Quiz Understand the ottomans history through two phases.

. The first is the centralized state and the second is the decentralized state. First Phase: The ruler took control over everything. People didnt have the right to choose. They only have to abide. Economically, they neglected the rights of the villagers and the workers (capitalism). Socially, no equality between social classes. o They introduced interests on loans and debts. It was widely accepted among people in Anatolia, as they were Christians. But in Syria, people used the soap contract and in Egypt, manipulation in contracts. o The patriarch represented the Christians and he had power (el ragel el 3amal 7aga w el patriarch 2al ma7adesh yekamelo w ma7adesh kalemo. This shows how much power he had) o They introduced contracts for the first time in the islamic world. Many people were against this policy so they reduced the marriage costs. (Contracts zay marriage w divorce w transactions) Second Phase Power of the sultan started to be divided among the military, mamluk households, sheikhs, and Coptic notables. *mamluk households they were active in tax and financial affairs. They also hired many Coptic notables, which increased their power within the state. Coptic notables started sending petitions to the governors to change the patriarch. They said he sits on high

chairs and he prevents people from eating meat and milk during fasting. They wrote the message in a way that increased the anger of the governors and the sultan. They succeeded. They started accusing other patriarchs of stealing money, which in fact was not true. The patriarch lost all his power and it was shifted to the Coptic notables. *When the pasha had power, the patriarch also had and when the pasha lost it the patriarch lost it. within the church, people used to write the patriarchs biographies but later on, they started writing the Coptic notables biographies which show how much power they had. Within the community, religion didnt matter. Social equality existed. Before the 18th century, many people converted to islam to benefit from the privilege muslims had. But after the 18th century, people stopped converting to islam as all people were treated the same.