VOLCANIC HAZARDS

What is a VOLCANO?
The term VOLCANO refers to a vent, hill or

mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials are ejected. The term also applies to craters, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre-existing materials or by accumulation of ejected materials.

Classification of Volcanoes
Active
Eruption in historic times Historical record - 500 years C14 dating - 10,000 years Local seismic activity Oral / folkloric history

Potentially Active
Solfotaras / Fumaroles Geologically young (possibly erupted < 10,000 years and for calderas and large systems - possibly < 25,000 years). Young-looking geomorphology (thin soil cover/sparse vegetation; low degree of erosion and dissection; young vent featuresl; +/vegetation cover). Suspected seismic activity. Documented local ground deformation Geochemical indicators of magmatic involvement. Geophysical proof of magma bodies. Strong connection with subduction zones and external tectonic settings.

Inactive
No record of eruption and its form is beginning to change by the agents of weathering and erosion via formation of deep and long

Volcanic Eruption
A process wherein molten rock materials are emitted or ejected in the form of flowing masses, discrete particles and steam from a crater, vent or fissure.

WHAT CAUSES A VOLCANO TO ERUPT?

Changes in pressure and temperature in the magma chamber

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

classified according to: what propels the eruption character of eruption itself nature of materials ejected 6 Types:

Strombolian Vulcanian Pelean

Plinian

Phreatomagmatic Phreatic

eruption resulting from the release of large quantities of accumulated magmatic gas which lifts fine ash and block from the magma with great force high in the air forming voluminous cauliflower clouds.

occurs when a gas-rich pasty lava accumulates to form a dome on the volcano edifice either on or beneath its surface caused by release of large quantities of gas from a near- or at- surface extremely viscous magma that hurls out ash and other pyroclastic materials

eruption of great violence characterized by voluminous explosive ejections of pumice and ash flows with tall eruption column

explosion driven by steam produced by heating and expansion of groundwater due to an underlying hot source.

results from the simultaneous ejection of fresh magmatic materials and steam produced by the contact of groundwater with ascending magma.

Volcanic Hazards
Volcano-related phenomena that pose potential threat or cause negative impact to man, property and the environment in a given period of time.

stream-like flows of hot, incandescent, molten materials that are erupted quietly from a volcano

Lava Flow from 1984 Mauna Loa eruption. (from Volcanic & Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii, 1986)

Lava Flow

Mayon Volcano, 1984

Lava Flow Impact

Hawaii

turbulent hot mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash & rocks), mixed with hot gases that flow downslope at very high speed (>60kph)

showers of fine- to coarse-grained volcanic materials and other airborne products of a volcanic eruption
Clark Air Base Olongapo City

Ashfall impact of Pinatubo Volcano, 1991

Castillejos, Zambales

some of the basic components of magma or lava (H2O, CO2, CO, H2S, HF, SO2, etc.) released into the atmosphere during eruptions

VOLCANIC GAS IMPACT:

Plants damaged by volcanic flume from PuuOo vent 12 miles away. (from Volc. & Seismic Hazards in the Island of Hawaii,1986)

rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water; contains 20% to 80% sediments by volume

Mayon, 1993

Mayon

Pinatubo

Lahar Impact
Pampanga Post-1991 Pinatubo

Agoho, Mambajao Oct. 25, 1950

Lahar Impact

After (October 1995)

Pinatubo Volcano

Before (27 July 1994)

SMITH

22 Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

MOUNT IRAYA
LOCATION 12.8n, 124.1E Batan Island, Batanes

ERUPTION 1464

BABUYAN CLARO
LOCATION 19.5N, 121.9 E NNE across Babuyan Channel ERUPTION 1831

MOUNT SMITH
LOCATION 20.33N, 121.75 E Ibugos Island (southern end of Batan Island chain)

ERUPTION 1924

Underwater Volcano

MOUNT DIDICAS
LOCATION 19.077N, 122.202 E 22 km NE of Camiguin Island

ERUPTION 1978

Submerged Volcano

CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES
LOCATION 18.83 N, 121.860 E 22 kms long in Camiguin Island in the Babuyan Archipelago ERUPTION 1857

MOUNT CAGUA
LOCATION 18.133 N, 122.3 E Gonzaga, Cagayan ERUPTION 1860

Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards

Information Campaign
Scientific reports Popular information packages Seminars, workshops Coordination with NDCC, LGUs

PHIVOLCS Quick Response Team (QRT)

Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards: Public Education and Preparedness

Teach the public, school children and parents what to do during and after occurrence of volcanic hazards