oa laosx d`k O;ogkj ij ^Hko ck ,oa
varj vfH^sj. vkarj vfH^sj. d`ks ^Hkfor d`jus oks d`kjd` laosxkRed` lerk ,oa
lacaf|r eqs\
10. cqf* ,oa vfHerk%cqf* ,oa vfHerk d`h lad`Yiuk] cqf* d`k Loi ,oa
fl*kUr-fLi;jeSu] lZVu] x`ksMZ cukZu] LVsucxZ ,oa ts\ih\ nkl laosxkRed` cqf*]
lkekftd` cqf*] cqf* ,oa vfHerk d`k ekiu] cqf*fC| d`h lad`Yiuk] fopu
cqf*fC|] cqf*fC| fLjrk cgq cqf* d`k ekiu rj cqf* ,oa f`LVfr cqf*\
11. O;fDrRo%O;fDrRo d`h lad`Yiuk rk ifjHk"k O;fDrRo ds` fl*kUr
euksfo's".kRed`] lkekftd`-lkaL`frd`] varoSZ;fDrd`] fod`klkRed`] ekuorkoknh]
O;ogkjoknh fos" xq. ,oa tkfr mikxe O;fDrRo d`k ekiu ^sih ijh.] iflisij ijh. O;fDrRo ds` ^fr Hkjrh; n~fVd`ks. O;fDrRo fod`kl gsrq ^f.\
uohure mikxe tSls fd` fcx- 5 S`DVj fl*kUr fofHUu ijEijkvk e Lo d`k cks|\
12. vfHo~f;k] ewY; ,oa vfH:fp;k%vfHo~f;k] ewY;k ,oa vfH:fp;k d`h
ifjHk"k,a vfHo~f;k ds` ?Vd` vf|o~f;k d`k fuekZ. ,oa vuqj. vfHo~f;k] ewY;k
,oa vfHfp;k d`k ekiu\ vfHo~f ifjorZu ds` fl*kUr] ewY; ^friks". d`h fof|;k\
< |kj.kvk ,oa iwokZxzgk d`k fuekZ.] vU; ds` O;ogkj d`ks cnuk] xq.kjksi ds` fl*kUr]
vfHuo ^o~f;k\
13. Hk"k ,oa laKkiu%ekuo Hk"k-xq.] lajpuk ,oa Hk"kxr lksiku Hk"k-vtZuiwokZuqdw`rk] `kafrd` vof|] ^kDd`Yiuk Hk"k fod`kl ds` fl*kUr Ld`huj] pksELd`h
laKkiu d`h ^f`;k ,oa ^d`kj ^Hkoiw.Z laKkiu ,oa ^f.\

126 ]
14. vk|qfud` led`khu euksfoKku e eqs ,oa ifj^s{;%euksoSKkfud` ^;ksxkk ,oa
euksoSKkfud` ijh. e d`EI;wVj vuq^;ksx `f(e cqf* lkbd`kslkbcjusfVDl psruk-untkxj. d`k;Z`ek d`k v;;u LoIu] mhiuoapu] ;ku] fgIuksfVd` / vkS"| ^sfjr
nk, vrhfUnz; ^R;. varjhfUnz; ^R;. feF;kHkl v;;u\

iz'ui( II
euksfoKku # fo"; vkSj vuq^;ksx
1. O;fDrxr fofHUurkvk d`k oSKkfud` ekiu # O;fDrxr fofHUurkvk d`k Loi
ekud`h`r euksoSKkfud` ijh.k d`h fos"rk,a vkSj lajpuk] euksoSKkfud` ijh.k ds`
^d`kj] euksoSKkfud` ijh.k ds` mi;ksx] nq:i;ksx rk lhek,a\ euksoSKkfud` ijhkvk ds`
^;ksx e uhfrijd` fo";\
2. euksoSKkfud` LokLF; rk ekufld` fod`kj # LokLF;-vLokLF; d`h lad`Yiuk
ld`kjkRed` LokLF;] d`Y;k.\ ekufld` fod`kj prk fod`kj] eu#fLfr fod`kj]
lhtkss`fu;k rk Hzfed` fod`kj] O;fDrRo fod`kj] O;fDrRo fod`kj rkfRod` nqO;Zogkj
fod`kj] ekufld` fod`kjk ds` d`kjd` rRo] ld`kjkRed` LokLF;] d`Y;k.] thou Sh rk
thou d`h xq.ok d`ks ^Hkfor d`jus oks d`kjd`\
3. fpfd`RlkRed` mikxe # euksxfrd` fpfd`Rlk,a\ O;ogkj fpfd`Rlk,a/jksxh ds`fUnzr
fpfd`Rlk,a/laKkukRed` fpfd`Rlk,a] nsh fpfd`Rlk,a ;ksx] ;ku\ tSo iqufuZos fpfd`Rlk\
ekufld` :X.rk d`h jksd`ke rk iquLkZiuk\ `fed` LokLF; ^friks".\
4. d`k;kZRed` euksfoKku rk laxBukRed` O;ogkj # d`kfeZd` p;u rk ^f.\ mksx
e euksoSKkfud` ijh.k d`k mi;ksx\ ^f. rk ekuo lalk|u fod`kl\ d`k;Z-vfH^sj.
fl*kUr-gtZ oxZ] ekLks] ,Me bZfDoVh fl*kUr] iksVZj ,oa koj] czwe usr~Ro rk
lgHkxh ^ca|u\ foKkiu rk foi.u\ ncko ,oa bld`k ^ca|u Jenrk kL(]
miHksDrk euksfoKku] ^ca|d`h; ^Hkfork] ikarj. usr~Ro] laosnuhrk ^f.]
laxBuk e fDr ,oa jktuhfr\
5. Sfd` s( e euksfoKku d`k vuq^;ksx # v;kiu-v;;u ^f`;k d`ks ^Hkoh
cukus e euksoSKkfud` fl*kUr\ v;;u Sf;k\ ^n] eUnd`] v;;u gsrq ve vkSj
mud`k ^f.\ Lej. fDr c<kus rk csgrj Sf.d` mifC| ds` f, ^f.\
O;fDrRo fod`kl rk ewY; fk\ Sfd`] O;kolkf;d` ekxZnZu rk thfod`ksiktZu
ijkeZ\ Sfd` laLkvk e euksoSKkfud` ijh.\ ekxZnZu d`k;Z`ek e ^Hkoh
d`k;Zuhfr;k\
6. lkeqnkf;d` euksfoKku # lkeqnkf;d` euksfoKku d`h ifjHk"k vkSj lad`Yiuk\
lkekftd` d`k;Zd`ki e NksVs lewgk d`h mi;ksfxrk\ lkekftd` psruk d`h tkx~fr vkSj
lkekftd` leL;kvk d`ks lq>kus d`h d`k;Zokgh\ lkekftd` ifjorZu ds` f, lkewfgd`
fu.Z; suk vkSj usr~Ro ^nku d`juk\ lkekftd` ifjorZu ds` f, ^Hkoh d`k;Zuhfr;k\
7. iquokZl euksfoKku # ^kfed`] ek;fed` rk r~rh;d` fuokjd` d`k;Z`e\
euksoSKkfud`k d`h Hwfed`k - kjhfjd`] ekufld` rk lkekftd` i ls pqukSrh ^kIr

[ 127

O;fDr;k] tSls o~* O;fDr;k ds` iquokZlu ds` f, lsokvk d`k vk;kstu\ inkZ-nq:i;ksx
fd`ksj vijk|] vkijkf|d` O;ogkj ls ihfMr O;fDr;k d`k iquokZl-glk ds` fd`kj
O;fDr;k d`k iquokZl\ HIV/AIDS jksfx;k d`k iquokZl\ lkekftd` vfHd`j.k d`h Hwfed`k\
8. lqfo|koafpr lewgk ij euksfoKku d`k vuq^;ksx # lqfo|koafpr] oafpr rk
lkekftd` i ls oafpr d`h lad`Yiuk,a\ lqfo|k oafpr rk oafpr lewgk ds` lkekftd`]
HkSfrd`] lkaL`frd` rk vkfZd` ifj.ke\ lqfo|k oafprk d`k fod`kl d`h vksj f. rk
vfH^sj.\ lkis ,oa nh?Zd`kfd` oapu\
9. lkekftd` ,d`hd`j. d`h euksoSKkfud` leL;k # lkekftd` ,d`hd`j. d`h lad`Yiuk\
tkfr] oxZ] |eZ] Hk"k-fooknk vkSj iwokZxzg d`h leL;k\ varlZewg rk cfglZewg ds` chp
iwokZxzg d`k Loi rk vfHO;fDr\ ,sls fooknk vkSj iwokZxzgk ds` d`kjd` rRo\ fooknk vkSj
iwokZxzgk ls fuiVus ds` f, euksoSKkfud` uhfr;k\ lkekftd` ,d`hd`j. ikus ds` mik;\
10. lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h vkSj tu-lapkj e euksfoKku d`k vuq^;ksx # lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h
vkSj tu-lapkj-xwt d`k orZeku ifjn~'; vkSj euksoSKkfud`k d`h Hwfed`k\ lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h
vkSj tu-lapkj ds` s( e d`k;Z ds` f, euksfoKku O;olkbZ;k d`k p;u vkSj ^f.\
lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h vkSj tu-lapkj ek;e ls nwjL f.\ bZ-d`kWelZ ds` }kjk mehrk\
cgqLrjh; foi.u nwjnZu d`k ^Hko ,oa lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h vkSj tu-lapkj ds` }kjk ewY;
^friks".\ lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h e vfHuo fod`kl ds` euksoSKkfud` ifj.ke\
11. euksfoKku rk vkfZd` fod`kl # mifC|] vfH^sj.k rk vkfZd` fod`kl\
meh O;ogkj d`h fos"rk,a\ mehrk rk vkfZd` fod`kl ds` f, ksxk d`k
vfH^sj. rk ^f.\ miHksDrk vf|d`kj rk miHksDrk vf|d`kj rk miHksDrk
lapsruk\ efgk mfe;k lesr ;qokvk e mehrk ds` lao|Zu ds` f, ljd`kjh uhfr;k\
12. i;kZoj. rk lEc* s(k e euksfoKku d`k vuq^;ksx # i;kZoj.h; euksfoKkuofu] ^nw". rk HhMHkM ds` ^Hko\ tula;k euksfoKku-tula;k foL`ksVu vkSj mPp
tula;k ?uRo ds` euksoSKkfud` ifj.ke\ NksVs ifjokj ds` ekunaM d`k vfH^sj.\ i;kZoj.
ds` vo`e. ij nzqr oSKkfud` vkSj ^kSksfxd`h; fod`kl d`k ^Hko\
13.

euksfoKku ds` vU; vuq^;ksx #

d` lSU; euksfoKku # p;u] ^f.] ijkeZ e ^;ksx ds` f, jk d`kfeZd`k ds`
f, euksoSKkfud` ijh.k d`h jpuk ld`kjkRed` LokLF; lao|Zu ds` f, jk d`kfeZd`k ds`
lk d`k;Z d`jus ds` f, euksoSKkfud`k d`k ^f. jk e ekuo-bathfu;jh\
[ [s euksfoKku # ,hVk ,oa [sk ds` fuiknu e lq|kj e euksoSKkfud`
gLrsi O;fV ,oa Vhe [sk e Hkx sus oks O;fDr\
x lektksUeq[ ,oa lektfojks|h O;ogkj ij lapkj ek;ek d`k ^Hko\
? vkrad`okn d`k euksfoKku\
14. x d`k euksfoKku # HsnHko ds` eqs] fofo|rk d`k ^ca|u Xkl lhx ^Hko]
Lor# lk|d` Hfo;ksfDr] ukjh ,oa Hkjrh; lekt\

128 ]

ksd` ^klu
iz'ui( I
^klfud` fl*kUr
1. ^Lrkouk # ksd` ^klu d`k vZ] foLrkj rk egRo] foYlu ds` n~fVd`ks. ls
ksd` ^klu] fo"; d`k fod`kl rk bld`h orZeku fLfr] u;k ksd` ^klu] ksd`
fod`Yi mikxe] mnkjhd`j. d`h pqukSfr;ka] futhd`j.] HweaMhd`j. vPNk vfHklu #
vo|kj.k rk vuq^;ksx] u;k ksd` ^ca|\
2. ^klfud` pru # oSKkfud` ^ca| vkSj oSKkfud` ^ca| vkUnksu] Dkfld`h
fl*kUr] oscj d`k ukSd`jkgh ekWM] mld`h vkkspuk vkSj oscj i'pkr d`k fod`kl]
xfrh ^klu es;ks ikdZ`j `kWs] ekuo laca| Ldw` ,YVksu es;ks rk vU;]
d`k;Zikfd` ds` d`k;Z lh\ vkbZ\ cukZMZ] lkbeu fu.Z;u fl*kUr] Hkxhnkjh ^ca| eSd`
xzsxj] vkj\ fd`VZ] lh\ vkthZfjl\
3. ^klfud` O;ogkj # fu.Z;u ^f`;k ,oa rd`uhd`] lapkj] euksc] ^sj.k fl*kUr%
varoZLrq] ^f`;k ,oa led`khu usr~Ro fl*kUr # ikjaifjd` ,oa vk|qfud`\
4. laxBu # fl*kUr - ^.kh] ^klafxd`rk lajpuk ,oa i # ea(k; rk foHkx]
fuxe] d`Eifu;ka] cksMZ rk vk;ksx - rnZ rk ijkeZnkrk fud`k; eq;k; rk s(h;
laca|\ fu;ked` ^kf|d`kjh ksd` - futh Hkxhnkjh\
5. mjnkf;Ro rk fu;a(. # mjnkf;Ro vkSj fu;a(. d`h lad`Yiuk,a] ^klu ij
fo|k;h] d`k;Zd`kjh vkSj U;kf;d` fu;a(.\ ukxfjd` rk ^klu ehfM;k d`h Hwfed`k] fgr
lewg] LoSfPNd` laxBu] flfo lekt] ukxfjd`k d`k vf|d`kj-i( pkVZj\ lwpuk d`k
vf|d`kj] lkekftd` s[k ijhk\
6. ^klfud` d`kuwu # vZ] foLrkj vkSj egRo] ^klfud` fof| ij Dicey,
^R;k;ksftr fo|ku - ^klfud` vf|d`j.\
7. rqukRed` ksd` ^klu # ^klfud` ^.kf;k ij ^Hko Mkus oks ,sfrgkfld`
,oa lekt oSKkfud` d`kjd` fofHUu nsk e ^klu ,oa jktuhfr rqukRed` ksd`
^klu d`h vru fLfr ikfjfLfrd`h ,oa ^klu fjfXl;u ekWM ,oa muds` vkkspd`\
8. fod`flr xfrd`h # fod`kl d`h lad`Yiuk fod`kl ^klu d`h cnrh ifjPNsfnd`k
fod`kl fojks|h vfo|kj.k ukSd`jkgh ,oa fod`kl fDrkh jkT; cuke cktkj
fookn fod`klh nsk e ^klu ij mnkjhd`j. d`k ^Hko efgk ,oa fod`kl
Lolgk;rk lewg vkUnksu\
9. d`kfeZd` ^klu # ekuo lalk|u fod`kl d`k egRo] HrhZ ^f.] thfod`k
fod`kl] gSfl;r oxhZd`j.] vuqklu] fuiknu ewY;kad`u] inksUufr] osru rk lsok rs]
fu;ksDrk-d`eZpkjh laca|] fd`k;r fuokj. f`;k fof|] vkpj. lalfgrk] ^klfud`
vkpkj-uhfr\

[ 129
10. ksd` uhfr # uhfr fuekZ. ds` ekWM ,oa muds` vkkspd` la^R;;hd`j. d`h
^f`;k,a] vk;kstuk] d`k;kZUo;u] ekuhVju] ewY;kad`u ,oa iqujhk ,oa mud`h lhek,a
jkT; fl*kUr ,oa ksd` uhfr lw(.\
11. ^klfud` lq|kj rd`uhd` # laxBu ,oa i*fr] d`k;Z v;;u ,oa d`k;Z ^ca|u bZxousZl ,oa lwpuk ^kSksfxd`h ^ca|u lgk;rk mid`j. tSls fd` usVodZ` fo's".] MIS,
PERT, CPM.
12. foh;

^klu # foh; rk jktd`ks"h; uhfr;k] ksd` m|kj xzg. rk ksd`

)`.\ ctV ^d`kj ,oa i] ctV-^f`;k] foh; tokcnsgh] s[k rk s[k ijhk\
iz'ui( II

Hkjrh; ^klu
1. Hkjrh; ^klu d`k fod`kl%d`kSfVY; d`k vZkL( eqx ^klu jktuhfr ,oa
^klu e fczfV klu d`k fjD - ksd` lsokvk d`k Hkjrh;d`j.] jktLo ^klu]
ftk ^klu] Lkuh; Loklu\
2. ljd`kj d`k nkZfud` ,oa lkafo|kfud` <kapk%^eq[ fos"rk,a ,oa ewY; vk|kfjd`k,a
lafo|kuokn jktuSfrd` laL`fr ukSd`jkgh ,oa ksd`ra( ukSd`jkgh ,oa fod`kl\
3. lkoZtfud` s( ds` mi`e # vk|qfud` Hkjr e lkoZtfud` s( lkoZtfud` s(
mi`ek ds` i Lok;k] tokcnsgh ,oa fu;a(. d`h leL;k,a mnkjhd`j. ,oa futhd`j.
d`k ^Hko\
4. la? ljd`kj ,oa ^klu%d`k;Zikfd`k] laln] fo|kf;d`k - lajpuk] d`k;Z] d`k;Z
^f`;k,a gk d`h ^o~f;ka\ varjkkld`h; laca| dS`fcusV lfpok;] ^|kuea(h d`k;kZ;
d`nzh; lfpok; ea(k; ,oa foHkx cksMZ] vk;ksx] lac* d`k;kZ; s( laxBu\
5. ;kstuk,a ,oa ^kfed`rk,a%;kstuk ehujh ;kstuk vk;ksx ,oa jkV_h; fod`kl
ifj"n d`h Hwfed`k] jpuk ,oa d`k;Z lads`rkRed` vk;kstuk la? ,oa jkT; Lrjk ij
;kstuk fuekZ. ^f`;k lafo|ku laks|u (1992) ,oa vkfZd` fod`kl rk lkekftd`
U;k; gsrq fod`nzhd`j. vk;kstuk\
6. jkT; ljd`kj ,oa ^klu%la? - jkT; ^klfud`] fo|k;h ,oa foh; laca| fo
vk;ksx d`h Hwfed`k jkT;ik eq;ea(h eaf(ifj"n eq; lfpo jkT; lfpok;
funsk;\
7. Lora(rk ds` ckn ls ftk ^klu%d`sDVj d`h cnrh Hwfed`k la? - jkT; Lkuh; laca| fod`kl ^ca| ,oa fof| ,oa vU; ^klu ds` fo;Z ftk ^klu ,oa
ksd`rkaf(d` fod`nzhd`j.\
8. flfo lsok,a%lkafo|kfud` fLfr lajpuk] HrhZ] ^f. ,oa erk fuekZ.
lqklu d`h ig vkpj. lafgrk ,oa vuqklu d`eZpkjh la? jktuhfrd` vf|d`kj
fd`k;r fuokj. f`;kfof| flfo lsok d`h rVLrk flfo lsok lf`;rkokn\
9. foh; ^ca|%jktuhfrd` mid`j. ds` i e ctV ksd` O;; ij lalnh; fu;a(.
ekSfnzd` ,oa jktd`ks"h; s( e fo ea(k; d`h Hwfed`k s[kd`j. rd`uhd` s[kijhk
s[kegkfu;a(d` ,oa Hkjr ds` fu;a(d` ,oa egks[k ijhd` d`h Hwfed`k\

130 ]
10. Lora(rk ds` ckn ls gq, ^klfud` lq|kj%^eq[ ljksd`kj egRoiw.Z lfefr;ka ,oa
vk;ksx foh; ^ca| ,oa ekuo lalk|u fod`kl e gq, lq|kj d`k;kZUo;u d`h leL;k,a\
11. xzkeh. fod`kl%Lora(rk ds` ckn ls laLku ,oa vfHd`j. xzkeh. fod`kl
d`k;Z`e `ksd`l ,oa d`k;Zuhfr;ka fods`Unzhd`j. iapk;rh jkt 73ok lafo|ku laks|u\
12. uxjh; Lkuh; klu%uxjikfd`k klu # eq; fos"rk,a] lajpuk] fo ,oa
leL;k s(] 74oka lafo|ku laks|u fo'oO;kih Lkuh; fookn u;k Lkfud`rkokn
fod`kl xfrd`h uxj ^ca| ds` fos" lanHZ e jktuhfr ,oa ^klu\
13. d`kuwu O;oLk ^klu%fczfV fjD jkV_h; iqfl vk;ksx tkap vfHd`j.
fof| O;oLk cuk, j[us rk miIo ,oa vkrad`okn d`k lkeuk d`jus e iSjkfefVjh
ck lesr d`nzh; ,oa jkT; vfHd`j.k d`h Hwfed`k jktuhfr ,oa ^klu d`k
vijk|hd`j. iqfl ksd` laca| iqfl e lq|kj\
14. Hkjrh; ^klu e egRoiw.Z eqs%ksd` lsok e ewY; fu;ked` vk;ksx jkV_h;
ekuokf|d`kj vk;ksx cgqnh; klu ^.kh e ^klu d`h leL;k,a ukxfjd` ^klu
varjk`d` HzVkpkj ,oa ^klu foink ^ca|u\

lektkL(
^'u-i( I
lektkL( ds` ewHwr fl*kUr
1. lektkL(-fokk[k

d` ;wjksi e vk|qfud`rk ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZu rk lektkL( d`k vkfoHkZo\

[ lektkL( d`k fo";-s( ,oa vU; lkekftd` foKkuk ls bld`h rquk\
x lektkL( ,oa lkekU; cks|
2. lektkL( foKku ds` s( e
d` foKku] oSKkfud` i*fr ,oa lehk
[ vuqla|ku f`;kfof| ds` ^eq[ lS*kfUrd` rRo
x ^R;okn ,oa bld`h lehk
? rF;] ewY; ,oa mnns';ijd`rk
v-^R;oknh f`;kfof|;k
3. vuqla|ku i*fr;k ,oa fo's".
d` xq.kRed` ,oa ek(kRed` i*fr;k
[ n laxzg. d`h rd`uhd`
x ifjorZ] ^frp;u] ^kDd`Yiuk] fo'ouh;rk ,oa oS|rk\
4. lektkL(h prd`
d` d`kZekDlZ- ,sfrgkfld` HkSfrd`okn] mRiknu fof|] folaca|u] oxZ la?"Z\
[ bekbZ nq[hZe- Je foHktu] lkekftd` rF;] vkRegR;k] |eZ ,oa lekt\
x eSDl oscj-lkekftd` f`;k] vknZ ^i] lk] vf|d`kjhra(] ^ksVsLVV uhfrkL(
vkSj iwathokn d`h Hkouk\

[ 131

? rkd`kWV iklZUl- lkekftd` O;oLk] ^fri ifjorZ\

jkWcVZ ds`\ eVZu- vO;Dr rk vfHO;Dr ^d`k;Z] vuqirk ,oa folkekU;rk]
lanHZ lewg\
p ehM- vkRe ,oa rknkRE;\
5. Lrjhd`j. ,oa xfrhrk
d` lad`Yiuk,- lekurk] vlekurk] vf|`e] viotZu] xjhch ,oa oapu\
[ lkekftd` Lrjhd`j. ds` fl*kUr-lajpukRed` ^d`k;Zoknh fl*kUr] ekDlZoknh
fl*kUr] oscj d`k fl*kUr\
x vk;ke-oxZ] fLfr lewgk] x] u~tkrh;rk ,oa ^tkfr d`k lkekftd` Lrjhd`j.\
? lkekftd` xfrhrk-[qh ,oa can O;oLk,] xfrhrk ds` ^d`kj] xfrhrk
ds` lzksr ,oa d`kj.\
6. d`k;Z ,oa vkfZd` thou
d` fofHUu ^d`kj ds` lektk e d`k;Z d`k lkekftd` laxBu-nkl lekt] lkearh\
[ d`k;Z d`k vkSipkfjd` ,oa vukSipkfjd` laxBu\
x Je ,oa lekt\
7. jktuhfr ,oa lekt
d` lk ds` lektkL(h; fl*kUr\
[ lk ^oztu] vf|d`kjhra*] ncko lewg] jktuSfrd` n\
x jkV_] jkT;] ukxfjd`rk] ksd`ra(] flfo lekt] fopkj|kjk\
? fojks|] vkUnksu] lkekftd` vkUnksu] lkewfgd` f`;k\ `kafr\
8. |eZ ,oa lekt
d` |eZ ds` lektkL(h; fl*kUr\
[ |kfeZd` d`eZ ds` ^d`kj # thookn] ,d`rRookn] cgqrRookn] ia] mikluk i*fr;k\
x vk|qfud` lekt e |eZ # |eZ ,oa foKku] |eZfujishd`j.] |kfeZd` iqu#
^orZuokn] ewrRookn\
9. ukrsnkjh d`h O;oLk,
d` ifjokj] x~gLh] fookg
[ ifjokj ds` ^d`kj ,oa i\
x oa ,oa oakuq`e\
? fir~ra( ,oa Je d`k xk|kfjr foHktu\
lelkef;d` ^o~f;k\
10. vk|qfud` lekt e lkekftd` ifjorZu
d` lkekftd` ifjorZu ds` lektkL(h; fl*kUr\
[ fod`kl ,oa ijkfJrrk\
x lkekftd` ifjorZu ds` d`kjd`\
? fk ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZu\
foKku] ^kSksfxd`h ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZu\

132 ]

^'u-i(-II
Hkjrh; lekt # lajpuk ,oa ifjorZu
d` Hkjrh; lekt d`k ifjp;
(i) Hkjrh; lekt ds` v;;u ds` ifj^s{;%
d` Hkjrh; fok th\ ,l\ ?q;sZ
[ lajpukRed` ^d`k;Zokn ,e\ ,u\ Jhfuokl
x ekDlZoknh lektkL( ,\ vkj\ nslkbZ\
(ii) Hkjrh; lekt ij vkSifuosfd` klu d`k ^Hko
d` Hkjrh; jkV_okn d`h lkekftd` i~BHwfe
[ Hkjrh; ijEijk d`k vk|qfud`hd`j.
x vkSifuosfd` d`k ds` nkSjku fojks| ,oa vkUnksu
? lkekftd` lq|kj\
[ lkekftd` lajpuk
(i) xzkeh. ,oa `f"d` lkekftd` lajpuk
d` Hkjrh; xzke d`k fopkj ,oa xzke v;;u\
[ `f"d` lkekftd` lajpuk- isnkjh ^.kh d`k fod`kl] Hwfe lq|kj
(ii) tkfr O;oLk
d` tkfr O;oLk ds` v;;u ds` ifj^s{;- th\ ,l\ ?q;sZ] ,e\ ,u\ Jhfuokl] qbZ
M;wek] vkUnzs csrs;\
[ tkfr O;oLk ds` vfH.
x vLi~';rk - i ,oa ifj^s{;\
(iii) Hkjr e tutkrh; leqnk;
d` ifjHk"h; leL;k,\
[ HkSxksfd` foLrkj\
x vkSifuosfd` uhfr;k ,oa tutkfr;k\
? ,d`hd`j. ,oa Lok;k ds` eqs\
(iv) Hkjr e lkekftd` oxZ
d` `f"d` oxZ lajpuk\
[ vkSksfxd` oxZ lajpuk\
x Hkjr e e;e oxZ\
(v) Hkjr e ukrsnkjh d`h O;oLk,
d` Hkjr e oa ,oa oakuq`e\
[ ukrsnkjh O;oLkvk ds` ^d`kj\
x Hkjr e ifjokj ,oa fookg\
? ifjokj ?jsw vk;ke\
fir~ra(] gd`nkjh ,oa Je d`k xk|kfjr foHktu\

[ 133
(vi) |eZ ,oa lekt
d` Hkjr e |kfeZd` leqnk;
[ |kfeZd` vYila;d`k d`h leL;k,\
x Hkjr e lkekftd` ifjorZu
(i) Hkjr e lkekftd` ifjorZu d`h n~fV;k
d` fod`kl vk;kstuk ,oa fefJr vZO;oLk d`k fopkj\
[ lafo|ku] fof| ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZu\
x fk ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZ\
(ii) Hkjr e xzkeh. ,oa `f"d` ikarj.
d` xzkeh. fod`kl d`k;Z`e] leqnk; fod`kl d`k;Z`e] ljd`kjh laLk,] xjhch
mUewu ;kstuk,\
[ gfjr `kafr ,oa lkekftd` ifjorZu\
x Hkjrh; `f" e mRiknu d`h cnrh fof|;k\
? xzkeh. etnwj c|qvk ,oa ^oklu d`h leL;k,\
(iii) Hkjr e vkSksfxd`hd`j. ,oa uxjhd`j.
d` Hkjr e vk|qfud` mksx d`k fod`kl\
[ Hkjr e uxjh; cfLr;k d`h o~f*\
x Jfed` oxZ # lajpuk] o~f*] oxZ] la?Vu\
? vukSipkfjd` s(d`] ck Jfed`\
uxjh s(k e xanh cLrh ,oa oapu\
(iv) jktuhfr ,oa lekt
d` jkV_] ksd`ra( ,oa ukxfjd`rk\
[ jktuSfrd` n] ncko lewg] lkekftd` ,oa jktuSfrd` ^oztu\
x s(h;rkokn ,oa lk d`k fods`Unzhd`j.\
? |eZfujishd`j.\
(v) vk|qfud` Hkjr e lkekftd` vkUnksu
d` `"d` ,oa fd`lku vkUnksu\
[ efgk vkUnksu\
x fiNMk oxZ ,oa nfr vkUnksu\
? i;kZoj.h; vkUnksu\
u~tkrh;rk ,oa vfHKku vkUnksu\
(vi) tula;k xfrd`h
d` tula;k vkd`kj] o~f* la?Vu ,oa forj.\
[ tula;k o~f* ds` ?Vd` # tEu] e~R;q] ^oklu\
x tula;k uhfr ,oa ifjokj fu;kstu\
? mHjrs gq, eqs # d`k^Hkou] x vuqikr] ck ,oa fq e~R;qnj] tuu
LokLF;\

134 ]
(vii) lkekftd` ikarj. d`h pqukSfr;k
d` fod`kl d`k lad`V # foLkiu] i;kZoj.h; leL;k,a ,oa laiks".h;rk\
[ xjhch] oapu ,oa vlekurk,\
x fL(;k ds` ^fr glk\
? tkfr }U}\
u~tkrh; }U}] lka^nkf;d`rk] |kfeZd` iqu#^orZuokn\
p vlkjrk rk fk e vlekurk,\

lkaf;d`h
^'u-i( I
^kf;d`rk
izfrnZ lefV ,oa vuqo~] izkf;d`rk eki ,oa izkf;d`rk lefV] es;`u ds` i e
;kn~fPNd` pj] ;kn~fPNd` pj d`k caVu `u] vlarr ,oa larr-izi ;kn~fPNd`pj] izkf;d`rk
nzO;eku `u] izkf;d`rk ?uRo-`u] lfneku] ;kn~fPNd`pj] mikUr ,oa lizfrcU| caVu]
vuqo~k d`k ,oa ;kn~fPNd` pjk d`k izlEHkO; LokrU;] ;kn~fPNd` pj d`h izR;kk ,oa vk?w.Z]
lizfrcU| izR;kk] ;kn~fPNd` pj d`k vuqdz`e e vfHlj.] caVu e] izkf;d`rk e p-th
ek; e] ,oa xHx gj txg] mud`k fud`" ,oa vUrlEcU|] schso vlfed`k rk f[afu
d`k o~gn la;kvk d`k nqcZ fu;e] o~gn la;kvk d`k izc fu;e ,oa d`ksYeksxksjks` izes;]
izkf;d`rk tuu `u] vk?w.Z tuu `u] vfH{k. `u] izfrkseu izes;] ds`Unzh;
lhek izes; ds` faMjcxZ ,oa soh izi] ekud` vlarr ,oa larr izkf;d`rk caVu\
lkaf;d`h; vuqfefr
laxfr] vufHurrk] n{krk] iw.Zrk] lgk;d` vkd`Ms] xq.u[Mu-izes;] caVu
pj?krkad`h dq` vkSj blds` xq.|eZ] ,d`leku vYire-izlj. vufHur (UMVU) vkd`u]
jko-CSd`os ,oa sgeSu-h` izes;] ,d` izkp ds` f, dzs`ej-jko vlfed`k] vk?w.Z
fof|;k }kjk vkd`u] vf|d`re lEHkfork] vYire oxZ] U;wure d`kbZ-oxZ ,oa ikUrfjr U;wure d`kbZ-oxZ] vf|d`re lEHkfork ,oa vU; vkd`d`k ds` xq.|eZ] mixkeh n{krk]
iwoZ ,oa i'p caVu] gkfu `u] tksf[e `u rk vYiefgB vkd`d`] cst vkd`d`\
v;kn~fPN`r o ;kn~fPN`r ijh.] `kafld` u] M.P. ijh.] useu fi;lZu
^esf;d`k] UMP ijh.] ,d`fnV laHkfork vuqikr] lei o vufHur ijh.] ,d`
^kp ds` f, UMPU ijh.] laHkfork vuqikr ijh. vkSj blds` mixkeh caVu]
fo'okL;rk ifjca| ,oa ijh.k ds` lk bld`k lEcU|\
leatu lqBqrk ,oa bld`h laxfr ds` f, d`ksYeksxksjks` ijh{k.] fp ijh{k. ,oa
bld`k bVreRo\ fod`kWDlu fpfr-d`ksfV ijh{k. ,oa bld`h laxfr] d`ksYeksxksjks`fLejxks` f}-izfrnZ ijh{k.] ju ijh{k.] fod`kWDlu-eSu fVuh ijh{k. ,oa ekf;d`k
ijh{k.] mud`h laxfr rk mixkeh izlkekU;rk\
okYM d`k SPRT ,oa blds` xq.|eZ] cuwZh] Ioklk] izlkekU; ,oa pj?krkad`h caVuk
ds` f, izkpk ds` ckjs e ijh{k.k ds` f, OC ,oa ASN `u\ okYM d`k ew rRled`\

[ 135

jSf[d` vuqefr vkSj cgqpj fo's".

jSf[d` lkaf;d`h; funZ] U;wure oxZ fl*kUr ,oa izlj. fo's".] xkWl-ekjd`ks`
fl*kUr] izlkekU; lehd`j.] U;wure oxZ vkd`u ,oa mud`h ifjq*rk] ,d`ekxhZ]
f}ekxhZ oxhZd~`r U;kl e U;wure oxZ fl*kUr ij vk|kfjr vUrjk vkd`u rk
lkZd`rk ijh{k.] lekJ;. fo's". jSf[d` lekJ;.] odz`js[h lekJ.; ,oa kafcd`
cgqin] cgqlekJ;.] cgq ,oa vkafd` lglEcU|] izlj. ,oa lgizlj. ?Vd` vkd`u]
cgqpj izlkekU; caVu] egkuksfcl-D2 ,oa gkWVsfax T2 vkd`Ms rk mud`k vuqiz;ksx ,oa
xq.|eZ] fofoDr d`j fo's".] fofgr lglEcU|] eq; ?Vd` fo's".\
^frp;u fl*kUr rk ^;ksx vfHd`Yi
fLj-lefV ,oa vf|-lefV mikxek d`h ijs[k] ifjfer lefV izfrp;u ds`
fofoDrd`kjh {k.] izkf;d`rk izfrp;u vfHd`Yi] izfrLkiu ds` lk ;k mlds` fcuk
lj ;kn~fPNd` izfrp;u] Lrfjr ;kn~fPNd` izfrp;u] dz`ec* izfrp;u ,oa bld`h {kerk]
xqPN izfrp;u] f}pj. ,oa cgqpj. izfrp;u] ,d` ;k nks lgk;d` pj kfe d`jrs gq,
vkd`u d`h vuqikr ,oa lekJ;. fof|;k] f}izkoLk izfrp;u] izfrLkiu ds` lk ;k
mlds` fcuk vkeki vkuqikfrd` izkf;d`rk] glsu-gjfoVt ,oa gkWjfoVt-kWEilu vkd`d`]
gkWjfoVt-kWEilu] vkd`u ds` lUnHZ e )`.srj izlj. vkd`u] vizfrp;u (qfV;k]
fu;e izHko funZ f}ekxhZ oxhZd`j. ;kn~fPNd` ,oa fefJr izHko funZ izfrls leku
izs{k. ds` lk f}ekxhZ oxhZd`j. CRD, RBD, LSD ,oa muds` fo's".] viw.Z CkWd`
vfHd`Yi] kafcd`rk ,oa lUrqu d`h lad`Yiuk,a] BIBD, vizkIr {ks(d` izfof|] cgqmiknkuh iz;ksx rk cgq-miknkuh iz;ksx e 2n ,oa 3 2 lad`j.] foHDr {ks( ,oa lj
tkd` vfHd`Yiuk\
^'u-i( II
I. vkSksfxd`h lkaf;d`h
^f`;k ,oa mRikn fu;a(.] fu;a(. pkVks d`k lkekU; fl*kUr # pjk ,oa xq.k ds
f, fofHUu ^d`kj ds` fu;a(. pkVZ # X, R, s, p, np ,oa c-pkVZ] lap;h ;ksx pkVZ; xq.k
ds` f, ,d`] f}] cgq ,oa vuq`fed` ^frp;u ;kstuk,a # OC, ASN, AOQ ,oa ATI
o`] mRiknd` ,oa miHksDrk tksf[e d`h lad`Yiuk,a\ AQL] LTPD ,oa AOQL # pjk
ds` f, ^frp;u ;kstuk] MkWt-jksex lkjf.;k d`k ^;ksx\
fo'okL;rk d`h lad`Yiuk] fo`rk nj ,oa fo'okL;rk `u] Jsf.;k] lekUrj
iz.kf;k ,oa vU; lj foU;klk d`h fo'okL;rk] uohd`j. ?uRo ,oa uohd`j. `u]
fo`rk izfrnZ # pj?krkad`h] ohcq] izlkekU;] kWx izlkekU;\
vk;q ijh{k. e leL;k,a] pj?krkad`h funks ds` f, [MoftZr ,oa afnzr iz;ksx\
II. bVrehd`j. ^fof|;k #
laf`;k foKku e fofHUu ^d`kj ds` funZ] mud`h jpuk vkSj g d`jus d`h lkekU;
fof|;k] vuqd`j. ,oa ekWVs-d`kksZ fof|;k] jSf[d` izksxzkeu (LP) leL;k d`k lw(hd`j.]
lj LP funZ ,oa bld`k vks[h; g] izleqPp; izfdz`;k] d~`f(e pjk ds` lk Mizfof| ,oa f}izkoLk fof|] LP d`k }S| fl*kUr ,oa bld`h vkfZd` foo{kk] lqxzkfgrk

136 ]

fo's".] ifjogu ,oa fu;ru leL;k] vk;rh; [s] nks-O;fDr wU; ;ksx [s] g
fof|;k vks[h; ,oa chth;\
klh ,oa fod~`r enk d`k izfrLkiu] lewg ,oa O;fV izfrLkiu uhfr;k]
oSKkfud` lkexzh-lwph izcU|u d`h lad`Yiuk ,oa lkexzh lwph leL;kvk d`h fo's"h
lajpuk] vxzrk d`k ds` lk ;k mlds` fcuk fu|kZj.kRed` ,oa izlEHkO; ekxk ds` lk
lj funZ] MSe izi ds` fos" lUnHZ ds` lk HMkj. funZ\
lekaxh fofoDr d`k ekd`ksZo k~a[k,a] ladz`e. izkf;d`rk vkO;wg] voLkvk ,oa
v;frizk; izes;k d`k oxhZd`j.] lekaxh lrr d`k] ekd`ksZo k~a[k] Ioklk izfdz`;k] iafDr
fl*kUr ds` rRo] M/M/1, M/M/K, G/M/1 ,oa M/G/1 iafDr;k\
d`EI;wVj ij SPSS tSls tkus-ekus lkaf;d`h; lkWVos;j iSds`tk d`k iz;ksx d`j
lkaf;d`h; leL;kvk ds` g izkIr d`juk\
III. ek(kRed` vZkL( o jktd`h; vkd`Ms #
izo~f fu|kZj.] ekSleh ,oa pdz`h; ?Vd`] ckWDl-tsfUda`l fof|] vuqiur Js.h ijh{k.]
ARIMA funZ ,oa LolekJ;h rk xfreku ek; ?Vd`k d`k dz`e fu|kZj.] iwokZuqeku\
lkekU;r# iz;qDr lwpd`kad`-kfLi;j] iks ,oa f`j ds` vknZ lwpd`kad`] k~a[k vk|kj
lwpd`kad`] lwpd`kad`k ds` mi;ksx vkSj lhek,] ksd` d`herk] miHksDrk d`herk] d~`f" mRiknu
,oa vkSksfxd` mRiknu ds` lwpd`kad`] lwpd`kad`k ds` f, ijh{k.-vkuqikfrd`rk] d`kfoi;Z;] miknku mRdz`e. ,oa o~h;\
lkekU; jSf[d` funZ] lk|kj. U;wure oxZ ,oa lkekU;hd~`r U;wure oxZ] izkDd`u
fof|;k] cgqlajs[rk d`h leL;k] cgqlajs[rk ds` ifj.ke ,oa g] Lolgca| ,oa bld`k
ifj.ke] fo{kksHk d`h fo"e fopkfrk ,oa bld`k ijh{k.] fo{kksHk ds` LokrU; d`k
ijh{k.] lajpuk d`h lad`Yiuk ,oa ;qxir lehd`j. funZ] vfHfu|kZj. leL;k%
vfHKs;rk d`h d`ksfV ,oa dz`e izfrcU|\ izkDd`u d`h f}izkoLk U;wure oxZ fof|\
Hkjr e tula;k] d~`f"] vkSksfxd` mRiknu] O;kikj ,oa d`herk ds` lEcU| e
orZeku jktd`h; lkaf;d`h; iz.kh] jktd`h; vkd`Ms xzg. d`h fof|;k] mud`h
fo'oluh;rk ,oa lhek,a] ,sls vkd`Mk oks eq; izd`ku] vkd`Mk ds` laxzg. ds` f,
ftEesnkj fofHUu jktd`h; vfHd`j. ,oa muds` izeq[ d`k;Z\
IV. tulkaf;d`h; vkSj euksfefr #
tux.uk] iathd`j.] NSS ,oa vU; losZ{k.k ls tulkaf;d`h; vkd`M] mud`h lhek,a
,oa mi;ksx] O;k;k] tUe ej. njk vkSj vuqikrk d`h jpuk ,oa mi;ksx] tuu{kerk d`h
eki] tuu nj] :X.rk nj] ekud`hd~`r e~R;qnj] iw.Z ,oa laf{kIr o; lkjf.;k] tUe ej.
vkd`Mk ,oa tux.uk foojf.;k ls o; lkjf.;k d`h jpuk] o; lkjf.;k ds` mi;ksx]
o~f* ?kr ,oa vU; tula;k o~f* pdz`] o~f* ?kr odz` leatu] tula;k iz{ksi] fLj
tula;k] fLjd`Yi tula;k] tulkaf;d`h; izkpk ds` vkd`u e izfof|;k] e~R;q ds`
d`kj. ds` vk|kj ij ekud` oxhZd`j.] LokLF; losZ{k. ,oa vLirk vkd`Mk d`k mi;ksx\
ekifu;k ,oa ijh{k.k ds` ekud`hd`j. d`h fof|;k] Z-lead`] ekuo lead`] T-lead`]
rred` lead`] cqf* fC| ,oa bld`k ekiu ,oa mi;ksx] ijh{k. lead`k d`h oS|rk ,oa

[ 137

fo'oluh;rk ,oa bld`k fu|kZj.] euksfefr e miknku fo's". ,oa ifo's". d`k
mi;ksx\

^kf. foKku
^'u-i( I
1. vjTtqd`h

vkSj jTtqd`h
d` fofHUu `kbek d`k mioxks rd` oxhZd`j. ,oa lEcU| ,lhksesVk vkSj
lhksesVk ^ksVksLVkse vkSj M;wVsjksLVkse] ckbsVjsf;k vkSj jsfM,Vk ^ksfVLVk] iSjktksvk]
vksfud`ks`ksjk rk gsfed`kWjMkVk d`k Lku lefefr\
[ ^ksVkstksvk xeu] iks". rk tuu] x iSjkehf;e] ekWuksflfLVl
IkTeksfM;e rk hesfu;k ds` lkekU; . ,oa thouo~\
x iksfjs`jk # da`d`k] uk ra( rk tuu\
? uhMsfj;k] cgqirk jk lajpuk,a rk mud`h f`;kfof| ^ok fHf;k vkSj
mud`k fuekZ.] esVktsusfll vkschf;k vkSj vkSjhf;k ds` lkekU; . ,oa thou-o~\
` ISfVgsfYeaht # ijthoh vuqdw`u s`flvksk rk Vhfu;k ds` lkekU; .
,oa thouo~ rk muds` jksxtud` {k.\
p usesVgsYeht # ,slds`fjl ,oa cqpsjsfj;k ds` lkekU; .] thouo~ rk
ijthoh vuqdw`u\
N ,susfMk # lhkse vkSj fo[aMrk ikWhd`hVk e thoufof|;k usjhl uh,hl]
d`pqvk s`fjfVek rk tkd` ds` lkekU; . rk thouo~\
t vkzksZiksMk # `LVsf;k e fMEc ^d`kj vkSj ijthfork] vkzksZiksMks >xk]
frpk rk fcPNw e n~fV vkSj 'olu d`hVk frpk] ePNj] eD[h] e|qeD[h rk
frrh e eq[kaxk d`k ikUrj. d`hVk e d`k;karj. rk bld`k gkWeksZuh fu;eu nhed`k
rk e|qefD[;k d`k lkekftd` O;ogkj\
> eksLd`k # vu] 'olu] xeu SesfMsUl] ikbk rk lhfi;k ds` lkekU;
. ,oa thou-o~ xSLV_ksiksMk e ,Bu rk vO;korZu\
k ,d`kbuksMesZVk # vu] 'olu] xeu] fMEc ^d`kj ,sLVhfjvl ds` lkekU; .
rk thou-o~\
V ^ksVksd`kWMsZVk # jTtqfd`;k d`k mnHo] czfd`;ksLVksek rk gMZekfu;k ds` lkekU;
. rk thouo~\
B ikblht # 'olu] xeu] ^oklu\
M ,sfE`fc;k # prqiknk d`k mnHo] tud`h; ns[Hk] kod`karj.\
< jsIVhf;k oxZ # ljhl~ik d`h mRif # d`jksfV ds` ^d`kj] Ls`uksMkWu rk exjePNk
d`k Lku\
. ,oht # if;k d`k mnHo # mMM;u vuqdw`u rk ^oklu\
r eSesf;k # Lru|kfj;k d`k mnHo nar foU;kl vaMk nsus oks Lru|kfj;k]
d`ksB|kjh] Lru|kfj;k] th; Lru|kfj;k rk ^kbesVk ds` lkekU; . var#lzkoh

138 ]

xazf;k ih;w" xzaf] voVq xzaf] ijkoVq xzaf] vf|o~Dd` xzaf] vXU;k';] tuu xzaf rk
mue varlZEcU|\
d`s:d`h ^kf.;k ds` fofHUu ra(k d`k rqukRed` d`k;kZRed` kjhj v;koj.
rk blds` O;qRikn] var#da`d`k] pu-vax] ikpu-ra(] 'olu ra(] n; rk egk|euhpkik lfgr ifjlapkjh ra( ew(-tuu ra(] efLrd` rk KkusfUnz;k vk[ rk d`ku\
2. ikfjfLfrd`h
d` thoeaM # thoeaM d`h lad`Yiuk ck;kse] tSoHwjlk;u pdz`] xzhu gkml
izHko lfgr okrkoj. e ekuo izsfjr ifjorZu] ikfjfLfrd` vuqdz`e] thokse rk
bZd`ksVksu] lkeqnkf;d` ikfjfLfrd`h\
[ ikfjra( d`h ld`Yiuk] ikfjra( d`h lajpuk ,oa d`k;Z] ikfjra( ds` izd`kj]
ikfjfLfrd` vuqdz`e] ikfjfLfrd` vuqdw`u\
x lefV] fos"rk,a] lefV xfrd`h] lefV fLjhd`j.\
? izkd~`frd` lalk|uk d`k tSo fofo|rk ,oa fofo|rk laj{k.\
Hkjr d`k oU; thou\
p lEiks".h; fod`kl ds` f, lqnwj lqxzkghd`j.\
N i;kZoj.h; tSo fuEuhd`j.] ^nw". rk thoeaM ij blds` ^Hko ,oa mld`h
jksd`ke\
3. tho ikfjfLfrd`h
d` O;ogkj # laosnh fuLianu] ^frlaosfnrk] fp mhiu] lh[uk ,oa Le~fr] o~f]
v;kl] ^kuqdw`u] v;ad`u\
[ pku e gkeksZuk d`h Hwfed`k] lapsru ^lkj e `hjkseksuk d`h Hwfed`k xksid`rk]
ijHh igpku] ijHh rkSj-rjhds`] ^besVk e lkekftd` lksiku] d`hVk e lkekftd` laxBu\
x vfHfoU;kl] lapku] vfHx~g] tSfod` ; # tSfod` fu;rd`kfd`rk] Tokjh;]
)`rqqijd` rk fnol^k; ;\
? ;kSu }U}] LokZijrk] ukrsnkjh ,oa ijksid`kfjrk lesr izk.h-O;ogkj e v;;u
d`h fof|;k\
4. vkfZd` ^kf. foKku
d` e|qeD[h iku] jsed`hV iku] k[ d`hV iku] `jh lao|Z] lhi iku]
>xk iku] d~`fe lao|Z\
[ ^eq[ la`ked` ,oa lapj.h; jksx esfj;k] `kbsfj;k] ; jksx] gStk rk
,Ml] muds` okgd`] jksxk.q rk jksd`ke\
x iqvk rk eosf;k ds` jksx] muds` jksxk.q gsfeUl rk okgd` ppMh]
dq`Vd`h] Vscsul] LVkseksfDll\
? xUus d`k ihMd` ikbfjk ijiqfl,k] frgu d`k ,sfd`;k tukVk rk pko
d`k flVksf`l vksfjts
ikjthuh tUrq\

[ 139

p fpfd`Rld`h; tSo izkSksfxd`h] ekuo vkuqoafd` jksx ,oa vkuqoafd` d`kmalfax]

thu fpfd`Rlk\
N fof| tSo izkSksfxd`h\
5. tSo lkaf;d`h
^;ksxk d`h vfHd`Yiuk fujkd`j.h; ifjd`Yiuk lg-lEcU|] lekJ;u] ds`Unzh; ^o~f
ds` forj. ,oa ekiu] d`kbZ-Ld`os;j] fokhZ Vh-VsLV] ,`-VsLV ,d` ekxhZ rk f}ekxhZ
,`-VsLV\
6. mid`j.h; i*fr
d` LisDV_eh ^d`kekfi( ^koLk foi;kZl ,oa izfrnhfIr lw{e nfZd`h] jsfM;ks,sfDVo
vuqjs[d`] nzqr vids`fUnz(] ts ,sDV_ks`kjsfll] PCR, ALISA, FISH ,oa xq.lw( iVx\
[ bsDV_kWu lw{enhZ (TEM, SEM)
^'u-i( II
I. d`ksfd`k tho foKku
d` d`ksfd`k rk blds` d`ksfd`kaxk ds`Unzd`] IkTek f>Yh] ekbVksd`kSfUM_;k] xkYth
d`k;] varnzZO;h tkfd`k] jkbckslkse rk kblkslksEl d`h lajpuk ,oa d`k;Z] d`ksfd`kfoHktu lelw(h vkSj v*Zlw(h lelw(h rdqZ` rk lelw(h ra(] xq.lw( xfr] dz`ksekslkse
izd`kj ikWfVhu ,oa oz] dz`kseSfVu d`h O;oLk] d`ksfd`kpdz` fu;eu\
[ U;wDhbd` vE lkafLfrd`h] DNA vuqd`Yi] DNA izfrd~`fr] vuqs[u]
RNA izdz`e.] LkukUrj.] izksVhu ou ,oa ifjogu\
2. vkuqoafd`h
d` thu d`h vk|qfud` lad`Yiuk] foHDr thu] thu-fu;eu] vkuqoafd`h-dw`V\
[ fax xq.lw( ,oa mud`k fod`kl] M_kslksf`k rk ekuo e fax-fu|kZj.\
x oakxfr e esMh; fu;e] iqu;ksZtu] lgXurk] cgq;qXe fod`Yih] jDr lewgk
d`h vkuqoafd`h] oakoh fo's".] ekuo e oakxr jksx\
? mRifjorZu rk mRifjorZtuu\
` iqu;ksZxt DNA izkSksfxd`h okgd`k ds` i e IStfeMl] d`kWlfeMl] d~`f(e
xq.lw(] ikjthuh] DNA Dksfuax rk iw.Z Dksfuax fl*kUr rk fdz`;k i*fr\
p izksdS`fj;ksVl rk ;wdS`fj;ksVl e thu fu;eu rk thu vfHO;fDr\
N lads`r v.q] d`ksfd`k e~R;q] lads`ru i e nks" rk ifj.ke\
t RFLP, RAPD ,oa AFLP rk fa`xj fizafVax e vuqiz;ksx] jkbckstkbe
izkSksfxd`h] ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk] thuksfeDl ,oa izksVksfeDl\
3. fod`kl
d` thou ds` mnHo ds` fl*kUr\
[ fod`l ds` fl*kUr izkd~`frd` oj.] fod`kl e mRifjorZu d`h Hwfed`k]
fod`klkRed` izfri] vkfod` M_kbo] vuqgj.] fofHUurk] i~Dd`j. ,oa tkfr mnHou\

140 ]

x thok'e vkd`Mk ds` iz;ksx ls ?ksMs] gkh rk ekuo d`k fod`kl\

? gkMhZ-chucxZ fu;e\
` egk}hih; foLkiu rk ^kf.;k d`k forj.\
4. oxhZd`j. # foKku
d` ^kf.oSKkfud` ukekoh] vUrjkZV_h; fu;e] DSfMfLVDl] vkfod` ofxZd`h ,oa
tSo fofo|rk\
5. tho jlk;u
d` d`kcksZgkbM_sVk] olkvk] olkvEk ,oa d`kssLVsjkW] izksVhuk ,oa vehuksvEk]
U;wfDbd` vEk d`h lajpuk ,oa Hwfed`k\ ck;ks ,utsZfVDl\
[ XkbZd`kskbfll rk s`Cl p`] vkWDlhd`j. rk vip;u] vkWDlhd`j.k
`kL`ksjhsu tkZ laj. rk foekspu] ATP pdz` p`h; ,,eih-bld`h lajpuk rk
Hwfed`k\
x gkeksZu oxhZd`j. LVsjkbM rk isIVkbM gkWeksZu] tSo la's". rk d`k;Z\
? ,Utkbe # f`;k ds` ^d`kj rk f`;k fof|;k\
` foVkfeu rk d`ks-,atkbe\
p bE;wuksXksC;wfu ,oa jks|{kerk\
6. d`kf;Zd`h Lru|kfj;k ds` fos" lanHZ e
d` jDr d`h la?Vuk rk jpd` ekuo e jDr lewg rk RH d`kjd`] Lda`nu ds`
d`kjd` rk f`;k-fof| ksg mikip;] vE kjd` lkE;] rki-fu;eu] izfrLda`nd`\
[ gheksXksfcu # jpuk izd`kj ,oa vkWDlhtu rk d`kcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ifjogu e
Hwfed`k\
x ikpu ,oa voks". # ikpu e kj xzfU;k] ;d~`r] vXU;k; rk vka(
xzaf;k d`h Hwfed`k\
? mRltZu # usz`ku rk ew( fojpu d`k fu;eu ijlj. fu;eu ,oa mRlthZ
mRikn\
` ish # izd`kj] da`d`k isf;k d`h ladq`pu d`h fdz`;k fof|] isf;k ij O;k;ke
d`k izHko\
p U;wjkWu # raf(d`k vkosx-mld`k pku rk varxzZuh lajp. # U;wjksV_kalehVj\
N ekuo e n~fV] Jo. rk ?zk.cks|\
t tuu d`h d`kf;Zd`h] ekuo e ;kSoukjEH ,oa jtksfuo~fr\
7. ifjo|Zu tho foKku
d` ;qXed` tuu qdz` tuu] qdz` d`h jpuk] eSesf;u qdz` d`h ik(s ,oa thos
|kfjrk] vM tuu] iw.Z Drrk] fu"spu] ek`ksZtsusfll ,oa ek`ksZtsu] CkLVkstsusfll]
jhj v{k jpuk d`h Lkiuk] s`V ekufp(] es<d` ,oa pwts e xsLVqsu] pwts e
fod`klk|hu thu] vaxkrjd` thu] vk[ ,oa n; d`k fod`kl] Lrfu;k e vijk\

[ 141

[ d`ksfd`k oa ijEijk] d`ksfd`k-d`ksfd`k vU;ksU; fdz`;k] vkuqoafd` ,oa izsfjr

foitud`rk] ,a`hfo;k e d`k;kUrj. ds` fu;U(. e ok;jksfDlu d`h Hwfed`k] kod`htuu
,oa fpjHzw.rk] d`ksfd`k e~R;q] d`kizHkou\
x ekuo e fod`klh; thu] ik(s fu"spu ,oa Hzw. varj.] Dksfuax\
? LVsed`ksfd`k # lzksr] izd`kj ,oa ekuo d`Y;k. e mud`k mi;ksx\
` tkfr vorZu fu;e\

cksMks
^'u-i( I
cksMks Hk"k ,oa lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
mj cksMks Hk"k e gh f[
[M%d`
cksMks Hk"k d`k bfrgkl
1. Lons] Hk"k] ifjokj] bld`h orZeku fLfr ,oa vleh ds` lk bld`k ikjLifjd`
lEidZ`\
2. d` Lofue # Loj rk O;atu Lofue\
[ ofu;k\
3. ifoKku # fax] d`kjd` ,oa foHfDr;k] cgqopu] izR;;] O;qRiUu] fdz`;kZd` izR;;\
4. Cn lewg ,oa buds` lzksr\
5. okD; foU;kl # okD;k ds` izd`kj] Cn] dz`e\
6. izkjEH ls cksMks Hk"k d`ks f[us e iz;qDr ffi d`k bfrgkl\
[M%[
cksMks lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
1. cksMks ksd` lkfgR; d`k lkekU; ifjp;\
2. |eZ izpkjd`k d`k ;ksxnku\
3. cksMks lkfgR; d`k d`kfoHktu\
4. fofHUu fo|kvk d`k vkkspukRed` fo's".\
d`kO;] miU;kl] ?q-d`k rk ukVd`\
5. vuqokn lkfgR;\
iz'u-i( II
bl iz'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ikB;-iqLrd`k d`k ew v;;u visf{kr gksxk vkSj ijh{kk e
mEehnokj d`h vkkspukRed` ;ksX;rk d`ks tkpus oks iz'u iwNs tk,axs\
mj cksMks Hk"k e gh f[
[M%d`
d` [ksUbZ-esbZ
eknkjke czk rk iuk czk }kjk lEikfnr

142 ]

[ gksj[h-gk
izeksnpUnz czk }kjk lEikfnr
x cksjksuh xqMh flClkvoZ vjkst
eknkjke czk }kjk
? jktk uhkEcj-}jsUnz uk cklqerkjh\
fcckj x [M
lrhpUnz cklqerkjh }kjk lEikfnr
[M%[
d` fxch fcBkbZ vkbnk uoh # fcgqjke cksMks
[ jknkc # lej czk pkS|jh
x vks[jax xkxls uaxks # cztsUnz dq`ekj czk
? cSlkxq voZ gfjew # {ks'oj czk
Xoknku cksMks # euksjatu gkjh
p tqtSuh vksj # fprjatu eqpgkjh
N Eohgwj # |jkfu|j okjh
t gksj cMh jOoElh # d`e dq`ekj czk
> tvksf;k nhoku # eax lag gkstksojh
k gkxjk xqnquh Eoh # uhd`e czk

Mksxjh
^'u-i( II
Mksxjh Hk"k ,oa lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
mj Mksxjh Hk"k e gh f[
[M%d`
Mksxjh Hk"k d`k bfrgkl
1. Mksxjh Hk"k # fofHUu voLkvk ds` }kjk mRif ,oa fod`kl\
2. Mksxjh ,oa bld`h cksf;k] Hk"kbZ lhek,a\
3. Mksxjh Hk"k ds` fofV {k.\
4. Mksxjh Hk"k d`h lajpuk #
d` ofu lajpuk #
[Mh; # Loj ,oa O;atu
v[Mh; # nh?Zrk] ck?kr] ukflD;jatu] lqj ,oa lfU|\
[ Mksxjh d`k injpuk foKku
(i) i jpuk oxZ # fax] opu] d`kjd`] iq:"] d`k ,oa okP;\
(ii) Cn fuekZ. # milxks] e; izR;;k rk izR;;k d`k mi;ksx\
(iii) Cn lewg # rRle] rnHo] fonsh; ,oa nst\

[ 143

x okD; jpuk # lokx okD; - muds` izd`kj rk vo;o] Mksxjh okD; foU;kl e
vUo; rk vfUofr\
5. Mksxjh Hk"k ,oa ffi # Mksxjs/Mksxjk vD[j] nsoukxjh rk `kjlh\
[M%[
Mksxjh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
1. LorU(rk-iwoZ Mksxjh lkfgR; d`k laf{kIr fooj. # i ,oa x\
2. vk|qfud` Mksxjh d`kO; d`k fod`kl rk Mksxjh d`kO; ds` eq; izo~f;k\
3. Mksxjh ?qd`k d`k fod`kl] eq; izo~f;k rk izeq[ ?qd`k s[d`\
4. Mksxjh miU;kl d`k fod`kl] eq; izo~f;k rk Mksxjh miU;kld`kjk d`k ;ksxnku\
5. Mksxjh ukVd` d`k fod`kl rk izeq[ ukVd`d`kjk d`k ;ksxnku\
6. Mksxjh x d`k fod`kl # fucU|] laLej. ,oa ;k(ko~\
7. Mksxjh ksd` lkfgR; d`k ifjp; # ksd`xhr] ksd`d`k,a rk xkkxhr\

^'u-i( II
Mksxjh lkfgR; d`k ikBkkspu
mj Mksxjh e f[s tk,a
[M%d`
i #
1. vktknh

iSgs nh Mksxjh d`fork

fuEuff[r d`fo #
nsoh fnk] D[w] xaxk jke] jke|u] gjn] igkMh xka|h ckck d`kah jke rk
ijekuan veLr\
2. vk|qfud` Mksxjh d`fork
vktknh ckn nh Mksxjh d`fork
fuEuff[r d`fo #
fd`u Lekbiqjh] rkjk Lekbiqjh] eksguk liksf;k] ; ekZ] ds`\ ,l\ e|qd`j]
inek lpnso] ftrsUnz |eiqjh] pj. flag rk izd`k izseh\
3. Jhjktk Mksxjh la\ 102, xt vad`
fuEuff[r d`fo #
jke k ekZ] osn ik nhi] ,u\ Mh\ tkEok] fo jke nhi] vf'ouh exks(k rk
ohjsUnz ds`lj\
4. Jhjktk Mksxjh la\ 147, xt vad`
fuEuff[r d`fo #
vkj\ ,u\ kL(h] ftrsUnz |eiqjh] pEik ekZ rk nZu nhZ\
5. EHw uk ekZ }kjk jfpr jkek;. egkd`kO; v;ks;k d`kM rd`\
6. nhuw HkbZ iar }kjk jfpr ohj xqkc [M d`kO;\

144 ]

[M%[
x #
1. vtd`.h

Mksxjh d`gkuh
fuEuff[r ?q d`k s[d` #
enu eksgu ekZ] ujsUnz [twfj;k rk ch\ ih\ lkBs\
2. vtd`.h Mksxjh d`gkuh Hkx-II
fuEuff[r ?q d`k s[d` #
osn jkgh] ujflag nso tkEok] vkse xksLokeh] N(ik] fr exks(k] peu vjksMk
rk jru ds`lj\
3. d`k dqa`t Hkx-II
fuEuff[r d`k s[d` #
vkse fokhZ] pEik ekZ rk d~`. ekZ\
4. cU|q ekZ }kjk jfpr eh iRj ?q d`k laxzg
5. ns cU|q Mksxjk uwru }kjk jfpr dS`nh miU;kl
6. vks\ ih\ ekZ lkjh }kjk jfpr uaxk D[ miU;kl\
7. eksgu flag }kjk jfpr u;ku ukVd`
8. lrjax ,d`kad`h ukVd`h laxzg
fuEuff[r ukVd`d`kj #
fo'ouk [twfj;k] jke uk kL(h] ftrsUnz ekZ] fr exks(k rk enu eksgu ekZ\
9. Mksxjh fr fucU|
fuEuff[r s[d` #
fo'ouk [twfj;k] ukjk;. feJk] ckd~`. kL(h] fouk] ';ke k ekZ]
{eh ukjk;.] Mh\ lh\ izkar] osn ?bZ] dqa`oj fo;ksxh\

eSfh
^'u-i( I
eSfh Hk"k vkSj lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
mj eSfh e f[us gkxs
[M d`
eSfh Hk"k d`k bfrgkl
1. Hkjksih; Hk"k-ifjokj e eSfh d`k Lku
2. eSfh Hk"k d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl
laLd~`r] izkd~`r] vog] eSfh\
3. eSfh Hk"k d`k d`kfd` foHktu
vkfnd`k] e;d`k] vk|qfud` d`k\
4. eSfh ,oa bld`h fofHUu miHk"k,a\

[ 145
5. eSfh

,oa vU; iwokph; Hk"kvk e lEcU|

caxk] vlfe;k] mfM;k\
6. frjgqrk ffi d`k mnHo vkSj fod`kl\
7. eSfh e loZuke vkSj fdz`;kin\
[M%[
eSfh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
1. eSfh lkfgR; d`h i~BHwfe
|kfeZd`] vkfZd`] lkekftd`] lkaLd~`frd`\
2. eSfh lkfgR; d`k d`k-foHktu
3. izkd` fokifr lkfgR;\
4. fokifr vkSj mud`h ijEijk\
5. e;d`khu eSfh ukVd`
d`hrZfu;k ukVd`] vad`h;k ukV] usik e jfpr eSfh ukVd`\
6. eSfh ksd` lkfgR;
ksd`xkk] ksd`xhr] ksd`ukV;] ksd`d`k\
7. vk|qfud` ;qx e fofHUu lkfgfR;d` fo|kvk d`k fod`kl
d` izcU|d`kO;] [ eqDrd`d`kO;] x miU;kl] ? d`k] ukVd`]
p fucU|] N leh{kk] t laLej.] > vuqokn\
8. eSfh i(-if(d`kvk d`k fod`kl\

^'u-i( II
mj eSfh e f[us gkxs
bl iz'u-i( e fu|kZfjr ew ikB;iqLrd`k d`ks i<uk visf{kr gksxk vkSj ,sls iz'u iwNs tk,axs
ftuls v;hZ d`h vkkspukRed` {kerk d`h ijh{kk gks lds`\
[M%d`
1. fokifr xhrrh-izd`kd`-lkfgR; vd`kneh] ubZ fnYh
xhrla;k 1 ls 50 rd`\
2. xksfoUnnkl Htukoh-izd`kd`-eSfh vd`kneh] iVuk
xhrla;k 1 ls 25 rd`\
3. d~`.tUe-eucks|\
4. fefkHk"k jkek;.-pUnk >k
lqUnjd`kM ek(\
5. jes'ojpfjr fefk jkek;.-knkl
ckd`kM ek(\
6. d`hpd`o|-rU(uk >k
7. n-orh-lqjsUnz >k lqeu
ize vkSj f}rh; lxZ ek(\

146 ]
8. fp(k-;k(h\
9. led`khu eSfh

d`fork-izd`kd` lkfgR; vd`kneh] ubZ fnYh\

[M%[
10. o.ZjRukd`j-T;ksfrjh'oj
f}rh; d`Yks ek(\
11. [VVj d`d`kd` rjax-gfjeksgu >k\
12. ksfjd`-fot;-ef.ine
13. i~Fohiq(-fr\
14. H`kbr pkgd` ftuxh-lq|kaq s[j pkS|jh\
15. d~`fr jktd`e-izd`kd`-eSfh vd`kneh] iVuk\
vkjEH ls nl d`k rd`\
16. d`k-laxzg-izd`kd`-eSfh vd`kneh] iVuk\

larkh
^'u-i( I
mj larkh e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
Hkx 1. larkh Hk"k d`k bfrgkl
1. izeq[ vkfLV_d` Hk"k ifjokj] vkfLV_d` Hk"kvk d`h la;k rk {ks( foLrkj\
2. larkh d`h O;kd`jf.d` lajpuk\
3. larkh Hk"k d`h egRoiw.Z fos"rk,a\
ofu foKku] i foKku] okD; foKku] vZ foKku] vuqokn foKku rk d`ks
foKku\
4. larkh Hk"k ij vU; Hk"kvk d`k izHko\
5. larkh Hk"k d`k ekud`hd`j.\
Hkx 2. larkh lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl
1. larkh lkfgR; ds` bfrgkl ds` fuEuff[r pkj d`kk d`h lkfgfR;d` izo~f;k
d` vkfnd`k lu 1854 bZ\ ds` iwoZ d`k lkfgR;\
[ feujh d`k lu 1855 ls lu 1889 bZ\ rd` d`k lkfgR;\
x e; d`k lu 1890 ls lu 1946 bZ\ rd` d`k lkfgR;\
? vk|qfud` d`k lu 1947 bZ\ ls vc rd` d`k lkfgR;\
2. larkh lkfgR; ds` bfrgkl e s[u d`h ijEijk\
[M%[
lkfgfR;d` Loi # fuEuff[r lkfgfR;d` Loik d`h izeq[ fos"rk,a] bfrgkl vkSj fod`kl
Hkx- I : larkh e ksd` lkfgR; # xhr] d`k] xkk] ksd`ksfDr;k] eqgkojs] igsf;k ,oa
dq`nqe\

[ 147

Hkx- II : larkh e fV lkfgR;

1. i lkfgR; d`k fod`kl ,oa izeq[ d`fo
2. x lkfgR; d`k fod`kl ,oa izeq[ s[d`\
I. miU;kl ,oa izeq[ miU;kld`kj\
II. d`gkuh ,oa izeq[ d`gkuhd`kj\
III. ukVd` ,oa izeq[ ukVd`d`kj\
IV. vkkspuk ,oa izeq[ vkkspd`\
V. fr fucU|] js[kfp(] laLej.] ;k(k o~kar vkfn izeq[ s[d`\
larkh lkfgR;d`kj #
';ke lqUnj gsEcze] ia\ j?quk eqjew] ckMgk clsjk] lk|q jkepkan eqjew] ukjk;.
lksjsu rksMslqrke] lkjnk izlkn fd`Ldq`] j?quk VqMw] d`khin lksjsu] lkd`k lksjsu]
fnxEcj gklnk] vkfnR; fe(] lakh] ckcqk eqjew] vkfnoklh] ;nqeuh csljk] vtqZu
gsEcze] d~`. pan VqMw] i pkn gklnk] d`Unz uk ekMh] egknso gklnk] xkSj pUnz eqjew]
Bkdq`j izlkn eqjew] gj izlkn eqjew] mn; uk ek>h] ifje gsEcze] |hjsUnz uk ckLds`]
';ke pj. gsEcze] ne;Urh csljk] Vh\ ds`\ jkikt] cks;gk fouk VqMw\
Hkx- III lark d`h lkaLd~`frd` fojklr #
jhfr fjokt] ioZ R;ksgkj ,oa laLd`kj tUe] fookg ,oa e~R;q\

^'u-i( II
mj larkh e f[us gkxs
[M%d`
bl iz'u i( e fu|kZfjr ikB;-iqLrd`k d`k ew v;;u vko';d` gS\ ijh{kk e
mEehnokj d`h vkkspukRed` {kerk d`ks tkpus oks iz'u iwNs tk,axs\
izkphu-1 : izkphu lkfgR;
x #
(1) [sjok cklk |ksjkse iqh%ek>h jkenkl VqMw jfld`k\
(2) ekjs gkiMked`ks js;kd` d`kk%,\ vks\ Ldzs`IlM\
(3) tksefle fcUrh fVk%eaxs pUn rqMd`qek lksjsu\
(4) ejkM cq fcurh%d`kukbZk VqMw\
i #
(1) d`kjke lsjx%uqudw` lksjsu
(2) nsoh nklka; lsjx%ekfuUn gkalnk
(3) gksM lsjx%MCY;w\ th\ vkpZj
(4) ckgk lsjx%cjke VqMw
(5) nkx lsjx%ineJh Hkxor eqjew Bkdq`j
(6) gksj lsjx%j?quk eqjxw\

148 ]
(7) lksjkl lsjx%ckcqk eqjew vkfnoklh
(8) eksMs flu eksMs funk%i pkan gkalnk
(9) twMklh ekMok krkj%rst ukjk;. eqjew

[M [
vk|qfud` lkfgR;
Hkx- 1. d`fork
(1) vksuksMg ckgk Mkokd`%ikm tq>kj lksjsu
(2) vklkM fcurh%ukjk;u lksjsu rksMs lqrke\
(3) pkan ekk%xksjk pkan VqMw
(4) vurks ckgk ekk%vkfnR; fe( lakh\
(5) frj;h rsrkM%gfjgj gkalnk\
(6) flfljtksu jkM%Bkdq`j izlkn eqjew\
Hkx- 2. miU;kl
(1) gkMekokd` vkrks--vkj\ d`klZfV;klZ vuqoknd`-vkj\ vkj\ fd`Ldw` jkikt\
(2) ekuw ekrh-pUnz eksgu gkalnk\
(3) vkr~ vksMkd`-Mkseu gkalnkd`
(4) vkstks; xkMk f<i js%ukfu; eqjew\
Hkx- 3. d`gkuh
(1) ft;ksu xkMk%ipkan gkalnk ,oa ;nqeuh csljk\
(2) ek;k tk%Mkseu lkgw lehj ,oa ineJh Hkxor eqewZ Bkdq`j\
Hkx- 4. ukVd`
(1) [sjokM fcj%ia\ j?quk eqjew\
(2) tqjh [kfrj%MkW\ d~`. pUnz VqMw\
(3) fcjlk fcj%jfck VqMw\
Hkx- 5. thouh lkfgR;
(1) lark d`ks jsu ek;kM\ xksgkd`ks%MkW\ fo'ouk gkalnk\