MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOLS

( ALOHA, CSMA,CSMA/CD )

RANDOM ACCESS PROTOCOLS

Any station can send data, depending upon channel is busy or idle. No fix time for station to send data. More chances of collision (damage of frames due to traffic). Following are random access protocols :---1. ALOHA 2. CSMA 3. CSMA/CD

ALOHA
Was developed at univ. of Hawaii in 1970 by Norman Abramson. In this method,stations share common channel. 2 stations when transmit at same time, collisions occurs. So frames destroyed. ALOHA has 2 versions---------1. Pure ALOHA 2. Slotted ALOHA

Pure ALOHA
When station has frame, it sends. Frame damages if 2 stations send at same time. If ACK, fine. If not, retransmit of frames. Sender waits for random amount of time and sends frame again to avoid collision.

Pure Aloha

Slotted ALOHA
More efficiency than pure ALOHA. Time of shared channel is divided into slots. Frame can be sent at beginning of slot. Only one frame/slot can be sent. If station forgot to place frame in beginning of slot,it waits for beginning of next slot. DISADVANTAGE:-collision may be there,because 2 senders may start sending at same slot.

Slotted Aloha

CSMA ( carrier sense multiple access) protocol

Reduces collision, so efficiency. Station listens ( senses) channel before transmitting whether it is free or busy. Collision may be-------- if frame transmitted from station1 takes some time to reach station2, in mean time station2 senses it idle and transmits its frame, this causes collision. 3 types of CSMA protocols -------1-persistent CSMA , non-persistent CSMA, ppersistent CSMA.

1-persistent CSMA
Station senses channel regularly. If channel busy, station waits. Whenever it is idle, it immediately transmits frame with probability 1. Chances of collisions, because 2 stations may find channel idle at same time. Disadvantage:--station1 signal may not reach station2 , causes collision.

1-Persistent

Non-persistent CSMA
Station senses channel . If channel idle, it sends frame. If busy , it waits for random amount of time. Then again senses channel . Dont continuously senses channel. Disadvantage: --- channel may be idle in mean time. This reduces network efficiency.

Non-persistent

P-Persistent CSMA
This method used when,channel has time slots. Station senses channel before transmitting. If channel busy, station waits till next slot. If channel free, it transmits with probability p. With probability q=1-p, station waits for beginning of next time slot. This method reduces chances of collisions.

P-persistent (CSMA)

CSMA/CD( carrier sense multiple access with Collision detection)

Station senses channel before transmissions. Stations detect collisions, and abort transmissions. CSMA/CD senses channel even after data transmission. As soon as collision is detected, sending station releases jam signal. Jam signal alerts other stations . After jam, wait random time then start again.

Token Passing
Used in networks where systems are arranged in ring form. A packet known as token is circulated through whole ring. System Who has token , can use channel and transmits data. If system has data to send , he waits for token. After data transmission system releases token and passes it to next system in ring. If system has token but no data to send, it passes token to next system in the ring.

Toke passing

token