You are on page 1of 17



    


 !#"%$'&(*)+&(,.-/102&-435$07698:,5<;=28>"?5)9$&(@A&+82B(3CC"%,EDF$HG'D#I2,50@J82=2B2H$=,K@L!H,A&(,50M"N3O! P
QSRUT B(3C1 T 8(@%,5&WVS$X$B+"NYZC"N$0B:H$=2,K@XG[,\"NI:, R ]^)9,50(_`21,^@%a10
b H$=2,Kac^P
d f e  Sg d hUije kUil
+fe l
 mUiln7 oqp 0:& $B+"Na!rBf!H,50M"NI2,5@JYZC"N$0 $sVt3%Iu!0 $sVX'C"%v3K,^@w"%$x=y,
z82*"NB2,5&@J8:3NI{"NIfC"|"NI2,A098:z=,5}$sV~@%3O1sFz82*"NB(3CC"N$0(@L@}02Y<,5&P
 ,53C1aZ"%v`z82*"NB(3CC"N$01_[$H*"NI2

K X
~ F  A  X
O


72(9!9|]F%
y 9 ]~
f + ]
X ^+
y ( ]~
X + X ^+ Nu

K  O
K  O

^+

 




R I82@|"NI:,t082E=y,K$sV z82*"NB(3CC"N$0(@t@FB 6 <P


d fe  Sg d hUije kUil
+fe l \ n7 e ns +ye j~
p $|,.u!B2,;  3C10{=y, H,D#v*"H"%,50!@
Q  c  $ Q  c^P
 "!$#

8(B2By$@N, @ ;  @ ;+10:&  @ P


R I:,50 Q  Kc& %(K' [ K  ; ;
@N3C1!Fz82*"NB23OZK"N $02@ Q   K@#  K aC "%H[uc^ P [
Q  c  %(' ; < ;
%@ 3O!!
z82*"NB23OZ"N$02@ Q K  <@L  K aC"%v uc5 P [ 
K
)a h

esn * 
+n + i h es lXo-,X s  i itk ./! mUiln k n7 e n0s 1(fe l2
3 $OD '1 0 T04
Q 6 57575 Q 8:9;8=< >5 575 @?BA Q @?
%" $ 0>- c
b G(c b 0>- G(c5;G
D

FG
C EQ D c H GI ?KA C Q M c C EQ D % M c D N
J 8=L

,K, $[H ,50`,."t! P; b H$=2,5 - VS$ @N$*)+0(_"NI2@}H,K3582HJ,^0:35,[P


b Q 0uc ? K } D D % %  
Q ?B
A  c^;9DX I23NI @,.(By$ 0:,^0M"N!0`0~P

  

     + ~ilh e l  1esn:k2
 rIf!%!3"%,KvYK,t"NI:,A@v"]v823"N8:H,A$sV 10`$B>"N'1 @N$8+"N$0~P
!  ,53582H@J*)9,5 T &(#, "(0:,L"%I2,#)918:, $sV 10`$B>"N'1@N$8+"N$0~P
$% $ B(8+"%,#"NI:,L)918:, $sV10W$B>"N'1@N$8+"N$0 0z=y$s"H"%$w- 82B V 1@JI2$0~P
  $02@v"]v823"L10`$B+"Na! @N$8+"N$0`VSH$ 35$ B(8+"%,K&{0(VS$HaC"%$0P
+

esn:k  o'&  


>e!n7  +n + es [hU
ehU nq(*)`k es  i@+ i h es l

b !J,^0M"NI:,^@NYCZ"N$0 $sV " D|$ @J82=y3%If102@ 575 8 !02& 8=< 575 @? z82@v"`,C!3%I =y,
$B+"Na1VS$ 575 ? "%$=y, $B>"N'1 P
+ I 0T 4 , $OD|,KX3K$@H"X@N$8+"N$0"%$a@N8(=3%Iu10xH,5&(8:35,5@X"NI2, 3K$@v"t$sV 5>5 ? P
R I:,w"%$!"! 3K$@v" @ 3C1358(Z"%,5& 1@ 35$@H" Q 575 8 c 35$@H" Q 8=< 5>5 ? c 3K$@v"z$sV
z82*"NB2 T 0(_" D|$wH,^@N8(*"^10M"FaZ"%v3K,^@ "%$_[,"NI:,5OP R I:,#1@v"r"%,KH @|35$0(@H"10M" 0:$
aC"J"%,5 DXIfC"|"NI:,t@J82=2B2H$=(,K @N$8>"N$0(@LsH,P
+ ,3C10@JI:$<D "NIfC"  Vr$82t@N8(=2B:H$=2,5 @N$8+"N$0@\02$!" $B>"N'1 ; =y,"H"%,K

@J82=2B2H$=(,K @N$8+"N$0 3K$@v" T ,5&+@Lz=,."H"],5r"%$s"135$@H"ZP


R I82@C;!@U@ "NI2,X3O!@N,|D#*"NI ,.-/-10FT 0f!3 b J$_[%! 0(_ @%$8>"%$0(@Z;10a$B"Na!9@%$8+"N$0 "%$"NI:,UB:H$=2,5 3K$02@J@v"%@ $V2$B+"Na1@%$8>"%$0(@"]$}@N8(=2B2J$=(,K@ZP
R I2@@}3C1,K&
P


esn:k o n n n7


(hU s ~n !i h es l
+



- ,."

Iu1@ &+ ,502@J$02@ b - b  P b @ 10

!H] T $V &(  ,50(@N$0(@ZP


p $0:$<DE;C"NI2, @J82=(B:H$=2,5 @ DX=y, "(0:&+02_#"NI:, 02z8: 082E=y,K $sV(@%3O!!
Q 
z82*"NB23OZ"N$02@L  ; VS$|35$[B(8+"N02_
0fc^P
0 ,#"(0:,\  ; P

Q @N0(_[, aC"]vuc^P
V  K;>  ;
V  K;21@J@N82 ,\1 0`$B+"Na!@NB(*"#=y,"4D|,K,50 8 102& 8< Q  G Nc^P
  ; 35$@H" $sV35$ B(8+"N02_ 8 3K$@v" $sV 35$[B(8+"N02_ 8=< 35$@v"r$sV
35$[B(8+ "N02_ 8 8=<
  ; G  G ; b - b G b
3 $<D|,)9,K<;uDF,w&2$'0: $!"\G0:$<D "N I:, )918:,w$sV G;f@%$ D|,wIu5)9,?"]$ "% T 1
By$@N@J=2*"N,5@CP
FG
V
H GI D
M
M
8 Q
C % C M C V

$!"%, "NIfC" H,5358:v@J*)9, !_[$v*"NI: =f1@%,5& $0 "NI2@ &2 , "20(*"%$0 D|$8(& @v"%
H,<698(J, ,.(By$0:,^0M"N!"N ,[P
7 < 5>5 

 

 

 



 



 



 ! 

 "

#

$


$
% $
&

'

Wn7
+hU s n + i h es l
$02@J&2,KXzJ,53582H@J*)9, @N$8+"N$0~
(













;:D#I2,KH,

)

- ,."B

575 ?Q N =y,#"NI:,A@%,K698:,5023K, $sV &( ,^02@J$0(@ZP


 ,53582H@J*)9,. - C"%v- rIf10 B;  ; Nc
V 

.-

*,+  *

 *

"NI:,^0 H,."%82v0

  ;
VS$|G f "]$ U6  ,K3^8:v@N*)9,]- Z"%v- rIu!0 Q B~;  ; G(c
 ,K3^8:v@N*)9,]- Z"%v- rIu!0 Q B~; G ; Nc

b - b G b
 V 6   ;
"NI:,^0`  ; 6
H,"N82H0W  ;
, 0f1 T @J@Z
FG
1Q D c H GI QQ c
?B8=L A Q QM c QED
c

?BA
EQ D c
Q c 8=L Q Q M c 1Q D
?BA
?BA
Q c 8=L Q c 8=L
?KA

Q c EQ D % c 8=L


?KA
1Q D c
QM c
=
8
L



Q Hc c D N

% M c Q cJc
?KA
Q M c 8=L EQ D % M c
?BA
Q M c 8L Q M c

% M

ij s 


FG
EQ D c H GI

+ !0[""]$x@NI2$OD v8(02020(_"%
Q ? c^P

Q c
D
B
?
A
QED c J 8=L Q M c D N
,{@'Z ",C1@H" ,](B$ 02,50M"N1  ; @%$ @NI2$OD ?R Q f0 c


T @J82=(@H"N*"N8+"N$0W ,.? "NI:$& ?


I2$ODE R?Q 0fc Q 8 c 
, @J@N82 , R?Q G( c   VS$ G 0

?KA 8
EQ D c 
QED c 8=L 
?KA  8<
QED c  8=L
?KA  8

QED c  8=L
QED c  Q ?BA % c
QED c  ? % 
  ?
V  % EQ D c ;>?$ 1Q D c  Q $G T VS$r!v_M, ,502$82_IW0uc^P
R I82@C; EQ D c Q c @H"N,](B$0:,^0M"N1 P



xhUkUi l
+fesn +hUmUkU mUiln7 
i=1..j=4

1..1

2..2

2..4

3..4

2..3

1..2

4..4

3..4

1..1

1..3

2..3

4..4

1..2

Duplicate
Subproblems

3..3

xU h n +hUmUkU ~mUijn7 


3 $<D a! 0 T 820( 698:,A@N8(=2B2J$=(,K@ 4


, @J@N82 ,L"NIfC"

0 $



 D   D
 


0~P



,  D} T @|$V 3%I:$$@J02_~102& SV $ B:H$=2,5   ; XD I:,^0W


, D} T @F$sV 3%I:$$@J02_~10:& SV $ B:H$=2,K   ; XD I:,^0W

D
 QED %
D QED %

D
c

c
D

D   % D  D
 QED  D c

QED  c 5
t0( T B$ T 0:$1082E=y,K$sV8( 02 6982, @J82=2B2H$=(,K@CP

esn:k $ o ) e1es xk kUkU 



$ B(8+"%,A$B+"Na!35$@H"N@|8(@N0(_a $!"H"]$w- |B1B(B:H$9s3NI~P
VD|, @N$*), @%a1,5@v" @J82=(B:H$=2,5 @ ":v@v"1;"NI:,^0?sv_[,K B2J$=(,K@~DX9=y, ,O!@J,K
"%$@N$*)9,P
0 #, "(0:, , J% T @
+



 P P 0; PP 0 SV $|02z8: 3K$@v"N@


@ PP 0~; P P 0 VS$ $ B+"Na1 @NB(*"%@




A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

ws=3
i=1

j=3

ws=3
i=2

j=4

ws=3
i=3

j=5


    
Z"%v- rIu!0- tJ&(,K Q Bfc
0 ,50(_s"%I Q BfcU VS$[r
"]$E0

  ; 
 rIf102@}$sV ,^02_s"NI

VS$[ D#@ "% $0


VS$[  "%$0a- Q DX@ - c

 Q D#@ - c

  ;

VS$ G y"%$ 4
6   ; G  G ; b - b G b

 V 6   ;
K


"%I2,50W  ; 6
@  ; G
H,"N82H0W 10:&{@
R I(@#!_[$v*"NI: H,<698(J,^@ EQ D  c "% , 10:& EQ D  c  ,5 $[ T P


O
K

esn:k o'& 21es [hU


e )`k e l i@+ i h es l

- ,." ,

 5>5 ? P
! C"%H- rIf10>- AH&2,5|"NI2,50 C"%v- rIf10>- W8(*"NB2 T ;2&2, "202,K&W=y,5$<DEP
Z"%v- rIu!0- `82*"NB2 TQ , ;2@Z; ; Nc
V 
"NI:,^0 C"%H - rIf10>- W8(*"%B( TQ , ;:@C; ;>@  ; c
T C"%H- rIf10>- W8(*"%B( TQ , ;:@C;@  ; ; Nc

H,"N 82H0 C"]v- W8(*"%B( TQ ; T c


,^@%, J,."N8:v0


.-

.-

.-

-

.-



iln7 7n  e/{(?
    
P
tB+"Na1@%$8>"%$0A"]$ B:H$=2,5 0[)$*)9,5@
$B+"Na1@N$8>"N$0(@|"]$w@N8(=2B:H$=2,5@ZP


LVM"NI2, " T B23O! T ,](B$02,50M"N108:w =y,K $sV~@J82=(B:H$=2,5 @|J,VS,KHH,K& "%$z= T ?H,5358:v@J*)9,L@%$8+"N$0~;$0( T  By$ T 0:$11082E=y,K$sV"NI2,K !H, &+@H"N023"ZP
P

d :n  ~ 1(fe l
R $B>- 0 $<DX0 H,5358:v@J*)9, @N$8+"N$0{"NIfC"}H,5 ,5E=y,Kv@0M"%,KH K, &+C"], H,5@J82*"N@ZP
p $ ,.u!B2,;~0["],5H ,5&(C"%,aH,5@J82*"N@ VS$8202&q0  ; ! J,8(@%,V 82 0 &2,."%,K
020(_"NI2,t)M!82,A$V  ; P
W,K $Y<,K&- C"]v - Iu1 0 Q Bfc
0 ,502_s"NI Q Buc VS$  "%$0

VS$ y"%$0
  ;

H,."%82v0 - $$[G8( B> - Iu10 Q B~; ;0uc


- $$G8(B>- rIu!0 Q B~;> ; Nc

 V   ;
"NI2,50WJ,."N8:v0   ;
V 
"NI2,50W   ;
,^@%,AVS$ G y"% $ 46 - $$G82B - rIf10 Q B;> ;+G(c

- $$G82B- rIf10 Q B;+G ; Nc b - b G b

 V6   ;

"%I2,50W  ; 6

H,."%82v0   ;

0 "%I(@1_[$v*"%I2 ,O!3%I $sV EQ D  c ,50M"%v,5@r@ 02*"N1Y<,5& $0:35, Q 0:, cU10:&a@


"(,K&W0W= T $02, 3O!"%$ - $$G82B>- rIf10~P
!3%I $V Q1D  c|3C1@#"%$ - $$[G8(B> - Iu10 "^!G,5@X0@H"%,^ B2@#_02$[v0(_ H,K3582v@N$0~;
@N$E"NI:,#"%$s"1y"N , H,K6982H,K&{@  QED c  QED c  QED c5P
R I:, !_[$v*"NI: H,<698(J,^@ QED c  ,5 $[ T P


|~n0Ze1&    +hUm2!n hn7U


>n  & + 
 mUiln7 o *),^0" D|$L@N,<698:,^0:35,5@  575    !02&
575 ?  ; "202&
"NI:,A$02_[,5@v"@J82=2@N,<6982,5023K,  575  8  "NIfC"@35$  $0' "%$z 10:& T P

, @J82=(@%,K698:,5023K,E@? @J82=(@%,." $sVU,^,K ,50M"N@AVSH$[ "%I2,E@N,<6982,5023K, D#*"NIx@H"%v3"N T


0:35H,C1@N0(_ $[H&(,K Q 0:$!"02,K35,5@J@!v T 3K$0M"N_8:$82@.c^P


p $t,.u!B2,[;y V , ; ; ; ; 0 ; , ;  ! 02&

@N$[ ,A3K$  $0`@J82=(@%,K69 8:,^0:3K,^@LsH,

; 0 ; ; , ; ; ,  :; "NI:,^0







, ;,





; ;, 
; ; ; ,  R 2I @@}$0:,A$sV~"NI:,A$02_[,5@v"}35$[  $ 0{@N8(=2@N,<698:,^0:35,5@CP
; 0 ; , ;  R 2I @@$0:, $sV~"NI:,t$02_[,5@v"X3K$  $ 0`@J82=(@%,K698:,^0:3K,^@ZP
v8+"%, p $[H35,[ rI:,53]G`1

@J82=(@%,K698:,^0:3K,^@}$V VS$10`$3K3^8:HH,5023K, 0


P


    
 )`k e l @i +hUm21es hU
>eshU n 
n n~o  *)9,50   575    ; "NI:,'*"NI B2H,#" $sV  ;~ F; PP ; ;@

5>5   P @},KB>" T P

  # #   

- ,."   575    10:&
5>5 ?  =y, @N,<6982,50:35,5@C;110:&   75 5  8 
=y,?10 T - a$V  102&
P

P V   ? ; "NI:,50  8   ? 10:& 8 A @10 - x$sV  A 1 02&


 ?BA P

P V

 

;9"NI:,50  8

 

B2,^@}"NIfC"  @t10 - a$sV




10:&
P

P V    ? ;9"NI:,50  8  ? B2,5@F"NIfC" @L10 - a$sV  1 02&  B? A P


R I82@|"NI: , -  :B H$=2,5 If1@ $B+"Na!@N8(=2@v"]v823"N8:H,[P



    
! ) n7 ilkUkU  +hUmUkU mUiln7  


LCS(X,Y)

LCS(X,Y[n1])

LCS(X[m1],Y)

LCS(X[m1],Y[n1])

LCS(X,Y[n2]) LCS(X[m1],Y[n1]) LCS(X[m1],Y[n2])

LCS(X[m1],Y[n1]) LCS(X[m2],Y) LCS(X[m2],Y[n1])

0 ,#"(0:,[3  ;

,^02_s"NI $sV - } VS$ 10:&  P


FGG
V
$[
G
3  ; H GG  %
%
 V N 102 & 
c  V N 102&  
GI   Q  %  %

x Ze U
e+hUmUkU mUiln7 
$82&D#v*"%, 10x,.(By$02,50M"N1H,K3582v@N*)9, 1_[$H*"NI2;y=28>"t"NI:,KH,sH,E$02 T
&(@v"N0:3."#@J82=(B:H$=2,5 @CP
  ! 

- ,."}3  ; =,AaO(E82 ,50(_"NI!J% T P
- ,."=  ; H,K3K$H&a"NI:, 3C1@%,AH,5C"N02_ ;  ;2102& 8 P





#









2}]Fq~


 2}]~
 2}]~

y 
 
^+
  
y 
 
^+
 
y 
 
f 

[ +
  ^+ ! s
" ^+ #$%#
& 7: 9 'u : () 
u  * ^+ +>  s
  ^+ !^+
" ^+ #,-#
&.7 : 9


u  ^+ ^s
" ^+ #  #
(f  ) "
-  - ,50(_"NI{@


&  >: M

Q 0fc^P

!n7h
u'u






> n
"XF  
f +f
 (f 
" ^+ # %#
 u,7 "XF * +
y,7 [
u  " ^> #, #
  u'u "XF !  
u  u'u "XF   +

b v0M" - '@ Q  0fc^P


   
+ " 
>>>>>
[ x    x x 
>>>>>
x    x x 
>>>>>
 x         

u,u  "X (M  r  
u,7 "X (9  r ~ 
u,u  "X (M   
u,u "} (9 

>>>>>
x    7       
>>>>>

)`k e  iA \ij~ ,X  lhUilfe l


, B$ T _[$0`@}&(,5@N3Kv=,5&W= T b


v0

+ 


575 B? A  P


v0

v1

v6

v1

v6

v2

v5

v2

v5

v3

v4

v3

v4

)`k e  iA \ij~ ,X  lhUilfe l




, B$ T _[$0 @


+ n(g  V~"NI2,L0:, @N,5_[ ,50["F=y,"4DF,5,50 10 T "4DF$EB$0M"N@F,^@


$0'"NI:,A=$8202&u! T $ "NI:,A0M"%,Kv$<P
R I2@By$ T _M$0{@0:$!"}35$0[),]P

V !02&



!H, 02$!"L!& N!3K,^0M"Z;@%,^_[ ,^0M"







@L

@ #@N," $sVf3%I:$H&(@ R "NIfC"&(*)+&(,5@ b 0M"%$\&+@ v$0M"

"%v102_,5@CP
$3%I:$H&(@0M"%,Kv@N,K3."
R @aO(a1 Q ,)9,K T 3NI:$H&  


'

0M"%,5H@N,K3."N@tw35$J&  c5P


)`k e   iA \ij~ ,X  lhUilfe l


   !
2#  


*)9,^0~
b

75 5 ?BA 
, DF,^_IM"}V 820:3."N$0 D $0 "]v102_,^@VS$H ,K& = T b 10:& R P
p 0:& R "NIfC"}02YK,5@}"NI2,A@J8: $VDF,^_IM"N@


+ 

8c
9
9 9 8 9 9 8 9 Q 8:3^&2,C10
u !B2, Q
&+@H"10:35,Cc

- $$[G@z=2*"XG,\aC"%v{3%Iu10202_
LB+"Na! @J82=(@H"%v8:3."N8:H,
R 35$0M"!0(@
8 ?P
Q c
Q 8 ?c
M
M D P
[$
R I2, "4DF$r@N8(=2B:H$=2,5 @%$8+"N$02@ z82@v"=y,
R I2@L1_[$H*"NI2 J,K6982H,5@ EQ D  c"N ,[P
R I2@L1_[$H*"NI2 J,K6982H,5@ EQ D  c  ,5 $ T P




kUkUi
>ye j~2

 "

You might also like