K thut sn xut du thc vt Module by: PGS. TS Nguyn Th.

E-mail the author User rating (How does the rating system work?) Ratings Ratings allow you to judge the quality of modules. If other users have ranked the module then its average rating is displayed below. Ratings are calculated on a scale from one star (Poor) to five stars (Excellent). How to rate a module Hover over the star that corresponds to the rating you wish to assign. Click on the star to add your rating. Your rating should be based on the quality of the content. You must have an account and be logged in to rate content. : (0 ratings) Summary: Trnh by cng ngh sn xut du bng phng php p c hc v trch ly. Tch du bng phng php c hc: S cng ngh: Ty theo tng loi nguyn liu, s cng ngh c nhng im khc nhau nht nh. Nhn chung, sn xut du bng phng php c hc thng c biu din bi s cng ngh sau: NGUYN LIU VBC TCH V (C th c hoc khng) NHN NGHIN NC, HI NC CHNG SY P S B DU I KH I NGHIN (C th c chng sy sau nghin) P LN II KH II X L LM SCH DU II BO QUN DU TH

a. Bc tch v: Thnh phn ch yu ca v l xenlulo v hemixenlulo hu nh khng cha du hoc cha rt t, hn na v m nhim chc nng bo v c hc cho qu hoc ht du nn bn ca v ln hn nhn rt nhiu (nu v s gy kh khn cho qu trnh p). Mt khc, mun hiu sut tch du cao, cc t bo nhn cn phi c ph v trit nhm gii phng du ra dng t do nn phi qua cng on nghin, chnh v vy bc v tch v trc khi nghin nhm vo cc mc ch sau: - To iu kin cho vic nghin nhn c d dng, t nh mong mun, - Gim tn tht du trong sn xut v v c tnh ht du cao. Ngoi ra, v l ni tp trung nhiu cht mu, nu khng bc v trc khi p, di nh hng ca nhit cao cht mu tan mnh vo du lm cho du c mu xu. hiu sut bc v cao, khi nguyn liu phi ng u v kch thc do cn phi phn loi trc khi bc tch v. Ngi ta thng dng sng phn loi. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh bc tch v, m ca nguyn liu ng vai tr rt quan trng. Nu nguyn liu qu kh khi vo my xt s lm cho nguyn liu nt nhiu, cc vn v ny theo qut ht ra ngoi lm tn tht nguyn liu, trong trng hp nguyn liu qu m, v khng dn cho vic bc tch nn hiu sut km. Mt s nguyn liu c v mng v dai nh u nnh khng cn phi bc tch v v gy qu nhiu tn tht. V th trong s cng ngh sn xut du u nnh khng c cng on bc tch v cho d lng du tn tht trong qu trnh sn xut c tng ln. Mi loi nguyn liu cha du c bn c hc khc nhau nn i vi mi loi nguyn liu khc nhau ngi ta dng cc loi my bc v c c cu khc nhau. Cc loi my ny thng da vo cc nguyn tc c bn nh sau: - Ph v v nguyn liu do ma st vi b mt nhm, phng php ny da trn c s l khi nguyn liu vo my vi vn tc xc nh, xy ra s tip xc vi gia b mt nguyn liu vi b mt nhm ca thit b, t hnh thnh lc cn hm s chuyn ng ca nguyn liu lm v b trc ra khi nguyn liu. - Ph v v nguyn liu do kt qu ca s va p ln mt b mt rn, phng php ny da trn c s nguyn liu chuyn ng vi vn tc no va p ln mt b mt rn cng ang chuyn ng. - Ph v v nguyn liu da vo lc ct bng cc c cu dao, nguyn l c bn ca phng php ny l khi nguyn liu vo khe gia ca cc dao chuyn ng v dao tnh, cc li dao b tr trn cc a s xt v, gii phng nhn. - Ph v v nguyn liu bng lc nn p trong cc khe ca cc trc quay. Nguyn l c bn y l khi nguyn liu ri vo khe ca cc trc quay, ht b nn, v b x nt v tch ra khi nhn.

Cc thit b bc tch v thng kt hp 1,2 hay 3 nguyn tc trn. Sau khi bc v, ta c mt hn hp gm nhn v v, phn chia hn hp ny, ngi ta thng dng sng, phng php kh ng hc hoc kt hp c hai phng php ny. Mt s thit b bc tch v thng dng nh sau:

Hnh 1

b. Nghin: Ty thuc vo nguyn liu cha du m i tng a vo nghin c th khc nhau: l ht nguyn, nu nguyn liu cha du khng cn phi bc v, l nhn ht hoc kh du (nu p du hai ln, mt ln t nhn ht v mt ln t kh du) hoc nguyn liu a vo nghin c th dng mnh nh ci da kh...Nghin nguyn liu nhm cc mc ch sau: - Ph hy trit nhng t bo nguyn liu nhm gii phng du ra dng t do. Khi kch thc cc ht bt nghin cng nh, cc t bo cha du cng c gii phng. - To cho nguyn liu c kch thc thch hp cho cc cng on ch bin tip theo, khi kch thc cc ht bt nghin cng nh, chiu di khuch tn ca nc v thi gian truyn nhit vo khi bt nghin trong qu trnh chng sy cng ngn, b mt tip xc gia cc phn t bt nghin vi nc, hi trc tip, hi gin tip cng ln, do hiu qu ca qu trnh chng sy s tng ln. - To cho nguyn liu c hnh dng v kch thc ng u, t , bt nghin sau khi chng sy (bt chng sy) s c cht lng ng u, khi p du s thot ra d dng v ng u.

Tuy nhin, nu kch thc cc ht bt nghin qu nh, khi chng sy bt khng xp lm nhit, nc kh tip xc nn d sinh ra vn cc lm cho vic chng sy khng ng u v do hiu qu tch du s khng cao. Nu nh nguyn liu khng em nghin m a trc tip vo chng sy th hiu qu chng sy s khng cao v 3 nguyn nhn sau: - Trong ni ti ca nguyn liu khng c nhng bin i cn thit di nh hng ca nhit (sy), - Do cc phn t c kch thc ln nn khi lm m, nc cha kp khuch tn vo vo trung tm nn m ca bt chng sy s khng ng u. - Nhit v nc tc ng ln cc phn t c kch thc cch xa nhau s gy nn nhng bin i khc nhau. Khi a chng vo p, my p s lm vic theo nhm c kch thc chim t l nhiu nht. i vi cc phn t ny du s thot ra nhiu, cn i vi cc phn t cn li c kch thc ln hoc b hn s khng c c ch p thch hp, v vy, hiu sut thot du i vi cc phn t ny s km. Trong khi nghin, cu trc t bo b ph hy nn lm cho b mt t do ca nguyn liu tng ln rt nhiu to ra kh nng tip xc rng ln gia du (trn b mt ht nghin) v oxy, ngoi ra trn b mt ht nghin cn c s pht trin mnh m ca cc h VSV. iu ny lm nh hng xu n qu trnh ch bin sau ny, do , bt sau khi nghin cn a i chng sy ngay. Trong qu trnh ch bin cn xy ra s bin i mt s tnh cht ha hc, sinh hc ca nguyn liu do p lc nghin tc ng ln nguyn liu, protit, du s b bin tnh do qu trnh to nhit khi nghin. Cc thnh phn khc nh gluxit cng b caramen ha lm cho du c mu sm, ng thi qu trnh oxy ha xy ra lm cho cht lng du b nh hng. tin hnh nghin, ngi ta thng dng cc loi my nghin nh nghin ba, nghin trc, nghin a ( hc). 5,5 %)(Trong SX thng m lc nhn khi a vo nghin l 4,5 c. Chng sy bt nghin: Trc ht ta cn phn bit mt s tn gi: nguyn liu cha du sau khi nghin thnh bt gi l bt nghin, bt nghin sau khi chng sy (gia m, gia nhit) gi l bt chng sy, bt chng sy sau khi ra khi thit b chng sy cn c th gi l bt p nu em p ly du hoc gi l bt trch ly nu em trch ly bng dung mi ly du. Bt p hoc bt trch ly sau khi ly du gi l kh du (nu p) v b du (nu trch ly). Mun hiu qu tch du cao, trc khi em p hoc trch ly, bt nghin phi qua cng on chng sy. Chng sy bt nghin nhm mc ich sau: - To iu kin cho bt nghin c s bin i v tnh cht l hc, tc l lm thay i tnh cht vt l ca phn ho nc v phn k nc (du) lm cho bt nghin c tnh n hi. Cc mi lin kt phn t vng bn gia phn du (k nc) v phn ho nc b t hoc yu i, khi p du d dng thot ra,

- Lm cho nht ca du gim i, khi p du d dng thot ra, - Lm cho mt s thnh phn khng c li (mi, c t..) mt tc dng, t lm tng cht lng ca thnh phm v kh du. - Lm v hot h thng enzym khng chu c nhit cao tn ti trong bt nghin, 5 % ty theo tng loi nguyn liu, to iu kin thun li cho cng on tip theo (p hoc trch ly).- Lm cho m ca bt nghin c iu chnh t 3 Ty theo cc phng php ly du (p hoc trch ly) m tnh cht ca bt chng sy s khc nhau, v d bt chng sy dng p du phi do, xp, trong khi bt chng sy dng trch ly phi xp v c b mt t do ln. Chng sy bt nghin c th dng hai ch : * Ch chng sy t: Trong qu trnh chng sy tin hnh lm m n m thch hp (chng) cho s trng n phn ho nc ca bt ri sau sy nguyn liu c m thch hp cho vic p. giai on chng, bt nghin c lm m bng nc hoc hn hp ca nc vi hi nc trc tip, giai on sy, bt sau khi chng thng c sy kh bng hi nc gin tip. y l ch c p dng rng ri hin nay v to iu kin cho cc thnh phn ca bt bin i n mc tt nht. Ch tiu c trng cho ch chng sy l mc lm m bt, nhit chng v sy, thi gian chng sy v m bt sau khi chng sy. Ty thuc vo cu to, thnh phn ca nguyn liu, (ch yu l thnh phn ho nc v thnh phn du), m ban u ca nguyn liu m mi loi nguyn liu c ch chng sy khc nhau, khng c lm qu m hay qu nhit v bt s tr thnh mt khi chy do, du s khng thot ra khi p. * Ch chng sy kh: Trong qu trnh chng sy khng gia m cho nguyn liu m ch n thun sy. Ch ny t c s dng v hiu sut tch du thp do bt khng c trng n. Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh chng sy: Nhn chung, khi a nhit v m vo bt nghin, phn ho nc (phi lipit) s trng n, t lm thay i tnh do ca bt v trng thi ca du ng thi xy ra nhng s bin i sinh ha, ha hc cc cht c trong khi bt. C hai qu trnh bin i ch yu nh sau: * S bin i ca phn ho nc:

- Trong khi chng sy, cc phn ho nc s ht nc v trng n, ban u, s ht nc xy ra rt mnh, sau th gim dn, t lm cho bt tr nn do v n hi. Hn na, di tc dng ca nhit v m, protit b bin tnh lm cho bt cng do, lin kt gia phn ho nc v k nc yu i. - Trong khi chng sy, c s bin i v mt ha hc nh protit + gluxit to phn ng melanoidin lm du sau p c mu sm, gluxit + photphatit to thnh cc hp cht ha tan trong du. - V mt sinh ha, nhng bin i ch yu do hot ng ca cc enzym c trong nguyn liu, di tc dng ca nhit v m, cng hot ng ca cc enzym cng tng, c bit l lipaza (thy phn du) lm tng ch s axit ca du thnh phm v glucooxydaza (thy phn tinh bt), khi nhit ln cao, cng hot ng ca cc enzym gim dn. * S bin i ca phn k nc (du): - Trong qu trnh chng sy, du t trng thi phn tn chuyn thnh dng tp trung trn b mt cc phn t bt, - Di tc dng ca nhit , nht ca du gim, du tr nn linh ng, y l bin i rt c li cho qu trnh sn xut, - Di tc dng ca nhit cao, du c th b oxy ha to ra peroxit oxit axit bo t do, t lm tng ch s axt ca du; nn i vi mt s nguyn liu c nhiu axit bo khng no trong thnh phn ca du th cn phi c ch chng sy nhit thp trnh lm tng ch s axit ca du. Phng php v thit b chng sy: 12 %, cn m ca bt p (sau sy) th ph thuc vo c cu ca my p v tnh cht ca nguyn liu. 8 % th sau khi chng m l 10 22 %, nu m ban u l 7 12 %, sau khi chng m ln n 20 Chng sy c th tin hnh th cng hay c gii, chng sy th cng c thc hin nhit si ca nc, thc t ch c qu trnh chng, trong khi chng sy c gii gm hai giai on chng v sy c thc hin trong hai phn ca cng mt thit b. Trong qu trnh chng, nu m ban u ca nguyn liu t 11 Trong cng nghip p du, ngi ta thng dng hai loi thit b chng sy, loi ni ng nhiu tng v loi thng nm ngang vi 1,2 hay 3 thng. Ni chng sy nhiu tng: ni chng sy loi ny c dng hnh tr, nhiu tng y bng. Trong ni c lp trc khuy v cnh khuy. Khi chng sy, nguyn liu c cho vo ni theo chiu cao (t trn xung di), lm m nguyn liu, tng trn cng c b tr h thng phun hi v nc trc tip, un nng v sy, v ni c cu to hai v truyn nhit gin tip. S cu to nh sau:

Hnh 2

1,2,3,4: cc tng ni5: cnh khuy 6: ca tho bt chng sy 3 ni t song song v lin h vi nhau qua cc ca thng. Nhng ni t trn c dng lm m v un nng nguyn liu n nhit cn thit, nhng ni t di dng sy kh nguyn liu. Ni chng sy loi ny t s dng v chim kh nhiu din tch. S cu to nh sau:* Ni chng sy nm: c dng hnh tr t nm ngang, v lm nhim v truyn nhit, bn trong c trc khuy vi hnh dng khc nhau va o trn nguyn liu va y nguyn liu i v pha trc. Mi ni thng gm t 1

Hnh 3

Mt s yu cu cng ngh trong cng on chng sy: Bt chng sy phi ng nht v m, do, n hi ph hp vi yu cu ca cng ngh (ph thuc vo c cu ca my p v nguyn liu). Khi bt chng sy khng t c ng nht, hiu qu thot du t cc phn t khc nhau s khc nhau, dn n hiu qu thot du khng cao. Mun t c ng nht ca bt chng sy cn c nhng bin php sau: - Lng bt nghin a vo ni chng sy phi lin tc n nh lng bt chng sy ra khi ni. Mun m bo vn ny th nng sut my nghin phi ph hp vi nng sut ca ni chng sy v my p. Ngoi ra, cc ca thng ca cc tng ni chng sy phi lm vic bnh thng. - m ca bt nghin a vo ni chng sy phi n nh. Nu m ca bt nghin thp hoc cao hn m cn thit, cn phi c bin php iu ha m (sy kh hoc lm m). - Vic lm m giai on chng phi ng u. - Lng nhit cung cp phi ln v n nh, do cc thng s ca hi nh p sut, nhit , lu lng phi n nh, lng nc ngng phi c ly ra mt cch trit . d. p du: Hin nay, vic khai thc du qui m trung bnh v qui m ln thng s dng cc loi my p vt vi c cu khc nhau. lm sng t qu trnh khai thc du bng phng php p, ta nghin cu cc vn sau: C ch ca qu trnh p:

Khi p, di tc dng ca ngoi lc, trong khi bt xy ra s lin kt b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca cc phn t, ta c th chia ra lm hai qu trnh ch yu: * Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn lng: y l qu trnh lm du thot ra khi cc khe vch gia cc b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca t bo. Khi bt u p, do lc nn cc phn t bt st li gn nhau, khi lc nn tng ln, cc phn t bt b bin dng. Cc khong trng cha du b thu hp li v n khi lp du c chiu dy nht nh, du bt u thot ra. Tc thot du ph thuc vo nht ca lp du v ph thuc vo p lc p, nht cng b, p lc cng ln th du thot ra cng nhanh. * Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn rn: khi lc nn tng ln, s bin dng xy ra cng mnh cho n khi cc phn t lin kt cht ch vi nhau th s bin dng khng xy ra na. Nu nh trong cc khe vch khng b gi li mt t du v p lc cn c th tip tc tng ln th t cc phn t bt ring bit s to thnh mt khi chc dnh lin nhau. Trn thc t, p lc p cng ch t n mt gii hn nht nh, c mt lng nh du cn nm li nhng ch tip gip nhau, cho nn kh du vn cn c tnh xp. c bit khi ra khi my p, tnh xp ca kh du li tng ln khi khng cn tc dng ca lc nn na. Mt iu quan trng nh hng n hiu qu ly du l nu tc tng p lc qu nhanh th s lm bt kn cc ng thot du lm du khng thot ra c, iu ny thy rt r cc my p m trong nguyn liu khng c o trn (my p th cng). Ngoi ra, nu ch xt n thun v s chuyn dch ca du qua cc khe vch, cc h ng mao qun ca t bo nguyn liu, ta c th rt ra nhng iu kin m bo vic tch du t hiu qu sau y: - p sut chuyn ng ca du trong cc khe vch v cc ng mao qun ca t bo nguyn liu cng ln, du chy ra cng nhanh, mun nh th th ngoi lc tc dng ln du phi ln. Ngoi lc tc ng ln nguyn liu (bt p) gm c hai phn: mt phn tc ng ln du v mt phn tc ng ln cc phn t rn lm cc phn t ny bin dng. Do , cho p lc tc ng ln du ln, ta cn phi thay i tnh cht c l ca cc phn t rn (qua cng on chng sy) lm gim phn p lc lm cho cc phn t bin dng, nh , p lc tc ng ln phn du s tng. Tuy nhin, vic tng ngoi lc cng thc hin n mt gii hn no , nu vt qu gii hn ny s dn n s co hp cc ng mao qun dn du hoc cc khe vch cha du mt cch nhanh chng lm hiu qu thot du gim. - ng knh cc ng mao qun cha du cn phi ln trong sut qu trnh p trnh vic du thot ra qu chm hoc khng thot ra c. Trn thc t, hin tng ny thng xy ra v khc phc cn phi tng p lc p t t nhm m bo thi gian cho lng du ch yu kp chy ra. Nu p lc p tng t ngt, cc ng mao qun cha du nhanh chng b hp li hoc b bt kn, du s chy ra chm. Mt khc, nu p lc p tng mnh trong giai on u s lm ri lon s chuyn ng ca nguyn liu trong my p do du chy ra mnh lit ko theo nhiu cn du.

- Chiu di cc ng mao qun cha du phi ngn v s thot du khi p thng i theo mt phng chung v v pha c on ng ngn nht. Nu ng chy du cng di th thi gian chy qua on ng y cng ln. Ngoi ra, khi ng chy du ngn, s ng mao qun b tc trong qu trnh p cng t hn. V th, thc hin vic p du mt cch trit th lp nguyn liu trong my p phi mng. - Thi gian p phi ln, nu thi gian p qu ngn, du chy ra cha ht, ngc li, nu thi gian p qu di s nh hng n nng sut my p. Vic ci tin c cu my p cng c th rt ngn c thi gian p. - nht ca du phi b tr lc khi du chuyn ng b, t thi gian du thot ra khi nguyn liu s ngn. nht ca du b, bt p phi c nhit cao v trong qu trnh p nhit phi n nh. Khi bt p b ngui, nht ca du tng v tnh do ca bt gim nh hng n s thot du. Tuy nhin, khi nhit bt p qu cao, du s b oxy ha mnh, du s b sm mu v kh du s b chy kht. V th, vic dng nc hoc du ngui lm mt lng p l vic lm rt cn thit, trnh c hin tng pht nhit khi my p lm vic. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut p: - c tnh c hc ca nguyn liu p nh hng rt ln n hiu sut p, c tnh ny do cc cng on chun b, c bit l khu chng sy quyt nh. Ngoi ra, mc nghin bt, nhit , m ca bt cng l nhng yu t c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut p. - Cc iu kin hnh thnh trong qu trnh p nh p lc p, nhit p, c cu my p Thit b p: tin hnh p du, ngi ta c th dng my p vt hoc my p th cng (my p th cng khng gii thiu). My p vt gm ba loi: loi p lc thp, p lc trung bnh v p lc cao, my p vt lm vic lin tc, bn trn l cc tng ni chng sy, v th sau khi chng sy xong, c th tin hnh p ngay. p lc trong lng my p vt c to thnh l do s nn nguyn liu v sc phn khng ca nguyn liu, p lc ny ln hay b ty thuc vo cu to lng p v trc vt. Do tit din khe cn ti ca ra kh b hn bt c im no trong lng p, v th nn nguyn liu chuyn ng s b nn tr li tc l to cho my p c p lc. Mt khc, do trc vt c s thay i bc vt (ngn dn v pha ra kh du), ng knh ca lng p cng thay i, nh dn v pha ra kh du, cho nn mun cha c lng nguyn liu t on sau chuyn ti buc phi xy ra s nn, tc l to nn p lc. Trn thc t, nu ta cho vo my p mt lng bt qu nho, khi trc vt quay hu nh khng c mt p lc no. iu ny chng t rng c tnh ca bt p quyt nh s to thnh p lc trong my p. c tnh ca bt p li do cng on chng sy quyt nh, v vy c th ni rng p lc trong my p do khu chng sy bt quyt nh.

Khi lm vic vi my p vt, cn ch mt s im sau: - Khng cho my chy trong iu kin qu ti, khng cc tp cht nh kim loi, si, ri vo my p, - Thng xuyn quan st v tr ca du chy ra t bn di my p, nu du chy ra nhiu nht gia lng p, chng t bt p t yu cu, cn nu du chy ra u hoc cui my p, chng t bt p qu t hoc qu kh. Lc cn phi ng ca cp bt p xung my p v iu chnh li ch chng sy cho thch hp. - Thng xuyn quan st ng ra ca kh du, trong iu kin bnh thng, kh du ra thnh tng mng nh, chiu dy ng u, khng nt vn, mt mt hi g gh c nhiu vt rn, mt mt nhn bng. Mu ca kh du ti, khng c mi chy kht, khng c vt du loang l. - My chy m, du khng theo khe cn thot ra ngoi. e. Lm sch: du thot ra sau khi p, mc d qua lp li lc nhng vn cn nhiu tp cht, ch yu l cc mnh nguyn liu. Do , bo qun du c lu hn cn phi tin hnh lng lc. u tin cho du chy vo b cha lng s b cc tp cht ln, sau bm ln my lc khung bn tch cn huyn ph. 650C. nht ca du nh hng rt ln n tc lc, nh vy, tc lc ph thuc vo nhit ca du. Nhit cng cao, nht cng thp, lc cng nhanh nhng nhit cao mt s cn lc li tan vo du nn du khng c lc sch, do , nhit lc thch hp khong 45 Cn lc cn cha nhiu du, c th a tr li my p hoc dng dung mi trch ly thu hi du. Du sau khi lng lc xong c hm lng cn c hc < 0,3 %, hm lng nc v cc cht d bc khc < 0,3 %, ch s axit <= 5mg KOH (ch s axit:mg KOH trung ha ht cc axit bo t do trong 1g du bo). Du sau khi lng lc xong gi l du th, mun s dng dng lm thc phm phi qua giai on tinh ch (chng sau) 6 % (nu p vt), trong kh du cn c nhiu cht dinh dng nh protit, gluxit...nn c mt s loi nguyn liu nh lc , u nnh.. sau khi p ly du, kh ca n c th s dng lm nc chm hoc lm thc n gia sc. bo qun kh du nhm phc v cho cc mc ch trn, trc tin cn phi lm ngui kh du, vic lm ngui c th thc hin bng cch cho kh du tip xc vi khng kh sau khi ra khi my p, trnh ng. i vi kh du sn xut bng phng php th cng, do c m cao nn rt d b mc nn cn phi xay nh, phi kh ri ng bao bo qun. 16 % du (p th cng) v 5 g. X l kh du: kh du sau khi p thng cha 14 Tch du bng phng php trch ly: ngha ca phng php trch ly du thc vt:

6%). Trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta thng kt hp c hai phng php: p v trch ly. Ngoi ra, phng php trch ly c th khai thc c nhng loi du c hm lng b trong nguyn liu v c th khai thc du vi nng sut ln. Tuy nhin, do dung mi cn kh t tin, cc vng nguyn liu nm ri rc khng tp trung nn phng php ny cha c ng dng rng ri trong nc ta. 1,8 %, t hn nhiu so vi phng php th cng (5 Ngy nay, phng php trch ly c p dng rng ri v n mang li hiu qu kinh t cao hn phng php p v c kh nng t ng ha cao. Phng php trch ly c th ly c trit hm lng du c trong nguyn liu, hm lng du cn li trong b trch ly khong t 1 C s l thuyt ca phng php trch ly: 10, do c th dng cc dung mi hu c ha tan du cha trong nguyn liu. Nh vy, trch ly du l phng php dng dung mi hu c ha tan du c trong nguyn liu rn iu kin xc nh. V vy, bn cht ca qu trnh trch ly l qu trnh khuch tn, bao gm khuch tn i lu v khuch tn phn t. Dung mi dng trch ly du thc vt phi t cc yu cu sau: 3,2 cc dung mi hu c c hng s in mi khong 2 ha tan vo nhau ca hai cht lng ph thuc vo hng s in mi, hai cht lng c hng s in mi cng gn nhau th kh nng tan ln vo nhau cng ln. Du c hng s in mi khong 3 - C kh nng ha tan du theo bt c t l no v khng ha tan cc tp cht khc c trong nguyn liu cha du, - C nhit si thp d dng tch ra khi du trit , - Khng c, khng n mn thit b, khng gy chy n vi khng kh, ph bin v r tin. Trong cng nghip trch ly du thc vt, ngi ta thng dng cc loi dung mi nh hidrocacbua mch thng t cc sn phm ca du m (thng ly phn nh), hidrocacbua thm, ru bo, hidrocacbua mch thng dn xut clo; trong s ph bin nht l hexan, pentan, propan v butan. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi dung mi khc nh sau: - Ru etilic: thng dng nng 96%v trch ly. - Axton: cht lng c mi c trng, c kh nng ha tan du tt. Axton c xem l dung mi chuyn dng i vi cc nguyn liu c cha nhiu phtphatit v n ch ha tan du m khng ha tan phtphatit. - Fron 12: l mt loi dung mi kh tt, khng c, bn vi cc cht oxy ha, d bay hi, tr ha hc vi nguyn liu v thit b. Ngoi ra vic s dng Fron 12 cho ta kh nng phng trnh chy n d dng. Nhng nhn t nh hng n vn tc v kit du khi trch ly: a: Mc ph v cu trc t bo nguyn liu: l yu t c bn thc y qu trnh trch ly nhanh chng v hon ton, to iu kin cho nguyn liu tip xc trit vi dung mi.

10mm.b. Kch thc v hnh dng cc ht nh hng nhiu n vn tc chuyn ng ca dung mi qua lp nguyn liu, t xc tin nhanh hoc lm chm qu trnh trch ly. Nu bt trch ly c kch thc v hnh dng thch hp, s c c vn tc chuyn ng tt nht ca dung mi vo trong cc khe vch cng nh cc h mao qun ca nguyn liu; thng th kch thc cc ht bt trch ly dao ng t 0,5 c. Nhit ca bt trch ly: nh ta bit, bn cht ca qu trnh trch ly l qu khuch tn, v vy khi tng nhit , qu trnh khuch tn s c tng cng do nht ca du trong nguyn liu gim lm tng vn tc chuyn ng ca du vo dung mi. Tuy nhin, s tng nhit cng phi c gii hn nht nh, nu nhit qu cao s gy tn tht nhiu dung mi v gy bin tnh du. d. m ca bt trch ly: khi tng lng m s lm chm qu trnh khuch tn v lm tng s kt dnh cc ht bt trch ly do m trong bt trch ly s tng tc vi protein v cc cht a nc khc ngn cn s thm su ca dung mi vo bn trong ca cc ht bt trch ly lm chm qu trnh khuch tn. e. Vn tc chuyn ng ca dung mi trong lp bt trch ly gy nh hng n qu trnh khuch tn. Tng vn tc chuyn ng ca dung mi s rt ngn c thi gian trch ly, t tng nng sut thit b. f. T l gia dung mi v nguyn liu nh hng n vn tc trch ly, lng bt trch ly cng nhiu cng cn nhiu dung mi. Tuy nhin, lng dung mi li nh hng kh ln n kch thc thit b (QTTB phn 2). S cng ngh ca qu trnh trch ly du thc vt: NGUYN LIU VBC TCH V (C th c hoc khng) NHN NGHIN NC, HI NC CHNG SY TRCH LY MITXEN B TRCH LY SY B TRCH LY B DU LM SCH CHNG CT HI DUNG MI

DU TH NGNG T V LM NGUI DUNG MI Sau y l mt s cng on chnh ca qu trnh trich ly du thc vt: a. Trch ly: trch ly nguyn liu cha du, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php nh: trch ly ng, trch ly tnh, trong trch ly ng c trch ly thun chiu v trch ly ngc chiu, trch ly ng ngc chiu cho hiu sut cao v rt ngn thi gian c thi gian trch ly. Trch ly ng ngc chiu thng c thc hin bng cch cho bt trch ly chuyn ng ngc chiu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng, nh vy ca ra ca thit b trch ly, nguyn liu cn rt t du s tip xc vi dng dung mi mi, s lm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh trch ly. Trong qu trnh trch ly, du t bt trch ly s tan vo dung mi to thnh mt dung dch gi l mixen. Mixen sau khi ra khi thit b trch ly s c lm sch (lng, lc, li tm) chun b a vo cng on chng ct, tch dung mi ra khi du. b. Lm sch mixen: mixen thu c sau khi trch ly ngoi thnh phn du ha tan, cn ko theo cc cht mu, cc photpholipit, cc ht ca b trch ly cng mt s tp cht c hc khc. Tp cht ca mixen c chia theo c tnh ha tan gm: dung dch thc, dung dch keo v huyn ph. m c trong mixen to ra dung dch keo v huyn ph. 1000 Cc lipit thuc nhm axit bo t do, vitamin tan trong du, cc sc t to thnh dung dch thc. Cc phn t tp cht c kch thc 1,5 Cc tp cht c trong mixen di tc ng ca nhit khi chng ct thu hi dung mi (cng on sau) s c phn ng tng tc vi mixen lm gim phm cht du, to ra cn rn ng kt b mt cc thit b truyn nhit b tr trong h thng chng ct. Do thu hi c du trch ly c cht lng tt v ko di tui th ca h thng chng ct cn phi lm sch cc tp cht ha tan v khng ha tan trong mixen trc khi em chng ct. Mixen c lm sch bng cch lng, lc v li tm. Mixen c lng trong cc thng hnh tr y cn lm vic lin tc c b phn no cn c kh. Lng l giai on u tin tch s b cc ht khng tan trong mixen. Sau tin hnh lc mixen bng cc my lc p hoc chn khng; c th dng cc my li tm tch cc tp cht c kch thc nh hn. c. Chng ct mixen: nhm mc ch tch dung mi ra khi du da trn bay hi rt khc nhau ca du v dung mi. Chng ct mixen c th thc hin theo hai giai on: giai on u lm nhim v c c nng nng du trong mixen n mt gi tr xc nh, sau chng ct tch dung mi ra khi mixen.

40 % so vi khi lng b. Nhim v ch yu ca sy b du l tch dung mi ra khi b du n mc ti a.d. Sy b du: b du ra khi thit b trch ly mang theo mt lng dung mi t 24 Kh nng ngm dung mi ca b du ty thuc vo cu trc ca nguyn liu em trch ly v tnh cht ca dung mi. 1800C. tch dung mi ra khi b du, ngi ta thng dng hi qu nhit trc tip hoc hi bo ha gin tip, nhit un nng thng 150 Ngoi nhng cng on ch yu trnh by trn, cn c cc cng on khc nh: ngng t v phc hi dung mi c th a tr li cng on trch ly, x l b du sau khi tch dung mi tin hnh bo qun.