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Nguyn Nht Quang

quangnn-fit@mail.hut.edu.vn Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni Vin Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng
Nm hc 2011-2012

Ni dung mn hc:
Gii thiu v Tr tu nhn to
nh ngha Cc t C nn tng Lch s tm tt Cc thnh tu quan trng

Tc t Gii quyt vn : Tm kim, Tha mn rng buc Logic v suy din Biu din tri thc Biu din tri thc khng chc chn Hc my Lp k hoch
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nh ngha v TTNT (1) g ( )

Cc nh ngha (quan im) v TTNT c chia thnh 4 nhm:
(1) Cc h thng suy ngh (thng minh) nh con ngi
"The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with minds, i th f ll and lit l sense." (H i d in the full d literal " (Haugeland, 1985) l d "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning ..." (Bellman, (Bellman 1978)

(2) Cc h thng suy ngh mt cch hp l

"The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models." (Charniak and McDermott, 1985) "The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act." (Winston, 1992)

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nh ngha v TTNT (2) g ( )

(3) Cc h thng hnh ng (thng minh) nh con ngi
"The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people." (Kurzweil, 1990) "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better." (Rich and Knight, 1991) better.

(4) Cc h thng hnh ng mt cch hp l

"Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents." (Poole et al., 1998) "AI . . .is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts." (Nilsson, 1998)

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nh ngha v TTNT (3) g ( )

Cc nh ngha (1) v (2) lin quan n cc qu trnh suy ngh v suy din Cc nh ngha (3) v (4) lin quan n cch hnh ng Cc nh ngha (1) v (3) nh gi mc thnh cng (s thng minh) theo tiu chun ca con ngi Cc nh ngha (2) v (4) nh gi mc thnh cng (s thng minh) theo tiu chun ca s hp l
Mt h thng hnh ng hp l, nu n lm cc vic ph hp i vi nhng g n ( thng) bit (h )

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Hnh ng nh con ngi: Turing Test

Turing (1950) My tnh ton v s thng minh": My tnh c th suy ngh c khng?" My tnh c th hnh ng mt cch thng minh c khng?" c Th nghim kim chng hnh ng thng minh: Imitation Game

D on rng n nm 2000, my tnh s c 30% kh nng vt qua mt ngi khng c chuyn mn i vi mt bi kim tra (Turing test) trong 5 pht Turing (vo nm 1950) d on trc cc vn tranh lun quan trng trong TTNT trong vng 50 nm sau Turing xut cc thnh phn quan trng ca TTNT: tri thc, suy din, hi di hiu ngn ng, hc h
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Suy ngh nh con ngi: Khoa hc nhn thc

Cuc cch mng nhn thc nhng nm1960:
Xem b no ngi nh mt cu trc x l thng tin g g Nghin cu v tm l nhn thc thay th cho cc nghin cu trc v hnh vi ng x

Cn cc l thuyt khoa hc v cc hot ng bn trong ca b no ngi Lm th no xc nhn (kim chng)? Yu cu: ( g)

1) D on v kim chng cc hot ng (hnh vi) ca ch th con ngi (hng tip cn top-down), hoc 2) Nhn dng ( ) g (xc nh) trc tip t cc d liu v h thn kinh ) p (hng tip cn bottom-up)

Hin nay, c 2 hng tip cn ny (Cognitive Science v Cognitive Neuroscience) c tch ri vi lnh vc TTNT
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Suy ngh hp l: Cc lut suy ngh

Chun ha (hoc quy tc ha), hn l m t Aristotle: Th no l cc qu trnh suy ngh / tranh lun ng n? Mt s trng hc Hy Lp pht trin nhng dng logic: g y p p g g g k hiu v cc lut dn xut i vi cc qu trnh suy ngh Mi lin h trc tip, thng qua ton hc v trit hc, i vi khoa hc TTNT hin i Cc vn :
Khng p g phi tt c cc hnh vi (hnh ng) thng minh u ( g) g xut pht t cc cn nhc (suy ngh) logic 2. Mc ch ca s suy ngh l g? Nhng suy ngh no m ti nn thc hin, trong s cc suy ngh m ti c th c? , g y g
1.
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Hnh ng mt cch hp l
Hnh ng mt cch hp l: thc hin ng vic cn lm ng vic cn lm: l vic (hnh ng) gip cc i ha vic t c cc mc tiu, i vi cc thng tin hin c , g Khng nht thit lin quan n s suy ngh v d, phn x chp mt Tuy nhin, s suy ngh nn c xem l thuc vo h thng (nhm) cc hnh ng hp l S hp l cn phi tnh n c phc tp tnh ton
Nu chi ph v ti nguyn tnh ton v thi gian qu cao, th s khng c tnh thc t (khng p dng c trong thc t)
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Cc tc t hp l (1) p ( )

Mt tc t (agent) l mt thc th c kh nng nhn thc v hnh ng Mt cch khi qut, mt tc t c th c biu din bng q , g mt hm nh x: t qu trnh (lch s) nhn thc n hnh ng:

f: P A P*
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Cc tc t hp l (2) p ( )

i vi mt tp ( p) cc mi trng v nhim v, chng ta cn p (lp) g , g tm ra tc t (hoc mt lp cc tc t) c hiu sut tt nht Lu : Cc gii hn v tnh ton (ca my tnh) khng cho php t c s hp l hon ho (ti u)
Mc tiu: Thit k chng trnh my tnh ti u i vi cc ti nguyn my tnh hin c g y y
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Cc nn tng ca TTNT ( ) g (1)

Trit hc
Logic Cc phng php suy din Cc c s (nn tng) ca vic hc Ngn ng S hp l

Ton hc
Biu din hnh thc v cc gii thut chng minh Tnh ton Bi ton (vn ) gii quyt c v khng gii quyt c Bi ton (vn ) p dng c v khng p dng c ( phc tp tnh ton - thi gian gii quyt bi ton - l hm m) Xc sut
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Cc nn tng ca TTNT ( ) g (2)

Kinh t hc
Hm li ch (tin ch) L thuyt ra quyt nh

Khoa hc thn kinh

Nn tng (c s) t nhin ca cc hot ng tr c

Tm l hc
S thch nghi Cc du hiu ca nhn thc v iu khin vn ng Cc k thut thc nghim (vd: tm sinh l hc,)

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Cc nn tng ca TTNT ( ) g (3)

Cng ngh my tnh
Xy dng cc my tnh c tc tnh ton nhanh

L thuyt iu khin
Thit k cc h thng nhm cc i ha mt hm mc tiu no g

Ngn ng hc
Biu din tri thc Ng php (ca mt ngn ng)

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Lch s tm tt ca TTNT ( ) (1)

1943: McCulloch & Pitts trnh by cng trnh nghin cu u tin v AI, xut m hnh cc n-ron nhn to 2 trng thi (on/off) 1950: Khi nim v TTNT ln u tin c Turing cp trong bi bo "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 1956: Workshop u tin (din ra trong 2 thng) Dartmouth (M) bn v lnh vc TTNT, khi nim TTNT c tha nhn 1952-1969: Cc thnh tu ban u trong TTNT 1950s: Cc chng trnh TTNT u tin
Chng trnh chi c ca Samuel Chng trnh l lun logic ca Newell & Simon Chng trnh chng minh cc nh l hnh hc ca Gelernter

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Lch s tm tt ca TTNT ( ) (2)

1965: Robinson c gii thut hon chnh cho vic suy din logic 1966-1973: 1966 1973:
Cc nh nghin cu v TTNT nhn ra kh khn v phc tp tnh ton Gn nh l khng cn cc nghin cu v cc mng n-ron nhn to

1969-1979: S hnh thnh v pht trin ban u ca cc h thng da trn tri thc 1980: TTNT tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip (cc h thng, chng trnh TTNT dng trong thng mi) 1980-1988: S xut hin bng n ca cc h chuyn gia 1986: Cc mng n-ron nhn to xut hin tr li, tr nn ph bin 1987: TTNT tr thnh mt lnh vc khoa hc 1995: S xut hi ca cc tc t thng minh 199 S hin h i h
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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (1)

Lp k hoch v lp lch t ng
NASA t t k c chng t S thit c g trnh lp k hoch t ng (gi l p oc g (g Remote Agent) iu khin vic xp lch cc hot ng ca tu v tr

Chi c
Deep Blue (h thng my tnh ca IBM) nh bi kin tng c vua Th gii Garry Kasparov vo nm 1997

iu khin t ng
Mt xe ti nh c iu khin t ng bi h thng ALVINN (ca CMU) trong sut 98% ca khong thi gian i t Pittsburgh n San Diego (~2850 miles)

Ngi my
Ngy nay, rt nhiu cuc phu thut trong y t s dng cc tr gip ngi my trong cc thao tc vi phu (microsurgery)
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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (2)

Chun on
Cc c g t chng trnh chun o y t da t p t c xc sut c u on trn phn tch c c th thc hin mc tng ng cc bc s chuyn mn trong mt s lnh vc ca y t

Lp k hoch hu cn cho qun i

Trong cuc chin tranh Vng Vnh nm 1991, cc lc lng ca qun i M trin khai s dng mt chng trnh lp k hoch v xp lch cho cng tc hu cn di chuyn 50.000 xe c, hng ha, ha v qun lnh

Hiu ngn ng v gii quyt vn

Chng trnh my tnh PROVERB c th gii c cc bi ton ch (crossword puzzles) tt hn kh nng ca nhiu ngi h ( d l ) h hi i

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Cc tranh lun v TTNT (1)

Kh nng ca TTNT?
Chi (hp l) mt vn bng bn? Li xe t ng theo mt ng ni quanh co? Mua trc tuyn cc hng ha trong 1 tun cho mt hiu tp phm? Pht hi v chng minh mt l thuyt ton hc mi? hin h i h t th t t h i? Hi thoi c vi mt ngi trong 1 gi ng h? Thc hin t ng mt ca phu thut m phc tp? Dch trc tip (tc thi) gia hai th ting cho mt hi thoi?

My tnh M t h c th suy ngh (nh con ngi) c kh ? h ( h i) khng?

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Cc tranh lun v TTNT (2)

Nu my tnh c th lm thay nhng vic ang c lm bi con ngi, th con ngi s cng t vic (tht nghip) Con ngi s c qu nhiu thi gian rnh ri (so vi qu t, nh hin nay) Con ngi cm thy mt cm gic s thng minh thng tr (cao nht) ca h V my tnh lm thay (v can thip) vo nhiu vic hng ngy ca con ngi h s cm thy cc quyn ring t b xm ngi, phm Vic s dng nhiu h thng TTNT c th lm gim (mt i) trch nhim gii trnh trong cc cng vic S thnh cng (hon ho) ca TTNT c ngha nh l s kt thc ca loi ngi?

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Ti liu tham kho

R. E. Bellman. An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: Can Computers Think? Boyd & Fraser Publishing Company, San Francisco, 1978. E Charniak and D. M D E. Ch i k d D McDermott. I Introduction to A ifi i l I lli d i Artificial Intelligence. Addi Addison-Wesley, W l Reading, Massachusetts, 1985. J. Haugeland. Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985. , R. Kurzweil. The Age of Intelligent Machines. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990. N. J. Nilsson. Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, California, 1998. C lif i 1998 D. Poole, A. K. Mackworth, and R. Goebel. Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1998. E Rich and K Knight Artificial Intelligence (Second Edition) McGraw Hill, New York E. K. Knight. Edition). McGraw-Hill York, 1991. P. H. Winston. Artificial Intelligence (Third Edition). Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1992.

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