Ict123 W1

Centre for Computer Technology
ICT123 Computer Architecture

Week 01 Introduction
Contents at a Glance
Introduction Architecture Definitions Architecture and Organization Structure and function Computer Evolution
March 20, 2012
Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute
Architecture
Science of building or construction (The Australian Oxford Dictionary, 1976) Science of systemisation of knowledge Design Plan Framework
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Computer Architecture
Abstract characterisations of physical computers that provide the structural, functional and performance specifications for a specific physical computer.
Formalisation of the requirements to a specification of constraints that can be feasibly and economically implemented in a physical machine.
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Computer Architecture vs Organization
Computer architecture refers to the system attributes that have direct impact on the logical execution of operations, and which are visible to the programmer Computer organization refers to the physical operational units and their interconnections, and other details that realize the architectural specifications, and which are transparent to the programmer. (Stallings, 2003 p.4)
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Structure and Function

Computer Structure:

Computer Function:

Input/Output Main Memory CPU Control Unit System interconnection
Data Movement Data Storage Data Processing Control mechanism Paths for data and control signals
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CPU structure and function

Structure:

Function:

Registers ALU CU interconnection path
Data storage Data processing Sequencing and timing Data paths and Control paths
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Computer Evolution
A computer is a device that accepts data, processes the data in accordance with some instructions to generate desired results. Modern computers are rather complicated electronic devices that quickly perform calculations and other operations to manipulate data according to a stored program. A typical computer architecture has five structural units: Input/Output, Storage, Control, Processing, and Communications
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Computer Evolution
From earliest times man has used simple memory aids to help with calculations
Simple memory aids: fingers, rods, beads 2. The Abacus 3. The slide rule 4. Mechanical Devices 5. Electrical/Electronic Devices
1.
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Computer Evolution
Finger counting Decimal: 0 to 10 Quinary: 0 to 30 Binary: 0 to 1023
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Egyptian Numerals
Egyptian number system is additive.
(Computation & Machine: Ancient to Modern, By Prof Wang Jian-Sheng, scwjs@nus.edu.sg, Department of Physics)
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Mesopotamian Civilization
Above: Babylonian sexagesimal (base 60) number. It is the first positional number system. Left: Oldest cuneiform writing by Sumerian. (Computation & Machine: Ancient to Modern, By Prof Wang Jian-Sheng, scwjs@nus.edu.sg, Department of Physics)
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Roman Numerals
I II III IV V 1 2 3 4 5 VI VII IX X
3878
6 7 9 10
L C D M
50 100 500 1000
VIII 8
MMMDCCCLXXVIII
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Computer Evolution
The Abacus is a simple device that uses beads to mimic sets of fingers. It is believed to have been invented in Babylon in 500 BC, and it is still in use today. There are many different types of abacus, but the Chinese abacus and the Japanese abacus are the two most common types of abacus.
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Chinese Abacus
The Chinese Abacus consists of columns of beads. Each column has a set of 5 beads representing the fingers on one hand, and a set of 2 beads representing the two hands. Thus each column can represent values from 0 to 10.
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Japanese Abacus (Soroban)
Each column in the Japanese abacus has a set of 5 beads representing the fingers on one hand, and a single bead set identifying the lower or upper set of five. Thus each column can represent values from 0 to 9.
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Computer Evolution
Some interesting sites

http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history. html http://www.elsop.com/wrc/h_comput.htm
March 20, 2012
Computer Evolution

The Slide Rule In 1614 the Scottish mathematician and theologian, Napier, invented logarithms. The slide rule is an analogue calculating device for multiplying and dividing numbers, based on the fact that numbers can be multiplied by adding their logarithms. Slide rules were in common use until the 1970s
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Computer Evolution
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Logarithm and Slide Rule

John Napier of Scotland developed the concept of logarithm around AD 1600. Slide rule based on the property of logarithm was invented in the late 1700s. If ay=x, then y = logax
log (u v) = log (u) + log(v)

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Computer Evolution
Mechanical Devices Blaise Pascal (1623 1662), a French mathematician, physicist, religious philosopher, writer and inventor, designed and built a 5-digit adding machine, the Pascaline, which consisted of dials, cogs and shafts enclosed in a case.
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Mechanical Devices
Computer Evolution
Gottfield Leibniz (1646 1716), a German philosopher and scientist, invented a mechanical calculator in 1673 that improved on the Pascaline by introducing multiply and division operations. In 1679 Leibniz perfected the binary notation system which became the basis of modern computers.
http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/mechanical1.h tm
March 20, 2012
Computer Evolution
Electrical devices
Dr. George Stibitz built a device in 1937, which could perform simple arithmetic using switches. In 1939 Stibitz completed his Model 1 Complex Calculator at Bell Labs. The device which had 440 relays, controlled manually by a keyboard, was used to solve engineering problems. In 1938, Claude Shannon of MIT published a paper suggesting that a computer could be constructed from on-off switches to manipulate Boolean logic, as a means to perform mathematical calculations.
March 20, 2012
Computer Evolution
In Germany, Konrad Zuse with the assistance of Helmet Schreyer, using relays built a programmable electro-mechanical calculator, between 1936 and 1938, called the Z1. The Z1 was followed by the Z2 in 1940, and the Z3 in 1941, all essentially improved versions of the Z1. In 1950, Zuse completed the Z4,which was taken over by the Siemens company.
March 20, 2012
Computer Evolution
Programmable Machines are the next stage in computer evolution. Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) was a French silkweaver who invented the Jacquard loom in 1801, which was the first programmable machine. The Jacquard loom automatically wove patterned fabric, whose pattern was determined by a set of punched cards, and so could be changed at will. Rather than being a computer, the Jacquard loom was a machine that could automatically follow a sequence of programmed steps. Another important concept for future of computing.
March 20, 2012
Computer Evolution
Programmable Machines
In the 1880, Herman Hollerith (USA) devised a machine that could read punched cards electrically and record their contents on banks of counter dials.
Punched cards and punched tape technologies were used in electronic computers until the 1980s.
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Computer Evolution
The worlds first acknowledged computer was the Analytical Engine, which was a mechanical steam powered device, designed by Charles Babbage (1792 1871), an eminent English mathematician and inventor. The analytical engine consisted of: input devices to read instructions from punched cards the mill; an arithmetic and processing unit a control unit to sequence operations from punched cards a store; memory to hold numbers an output mechanism These are the five essential components of modern computers.
March 20, 2012
Computer Evolution
Electronic Computers
The worlds first general purpose electronic digital computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), completed in 1946, by a team at University of Pennsylvania, headed by John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert. The ENIAC operated on up to 20 decimal numbers, each up to 10 digits long. It had no program memory, so it had to be programmed manually by setting switches and plugging (and unplugging) cables, which was extremely slow and tedious.
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In 1945 John von Neumann proposed the idea of the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer), in which the program would be stored in memory, along side the data, referred to as a stored-program concept.
Most computers today use the architecture proposed by John von Neumann, commonly referred to as the von Neumann architecture.
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In 1946, John von Neumann and his colleagues began work on new computer, using von Neumann architecture, at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, which was referred to as the IAS computer.
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The IAS Computer

ALU Memory equipment I/O
CU CPU
General Architecture of modern scalar computers

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First Generation Vacuum Tubes - 1940-1956 Vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory Relied on machine language to operate Solve one problem at a time UNIVAC and ENIAC
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Vacuum Tubes & Transistors
Earliest generation digital computers were made of vacuum tubes. Transistors were invented in the late 1940s.
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2nd Generation Transistors The IBM 700 series to the 7000 series from 1952 to 1964 The IBM 7094 was the last of the 7000 series with cycle time of 1.4 s, 32k memory, and 185 op-codes was 50 times faster than the IBM 701
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3rd Generation Integrated Circuits
IBM System/360 DEC PDP-8 Other mini-computers
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4th Generation 1970 and 1980s LSI VLSI

micro-computers
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LSI
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VLSI
5th Generation
Pentium PowerPC

and beyond
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References
Stallings William, 2003, Computer Organization & Architecture, designing for performance, 7th edn,Pearson Education,Inc ISBN 0 - 13 - 144257 0 Computation & Machine: Ancient to Modern, By Prof Wang Jian-Sheng, scwjs@nus.edu.sg, Department of Physics Computer Architecture and Related Topics, by Ben Schrooten, Shawn Borchardt, Eddie Willett, Vandana Chopra
March 20, 2012
References
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html http://www.elsop.com/wrc/h_comput.htm http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/mechanical1.htm http://www.Crowl.org/Lawrence/history/
March 20, 2012

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Centre for Computer Technology

ICT123 Computer Architecture

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

Computer Architecture vs Organization

March 20, 2012

Structure and Function

Input/Output Main Memory CPU Control Unit System interconnection

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

CPU structure and function

Registers ALU CU interconnection path

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

50 100 500 1000

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

Japanese Abacus (Soroban)

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

Some interesting sites

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

Logarithm and Slide Rule

log (u v) = log (u) + log(v)

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

The IAS Computer

General Architecture of modern scalar computers

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

Vacuum Tubes & Transistors

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute

IBM System/360 DEC PDP-8 Other mini-computers

March 20, 2012

Richard Salomon, Sudipto Mitra Copyright Box Hill Institute