3.1 X L NC CP BNG PHNG PHP C HC 3.1.

1 H cha v lng s b Chc nng ca h cha v lng s b nc th (nc mt) l: to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh t lm sch nh: lng bt cn l lng, gim lng vi trng do tc ng ca cc iu kin mi trng, thc hin cc phn ng oxy ha do tc dng ca oxy ha tan trong nc, v lm nhim v iu ha lu lng gia dng chy t ngun nc vo v lu lng tiu th do trm bm nc th bm cp cho nh my x l nc. 3.1.2 Song chn v li chn rc Song chn v li chn t ca dn nc vo cng trnh thu lm nhim v loi tr vt ni, vt tri l lng trong dng nc bo v cc thit b v nng cao hiu qu lm sch ca cc cng trnh x l. Vt ni v vt l lng trong nc c th c kch thc nh nh que tm ni, hoc nhnh cy non khi i qua my bm vo cc cng trnh x l c th b tn nh hoc thi ra lm tng hm lng cn v mu ca nc.

Song chn rc c cu to gm cc thanh thp tit din trn c 8 hoc 10, hoc tit din hnh ch nht kch thc 6 x 50 mm t song song vi nhau v hn vo khung thp. Khong cch gia cc thanh thp t 40 50 mm. Vn tc nc chy qua song chn khong 0,4 0,8 m/s. Song chn rc c nng th nh rng rc hoc ti quay tay b tr trong ngn qun l. Hnh dng song chc rc c th l hnh ch nht, hnh vung hoc hnh trn. Li chn rc phng c cu to gm mt tm li cng trn khung thp. Tm li an bng cc dy thp ng knh 1 1,5 mm, mt li 2 x 2 5 x 5 mm. Trong mt s trng hp, mt ngoi ca tm li t thm mt tm li na c kch thc mt li

25 x 25 mm an bng dy thp ng knh 2 3 mm tng cng kh nng chu lc ca li. Vn tc nc chy qua bng li ly t 0,15 0,8 m/s. Li chn quay c s dng cho cc cng trnh thu c ln, ngun nc c nhiu. Cu to gm mt bng li chuyn ng lin tc qua hai tr trn do mt ng c ko. Tm li gm nhiu tm nh ni vi nhau bng bn l. Li c an bng dy ng hoc dy thp khng g ng knh t 0,2 0,4. Mt li kch thc t 0,3 x 0,3 mm n 0,2 x 0,2 mm. Chiu rng bng li t 2 2,5 m. Vn tc nc chy qua bng li t 3,5 10 cm/s, cng sut ng c ko t 2 5 kW. Cc loi song chn v li chn c trnh by trong Hnh 3.1.

3.1.3 B lng ct cc ngun nc mt c c ln hn hoc bng 250 mg/l sau li chn, cc ht cn l lng v c, c kch thc nh, t trng ln hn nc, cng, c kh nng lng nhanh c gi li b lng ct.

Nhim v ca b lng ct l to iu kin tt lng cc ht ct c kch thc ln hn hoc bng 0,2 mm v t trng ln hn hoc bng 2,5; loi tr hin tng bo mn cc c cu chuyn ng c kh v gim lng cn nng t li trong b to bng v b lng.

3.1.4 Lng B lng c nhim v lm sch s b trc khi a nc vo b lc hon thnh qu trnh lm trong nc. Theo chiu dng chy, b lng c phn thnh: b lng ngang, b lng ng, b lng lp mng v b lng trong c lp cn l lng.

Trong b lng ngang, dng nc thi chy theo phng ngang qua b vi vn tc khng ln hn 16,3 mm/s. Cc b lng ngang thng c s dng khi lu lng nc ln hn 3.000 m3/ngy. i vi b lng ng, nc chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln n vch trn vi vn tc 0,3-0,5 mm/s. Hiu sut lng ca b lng ng thng thp hn b lng ngang t 10 n 20%.

B lng lp mng c cu to ging nh b lng ngang thng thng, nhng khc vi b lng ngang l trong vng lng ca b lng lp mng c t thm cc bn vch ngn bng thp khng g hoc bng nha. Cc bn vch ngn ny nghing mt gc 450 600 so vi mt phng nm ngang v song song vi nhau. Do c cu to thm cc bn vch ngn nghing, nn b lng lp mng c hiu sut cao hn so vi b lng ngang. Din tch b lng lp mng gim 5,26 ln so vi b lng ngang thun ty. B lng trong c lp cn l lng c u im l khng cn xy dng b phn ng, bi v qu trnh phn ng v to bng kt ta xy ra trong iu kin keo t tip xc, ngay trong lp cn l lng ca b lng. Hiu qu x l cao hn cc b lng khc v tn t din tch xy dng hn. Tuy nhin, b lng trong c cu to phc tp, k thut vn hnh cao. Vn tc nc i t di ln vng lng nh hn hoc bng 0,85 mm/s v thi gian lu nc khong 1,5 2 gi. 3.1.5 Lc B lc c dng lc mt phn hay ton b cn bn c trong nc ty thuc vo yu cu i vi cht lng nc ca cc i tng dng nc. Qu trnh lc nc l cho nc i qua lp vt liu lc vi mt chiu dy nht nh gi li trn b mt hoc gia cc khe h ca lp vt liu lc cc ht cn v vi trng c trong nc. Sau mt thi gian lm vic, lp vt liu lc b cht li, lm tng tn tht p lc, tc lc

gim dn. khi phc li kh nng lm vic ca b lc, phi thi ra b lc bng nc hoc gi, nc kt hp loi b cn bn ra khi lp vt liu lc. Tc lc l lng nc c lc qua mt n v din tch b mt ca b lc trong mt n v thi gian (m/h). Chu k lc l khong thi gian gia hai ln ra b lc T (h). thc hin qu trnh lc nc c th s dng mt s loi b lc c nguyn tc lm vic, cu to lp vt liu lc v thng s vn hnh khc nhau. Thit b lc c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau: theo c tnh nh lc gin on v lc lin tc; theo dng ca qu trnh nh lm c v lc trong; theo p sut trong qu trnh lc nh lc chn khng (p sut 0,085 MPa), lc p lc (t 0,3 n 1,5 MPa) hay lc di p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng; Trong cc h thng x l nc cng sut ln khng cn s dng cc thit b lc p sut cao m dng cc b lc vi vt liu lc dng ht. Vt liu lc c th s dng l ct thch anh, than cc, hoc si nghin, thm ch c than nu hoc than g. Vic la chn vt liu lc ty thuc vo loi nc thi v iu kin a phng. Qu trnh lc xy ra theo nhng c ch sau: - Sng lc tch cc ht rn hon ton bng nguyn l c hc; Lng trng lc; - Gi ht rn theo qun tnh; - Hp ph ha hc; - Hp ph vt l; - Qu trnh dnh bm; - Qu trnh lng to bng.

Thit b lc vi lp ht c th c phn loi thnh thit b lc chm, thit b lc nhanh, thit b lc h v thit b lc kn. Chiu cao lp vt liu lc trong thit b lc h dao ng trong khong 1-2 m v trong thit b lc kn t 0,5 1 m.

4.1. Song chn rc, my nghin rc.

4.1.1. Chc nng, cu to v v tr ca song chn rc :

Song chn rc gi li cc tp cht th c kch thc ln trong nc thi v l cng trnh chun b cho cc giai on x l tip theo.

- Kch thc ti thiu ca rc c gi li tu thuc vo chiu rng khe h. - Phi thng xuyn co rc. - Tc nc chy qua cc khe h khng c qu 1 m/sec.

* Phn loi : - Theo chiu rng khe h : + Loi th vi chiu rng khe h t 30 n 200 mm. + Loi thng vi chiu rng khe h t 5 25 mm.

- Theo c im cu to: + Loi c nh vi co rc th cng. + Loi co rc chuyn ng v kt hp vi my nghin rc.

- Theo phng php ly rc: Th cng hoc c gii.

* Phm vi p dng : - Lng rc di 0,1 m3/ng : Song chn rc th cng. - Lng rc ln hn 0,1 m3/ng : song chn rc c gii + my nghin rc. - Lng rc trn 1T/ng cn phi t thm my nghin rc d phng.

a/ Kch thc song chn:

S khe h n gia cc thanh: q = VS = b . n . h1 . VS (4-1)

n = (4-2) qmax- lu lng ti a ca nc thi, m3/sec ; b - chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh, m ; - din tch tit din t ca song chn m2 ; 2 k : co th cng; 1,2 k : co c gii ; (k - din tch tit din t knh dn vo). VS - tc nc qua song chn - m/sec: VS = 0,7 m/sec : lu lng trung bnh Ti sao ? VS < 1 m/sec : lu lng ti a Cng thc (4-2) khng tnh ti thu hp ca dng chy khi dng co c gii. Tnh thu hp ta c h s K0 = 1,05. Khi : n = x K0 (4-2a) Chiu rng tng cng ca song chn l: BS = S ( n - 1) + b . n (4-3) S - chiu dy thanh. Chiu di on knh m rng trc song chn: l1 = (4-4) = 20o th l1 = 1,37 ( BS - Bk ) (4-4a) Bk - chiu rng ca knh dn nc vo Chiu di on thu hp li sau song chn: l2 = 0,5 l1 (4-5)

Khi song chn rc t mt gc (hnh 4-4): BS = 0,83 B'S (4-3a) Khi lu lng nh nht, tc nc on knh m rng trc song chn phi 0,4 m/sec (trnh lng cn)

b/ Xc nh tn tht p lc qua song chn rc :

Tn tht p lc ph thuc : thu hp ca tit din t, t l gia chiu dy thanh v chiu rng khe h, hnh dng thanh v gc nghing song chn, c tnh cc cht bn th trong nc thi. Tn tht p lc qua song chn: hS = . K (4-6) Vmax- tc dng chy trong knh trc song chn, ng vi lu lng max - m/s ; k - h s tng tn tht p lc (vng mc rc song chn) ; k = 3,36 . VS - 1,32 (4-7) - h s tn tht cc b qua song chn, ph thuc vo hnh dng tit din cc thanh:

= (4S - chiu dy thanh, m ; b - chiu rng khe h, m ; - gc nghing so vi mt phng ngang ; - h s ph thuc vo tit din ngang ca thanh song chn (ly theo bng 4-1).

Bng 4.1. La chn gi tr ca h s

Dng tit din theo hnh 4-1a a b c d e f g 2,42 1,83 1,67 1,035 0,92 0,76 1,79

- Lng rc gi li ph thuc loi nc thi, chiu rng khe h. i vi nc thi sinh hot, lng rc theo mt ngi trong mt nm l: a = 6 l khi chiu rng khe h b = 16 mm, v a = 5 l khi b = 20 mm. - m ca rc khong 80 % ; tro = 7 8 % ; trng lng th tch = 750 kg/m3. - Trong rc sau khi nghin, ht c kch thc 1 mm : 54 %, 1 8 mm : 46 %. Lng rc c xc nh: Wr = m3/ng.d - Nng lng in tiu th cho co c gii, bng chuyn v my nghin khong 1 Kw.h cho 1000 m3 nc thi. - Nu khng c my nghin, x l kh c rc: - rc vo h, lp bng t, than bn, bn . - X l bng nhit trong cc l cng vi rc t cc nh . - Nn rc, dng nhin liu r tin t. - Dng vi, clorua vi rc vo rc, ch khi trm (trnh rui vo ma h). Nga ngi ta thit k nh hnh mt s loi song chn rc c gii nh bng (4-2). Bng 4 -2 . La chn kch thc song chn rc.

Kh nng vn chuyn - l/sec Kch thc song chn rc nh hnh - mm 28 - 110 280 -380 610 - 1140 1390 - 2200 2450 - 3700 1000 x 1000 1000 x 1000 800 x 1400

1400 x 2000 1400 x 2000