Lab 2-crystallization Impure solution When forming crystals, impurities are left in solution Need something to grow crystals

on Scratching side of glass Steps Choose solvent Has to be soluble Want to be insoluble at room temperature, but soluble at boiling point Dissolve in minimum amount of solvent (Heat solvent first) Add hot solvent in small amounts till sample dissolves Cooling When fully dissolved, set aside to cool to room temperature Place in ice bath Collecting and washing Use cold solvent to transfer all crystals from flask to filtration setup Notes: Want steep solubility versus temperature curve Use minimum amount of solvent More solvent = more product in solution It is also more saturated Gas chromatography Area under second peak Indication of concentration Amount of sample present Distance till first peak = retention time Time from point of injection till peak max Low boiling point compounds have small retention times TLC Used to separate substances into components Stationary phase Solid/liquid supported on solid Silica gel Mobile phase Liquid or gas Solvent Mobile phase flows through stationary and carries components different distances Rf= distance traveled by component/distance travelled by solvent The more soluble the compound, the further it will move

Things to learn: Predicting TLC locations Flow chart Structures of compounds used effect of Rf solvent