Ma Kim Loai

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN KHOA HC V CNG NGH MI TRNG
-------------
-------------
CHUYN MN HC
CC QU TRNH SN XUT C BN
Tn chuyn :
TM HIU CNG NGH M KIM LOI

DNG THI V CC CHT THI QUAN TRNG
Gio vin hng dn :

Nhm AKL :
Lp
Kha
:
:
inh Bch Khoa

Bi Vn Anh
Phm Quang Khnh
Th Lng
Cng ngh mi trng
K49
H Ni 10/2006
Chuyn M KIM LOI
MC LC
1 CHNG 0:
KHI QUT V CNG NGH M KIM LOI V TNH HNH SN XUT
CA CNG NGH M IN..................................... ....................7
1.1 Vai tr ca giai on hon thin b mt:.................................................7
1.2 Cc phng php c xut hon thin b mt:.........................7
1.3 Khi qut v m in:...............................................................................8
1.3.1 Bng nng sut ca mt s c s m in Vit Nam nm 1998.......8
1.3.2 Bng nng lng tiu th ca mt s cng ty nm 1998.....................9
1.3.3 Bng c tnh mt s ho cht s dng trong cng ngh m in:...11
2 PHN I : QU TRNH X L B MT...................................... 13
2.1 Chng 1: Gia cng b mt kim loi bng phng php c hc........13
2.1.1 Cc loi gia cng c hc...................................................................13
2.1.2 Vt liu mi v nh bng :..............................................................14
2.1.3 Thnh phn thuc nh bng cho kim loi v hp kim :...................14
2.1.4 Chun b :...........................................................................................15
2.2 Chng 2: Gia cng b mt bng phng php ha hc v in ha.
17
2.2.1 Ty du m ha hc v in ha.......................................................17
2.2.1.1Ty du m bng dung mi hu .................................................17
2.2.2 Ty du m ha hc...........................................................................17
2.2.3 Ty du m in ha..........................................................................19
2.2.4 Ty sch trong siu m.......................................................................19
2.2.5 Ty g ha hc v in ha ...............................................................19
2.2.6 Hot ha b mt :...............................................................................22
2.2.7 Th ng tm thi :............................................................................23
2.2.8 Ty bng ha hc hoc in ha :.....................................................23
3 PHN II: M.................................................... .......................24
3.1
M KM THIC CH CADIMI .....................25
3.2 M NG V M KN...................................................................27
3.3
M CROM, COBAN, ST ...........................28
3.4 M KIM LOI QU...........................................................................28
3.5 M HP KIM.......................................................................................30
4 PHN III:HON THIN B MT V X L NHIM, RA CC GII
PHP MI TRNG...................................................... ............35
4.1 LI M U PHN III........................................................................35
4.2 Hon thin lp m kim loi:...................................................................36
4.3 Kim tra cht lng lp m:..................................................................37
4.3.1 Kim tra hnh dng bn ngoi:..........................................................37
4.3.2 o chiu dy lp m: ........................................................................38
4.3.2.1 Phng php tia dng dung dch:................................................38
2
Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni
Cng ngh mi trngK49
Chuyn M KIM LOI

4.3.2.2 Phng php tia dng th tch.....................................................38
4.3.2.3 Phng php vt l : .................................................................38
4.3.2.4 Phng php mu b ph hu:.....................................................38
4.3.3 o xp lp m:..............................................................................38
4.3.4 o kn lp nhm oxit:...................................................................38
4.3.5 o bn n mn ca m kim loi:.................................................38
4.3.6 o gn bm ca lp m:...............................................................38
4.3.6.1 Phng php gch kha:..............................................................39
4.3.6.2 Phng php b gp:...................................................................39
4.3.6.3 Phng php nung nng:.............................................................39
4.3.6.4 o cng lp m:....................................................................39
5 NHIM TRONG CNG NGH M IN:........................... .....39
5.1 nhim nhit:.........................................................................................39
5.2 nhim ting n: ...................................................................................39
5.3 nhim kh thi:.....................................................................................39
5.3.1 Ngun gc gy nhim khng kh:....................................................39
5.3.2 Phng php x l kh thi:...............................................................40
5.3.2.1 Thng gi cho xng m: kim sot hi axit cromit v hi kim
thot ra trong qu trinh m......................................................................40
5.3.2.2 Thit k thng gi cho xng m:..........................................40
5.3.2.3 Thng gi cho phng my mi v nh bng:............................41
5.3.2.4 Thng gi cho phng phun ct v phun bi kim loi....................41
5.3.2.5 H thng ng thng gi:..............................................................41
5.4 nhim t cht thi rn: ......................................................................42
5.4.1 Ngun gc cht thi rn: ..................................................................42
5.4.2 Phng php x l cht thi rn:......................................................42
5.5 nhim nc thi v nc ra:............................................................43
5.5.1 Ngun gc gy nhim nc ............................................................43
5.5.2 Lu lng v thnh phn cc cht nhim c trng trong nc thi
ngnh m in:............................................................................................43
5.5.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi ti Vit Nam:...........................................44
5.5.4 Bng cc ch s nhim kim loi nng ca nc thi m in.........44
5.5.5 Tng quan v cc phng php x l nc thi m in:.................45
5.5.6 Phn loi cc loi nc thi trong m in:.....................................45
5.5.6.1 c im nc thi cha xyanua:...............................................45
5.5.6.2 Cc phng php lm sch xyanua trong cht thi:....................46
5.5.6.2.1 Lm sch nc thi xyanua bng phng php
ha hc:.......................... ............................................46
5.5.6.2.1.1 Oxy ho xyanua dng cc hp cht Clo. .46
5.5.6.2.1.2 xy ho xyanua bng FeSO4.................46
5.5.6.2.1.3 Kh c nc thi bng KMnO4: thch hp
cho nng sut nh v trang thit b vn hnh n gin
nhng t do KmnO4 cao.........................................47
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
Chuyn M KIM LOI

5.5.6.2.2 Lm sch nc thi xyanua bng phng php
in ho.............................. ........................................47
5.5.6.3 i vi nc thi cha Cr6+ v Ni2+:........................................48
5.5.6.3.1 Phng php kh - kt ta ha hc:.............48
5.5.6.3.1.1 S x l nc thi kim loi nng bng
phng php kt ta:...............................................49
5.5.6.3.1.2 Loi b Cr3+ v Ni2+ dng kt ta:. . . .49
5.5.6.4 X l cc cation kim loi nng trong nc thi:.........................50
5.5.6.4.1 Phng php trao i ion:.............................50
5.5.6.4.1.1 Cch tin hnh phng php trao i ion:
..................................................................... ............50
5.5.6.4.1.2 u im:................................................51
5.5.6.4.1.3 Nhc im: ..........................................52
5.5.6.5 Lm sch nc thi kim-axit:....................................................52
5.5.6.6 Phng php in ha:................................................................52
5.5.6.6.1 u im:.................................................... ...52
5.5.6.6.2 Nhc im:.................................................52
5.5.6.7 Phng php sinh hc:................................................................53
5.5.6.7.1.1 Nhc im:...........................................53
5.5.6.8 Phng php hp ph..................................................................53
5.5.6.8.1.1 Nguyn tc:............................................53
5.5.6.8.1.2 Nhc im:...........................................53
5.5.7 i vi nc ra thu hi: nc ra thu hi c dng b xung
vo b m mi khi cn ( nht l cc b c un nng), trng hp khng
cn ht cn t chc tch trit cc kim loi khi nc ra thu hi bng cc
phng php: ni in phn, in phn dng ngoi, chng ct ............54
5.5.7.1 X l nc ra thu hi: ..............................................................55
5.5.7.1.1 Phng php ni in phn: ........................55
5.5.7.1.2 Phng php in phn bng dng ngoi:....55
5.5.7.1.3 Phng php chng ct:...............................55
5.5.8 SO SNH V HIU QU V GI THNH CC PHNG PHP
X L NC THI....................................................................................55
6 CC PHNG PHP MI GIP GIM THIU V X L CHT
NHIM TRONG CNG NGH M IN TT HN.......................56
6.1 SN XUT SCH HN :......................................................................56
6.1.1.1.1 Sn xut sch hn v kim sot nhim:.....57
6.1.2 Li ch ca SXSH(sn xut sch hn):..............................................57
6.1.3 33 gii php sn xut sch hn vi cng ngh m in:...................57
6.2 i vi nc ra thu hi:........................................................................60
6.2.1 Dng h thng ty ra Drag-in/drag-out:.........................................60
6.2.2 Dng h thng ty ra ngc dng:..................................................61
6.2.3 Dng dung dich ra bng nc:........................................................61
6.3 i vi cht thi rn:..............................................................................61
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
Chuyn M KIM LOI

6.3.1 6 phng php chnh x l cht thi rn cng nghip:.....................61
6.3.1.1 C hc:........................................................................................61
6.3.1.2 Nhit +c :...................................................................................62
6.3.1.3 Ho l: ........................................................................................62
6.3.1.4 Sinh hc:......................................................................................62
6.3.1.5 Chng ct: ..................................................................................62
6.3.1.6 Cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh:................................................62
6.4 i vi cc kim loi qu him:...............................................................63
6.4.1 Dng thit b thu hi hin i:...........................................................63
6.4.2 Thu hi bc v vng t dung dich c, hng:......................................63
6.4.2.1 Thu hi bc t dung dch m c, hng:.......................................63
6.4.2.2 Thu hi vng t dung dch c, hng:...........................................64
6.5 Mt s phng hng x l nc thi v nc ra mi:...................64
6.5.1 Thm d kh nng x l kim loi nng Ni2+, Zn2+ bng ong:. .64
6.5.2 Nghin cu x l niken, km,ng, ch, trong mi trng nitrat bng
v ngao:.......................................................................................................65
6.5.3 X li nc thai bng phng phap tun hoan t nhin ....................65
6.5.3.1 Nguyn tc:cua h thng da trn hoat ng cua cac vi sinh vt co
sn trong t nhin nhm phn huy cac hp cht hu c.........................66
6.5.3.2 ng dng:....................................................................................66
6.5.3.3 u im :.....................................................................................66
6.5.4 H thng x l nc thi xi m theo m hnh hp khi t ng:......66
6.5.5 X l nc thi bng cnh ng lau sy (ph hp vi vng t rng)
67
6.5.5.1 Nguyn tc:..................................................................................67
6.5.5.2 Kt qu:.......................................................................................67
6.5.5.3 ng dng:....................................................................................68
6.5.5.4 u im:......................................................................................68
6.5.5.5 Lin h:
Cng ty c phn AE Ton Tch Thin, 45 Hng Bn, H Ni,
T/Fax:04.7164656. ...............................................................................68
6.6 ra cc gii php qun l i vi cht c hi(nh xuanua):..........69
6.7 Kt lun phn III:....................................................................................70
7 KT LUN................................................. .............................71
8 TI LIU THAM KHO................................................ .............72

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
Chuyn M KIM LOI
LI M U
-M in l mt trong nhng nghnh cng nghip quan trong nhm bo v va
trang tr b mt kim loi.M in c ng dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc khc
nhau, c bit l trong vic sn xut dn dng.
-Qu trnh m in c cc phn chnh:
+phn I : chun b b mt trc khi m.
+phn II : m
+phn III: hon thin b mt v x l cng nh ra cc gii php mi
trng.
-Tu theo s thch v kh nng ca mi ngi m nhm AKL phn cng m
nhim cc phn nh sau:
+phn I : Th Lng.
+phn II : Bi Vn Anh.
+phn III: Phm Quang Khnh.
-Vic la chn kin thc,s lng v mc thch hp va m bo tnh c bn
ln tnh hin i l mt vic rt kh khn,b hn ch bi trnh ,kinh nghim v
th,chuyn m kim loi ny chc chn khng trnh khi nhng hn ch v
thiu st.
-Nhm AKL rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca thy inh Bch Khoa
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
Chuyn M KIM LOI

v ca cc thy c khc cng nh kin ca mi ngi xung quanh chuyn
ny ngy cng hon thin hn v c th ng dng vo trong thc t.
Nhm AKL xin chn thnh cm n!
CHNG 0:
KHI QUT V CNG NGH M KIM LOI V TNH
HNH SN XUT CA CNG NGH M IN.
1
1.1 Vai tr ca giai on hon thin b mt:

-Theo thng k cho thy, hng nm vic n mn gy thit hi 3-5% tng gi tr
quc dn ca mi nc. n mn khng ch lm gim hiu xut sn xut,nh
hng xu n giao thng, gim hiu sut tin cy ca thit b, gy tai nn lao
ng, v nh hng ti mi trng.
1.2 Cc phng php c xut hon thin b mt:

+Hp kim ha:to vt liu bn bng cch nh cc cht d b th ng ha
trong mi trng xm thc nh Ni,Co,Ti..
+Bo v in ha:bng cch dung kim loi ph
+Dng lp ph bo v:
Lp ph phi kim:
+Sn(c c sn in di,sn tnh in).
+Trng men(vi gm s)
+Phtpht ha(nh bo v cc cy ct in ngoi tri..).
+Ngoai ra cn dng thy tinh,hay nitrat ha bo v v trang tr kim
loi
Lp ph kim loi:cc phng php m kim loi:
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
Chuyn M KIM LOI

+m nng(nh trng 1 hay nhiu lp kim loi bn ngoi..)
+phun kim loi:phun kim loi trong iu kin nhit cao hay
plasma(2.500-8000 0C),ch yu dng trong vic m cc chi tit tu v tr,hng
khng,tn la..
+m in:l phng php hay dng trong sn xut phc v dn dng
bng cch kt ta kim loi trn b mt nn mt lp ph c tnh cht mong mun.
1.3 Khi qut v m in:

-Nm 1085,nh ho hc Luigi v.Brugnatelli ln u tin ra cng ngh m in.
-Nm 1940,khi nghnh in t ra i th nghnh m in pht trin rt mnh
m.
- Vit nam,cng ngh m in pht trin mnh trong vi chc nm nay v
tip thu c k thut ca nhiu nc trn th gii.
1.3.1 Bng nng sut ca mt s c s m in Vit Nam nm 1998
Th t
Tn c s
Loi hnh sn phm
Lng
sn phm m
(m2/nm)
1
Cng ty kha
Kha,bn l cc loi
15.000
Minh Khai
2
Nh my c
Cc dng c in v
1.300
kh xut khu
ph tng xe p
3
X nghip in
Qut in cc loi
34.000
c Thng Nht
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Nh my c
kh chinh xc
Nh my kim
H Ni
Nh my c
kh Ng Hip
Cng ty Kim
Kh Thng Long
Cng ty kha
Vit Tip
Nh my ph
tng Groshi Thng
Long
Cng ty dng

K49
Qut v cc my bm
thy lc
Kim khu tay,khu
my
Gim ng bao b
3.000
Bp du v n cao p
27.000
Kha cc loi
30.000
Ph tng t, xe my
30.000
Dng c ct v o
3.000
1.000
800
Cng ngh mi trng-
Chuyn M KIM LOI

c ct v o lng lng
c kh
11
Cng ty xe p,
Ph tng xe my,xe
23.000
xe my ng a
p
12
Nh my xe p,
Ph tng xe p, xe
55.537
xe my Nam H
my
-Tuy nhin,m in l mt nghnh tiu th ho cht ,nc v nng lng rt
ln.
1.3.2 Bng nng lng tiu th ca mt s cng ty nm 1998

Tn c s
Sn phm
Nguyn liu, nhin liu
Cng ty dng c
Loi
S
Loi
S lng
c kh xut khu
lng(chic
)
Ph tng xe
219.705
Thp
306.500 kg
my
Ha cht
46.820 kg
Dng c cm
685.705
Than
36 tn
in nng
1.596.060
tay
kWh
Nc
87.600 m3
Cng ty c kh
Qut in
44.000 Dy ng
12.000 kg
Thp
90.000 kg
chnh xc s 1
Bm
1.800
Sn
3.500 kg
Nc
7.200 m3
thy lc
Ph tng
166
in nng
150.000 kWh
Du FO
7.200 lt
xe my
Ph tng
1465
Than
12.000 kg
xe p
Du m
150 kg
-Cc c s m in cng nghip thng t chc sn xut ngay ni mt
bng cht hp, cng ngh v thit b lc hu. cc c s c mt bng qu hp v
qu bt li vic khc phc nhim i khi khng th thc hin c vi cc c
s c mt bng tng i thun li th vic x l nhm gim thi nhim vi
chi ph thp vn hnh n gin v khng chim nhiu din tch vn l nhng i

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
Chuyn M KIM LOI

hi c tnh u tin-M in l ngnh thi ra mi trng rt nhiu cht thi
kh(CrO3 gp 3 ln ,NiO gp 3.5 ln,H2SO4 gp 1.5 ln),lng v rn.
Cc ngun gy nhim trong cng ngh m in

Cng on
Mi th
Mi tinh
Quay bng kh
Quay bng t
Cc cht thi chnh

Bi bt mi, bi kim
loi, SiO2, Cr2O3, silic
Bi, mn ca, du hi,
bt mi, oxit kim loi,
oxit st, oxit ng v oxit
crom
Bt kim loi, H2SO4, cc
cht hot ng b mt,
Ty du m bng dung Cc cht du m v hi

mi hu c
dung mi hu c s dng
cn kim loi
Ty du m in ho
Nc thi c axit cao,
kim cao
Ty r ho hc
Dung dch axit cao hn
10%, mui kim loi
nng, hi axit
M km
Nc thi c pH cao,
c cha nhiu km, mui
xianua, mui amoni, v
cc cht hot ng b
mt, xt, sa, kh thot
t b m, H2, HCN

K49
Tc hi
Gy bnh v mt, phi,
da
Bi rc nh hng n
mi trng
Nc thi axit, cn thi

kim loi, gy nhim
ngun nc. Hi axit,
kh hidro d gy bnh
ng h hp
L cc cht d gy chy
n, bay hi to ra c t
cho cng nhn
Nc thi gy c t
nhim
Kh c v hi axit gy
cay mt, c tc ng ln
da, nc thi c pH thp
axit n mn hm lng
cc mui st, ng cao
Nc thi c cha nhiu
kim loi c, ch yu l
km, xianua, amoni, gy
nhim mi trng tc
ng ln ngi cng
nhn vim da
Cng ngh mi trng-
10
Chuyn M KIM LOI

M Niken
Cc mui Niken (1 dng)

mui Florrua, axit Boric,
axit Sunphuric, kh c
thot ra t b m
M Crom
Axit sunphuric,
cromic
M ng
Nc thi c cha mui

v c cao, mui ng,
mui
amoni,
soda,
xianua
axit
Nc thi c cha kim

loi nng, florua, amoni,
gy nhim ngun nc,
kh hidro, cc loi kh
nh hng n sc kho
Nc thi c cha
cromat, rt c cho ngi
v ng vt. Gy
nhim cho ngun nc,
cromat l cht gy ung
th da, ung th phi
Nc thi c c t cao,
cha xianua ng. Gy
nhim ngun nc. Mui
ng, mui ng, mui
xianua gy ng c cp
tnh cho ngi cng nhn
lm trc tip
-M in l mt ngnh c mc nhim mi trng cao bi cc tc nhn

chnh: Hi ho cht c hi, nc thi c pH thay i thp v cao v c cha
nhiu cc ion kim loi nng d gy cho con ngi nhng cn bnh him ngho.
1.3.3 Bng c tnh mt s ho cht s dng trong cng ngh m in:
Ho cht
H2SO4
HCl
HNO3
H2O2
NaOH
KCN v NaCN
Khi tip xc gy bng nng, ph hu t bo tip xc

lu ngy gy hi da vim da, vim ng h hp,
gy vim ph qun.
Gy bng da, nga
Kch thch nim mc, mt, ng h hp
Mt rt nhy cm vi hi v dung dch H2O2
Gy vim da, h da, khng khi phc c
Gy nga, ni sn, chm chn da, au u, i,

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
11
Chuyn M KIM LOI
CuCl2 v CuSO4,
Cu(NO3)2, Cu(CO3)2
CrO3, Cr2 (SO4)3, K2CrO7
ZnO, ZnSO4, ZnCl2
NiO, NiSO4.7H2O,
Ni(NO3)2
NH4OH v cc hp cht
amoni
Cc hp cht ca Flo
hoa mt, chng mt

nh hng ti gan, tu v tn thng tbo phi,
nh hng ti thn kinh, thnv gy gan to.
n mn da v cc mng c, rt kh lnh, gy ung
th phi, vim mng phi
Gy bnh cm ng thau, i ma, nim mc h
hp v hi chng xanh ti.
gy ri lon tiu ho, co git, ngt th kch thch
phi gy nga
Gy n,kch thch c, da,v nhng ni tip xc, gy
nga
mt v xng m mt.
Gy x cng m, gn, nhuyn, xng,h rng.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
12
Chuyn M KIM LOI
PHN I : QU TRNH X L B MT
X l b mt l khu u tin l khu u tin trong qu trnh hon tt cc trnh

hon tt cc sn phm kim loi. Mc ch lm cho b mt bng phng, sc nt,
bng v tuyt lm sch du m, cc bavia, g khi b mt chi tit m bo
bm dnh b mt khi m tt nht, khng xc, khng sn si, bng sng u
v ton b b mt lp m ng nht. C 2 phng php m :
Gia cng b mt kim loai bng phng php c hc.
Gia cng b mt kim loi bng phng php ha hc v in ha.
2.1 Chng 1: Gia cng b mt kim loi bng phng php c

hc
2.1.1 Cc loi gia cng c hc.
Mi v nh bng :
Loi b ht g ,oxit, cht bn , bavia, khuyt tt v t c nhn bng
theo yu cu b mt kim loi .
Quay:
Lm sch b mt cho cc vt nh, mnh khi cc vt bn, mn tay trong
axt, bavia, khuyt tt, quay cn mi v nh bng b mt.
Quay kh c hay khng c vt liu mi, dng hon thin ln cht cho
c vt c nh loi b bavia, gc cnh sc v b mt nhn bng.
Cht lng dng trong quay t l dung dch Na2CO3 2-3%, dung dch
H2SO4 hay HCl long .
Xc, phun :
* Xc : Dng mi, nh bng , loi b bavia, v trn cnh, lm sch cho vt
c, lm sch g, du vt n mn, tng nhn.
Vt gia cng vi ht mi , cht n cht hot ng b mt chung vo
khoang cha v c rung theo nhng tn s bin khc nhau.
Xc m: c 20% khoang cha l cht lng.
Xc t: cc cn bn c loi bo bng cach ra khoang cha ngay trong
khi xc.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
13
Chuyn M KIM LOI
* phun : Dng kh nn, cht lng, phun vt liu mi vi tc ln p ln b

mt kim loi . c nhiu cch phun :
- Phun ct , phun bi, phun ncv ht mi :Dng cog, bc lp m
c.
- Phun t: Dng huyn ph nc v vt liu mi.
+ Gia cng cho thp :Dng bn gm 30% ct +70% nc.
+ Gia cng cho kim loi mu: Dng bn gm 20% + 80% nc. (thng
cho thm Na2CO3, Na2 NO2, ,.du, vo bn ). Vt liu mi phun l mt ca ca
kim loi , mt gang , bi v ht kim loi .
2.1.2 Vt liu mi v nh bng :
Ht mi :c ngun gc t :
- Thin nhin nh : corun (90-98% Al2O3), cacbordas la, thch anh,
ctundum ( hn hp oxt ca Al, Fe, Si, Ti ,), la, thch anh, ct , mi
v st oxyt(c 75% Fe2O3), trepel, lmit (CaCO3.MgCO3), phn, vi, cao
lanh,.
- Nhn to nh: cacborun(SiC), cacbuabo, corun in luyn,dng
mi, crom oxyt, nhm oxyt,.
Vt liu nh bng :
- Crom oxyt.
- Vi ti.
- Marsalit.
- Tripoli: thnh phn ch yu l SiO2.
- Nhm oxyt : sn xut bng cch nung Al(OH)3.
- St oxyt: cha 75% Fe2O3.
2.1.3 Thnh phn thuc nh bng cho kim loi v hp kim :
Bng 1.1 :Thnh phn thuc nh bng cho kim loi kim
Kim loi Thnh phn thuc
cn nh
bng
Thp , Kn Cr2O3
, Crom
Stearin
Caolanh
Axt oleic
M k thut
Petrolatium
Thp ,Kn , Cr2O3
ng, Hp Fe2O3
kim ng
Cao lanh
K49
T l % trng lng
73
17
10
73
-
37
37
13
13
68
40
40
10
10
72
14
36
37
-
Cng ngh mi trng-
14
Chuyn M KIM LOI
Nhm ,
Kn ,ng
, Hp kim
ng
Nhm
,
ng, km,
hp
kim
km
Kim loi
en , kim
loi mu v
hp kim
Stearin
Parafin
Serezin
Axt oleic
Petrolatium
Cr2O3
Fe2O3
Vi
Stearin
Parafin
Axt oleic
M k thut
Du thng
Fe2O3
SiO2
Al2O3
Stearin
Parafin
Stearin
Axt oleic
M k thut
Du my
Cr2O3
Bt mi mn
X phng (60%)
Glyxerin sch
Du my
Carbamit (loi A)
Nc
19
5
2
1
49
18
33
2
45
37
6
10
(1)
34
34
16
5
4
2
5
17
15
70
18
8
4
36
36
8
13
3
4
(2)
69
16
5
4
1
5
14
72
23
2
2
1
27
-
(1) Thuc dng

cho mi
nh bng
(2)Thuc nh
bng.Hai loi
ny tan c
trong dung
dch
ra
nng
l
Na2CO3 50%
.
2.1.4 Chun b :
Bnh mi :
Lm bng da, d (n ), vi bt,dng bnh xe, hnh cn, hnh a,.
Bnh chi :
bnh chi lm bng g hay kim loai c gm kp dy kim loi, dy
cc ng knh bnh chi 250-350 mm .
- Chi th dng dy c ng knh 0,30-0,60 mm.
- Chi tinh nn dng dy c ng knh 0,05-0,1 mm . chn
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
15
Chuyn M KIM LOI

bnh chi ( tham kho bng 1.2 )
Bng 1.2 : chn bnh chi

Vt cn chi
Au
Gang,
thanh
Ag
Vt liu dy chi
ng knh dy (mm)
ng thau
ng Thp
0,05-0,15
0,05-0,30
ng thau ,dy hp kim

ng
Lp m km , thic ng thau
,Cu , ng thau
Kn , lp m kn
Thp ,bc mi (Cu Ni 535% ,Zn 13-45%)
Gang ,thp ,ng Thp
thau
0,10-0,15
thp,
0,15-0,20
0,15-0,25
- C th chi kh lm sch mn, bavia, g, vy xp,Mun c b

mt mt p hn nn chi t nh dung dch Na2CO3 , hay x phng.
Pht bng :
Lm bng vt liu mm hn bnh mi nh pht (n), d, vi mc, vi phin
vi nhnh kiu dng, kch thc khc nhau.
Thuc nh bng:
-C th mua trn th trng hay t ch ly.
Bng 1.3 : Cc ngun gy nhim
Cng on
Cc cht thi chnh
Mi th ,mi tinh Bi bt mi , bi kim loi

SiO2 ,Cr2O3 , silic
Quay bng kh
Bi mn ca , du hi ,
bt mi , oxt kim loi Fe
,Oxt Cu , Oxt Cr
Quay bng t
Bt kim loi , axit H2SO4
, cc cht hot ng b
mt
Tc ng
Gy bnh v mt , phi
,ngoi da
Bi rc cng nghip ,nh
hng ti mi trng
Nc thi axit ,cn thi kim
loi gy nhim ngun
nc,hi axit , kh H2 d gy
cc bnh ng h hp

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
16
Chuyn M KIM LOI
2.2 Chng 2: Gia cng b mt bng phng php ha hc v

in ha.
2.2.1 Ty du m ha hc v in ha.
2.2.1.1Ty du m bng dung mi hu .
- Lm sch cc loi du m khong (khng x phng ha c nh du
m, hc n, cao su, faraphin,), thuc nh bng du m bo qun.
- Khng nn dng nhng dung mi d chy nh xng, du ha, benzen,
xylen,.
- Cc dung mi thng hay dng l cc loai hydrocacbon clo ha
khng chy nh tricloetylen, tetracloetylen, pecloetylen, cacbon
tetraclorua,.Trong , cc dung mi tricloetylen v tetracloetylen c
dng ph bin nht.
- Tricloetylen c th ty du m cho: thp, ng , kn v hp kim ca
chng. Nhng n phn ng rt mnh vi nc, hi nc v to ra HCl gy
c v n mn thit b v vt ty, v vy vt trc khi ty khng c m t.
- Nc trit cua tricloetylen phi c pH t 6 tr ln. Tricloetylen thng
cho thm cht n nh nh trietylamin, mono butylamin, urotropin hoc cc
thng phm m ha khc, vi lng khong 0,01kg/m3.
- Tetracloetylen(C2Cl4) c th dng ty hu ht cho cc kim loi; k c
nhm v magi. Nhc im ln nht ca cc hydrocacbon clo ha l c v
t.
- Bng cch thm cht nh ha vo dung mi s c mt hn hp ty
dung mi nh tng c tc dng ty rt mnh cc ht bn rn v bi bm
cng vi du m trn b mt.
Bng 2.1 :Kh nng ha tan mt s du m ca 1 s dung mi.(kg/m2..s)
Du ha
Xng
Tetracloetylen
Xylen
Tricloetylen
0,65
1,30
1,70
2,20
3,10
2.2.2 Ty du m ha hc.
Du m ha hc bm trn b mt c 2 loi:
- Loi c ngun gc ng thc vt: nhng este phc tp ca glyxerin v
nhng axt bo bc cao nh stearic, palmitic.Loi ny tc dng vi xt
(NaOH) thnh x phng tan trong nc.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
17
Chuyn M KIM LOI

- Loi c ngun gc khong vt( t du m) :cc hn hp cc
hydrocacbon nh: parafin, vazelin, du my, m k thut, .Loi ny
khng c kh nng x phng ha nn ty chng bng dung mi hay bng
cht ty ra. c bit ( cht nh ha bin du m bm trn b mt thnh
nh tng;cht huyn ph bt cn bn bong khi b mt v i vo dung
dch;).
- Trong cng nghip, dung dch ty thng c cc thnh phn: xt,
phtphat, thy tinh lng, x phng, cht ty ra tng hp( cht hot ng
b mt, cht nh ha,),natricacbonat,trong xt l quan trng nht
lm sch b mt.
* C 3 nhm dung dch ty du m:
- Dung dch kim c, ti a l 1000g/l, pH=12-14.
- Dung dch kim va, pH=11-12.
- Dung dch kim long, khng qu 50g/l, pH= 10-11.
- Ngoi ra, cn c dung dch kim yu (Na2CO3, K2CO3, Na3PO4,)
ty cho cc kim loi tan trong kim nh Al, Zn , Sn.
- bo v mi trng gn y ngi ta sn xut cc cht ty ra cha
rt t hoc khng cha photphat v thay vo l cc hp cht vng nh
natri gluconat, natri heptagluconat, natri xitrat, NTA, EDTA.
Bng 2.2 : Thnh phn dung dch ty du m ha hc.

Thnh phn (g/l) v ch
ty

K49
Dung dch s
3
4
5
Cng ngh mi trng-
18
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Labomind hay
Implulse
Udyprep 110 EC
Cht ty ra OCA - 1
NaOH
Na3PO4.12H2O
Na2CO3
Cht hot ng b mt
Na2SiO3 (thy tinh
lng)
Nhit oG
Thi gia ty ,PH
2030
6080
3-10
5-15
1535
1535
3-5
6080
3-20
2040
5-15
3-5
1030
5070
2-5
8-12
2050
2530
4070
3-10
1050
7080
7-10
1535
1535
3-5
6080
5-20
4080
4070
5-15
.
2.2.3 Ty du m in ha.
- Ty i mng du m cn st li sau cc khu ty trc. Dung dch ty
in ha c thnh phn ging nh dung dch ty du m ha hc nhng
nng long hn.
- Nhc im: Kh ty sch trong cac khe, khut, l.cho cc vt c
hnh thc phc tp.
2.2.4 Ty sch trong siu m.
- Dng my pht kim th ty siu m truyn sng dao ng c tn s nh
hn 20KHz vo dung mi hay dung dich ra s nhanh v sch hn nhiu .
Lc c du m , g , oxt, cn, bn, u c ty sch, c trong khe,
rnh, l, chn ren.
2.2.5 Ty g ha hc v in ha .
Ty g ha hc:
- B mt kim loi en thng ph lp g gm( t trong ra ngoi) FeO,
Fe3O4,Fe2O3, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3. Dung dch ty thng dung : cc axit HCl,
H2SO4 c nng 10%.
- Tc dng gia dung dch HCl vi g v nn st nh sau:
Fe2O3 + 6HCl
=
2FeCl3 + 3H2O
Fe3O4 + 8HCl
=
2FeCl3 + FeCl2 + 4H2O
FeO
+ 2 HCl
=
FeCl2 + H2O
Fe
+ 2 HCl
=
FeCl2 + H2
2FeCl3 +
Fe
=
3FeCl2
-tc dng gia H2SO4 vi nn g st nh sau :
Fe2O3 + 3 H2SO4
=
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Fe3O4 + 4 H2SO4
=
Fe2(SO4)3 + FeSO4 + 4H2O
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
19
Chuyn M KIM LOI

FeO
+ H2SO4
=
FeSO4 + H2O
Fe
+ H2SO4
=
FeSO4 + H2
(u tin)
Fe2(SO4)3 + H2
=
FeSO4 + H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3 + Fe
=
3FeSO4
- Nng Axt ty nhanh nht l 20% - 25% trng lng .Nhng nn t
b
n mn nht ch dng nng di 20% trng lng.
- Tc ty g ca axt HCl ph thuc ch yu vo nng cn ca H2SO4
ph thuc ch yu vo nhit .
- ty tng phn hay ty cho vt to qu khng cho vo b c , dng
kem ty c thnh phn tng t nh dung dch ty nhng c thm cht n (t
trch trng ,t st nh , amian ) . Gii thiu mt loi kem ty c thnh phn
:
H2SO4 (d= 1,84)

H3PO4 ( d = 1,70)
HCl (d = 1,19)
Urotropin
Kim xenlulosunfat (d = 1,22)
Amian nghin mn
Nc
29 cm3
46 cm3
356 cm3
6g
50 cm3
400 (g)
590 cm3
- Thnh phn c c axt ln cht nh ha dng ty g kt hp ng thi

vi ty du m.
Ty g in ha :
Vt ty c th mc vo ant hay katt (nh cu dao i chiu dng in).
- Ty Anot : g b ha tan in ha ,ng thi b ti ra do tc dng c hc
ca kh i sinh ra trn vt ty .
4OH- - 4e = 2H2O + O2
Dung dch ty l axt H2SO4 hay HCl v lun c mt cc mui st
- Ty catot : H2 thot ra nhiu , mnh trn vt ty
H+ + e =
H
H + H =
H2
- Nguyn t H s kh 1 thnh phn oxt thnh kim loi , bt kh H 2 lm
ti lp g nn d dng bong ra .
- Ngy nay , dng mui kh ty g hn hp hay in ha cho thp
cc bon , thp khng g v mt s kim loi mu . l 1 hn hp dng bt
kh ca H2SO4 vi cc mui (nh NaHSO4 ) v cc cht hot ng b mt ,
cht nh ha .
Ty g kim loi mu :
Ty g Cu v hp cht Cu :
- Dung dch ty : H2SO4 , HCl hay HNO3 v H2SO4 .thng qua 2 bc :
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
20
Chuyn M KIM LOI

+ bc 1 : ty s b cho ht g bn .
+ Bc 2 : ty bng , nhn .
- Ty Cu v hp cht Cu sinh ra kh NO hoc NO2 rt c do HNO3 c
hay long du ha tan Cu sinh ra nn khi ty phi ty trong thit b kn c
trang b ht kh hi m axt m bo an ton lao ng
Ty Al v hp cht Al :
- c tin hnh trong dung dch kim sau ty , da c trung ha v lm
sch trong dung dch HNO3 15 20% nhit thng .
Ty hp cht Mg :
- Dng dung dch c thnh phn (g/l) v ch ty sau :
HNO3
90 100
K2Cr2O7
46
HCl
35
o
Nhit ( C )
18 25
T/g ,ph
10 20
Bng 2.3 : dung dch ty hp cht Mg
Ty Zn v Cadimi
- Tin hnh trong dung dch H2SO4 , v HCl (15 200 g/l hay ln hn )
trong nhit thng , thi gian khng qu 1 pht .
- Hn hp H2SO4 (d = 1,84) mt thnh phn th tch + HNO3
(d = 1,4)
3 phn th tch ,rt tt cho ty mu trn Zn v Cd
Ty ch :
- Tin hnh trong dung dch HNO3 50 100 g/l cng c th ty nhn ch
trong dung dch gm H2O2 (30%) 3,5 % th tch + CH3COOH (1,05) 3,5 % th
tch .
Ty thic Sn :
Dung dch HCl 50 100 g/l .
Ty Titan :
Bng2.4 : dung dich ty mng oxyt ca titan

Thnh phn
(g/l)
HF (40%)
H2SO4
HCl
N
NaCl
HNO3 (1,4)
H2O
Dung dch s
1
10ml
15 ml
90ml
2
40-50 g/l
160-180 g/l
-

K49
3
2% th tch
20% th tch
78% th tch
4
60 g/l
27 g/l
21 g/l
-
Cng ngh mi trng-
21
Chuyn M KIM LOI
Ty hp cht Niken crom , contantan , momel metal :

- S dng dung dch H2SO4 20% c thm ph gia Cr2O3 hay Na2CrO4 (20
g/l) hoc Fe2(SO4 )3 60 80 oC .
Ty kn v momel metal :
- Trong dung dch gm : 60 % th tch H3PO4 (1,70) + 20 % th tch
H2SO4 (1,84) + 20 %th tch HNO3 (1,42) ty 80 oC tong 3 pht .
Ty Melkhor (hp cht Ni Cu ) :
- Dung dch ty H2SO4 20 % 80OC , mun c b mt nhn hn th ty
tip trong trong dung dch gm : HNO3 (d = 1,42) 240ml/l + HCl (d = 1,4)
170 ml/l + NaCl (1 15 g) + ZnSO4 (1,42) (1 1,4 g).
Ty Ag :
- Dung dch gm c NaCN 15 g/l + H2O2 30 % 85 ml/l nhit khng
qu 30oC
2.2.6 Hot ha b mt :
Bng 2.5 .dung dch hot ha ha hc v in ha.
Thnh phn Thp
(g/l) v ch kn
hot ha
Hot ha ha
hc
1
2
H2SO4
50HCl
100
50KCN
100
K2CO3
K2Cr2O7
o
Nhit C
2
Da , A/dm
phng
phng
V , vn
Thi gian , s
30-60 30-60
Thnh phn
Km v hp
(g/l) v ch
kim km
hot ha
1
2
thp
ng
Hot ha in
Ha
in
ha
hc
ha
3
4
5
6
700750
800
50
30-40 30-40
20-30
20-30
phng
phng
phng
phng
3-5
5-10
5-10
10-12 10-12
5-10
20-30
3-5
30-60
Nhm v hp
Kn
kim nhm
Hot ha ha hc
3
4
5
6

K49
Thp
,ng c
vy hn
Ha hc
7
c(1,19)
phng
n sch
Thp
khng g
7
Cng ngh mi trng-
22
Chuyn M KIM LOI

H2SO4
HCl
KCN
HNO3
CH3COOH
Urotropin
Nhit oC
Thi gian , s
30-50
phng
3-10
30-50
phng
3-10
50100
40-60
3-10
30-50
phng
3-5
0,2
28-38
50-58
phng
15-30
300350
phng
30-60
50-100
40-50
phng
1-2 ph
2.2.7 Th ng tm thi :
- Sau khi ty g xong cha kp gia cng tip vt rt mau b g tr li trong
khng kh cn th ng tm thi trong dung dch (g/l) :
+ NaNO2 (5 10 ) Na2CO3 (2 4 ) 65 75oC trong 0,5 1
PH ( vt bng thp) .
+ HNO3 (d = 1,4 ) 300 500 g/l (Vt bng thp hp cht).
+ HNO3 (d = 1,4 ) 270 280 g/l trong 15 - 20 pht ( Vt bng thp
Crom).
* Ra :
- Phi cn khong 2m3 nc cho 1 m2 b mt gia cng .Nn tng lng
nc cn dng l rt ln , ng thi lng nc thi mang nhiu ha cht c
hai ( cc cht s dng trong qu trnh ty)
- Nc dng trong xng m c 2 loi : nc ra v nc pha ch .
2.2.8 Ty bng ha hc hoc in ha :
- c dng rng di lm bng , p cho thp khng g , Al v hp cht Al ,
Cu v hp cht Cu ,kn , momel metal , cc lp m
- Ty bng hn hp khng u ty c cho vt c hnh dng phc tp vi mi
kch thc .
- Dung dch ty bng hn hp khng dng c lu , kh iu chnh v ti sinh ,
cho bng khng cao , thng tin hnh nhit cao v i khi thi nhiu
kh c hi ( NO , NO2 )
- Ty bng in ha : cho bng cao ng thi ci thin c tnh cht cho
kim loi
Bng2.6 : dung dch ty bng ha hc cho thp ,ng v kn.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
23
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Thnh phn Thp , thp hp kim
(g/l)v ch ty
1
2
H3PO4
1
H2SO4
350-430
HNO3
35-50
HCl
20-40
CH3COOH
H3PO3
0,2
Cht mu 2J
20-25
KNO3
KMnO4
2
CrO3
10
Na2SiO3
2
NaCl
4
Nhit oC
100-105
65-75
Thi gian ,ph
2-5
2-10
ng ,hp kim ng
3
4
935-950 1300-1400
280-290
250-260
450-500
phng
90-100
1-6
0,5-2
Ty bng kn
5
6
170
180
420
420
6
500
735
80-90
75-80
1-2
0,5-1
* Cc ngun gy nhim trong x l b mt:
Bng 2.7 : Ngun gy cht nhim

Cng on
ty du m
dung mi
hu c
Ty
du
m
in
ha
Ty g ha
hc
Cc cht thi chnh

Tc dng
cc cht du m , dung mi v hi L cc cht d gy chy
hu c s dng cn kim loi
n ,bay hi to ra c t
cho cng nhn
Nc thi c axt cao hay Nc thi c t gy
kim cao .
nhim
Dung dch cao hn 10% mui kim Kh c v hi axt gy
loi nng ( mui Fe , Cu cao ) , cay mt , tc dng ln da
hi axt nh HCl , kh c .
Kt lun:qu trnh x l b mt phi qua nhiu bc gia cng khc nhau ,thng
rt di nn kh tn km v thi ra ngun cht thi ln.
PHN II: M

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
24
Chuyn M KIM LOI
3.1
TH
T
M KM THIC CH CADIMI
LOI
M
DUNG DCH
M
THNH PHN M

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
25
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Dung dch
axit
(H2SO4)
M km
1
Dung dich
xyanua
Dung dch
zincat
Dung dch
amoniacat
Dung dch
pyrophothnh
phnhat
Dung dch
sunfat
M
caimi
Dung dch
floborat
2
Dung dch
xyanua
Dung dch
amoniacat
M ch
3
Dung dch
khc
Dung dch
floborat
Dung dch
flosikicat
Dung dch
phenolsunfona
t
Dung dch
kim
CH3COONa,K2SO4,NH4Cl,(NH4)2SO4,C6H12
N4,
ZnSO4.7H2,ZnO,AL2(SO4)3.18H2O,Na2SO4.1
0H2O
Dextrin vang, polyacrylamit, glucoza
ZnO,NaCN,NaOH,Na2S,C3H5(OH)3,
ZnO,NaOH,SnCl4(hay
Na2SnO3),Polietilenimin
ZnO,ZnCl2,NH4Cl,H3BO3,CH3COONH4,Na
Cl,
Urotropin,gelatin,licondaZnSR
A,lincondaZnSR B
Na2HPO4,(NH4)2HPO4,dextrin,axit sunfanilic,
ZnSO4.7H2O,K4P2O7.3H2O,Na4P2O7.10H2O,N
H4Cl
CdSO4.8/3H2O,CdCl2,CdO,H2SO4,(NH4)2SO4,DSU
,NaCl,NH4Cl,H3BO3,gelatin,DS10,BK10,(NH2)2CS
Cd(BF4)2,NH4BF4,NH4F,H3BO3,Pb(OH)2.2Pb
CO3,
Natri-b-naphtylamin-sunfonat,gelatin,DSU
CdO,NaCN,NaOH,Na2SO4.10H2O,NiSO4.7H
2O,
Dextrin, du thu du sunfo ho,
CdO,CdSO4.8/3H2O,CdCl2.2H2O,(NH4)2SO4,
NH4Cl,NaCl,H3BO3,dextrin,tioure,gelatin,uro
tropin
Mt s dung dch phc:
urotropin,pyrophothnh phnhat,...
Pb(BF4)2,HBF4 t do,keo dng vt, H3BO3 t
do
PbSiF6,H2SiF6,keo dng vt
Pb(C6H4OHSO3)2,C6H4OHSO3H, keo dng
vt
Pb(C2H3O2)2,Pb,NaOH,mui tatrat
,glixerin,Sn,nha
Thng

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
26
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Dung dch
axit
SnSO4,H2SO4,Na2SO4,OS-20,crerol th,keo
da,Formalin,axetilaxeton,limedaSn-2,1,4butindio(35%),
ru propagilic,fufurol(5%),sintanol DS-10
Dung dch
kim
Na2SnO4.3H2O,Na2Sn(OH)6.3H2O,K2Sn(OH)6,
NaOH,KOH,NaCH3COO,SnCl4
SnCl2.2H2O,tioure,NaCl,HCl,NaOH,
M thic
4
M thic
hohc
3.2 M NG V M KN
TH
T
LOI
M
1
M ng
DUNG DCH
M
Dung dch axit
(sunfat)
Dung dch axit
(floborat)
Dung dch xyanua
THNH PHN M
CuSO4.5H2O,H2SO4,dextrin sunfo
ho,sunfurol-8,ch t b ng B-7211,cht
bng Ubc1A,cht bng LTI Avangard
Cu(BF4)2,HBF4,H3BO4
CuCN,NaCN tng, NaCN,t do,

NaOH,Na2CO3,Udylit#60
Dung dch amoni CuSO4.5H2O,NH4NO3,(NH4)2SO4,NH4
OH(25%),
Dung
CuSO4.5H2O,Na2P2O7.10H2O,K2P4O7,
dchpyrofotfat
Na2HPO4.12H2O
Natri sunfoxalisilat,axit
xitricH3C6H5O7, Na2SeO3, NH4OH,axit
trioxy glutaric
Dung dch
CuSO4.5H2O,En(70%), Na2SO4.10H2O,
etylendiamin
(NH4)2SO4, H3BO3.
Dung dch
CuSO4.5H2O,(NH4)2SO4,polietilenpoly
polietylenpolyami amin
n

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
27
Chuyn M KIM LOI
Dung dch sunfat
NiSO4.7H2O, NaCl, H3BO3,Na2SO4,KF

hay, sunfonol,NaF,HCHO(40%),
cloraminB,C4H4(OH)2,2,6-2,7
disunfonaphtalen
Dung dch
floborat
Dung dch
sunfamat
Ni(BF4)2,NiCl2.6H2O, H3BO3
M kn
kn sunfamat
Ni(H2NSO3)2,H3BO3,ru propagylic
CHCCH2OH,benzosunfamid,sacarin
C6H4SO2NHCO
GHI CH: Ngoi m ng bng cc dung dch trn,ngi ta cn dng mt s

phng php khc c bit nh M C,M NG chng thm cc b cho
vt bng thp,m ng n in phn,m ch to li ng.....v cn m ng
cho kim loi mu, y cha cp nJJ!
3.3
TH
T
1
M CROM, COBAN, ST
LOI
M
M
crom
M st
M
coban
DUNG DCH M
Sunfat,t iuchnh,
Tetracromat,florua
Dung dch dng

cng ngh in,m fc
hi kt..
thng hay dng
THNH PHN M
Cc dung dch ny u c thnh phn
cht tham gia nh nhau,tuy
Nhin khc nhau v nng .thnh
phn:CrO3, H2SO4,nng
Cr3+,SrSO4,K2SiF6,NaOH,NH4F.
Cc dung dch ny u c thnh phn
cht tham gia nh nhau,tuy
nhin khc nhau v nng .thnh
phn:FeSO4.7H2O,FeCl2.4H2O,
NaCl,MnCl2.4H2O,HCl t do,axit
ascorbic
CoSO4.7H2O, NaCl,
GHI CH: Trong qu trnh m crom ngi ta cn c th m lt trc mt lp

kim loai khc nhm t c yu cu s dng.
3.4 M KIM LOI QU

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
28
Chuyn M KIM LOI
TH
T
1
LOI M
DUNG DCH M THNH PHN M
M bc
Dung dch xyanua

Dung dch
feroxyanua
Dung dch ioua
M vng
M ri
M bch
kim
M palai
M ini
Dung dch nitrat

Dung dch m bc
ho hc
Dung dch xyanua
kim
Dung dch xyanua
trung tinh
Dung dch xyanua
axit
Dung dch
feroxyanua
Dung dch vng
bc ho hc
Dung d ch sunfat
Dung d ch
phothnh phnhat
Dung d ch
phothnh phnhat
Dung d ch nitrit
m tip xc bch
kim
Thng dng 1
trong 3 dung dch:
amoni
clorua,phothnh
phnhat,sunfamat
AgCN,KCN,K2CO3,NaOH,KNO3,su
nfus cacbon;
AgCl,K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O,Na2CO3.10H2
O,K2CO3;
AgCl,Ag2SO4,KI,K4P2O7,NH4OH(25
%);
AgNO3, NH4OH(25%),(NH4)2SO4,
AgNO3, KCN,KOH, K2CO3;
KAu(CN)2,KCN t do
KAu(CN)2, axit nitrix, kali xitrat,
KH2PO4.3H2O, TL2SO4
KAu(CN)2, axit nitrix, kali
xitrat,CoSO4.7H2O;
AuCl3.HCL.4H2O,
K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O,K2CO3, KCNS;
AuCl3 , KHCO3, NaCl, Na2SO4,
K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O ,
Axit sunfamic, H2SO4 , [Rh(H2O)x]
2(SO4)3,
K3RhCl6 , H3PO4,;
H2PtCl6 , (NH4)2HPO4 ,
Na2HPO4.12H2O ;
Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 , NH4NO3 , KNO2 ,
NH4OH
(NH4)2PtCl6 , NH4Cl ;
Thnh phn cht tham gia nh nhau

nhng c t l khc nhau:PdCl2 ,
NH4Cl , Na2HPO4.12H2O,
,(NH4)2HPO4, NH4OH(25%),
NaNO2,HCl
(NH4)2SO4 , axit benzoic, amon
sunfamat , sacarin;
Dung dch clorua InCl3 , NaCl, gelatin , tioure
Dung dch sunfat In2(SO4)3.9H2O , Na2SO4.10H2O ;

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
29
Chuyn M KIM LOI

7
M ruteni
Dung dch 1
Dung dch 2
(NH4)3(RuNCl8.2H2O) , HCl , amon

sunfamat
K3(RuNCl8.2H2O) , HCl , amon
fomiat
Ghi chu: Mt s dung dch trn thc cht co th pha ch theo nhng nng
khc nhau m c ch s dng trong cng ngh m
3.5 M HP KIM
TH
T
LOI
M
DUNG DCH M

K49
THN
H PHN M
Cng ngh mi trng-
30
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Hp kim
Cu_Zn
Hp kim
Cu_Sn
1
Hp kim
Cu_Pb
Hp kim
Cu _Ni
Hp kim
Cu_Co
Hp kim
Cu_Cd
Hp kim
Cu_Zn_Sn
Cc dung dch
CuCN, Zn(CN)2, KCN tng
xyanua,pyrophothnh
, KCO3(hoc
phnhat,etylendiamin,tatra NaCO3),NH4OH25%,CuSO
t
4.5H2O, ZnSO4.5H2O ,
Na4P2O7,axit oxalic, H3BO3,
(NH4)2SO4 ,
NH2CH2CH2CH2
,NaOH,KNaC4H4O6, gelatin
{vi thnh fn 15-45%
Cu (t CuCn) ,Sn (t
Sn}
SnCl2) ,KCN , NaOH
{ vi thnh fn Sn 54%} CuCN, SnSO4 , KCN ,
K4P2O7 ,K3PO4,keo
{ vi thnh fn Sn 50% } CuF2 , SnCl2, K4P2O7.3H2O
,gelatin , ,
{hp kim mu vng }
Tioure, CuSO4.5H2O ,
SnSO4 ,H2SO4,phenol ,
Nitrat
Cu(NO3)2 ,Pb(NO3)2 , KNO3
,HNO3
Xyanua
CuCN , Pb(CH3COO)2
,NaCN ,NaOH ,KNaC4H4O6
Pyrophothnh phnhat 1
Cu , Ni , K4P2O7
,KNaC4H4O6
Pyrophothnh phnhat 2
Cu + Co , K4P2O7 ,amon
xitrat ,(NH4)3C6H5O7
Dung d ch xyanua{ di
CuCN , Cd(CN)2 ,NaCN ,
vi HK cha5-15%Cd
}
{ di vi HK cha5CuSO4.5H2O
10%Cd
}
,CdSO4.8/3H2O ,
KNaC4H4O6 ,NaOH ,trilon B
thng dng dung dch c CuCN ,ZnO ,
thnh phn sau:
Na2SnO3.3H2O , NaCN
,Na2CO3 ;

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
31
Chuyn M KIM LOI

2
Hp kim ch Dung dch floborat

(Pb-Sn)
Pb(BF4)2 , Sn(BF4)2 , HBF4

,H3BO3 , pepton ,
Hydroqinon , formalin ,
cht c ch tng hp
Dung dch phenolsunfonat
Pb(C6H4OHSO3)2 ,
Sn(C6H4OHSO3)2
,C6H4OHSO3H , pepton
Dung dich sunfamat
Pb-In
Pb-Sn-Zn
Pb-Sn-Cu
Pb-Sn-Sb
Dunng dch floborat

(10-12% In)
Dunng dch floborat(i
vi hk : 91-93,5%)Pb;(68%)Sn;(0,5-5%)Zn
thng dng dung dch c
thnh phn sau:
(dung dch c thnh phn
sau:

K49
Pb(SO3NH2)2 ,
Sn(SO3NH2)2 , HSO3NH2 ,
Xetiltrimetilamonibromit
(cht bng)
Pb(BF4)2 , In(BF4)3 , HBF4
Pb(BF4)2 , Sn(BF4)2,
Zn(BF4)2, HBF4
Pb(BF4)2 , Sn(BF4)2,
Cu(BF4)2, HBF4 ,gelatin
Pb(BF4)2 , Sn(BF4)2 , HBF4 ,
H3BO3, Sb(BF4)3, pepton ,
Hydroquinon
Cng ngh mi trng-
32
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Hp kim
thic
(Sn-Zn)
Sn-Ni
Dung dch kim-xyanua

Dung dch pyrophothnh
phnhat
Dung dch dng cho HK
c :65%Sn v 35%Ni
Dung dch
pycrophothnh phnhat
Sn-Sb
Sn-Bi
i vi dung dch c
10%Sn;c thnh phn nh
sau:
Dung dch kim-stanat
Dung dch pyrophothnh
phnhat
Hp kim
km va Hp
kim cadimi
(i vi hp kim cha 8590%Cd-10-15%Zn)

(i vi hp kim cha 6070%Cd-30-40%Sn) dung
dch floborat
(i vi hp kim km
2%Ni) dung dch thng
dng
(i vi hp kim km 1525%Ni)
Dung d ch sunfamat
(i vi hp kim Cd-823%Ni)

K49
Na2SnO3. 3H2O , (ZnCN)2 ,

NaOH , NaCN
SnCl2.2H2O ,ZnO , K4P2O7
,NH4Cl , gelatin
NiCl2.6H2O , SnCl2.2H2O ,
NH4F , K4P2O7.3H2O , axit
quinolinsunfomic ,
etylendiamin , hydrazin
Sn2P2O7 , NiCl2.6H2O ,
K4P2O7 , Amon xitrat
((NH4)3C6H5O7
SnCl2.2H2O ,SbF3 , HCl ,
NH4F , gelatin , phenol
Kali stanat K2SnO3 ,
kalibitmutat KbiO3 , KOH ,
SnCl2.2H2O ,BiCl3 ,
Na2B4O7.10H2O , Trilon B ,
Gelatin
Cd(CN)2 , Zn(CN)2 , KCN ,
KOH
Sn(BF4)2 , Cd(BF4)2 ,
NH4BF4 , NH4CNS , ,H3BO3
, keo da/gelatin
Zn , Ni, NaCN, NaOH,
ZnO, NiCl2.6H2O, NH4Cl,
H3BO3 ,
Cd(H2NSO3)2,
Ni(H2NSO3)2, glycocol,
gelatin,
axit naphtadisunfonic
Cng ngh mi trng-
33
Chuyn M KIM LOI

5
Hp kim
nhm st
(Fe,Ni,Co)
(i vi hp kim Ni-2025%Fe) thng dng
(i vi hp kim t tnh
Ni-(60-85%)Co) thng
dng
(i vi hp kim t tnh
53%Ni-47%Co)dung dch
floborat
(i vi hp kim t tnh
80%Co-20%Ni) dng
dung dch sunfamat
(i vi hp kim nhm st
vi Mo, W) dng dung
dch pyrophothnh
phnhat
NiSO4.7H2O ,FeSO4.7H2O,
NH4Cl, NaCl,H3BO3 ,
Axit xitric, sacarin, 1,4butindiol, natri laurinsunfat
ph gia LTI-2
NiSO4.7H2O ,CoSO4.7H2O,
H3BO3 ,
KCl,
Ni(BF4)2, Co(BF4)2 ,
NiCl2.6H2O,
Ni(NH2SO3)2, Co(NH2SO3)2,
H3BO3 ,
MgCl2,
Dung dch
Xyanua m Ag-Sb
NaMoO4.nH2O, FeCl2.4H2O,
Na2P2O7.10H2O, NaHCO3,
CoCl2.NH2O, Hydrazin,
Na2WO4, NiCl2.6H2O,
(NH4)2HC6H5O7.H2ONH,
NH4Cl, NiSO4.7H2O
Ag+,Sb3+, KCN,
KNaC4H4O6, KOH
Dung dch
Xyanua m Ag-Cu
Ag+, Cu+, KCN, KOH,

K2CO3, K4P2O7,
Hp kim bc Dung dch

Ag+,Cd2+, NaCN, gelatin
Xyanua m Ag30%Cd(ant)
Dung dch m hp kim Ag Ag+, Pb2+,Sn2+ ,Bi3+, In3+,
v i Pb,Sn, Bi,In
KCN, KOH, KNaC4H4O6,
K4P2O7.3H2O, K4[ Fe(CN)6]
,KCNS,dextrin, glucoza,

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
34
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Dung dch m hp kim
Au-Cu
Hp kim
vng
7
vng, bc, KCN t do,

Dung dch m hp kim
Au- Ag
Dung dch m hp kim
Au-Ni v Au-Co
Dung dch m hp kim
Au-Sb
Dung dch m hp kim
Au-25%Pd
Dung dch m hp kim
Pd-Ni v Pd-Co
Dung dch m hp kim
Pd-In
Hp kim
platin
vng, ng, KCN t do,
Dung dch m hp kim

Rh-In v Rh-Ni,Rh- W
Au, Ni,Co, K4P2O7.3H2O,

KNaC4H4O6.4H2O, KCN,
K2CO3
Au, Sb ,KCN t do,
KNaC4H4O6.4H2O,
Vng, palai, KCN t do,
etylendiamin t do,
Pd, Ni, Co, NH4Cl, sacarin
NH4Cl, Pd, trilon B, In,
sacarin
Rodi, indi, Na2WO4, Niken,
H2SO4 , axit sunfamic,
H3BO3 , HF,
Ghi ch: hp kim Cu-Sn cn c th c m bng cc dung dch

khc:peclorat, pyrophothnh phnhat,glyxerat,kim
PHN III:HON THIN B MT V X L NHIM,

RA CC GII PHP MI TRNG
4.1 LI M U PHN III

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
35
Chuyn M KIM LOI
HON THIN B MT V X L NHIM, RA CC

GII PHP MI TRNG
-Ti vit nam vn mi trng nht l mi trng nc ngy cng c

quan tm. Vic pht trin kinh t i i vi bo v mi trng. tu theo tnh cht
tng ngnh cng nghip m nc thi c nhng c trng khc nhau.
-Tuy nhin c th ni ngnh cng ngh m in l ngnh gy nhim ngun
nc ln nht..Nc thi m cha nhiu thnh phn c hi nh xyanua, crom,
niken, ng, km nu khng c bin php x l nc thi thch hp n s gy
nn nhiu hu qu xu cho cc h sinh thi nc, ng thc vt v con ngi.
-Hin nay c nhiu phng php x l nc thi m in nh: phng php
kt ta ho hc, phng php hp ph, phng php trao i ion, phng php
in ho, phng php sinh hcTuy nhin p dng cc phng php ny vao
iu kin vit nam cn tnh n cc yu t kinh t k thut tho mn mc
ch pht trin kinh t i i vi bo v mi trng.
-Do thi gian thc hin v kin thc cn hn ch nn phn hon thin v x
l nhim mi trng khng trnh khi thiu xt. Em mong nhn c s ng
gp, b sung ca thy c gio.
Em xin cm n!
4.2 Hon thin lp m kim loi:

-Hon thin lp m sau khi m sn phm c hon thin ln cui t c
tnh thm m nh mong mun. hon thin lp m ngi ta c th dng
phng php th ng ho b mt sau khi m hoc phng php gia cng c kh
nh mi bavia, nh bng b mt.
-Sau khi m,lp m cha hon ton hon chnh,cn nhiu l xp,d b oxy ho,
bn, cng.cha t yu cu,do cn c khu hon thin lp m bng
nhiu phng php tu theo muc ch c th.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
36
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Lp m kim Cch lm
loi
Mc ch
1.M km
khc phc hin tng b

ph lp ZnCO3, Zn(OH)2,
lm m trng lm xu lp
m ng thi nng cao thm
kh nng bo v hoc kh
nng trang sc, sau khi m
phi hon thin lp m km
nhm nng cao tnh thm m
cng nh kh nng bo v
cho lp m cadimi.
1.1.Cromat ho(to lp mng th

ng)
1.2.sn ln lp m km
1.3.nhum mu lp m km
1.4.oxy ha lp m km
1.5.photphat lp m km
2.m caimi 2.1.cromat ho

2.2. nhum mu lp m caimi
2.3. oxy ha lp m caimi
2.4.kh gin hydro.
3.m thic
4.m ng
5.m kn
6.m bc
3.1.th ng lp b mt bng
phng php ho hc hay in ho
3.2.nung chy lp m thic
Thieecstaoj vn hoa thic
3.4. nhum mu lp m thic
4.1. cromat ho lp m ng
4.2. oxy ha v nhum mu lp
m ng
5.1. oxy ho nhit cao
5.2.nhum mu cho kim kim loi
va hp kim t dung dich kim
nng
th ng lp m kn
6.1.chng m cho lp m
6.2.oxy ho cho lp m bc
6.3.nhum mu cho bc
tng bn n mn cho
st ty lm v hp,tng
tnh thm m.
Nhm bo v chng oxy ho
Trnh hin tng l xp,tng
kh nng bo v.
Tng tnh thm m, chng

m xn. gim in tr tip
xc b mt.
4.3 Kim tra cht lng lp m:

Sau khi m v hon lp m bng phng php thich hp th tin hnh kim
tra lp m c bin php khc phc c th,hn loi sn phm.
4.3.1 Kim tra hnh dng bn ngoi:
Quan st bng mt di nh sng ban ngy hay nh sng n hunh quang
pht hin cc sai st, nhc im ca cc sn phm m theo cc tiu ch: gai, r,
nhm, vt xc, mu sc, ph kn, sn si
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
37
Chuyn M KIM LOI

4.3.2 o chiu dy lp m:
4.3.2.1 Phng php tia dng dung dch:
Ha tan lp m ti mt im bng dng dung dch c bit, xo lin tc cho
n khi nn l ra. Quan st di kim tra lp m.
4.3.2.2 Phng php tia dng th tch
-Dng dung dch n mn kim tra chiu dy. Quan st chiu dy ca lp m.
-Phng php nh git: nh mt git n mn ln b mt m cn kim tra. c th
lp li cho n khi ch th xut hin mu c trng ca lp m lt hay ca ng
thot ra do lp tip xc.
4.3.2.3 Phng php vt l :
phng php khng ph hu mu nh in t, phng x, dng in xoy, quang
hc.
4.3.2.4 Phng php mu b ph hu:
Nh kim tng, trng lng.
Chn phng php no l tu thuc vo vt liu nn v vt liu lp m
4.3.3 o xp lp m:
-o xp pht hin l xp, l h lp m bng cch cho thuc th cho chui qua
l thng v phn ng vi kim loi nn hay lp m lt thnh hp cht c mu.
4.3.4 o kn lp nhm oxit:
-Pht hin cc im, cc vng b mt nhm cha c ph lp oxit bng cch
nhng sn phm vo dung dch th c cha ion ng chng thot tip xc
thnh nguyn t ng c mu hng
4.3.5 o bn n mn ca m kim loi:
-Sau khi oxi ho, ra nc lnh, thm kh mu bng giy lc nh mt n hai
git dung dch th ln vi ba im cch xa nhau. Khi chuyn sang mu xanh lc
l kt thc thc nghim thi gian cha b bin mu cng lu chng t cht lng
bo v chng n mn ca m cng tt.
4.3.6 o gn bm ca lp m:
-C th xc nh gn bm ca lp m vi nn bng cc phng php n
gin cho kt qu gn ng sau y.
Cng ngh mi trng- 38
K49
Chuyn M KIM LOI

4.3.6.1 Phng php gch kha:
-Dng mi nhn st cng kha thng lp ph thnh nhng ng ct thng gc
vi nhau quan st ch giao nhau nu lp m khng b bong vnh ti cc nh
gc vung l t yu cu v gn bm.
4.3.6.2 Phng php b gp:
-Vi nhng tm, l mng c th th gn bm bng cch b gp mu 90 .
S ln b c trng cho gn bm ca lp m vi nn.
4.3.6.3 Phng php nung nng:
Nung nng mu th ln n 200-250oC. do h s gin n ca kim loi m v
kim loi nn khc nhau gy nn ng sut ln lm lp m bong ra nu gn
bm khng tt.
4.3.6.4 o cng lp m:
cng t vi lp m thng o bng cch dng mt ph ti P kim tra
cng H.
NHIM TRONG CNG NGH M IN:
5.1 nhim nhit:

Nhit cng ngh m in khng s dng nhit cao nn nhim nhit gn
nh khng c.
5.2 nhim ting n:

Ngun gc:ch yu l ti cc xng gia cng c kh nh dp hn, nh bng.
Gii php:khi lm vic cng nhn cn c trang b khu trang, gng tay, nt
bt ti, nhm gim nh hng ca kh thi v ting n.
5.3 nhim kh thi:

5.3.1 Ngun gc gy nhim khng kh:
-bi sinh ra trong qu trnh nh bng:do bi kim loi c t trng nng nn
khng pht tn i xa c, nhim thp v c th dng xiclon x l.
-kh thi nh hi kim t cng oan ty du m,hi axit t cng on hot
ho b mt,hi H2CrO4 v H2SO4 t khu m crom.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
39
Chuyn M KIM LOI

-hi dung mi hu c t khu sy.
-kh thi t l hi,phng tin giao thng ni b cha SO2,Nox,CO2.
5.3.2 Phng php x l kh thi:
5.3.2.1 Thng gi cho xng m: kim sot hi axit cromit v hi kim
thot ra trong qu trinh m.
-Qu trnh chun b vt m v qu trnh m thng pht sinh mt lng ln hi,
kh bi c hi i vi con ngi v lam h hi my mc, v th xng m
nht thit phi c trang b tt thit b thng gi m bo v sinh cng
nghip.
-Cc b m u c lp t h thng ht v x l hi sinh ra trong qu trnh
m, m bo nng hi, kh thi sau x l t. TCVN 5939- 5540-1995. h
thng gm cc ming ht trn tng b cn thit.
-Hin ti nhiu nh my c s dng h thng x l kh thi vi phn xng m.
Kh thi bao gm hi kim, hi axit, hi kim loi c qut ht trc tip t cc
b a vo thp ra v c ty sch qua nhiu cng on x l sau:
+ Lm t v h nhit kh thi bng nc phun
+ Gim tc,ht dnh
+ Phun nc ty ra c t
+ Chn kh m v a kh sch thot ra khng kh
+ Cho php tun hon s dng nc ra sau thi vo b nc thi
x l chung.
H thng x l c th t 90% hiu qu x l.
5.3.2.2 Thit k thng gi cho xng m:

Phng m phi c thit k ng quy nh v khong cch gia cc thit b,
din tch dnh cho ng vn chuyn phi trang b h thng ht kh, si, ht
m, sao cho phng lun thng thong, nhit khng di 18 0C, m khng
qu 70-75%.Kho bo qun ha cht, nht l mun xyanua, phi c qut ht kh
ra t pha di.Cc b ta hi, kh c hi phi trang b mng ht kh ti ming
b ta nhiu kh c hi nh b ty ng v hp kim ng phi t trong t
ht kn.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
40
Chuyn M KIM LOI

i vi nh xng sn xut, khi thit k c ch n s thng gi t nhin
gim lng kh c hi nht l phn xng m.
5.3.2.3 Thng gi cho phng my mi v nh bng:

Phng ny pht sinh nhiu bi kim loi, bi bng vi, bi ht mi v hwoi
thuc mi, nh bng phi t phng ny cch xa phng m, phng th
nghim, ng thi ph ht bi cc b ti bnh mi, bnh nh bng v phi thi
gi ti mt vo ch cng nhn thao tc my. Nn tn dng thng gi v nh
sng t nhin ti a cho phng ny.
Tc khng kh trong ng phi t 1620m/s cho tc khng kh b
hut ti ming v chp khng thp hn 34m/s mi sc ht c bi kim loi
vo ng.
Khng kh ht t cc my m nh bng tc khi thi ra ngoi tri phi
c lm sch ht bi, bn. Thit b lm sch c th l xyclon, bung lng,
bung ra, lc t
5.3.2.4 Thng gi cho phng phun ct v phun bi kim loi

Phun ct lm sch b mt kim loi phi dng tia ct c p sut ln 6kg/cm2,
hin nay ang s dng phng php phun ct t hoc phun bi hay ct kim loi.
phng phun ct phi cch li khi phng m, phng c kh v cc phng k bi
khc.
5.3.2.5 H thng ng thng gi:
Thit b tch bi trong kh thi, da trn nguyn tc tc dng ca trng lc,
lc qun tnh v lc li tm c th tch kh hoc t c chia lm ba nhm thit
b: bung lng, bung xoy lc, xyclon v bung nn tch bi,
Bung lng lng bi ht to c hm lng n 200g/m3,
Bung xoy lc lng bng lc li tm
Bung nn v cyclon tch bi, khng kh vo nn ln tch bi v ra khi nn
bng khe 60 , bi trong nn nh cng vi 5-7% khng kh theo ng dn n
xyclon ri tch ra v ri xung bung cha cn khng kh sch c qut phng
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
41
Chuyn M KIM LOI

khng ra ngoi. Loi ny thng dng lm sch bi cho phng phun ct. Nh c
b tch bi hnh nn m xyclon c th nh i t 3-6 ln.
Lp dt h thng cyclon d cng st ht thu gom bi cho cc khu vc sn
xut:mi v nh bng vnh, nh bng trong vnh, nh bng cnhv nh
bng ng x,
Cc cyclon ny l loi t bao gm 2 phn:phn tch bi v phn phun nc
gom bi nh l lng v b lng.
5.4 nhim t cht thi rn:

5.4.1 Ngun gc cht thi rn:
-Thp vn t qu trnh sn xut cc cng on dp to hnh cn bao b
ho cht c th cc bao nilon , bao ti, bao giy, ng ho cht dng kh,
cc can ng ho cht dng lng
-Bn lng t h thng x l cht thi c cha kim loi nng: vi h thng x
l hin i lng bn sau khi nn p ch cn gn 500 tn/nm.
-Cht thi rn trong sinh hot:cht thi nh bp, cht thi vn phng
-Cng on lm sch b mt y s dng cc loi my mi, my nh
bng,ct v my phun ct.Do lng ct to ra c th coi l cht thi.
i vi mt s c s sn xut loi va th lng cht thi rn sinh hot th
khng qu 600m3 /nm.
Cht thi rn t qu trnh sn xut cng ngh m in cha nhiu kim loi
nng v c cc cht thi c hi khc. V th n s gy nhim t v ngun
nc nu khng c x l v chn lp cn thn. Cc cht gy nhim ny
c th theo chui dinh dng i vo c th ngi gy ra nhng bnh nguy
him.
5.4.2 Phng php x l cht thi rn:
Lng cht thi rn c to thnh khng ng k v c x l nh sau:
-Cht thi rn sinh hot c a i x l cng vi rc thi ca thnh ph.
Cng ty hp ng vi cng ty mi trng a phng vn chuyn ti bi
chn lp theo quy nh
-Ph thi kim loi, y ch yu l thp vn th c ti s dng quay tr
li ni sn xut thp sn xut thp thnh phn.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
42
Chuyn M KIM LOI

-Ring ngun thi c cha kim loi nng c thu gom v x l tp trng
theo quy trnh cng ngh cn thit cng ty k hp ng vi nhng n v
chuyn v x l cht thi c hi v ni x l.
5.5 nhim nc thi v nc ra:

5.5.1 Ngun gc gy nhim nc
-Ngun nc thi t khu x l b mt cho m, nc thi sau khi m. Lng
nc cha cht rn l lng, du m, ha cht x l, v cc ha cht m. Gm
c:
-Nc thi mang tnh kim: Sinh ra khi ty du m c cha Na2SO3, Na3PO4,
Na2SiO2, nc thi mang tnh axit: t khu hot ha b mt H2SO4, H3PO4,
nc thi m c cha cc cht ha hc nh H2CrO4, H2SO4
-Nc thi sinh hot ni b nh my cha cn b cht rn l lng , cht hu c,
cht dinh dng (nitrogen, photpho) v vi sinh.
-Nc ma chy trn
-Lng nc thi sinh ra khng n nh m lun thay i theo qu trnh sn
xut. Nc thi c thnh phn rt a dng, nng li thay i rt rng, pH thay
i t axit trung tinh, hoc kim.
-Ta ch xt lng nc thi ra do qu trnh sn xut ch khng tnh ra ring
d dng hn cho qu trnh x l.
5.5.2 Lu lng v thnh phn cc cht nhim c trng trong nc thi
ngnh m in:
-Trong cng ngh xi m, lng nc thi pht sinh khng nhiu, i vi cc c
s nh khong 5 - 10 m3/ngy v i vi c s ln khong 12 - 50 m3/ngy.
Nc thi trong ngnh xi m bao gm nc ra trc m v nc ra sau m,
trong cc cht gy nhim trong nc ra trc m ch yu l nc thi c
pH qu cao (pH > 9) hoc qu thp (pH < 4), st v du m (sinh ra t khu ty
du), SO42-, Trong khi , cc kim loi nng pht sinh ch yu trong phn
nc ra sau m, v ty thuc vo loi hnh m m nc thi c th cha cc
kim loi nng khc nhau nh: crom, niken, km, ng,
- i tng x l chnh nc thi m l cc ion v c m t bit l cc mui
kim loi nh crom, niken, ng, km, xyanua, cromat, st

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
43
Chuyn M KIM LOI

5.5.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi ti Vit Nam:
- Vit Nam cc cng ngh c p dng x l nc thi cha kim loi
nng ch yu l kt ta v keo t. Cc phng php x l nc thi khc
nh trao i ion, in ha, ch c nghin cu m cha c p dng.
S liu kho st thc t cho thy, nc thi sau x l ca mt s nh my
xi m vn cha t tiu chun x thi, nguyn nhn l do thnh phn nc
thi rt phc tp. Nc thi khng ch cha kim loi nng m chng cn
c pH dao ng rt ln t nc rt kim (pH >9) n nc rt axit
(pH<3), v hm lng du khang cao, v th vic x l rt kh khn
v rt tn km. Gi thnh x l nc thi dao ng t 10.000 - 20.000
ng/m3 cha tnh n chi ph x l bn thi v y cng l mt trong
nhng l do m cc nh my xy dng trm x l nc thi nhng khng
vn hnh thng xuyn, mc ch ch l i ph cc c quan qun l.
5.5.4 Bng cc ch s nhim kim loi nng ca nc thi m in

Nc thi cha Tiu chun kim sot
Ch tiu
n v
x l
TCVN 5945 - 1995
Loi B
Loi C
pH
3,11
5,5 9,0
5 9,0
Niken
mg/l
5 85
1,0
2,0
Crom
mg/l
1,0 100
0,1
0,5
Km
mg/l
2,0 150
1,0
5
ng
mg/l
15 200
0,1
5
St
mg/l
1,0 5,0
5,0
10
Xyanua
mg/l
1,0 50
6,1
0,2
Ghi ch:
+ Nc thi cng nghip c thng s v nng cc cht thnh phn bng
hoc nh hn gi tr quy nh trong ct B c vo vng nc khng dng
lm ngun nc cp sinh hot.
+ Nc thi cng nghip c thng s v nng cc cht thnh phn ln
hn gi tr quy nh trong ct B v nh hn gi tr trong ct C. Ch c
vo ng ni quy nh.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
44
Chuyn M KIM LOI

5.5.5 Tng quan v cc phng php x l nc thi m in:
-Trong cng ngh m in dung dch m c lc v gi li trong b m, phn
ho cht tiu hao c b sung thm gi nguyn thnh phn dung dch.
-Xong m in l cng nghip s dng nhiu hp cht khc nhau trong cc cng
on khc nhau t khu lm sch phi n khu m, s dng nc v cc ho
cht ty ra vt m trc khi cho vo m cng nh sau khi ly ra thc hin
cc cng on cho n khi hon thnh sn phm, sy kh, ng gi.
-Cht thi chnh ca qu trnh m l nc thi xi m, nc ra tu cc phng
php m khc nhau nh m ng, crom, niken, thic, km m cc cht c
cha hm lng cc mui kim loi v c khc nhau. im ging nhau ca nc
thi cng ngh m l cha nhiu mui kim loi ho tan c pH thay i rng
t axit mnh n kim mnh. Do cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ngh
m cng c mt s phng php chnh da trn tnh cht ca cc mui kim loi
c trong nc thi.
-Lm sch nc thi ca cng ngh xi m c nhim v chnh l loi b cc ion
kim loi nng c trong nc thi v gy c cho con ngi nh km, cromat,
niken, st, ng, ch, thu ngn v cc cht c khc nh xyanua, cc cht hot
ng b mt, cc cht hu c ph gia.
gii quyt vic gim thiu cc ho cht c trong nc ta phn loi nh sau:
5.5.6 Phn loi cc loi nc thi trong m in:
5.5.6.1 c im nc thi cha xyanua:
- Xyanua l cht c tnh c rt cao v s gy t vong nu n vo, ht vo hoc
thm vo da..
-Ngoi ion t do CN- cn c phc xyanua, km, cadimi, ng,mui,mm,cht
hu c.Dao ng t 5-300mg/l,nng tng cc kim loi 30-70 mg/l,pH>7 v
cha mt t tp cht c hc.
-Cng ngh m ng, km, Cadmi, vng thng cha hp cht rt c hi
nh: Na(CN)2, KCN, CuCN2, Fe(CN)2 v cc gc xyanua phc tp [ Cu(CN)2]1-,
[ Cu(CN)3]2- , [ Cu(CN)4]3- , [ Zn(CN)4]3- . Lng xyanua trong nc thi m
dao ng rt ln t 10300mg/l.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
45
Chuyn M KIM LOI

-Cn x l nng xyanua (CN-) khng qu 0,01mg/l. C th dng sunphat
st FeSO4.7H2O bin CN- thnh mt hp cht xanh berlin hay xanh prux
lm cho xyanua tr thnh khng c.
- Qun l cht thi c xyanide rt l tn km. Bng cch khng dng hay gim
s dng xyanua bn c th gim bt c chi ph x ly v trch nhim php l
c lin quan n vic qun l v hy b cht thi c xyanua.
5.5.6.2Cc phng php lm sch xyanua trong cht thi:

5.5.6.2.1 Lm sch nc thi xyanua bng phng php ha hc:
Nguyn tc:oxi ha xyanua t do v phc ca n thnh hp cht t c hn,
xyanat hoc kh nit v cacbonic.Cht oxy ha c th l:nc Clo, H2O2
,NaOCl, CaOCl2, KMnO4
-iu kin tin hnh :oxi ho cc xyanua ph thuc vo:
+Loi cht oxi ho s dng, nng xyanua t do v phc cht, pH ca
dung dch.
+Liu lng cht oxi ho quyt nh mc sch ca nc sau x l,
nhng liu lng ny ph thuc vo nng xyanua v dng tn ti ca chng
trong nc thi, vo pH v bin ng pH trong qu trnh x l. Nng
xyanua cng long cng tn nhiu cht oxi ho. Nh vy mi oxi ho trit
xyanua c
5.5.6.2.1.1Oxy ho xyanua dng cc hp cht Clo
-Dng dung dch NaOCl c th tch ln. Oxi ho xyanua bng clo v hp cht
cha clo phi tin hnh trong phm vi pH=8,5-12 tu loi cht oxi ho, tu pH
mi trng v cht oxi ho m xyanua c th b oxi ho thnh xyanat hoc
cacbonic v nit.
- x l xyanua quy ra 1kg HCN cn dng 3,9 kg lng Clo. m bo
thng phi dng gp i, khuy trong b ln lin tc trong mt gi.
-Trong qu trnh trung ho xyanua c to ra hydroxit Ca(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 ,
Fe(OH)3 , gi pH t 7,59 kim tra.
5.5.6.2.1.2 xy ho xyanua bng FeSO4
Trong iu kin sn xut nh cc xng m th cng nghip vic trung ho
CN- tin hnh thun li bng dung dch sunphat st FeSO4.7H2O:
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
46
Chuyn M KIM LOI
Fe2+ + 6CN- = Fe(CN)64Phn ng tip theo to kt ta khng tan:

Fe(CN)64-+ Fe2+ = Fe2Fe(CN)6 (xanh berlin)
Hay 3Fe(CN)6 +4 Fe3+ = Fe4[Fe(CN)6 ]3 (xanh prux)
Oxi ho nc thi xyanua bng ozne , KMnO4, FeSO4, c nhiu u im v
mt cng ngh hn dng clo v chng khng sinh ra cc hp cht trung gian bay
hi.
Oxi ho nc thi xyanua bng ozne thch hp cho trng hp cn x l
nc thi ln m trong c cha cc cation ng, kn, nu khng c lm
sch thm c th dng li nc sn xut ca xng.
u im:
-Gim c tng lng nc trong nc x l do phn hy c cc xyanua v
ui c ht oxi , nit v mt phn H2CO3.
-Sau khi tch cc hydroxit kim loi nng bng cch lng, gn, c th lm sch
thm nc x l dng li bng phng php trao i ion hay in thm tch
5.5.6.2.1.3Kh c nc thi bng KMnO4: thch hp cho nng sut nh v
trang thit b vn hnh n gin nhng t do KmnO4 cao.
5.5.6.2.2 Lm sch nc thi xyanua bng phng php in ho
-Khi x l s sinh NH4+, xyanat, Na3CO3, ure, trn catot thng c kim loi
thot ra. Anot c th l thp khng g.
-Nc thi cha nhiu xyanua nn cho thm NaCl hoc NaOH ri mi in
phn v khi ti anot ngoi oxi cn c ion ClO-, lm tng thm tc dng oxi
ho nng cao hiu qu lm sch nc v tit kim in nng tiu th.
-C th in phn, ch to NaClO t mui ri dng nh mt ho cht.
u im:n l x l c nc thi cha nhiu hoc t xyanua hoc thit b ch
to NaClO kh n gin r,
-Sau khi oxi ho xyanua cn tch kim loi nng trong nc thi, khu ny c
tin hnh ng thi vi vic lm sch nc thi kim- axit chung ca xng.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
47
Chuyn M KIM LOI

5.5.6.3 i vi nc thi cha Cr6+ v Ni2+:
5.5.6.3.1 Phng php kh - kt ta ha hc:
Nguyn tc: Kh Cr6+ rt c v Cr3+ l dng t c hn sau loi b Cr3+v
Ni2+ bng cch cho kt ta vi NaOH hoc Ca(OH)2 gi tr pH ti u, cc
hidroxit kim loi to thnh kt ta.
-Cht kh c th dng l natri sunffit, natri bisunfit, natri hydrosunfit v st (II)
sunfat, kh SO2, phoi thp v d:
Dng FeSO4 trong mi trng axit:
H2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 6H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 +7H2O
Dng FeSO4 trong mi trng kim:
Na2CrO4 + 3FeSO4 + 4NaOH + 4H2O = Cr(OH)3 + 3Fe(OH)3 + 3
Na2SO4
Dng cht kh c cha ion SO32- :phi tin hnh trong mi trng pH=2,5-3,5.
nu pH ln hn 3,5-4 phn ng kh Cr6+ s b ngng li cho d cht kh c
dng d i na.
-Nng Cr6+ trong nc thi c ngha rt quan trng. khi nng Cr6+ thp
qu th s tn nhiu cht kh, pH cng cao cng tiu tn cht kh
-Nn kh bng FeSO4 trong mi trng kim v s tn dng dung dch kim
hng , dung dch kim ty m, nc thi kim tnh kim ho nc thi cn
x l.
-Lm sch Cr6+ c th lm sch bng phng php in keo t vi anot thp ho
tan, phi thm ion Cl- khc phc hin tng th ng anot v catot.
Cch kh Cr6+ v Cr3+ trong cng nghip:
-Dung dch phn ng c bm vo b lng ng, b lc bn nc sau lc
a vo b iu ha, ti y s dng dung dch axit sunphuric hoc tn dng
axit ty r iu ha pH v gi tr t 69 cho ph hp vi tiu chun dng thi,
bn thi c lm kh v em i chn ct.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
48
Chuyn M KIM LOI

5.5.6.3.1.1S x l nc thi kim loi nng bng phng php kt ta:
- kt ta 1kg Ni2+ lng Ca(OH)2 cn dng l 1,52kg.

5.5.6.3.1.2Loi b Cr3+ v Ni2+ dng kt ta:
-Nc thi sau khi loi b ht Cr6+ c ho chung vi nc thi kim-axit
lm sch tip .Cui cng c tch khi nc thi di dng kt ta hydroxyt
bng cch kim ho nc thi n pH=8,5-8,8.
-Thng thng pH >7 cc ion kim loi km, ch, ng, crom, niken, st to ra
hydroxyt khng tan : Zn(OH)2, Ni(OH), Cu(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, Fe(OH)3,
Cr(OH)3 ..to bng lng v d dng ht ra khi cht thi.
-Nu th tch nc thi x l nh nn dng phoi kim loi kh : thit b n
gin, kim loi tn t.Lm sch nc thi Cr c th dng thit b lm vic gin
on theo chu k.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
49
Chuyn M KIM LOI

5.5.6.4 X l cc cation kim loi nng trong nc thi:
Cng ngh m in sinh ra nhiu cht thi c hi, c bit l kim loi nng gy
nhim mi trng xung quanh.
5.5.6.4.1 Phng php trao i ion:
Nguyn tc:
-Cho nc thi lc ln lt qua hai ct cationit v anionit, cc cation tp cht s
c gi li ct u, cc anion tp cht s c gi li trong ct cui, nc tr
nn rt sch hon ton c th dng li
5.5.6.4.1.1Cch tin hnh phng php trao i ion:
-Cho nc thi ln lt lc qua ct cationit v anionit. Nc thi khi tip xc

vi nha cationit cc kim loi nng s c gi li ct u do trao i vi H+
nha:
R-H + Me-X = Rme + H+ + X-
R-H l nha trao i cation Me l kim loi nng

-Tip theo nc thi lc qua ct trao i anion, cc anion trong nc thi s
c gi li ct cui do trao i vi OH- ca nha. Ion OH- chuyn vo nc
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
50
Chuyn M KIM LOI

kt hp vi cc ion H+ to thnh nc khi nc tr nn rt sch v c th
dng li:
R-OH + X- = R-X + OHH+ + OH-= H2O
-R-OH l nha trao i anion
-X- l anion
-Sau thi gian cc ct ionit c th ti sinh:
+nc ra cationit cha cc ion v axit d c a i thu hi v dng
vo vic khc, cation nc ra cationit c ti sinh v bt u chu k mi.
+nc ra anionit cha cc ion v axit d c a i thu hi v dng
vo vic khc, anion nc ra anionit c ti sinh v cng bt u chu k mi ,
-Nu nc thi ch c mt loi cation tp cht th qua trao i ion s tch c
ring anion nn c th dng li ngay cho b tng ng ca xng y.Nu
nc thi hn hp th dung dch ti sinh s cha nhiu loi cation. mun s dng
v tch ring ra.
Thit b trao i ion:
-Thit b un chnh gm mt ct cha nha trao i ion nh hnh v, ct trao
i ion c th t ch bng nha PVC s dng ng nha PVC loi ng knh
= 220mm v cc chi tit c sn.
-Nc ra ca c s xi m gom v h gom, qua bc tch rc
-C th t hng v mua cc thit b trao i ion ti cc ca hng chuyn doanh
x l nc theo yu cu.
Cc iu kin k thut cn tun th:
- Phi lc sch tp cht c hc hp ph ht du m, cht hu c v cht lm
c nha ionit ri mi thi v lc.
- Mi lng mui tp cht trong nc thi khng qu 12mg/l v vy cn
giai on ra thu hi trc gim bt nng ha cht trong cht thi.
5.5.6.4.1.2u im:
- Din tch s dng thp.
- Tc x l nhanh.
- Thao tc vn hnh n gin.
- Nc thi sau x l c th s dng li.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
51
Chuyn M KIM LOI

-Phng php trao i ion cng thch hp vi vic lm sch nc thi crom
v nc thi kim-axit nhng phi tch ring chng ra.
-Trong nhiu trng hp phng php trao i ion c dng lm sch
thm cho nc qua x l bng ho cht
5.5.6.4.1.3Nhc im:
- Chi ph u t v vn hnh cao.
- Ch thch hp vi qui m nng sut nh.
5.5.6.5Lm sch nc thi kim-axit:

Nguyn tc:trung ho pH=8,5-9 kt ta cc kim loi trong nc thi.
-Vic trung ho nc thi kim-axit c th tin hnh t ng bng cch ho trn
cc dng nc thi ca xng v b sung thm nc thi xyanua, nc thi
crom qua x l.
-Sau lng gn tch cc kim loi,mun loi b trit kim loi sau khi lng
gn cn gia cng nc thm bng ho cht ri lc trn my lc c.
-Nc t my lc ,c bit l lc c thm sunfocacbon c th a phn ln
chng v h thng cp dn nc dng li, hay dn ton b n ni no cn
dng nc c cht lng khng cao lm.
u im:kh c c hi cho nc thi
Nhc im:tuy nhin khng thu hi c cc cht c ch nh cc kim loi, cc
axit, kim, ho cht x l
5.5.6.6Phng php in ha:

Nguyn l: Chuyn ha cc cht bn c hi trc tip bng phn ng in cc
trn anot v catot. Cn b sung ion Cl- v nc thi khc phc hin tng th
ng anot v catot.
5.5.6.6.1 u im:
-Thu hi kim loi sch v kim loi qu
-Cng ngh n gin d t ng ha.
-Khng tiu tn cht x l
5.5.6.6.2 Nhc im:
- Tiu tn nhiu in nng nn chi ph x l ln (0,22kwh/m3)
- Thch hp vi nc thi c hm lng ion kim loi nh
Cng ngh mi trngK49
52
Chuyn M KIM LOI

- Khi c nhiu ion khc nhau th kh iu khin qu trnh x l do c nhiu
yu t nh hng
5.5.6.7Phng php sinh hc:

-Phng php sinh hc d x l nc thi cha kim loi nng hin nay ang
c ch nghin cu v ng dng do c nhiu u im ln v hiu qu kinh t
Nguyn tc: S dng cc loi thc vt, cc thy vi sinh vt him kh v ym
kh, bo t ong, to tiu th kim loi nng trong nc thi .Cc vi sinh vt
ny s dng kim loi nng nh ngun dinh dng pht trin
-Hin nay c mt s nghin cu p dng to x l crom, niken vi hiu
sut khong 80%.
-Tuy nhin vic p dng phng php sinh hc cn nhiu hn ch do phi m
bo cc iu kin v dinh dng, nhit v hm lng kim loi nng khng
qu cao khi vi sinh vt mi tn ti c.
u im ca phng php sinh hc:
- chi ph x l thp
- khng tn ha cht v nng lng vn hnh
- thn thin vi mi trng
5.5.6.7.1.1Nhc im:
- mt bng ln
- thi gian x l di khi c nhiu kim loi th hiu qu thp
- cn m bo iu kin mi trng cho vi sinh vt pht trin.
do vy khng thch hp vi c s nm trong thnh ph hoc dn c.
5.5.6.8Phng php hp ph
5.5.6.8.1.1Nguyn tc:
Tch cc cu t c hi nh Ni2+, Cr6+ ra khi pha lng v chuyn vo b mt
hoc trong mao qun ca cc cht hp ph. y l phng php c nhiu trin
vng trong x l nc thi cha kim loi nng. mt s nghin cu cho thy hi
sut x l Cr6+ ti 97% vi cc cht hp ph l than hot tnh, cc vt liu hp
ph l oxit nhm, mt ca, than hot tnh, zolit
5.5.6.8.1.2Nhc im:
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
53
Chuyn M KIM LOI

- ch thch hp vi nng kim loi thp do cn c cc bin php x l
s b nh pha long hoc hoc keo t
- chi ph ln
Kt lun : mi phng php c mt u nhc im nht nh. Phng php
kh-kt ta c nhiu u th v thch hp cho phn xng m ln ,m bo c
cc yu cu k thut cng nh kinh t. phng php ny thng s dng cht
kh l FeSO4, cht kh ny ch to d dng t qu trnh sn xut (tn dng axit
thi v phoi thp) nn c th gim ng k chi ph x l sau kt ta Ni2+ v
Cr3+ bng Ca(OH)2.Do quyt nh ti gi thnh sn phm sau kt ta Ni2+
v Cr3+bng Ca(OH)2.
5.5.7 i vi nc ra thu hi: nc ra thu hi c dng b xung
vo b m mi khi cn ( nht l cc b c un nng), trng hp khng
cn ht cn t chc tch trit cc kim loi khi nc ra thu hi bng cc
phng php: ni in phn, in phn dng ngoi, chng ct
Mi quan h gia nc ra,cng ngh ra v nc thi trong cng ngh m
in.
S
ra
Nc tiu
th
Cng ngh m
Cht lng
ra
Cht lng
m
Cht lng
nc
c tnh nc thi
phng php x l nc thi

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
54
Chuyn M KIM LOI
5.5.7.1X l nc ra thu hi:

5.5.7.1.1 Phng php ni in phn:
t cc in cc bng kim loi c in th kh m (Mg v Al) vo b cha dung
dch thu hi ri ni ngn mch vi cc tm thp bn n mn. gia chng s xut
hin mt hiu s in th. Mg v Al tr thnh anot ha tan ra, cn thp tr thnh
catot v kim loi t dung dch s thot ra di dng bt hoc mng xp.
phng php cho php thu li hu nh hon ton cc kim loi ng, thic, v
hp kim ch, cadimi v cc kim loi qu.
5.5.7.1.2 Phng php in phn bng dng ngoi:
-V b c dng lm mt trong hai in cc. catot bng thp khng r. anot
bng thp khng r, grapit, ch, khong cch gia cc in cc t 50100mm.
Cn khuy o mnh dung dch trong khi in phn.
5.5.7.1.3 Phng php chng ct:
-Phng php chng ct c c ha cht trong nc ra n nng thch
hp ri dng li b.
5.5.8 SO SNH V HIU QU V GI THNH CC
PHNG PHP X L NC THI.

Phng php lm sch
hiu qu lm Gi
thnh, Gi thnh,
sch, %
n v tin/m3 n
v
tin/kg
Lm sch bng ho cht (trung 80-95
50-80
340-380
ho, kh, oxy ho cc cht v c)
v lm mt phn cht hu c
Lc (tp cht keo, hydroxyt, 50-90
huyn ph)
30-80
20-50
Hp ph bng than hot tnh (cc 90-98

cht v c v hu c)
100-200
400-500

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
55
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Trao i ion (cc cht v c, n, 80-92
hp cht cha P)
60-200
360-500
Thm thu ngc (siu lc) dng 65-95

cho cht v c ho tan.
50-300
10-20
in thm tch dng cho cc cht 60-80

v c v mt phn cc cht hu
c ho tan
65-100
2-5
Chng ct
200-500
100-200
90-98
CC PHNG PHP MI GIP GIM THIU V X L CHT

NHIM TRONG CNG NGH M IN TT HN.
Hin nay c kh nhiu phng php mi nhm lm sch nc thi ng thi thu
hi li cc kim loi. cc phng php trin vng nht l va lm sch nc thi
va thu hi li cc cht c gi tr ring tng bc ca qu trnh cng ngh. u
im ca chng l tch ring ra tng cu t ch khng ch l thu hi dng hn
hp cc cu t.
6.1 SN XUT SCH HN :

UNEP dnh ngha sn xut sch hn l:
.vic p dng lin tc chin lc phng nga tng hp v mi trng vo
cc qu trnh sn xut, sn phm v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut sinh thi
v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng.
Mc tiu ca sn xut sch hn l trnh nhim bng cch s dng ti nguyn,
nguyn vt liu v nng lng mt cch c hiu qu nht. iu ny c ngha l
thay v b thi b s c thm mt t l nguyn vt liu na c chuyn vo
thnh phm. t c iu ny cn phi phn tch mt cch chi tit v h
thng trnh t vn hnh cng nh thit b sn xut hay yu cu mt nh gi v
sn xut sch hn.
Cc gii php v sn xut sch hn c th l:
-Trnh cc r r, ri vi trong qu trnh vn chuyn v sn xut, hay cn gi l
kim sot ni vi;
-m bo cc iu kin sn xut ti u t quan im cht lng sn phm, sn
lng, tiu th ti nguyn v lng cht thi to ra;
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
56
Chuyn M KIM LOI

-Trnh s dng cc nguyn vt liu c hi bng cch dng cc nguyn liu thay
th khc;
-Ci tin thit b ci thin qu trnh sn xut;
-Lp t thit b sn xut c hiu qu, v
-Thit k li sn phm c th gim thiu lng ti nguyn tiu th.
6.1.1.1.1 Sn xut sch hn v kim sot nhim:
-Sn xut sch hn khng ging nh x l cui ng ng, v d nh x l kh
thi, nc thi hay b thi rn. Cc h thng x l cui ng ng lm gim ti
lng nhim nhng khng ti s dng c phn nguyn vt liu mt i.
-Do , x l cui ng ng lun lun lm tng chi ph sn xut. Trong khi ,
sn xut sch hn mang li cc li ch kinh t song song vi gim ti lng
nhim.
-Sn xut sch hn ng ngha vi gim thiu cht thi v phng nga nhim.
-Sn xut sch hn cng l mt bc hu ch cho h thng qun l mi trng
nh ISO14000.
6.1.2 Li ch ca SXSH(sn xut sch hn):
-Sch hn tt hn cho cc doanh nghip
-Li ch v mt mi trng:
-Ci thin hiu sut sn xut,s dng nguyn liu, nc, nng lng c hiu qu
hn;
-Ti s dng phn bn thnh phm c gi tr;
-Gim nhim:gim chi ph x l v thi b cc cht thi rn,
nc thi, kh thi; to nn hnh nh v mnh tt hn; v ci thin sc kho ngh
nghip v v an ton.
-Gim nguyn liu v nng lng s dng
-Tip cn ti chnh d dng hn.
-Cc c hi th trng mi v c ci thin: thc hin nh gi sn xut sch
hn s gip cho vic thc hin h thng qun l mi trng nh ISO 14001 d
dng hn.
-To nn hnh nh cng ty tt hn.
-Mi trng lm vic tt hn.
-Tun th lut mi trng tt hn.
6.1.3 33 gii php sn xut sch hn vi cng ngh m in:
Dng thi
Nguyn
nhn

K49
Gii php sn xut sch hn

Cng ngh mi trng-
57
Chuyn M KIM LOI

1.Tiu
hao 1.1. Do lng
nhiu ha cht tp cht du
m, g nn thi
gian s dng
ca b dung
dch nh
1.2.Do
cht
ng cn
1.3. Ha cht
bay hi thnh
m kh
1.1.1. Gim st cht ch qu trnh sn

xut bao gm kim sot, hiu chnh, v lm
sch cc b
1.1.2. Kh du m lin tc bng cch
vt vng bt li tm hoc lm bay hi trong
b ty du m
V sinh b x l thng xuyn
1.3.1. S dng cht to bt b in

phn, axit nhm lm gim din tch b mt
dung dch tip xc vi khng kh lm gim
s bc hi ca ha cht
1.3.2. Th cc qu bng nha trn b
mt lm gim din tch b mt dung dch
tip xc
1.3.3. Thu hi m kh trong mt mng
lc c bit nhm thu hi li cht lng a
v b x l
1.4. Ha cht
V sinh v thu hi ngay
ri vi khi trn
1.5. Ha cht
Lp t cc khay hng dn khong
ri vi t b ny gia cc b t nghing v b nc
sang b khc
1.6.Ha
cht
Kim sot nng dung dch mc
bm dnh
thp nht m khng nh hng n cht
lng.
1.7. kim sot
1.7.1. Kim kho tng c s c s ghi
vt t ha cht chp thi hn cc vt t ha cht
1.7.2. X l v lu kho nguyn vt liu:
chun b y dng c o lng v pha
trn, s dng cc cn cht lng cn v
pha ch ha cht
1.7.3. Kim sot vic trn dung dch, bo
dng thit b, h thng thng xuyn
chng r r
1.7.4. Kim tra bo dng h thng u
Cng ngh mi trng- 58
K49
Chuyn M KIM LOI

2.
Lng
2.1. Nc
2.1.1. Thng xuyn kim tra v iu
nc thi ln
cp v nhiu chnh van cp nc vo cc b m bo
hn d tnh
nc trong b cho sn xut
2.1.2. Lp t ng h o nc i vi
ngun nc ging khoan kim sot lng
nc ging khoan s dng
2.2. Nc
Ti s dng nc ra nhng b ra
ra ch dng ph bng phng php ra ngc chiu
mt ln v thi tun hon nc ra
ngay
3. Tn tht
3.1. R r
Khc phc r r, thay van mi
nc
ng
ng,
hng van
3.2. thc
3.2.1. o to nng cao thc tit kim
cng nhn cha nc v cc ti nguyn khc
3.2.2. ng van nc khi khng lm
cao
vic
4. Tiu hao
Lng crom Thu hi bng phng php c c nhit
nhiu crom
ch i vo lp thp
m mt phn
cn mt phn
ln i vo dng
thi
5.Nhiu
sn 5.1. X l b 5.1.1. Kim tra sn phm trc khi i vo b
phm m hng mt cha t m
5.1.2. Khng ch cc thng s ty du m,
yu cu
ty g tt hn
5.2. Do cht
Nng cao cht lng nc cp t u
lng nc ra ngun ging khoan tch st gim bt
cng

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
59
Chuyn M KIM LOI

6. Tiu hao 6.1. ng c
nhiu
in, xung cp
6.2. Nhiu thit
nhiu ga
b s dng
khng ht cng
sut
6.3. Mt s
v tr trn bung
sy hng, bo
n nhit
6.4.Chn ti u
trong s dng
in chiu sng
Bo dng thit b ng c theo nh k

6.2.1. Lp k hoch sn xut ph hp
6.2.2. Thay ng c ph hp
Tng cng bo n cc v tr mt mt nhit

cao
Lp cc tm tn trng trn trn nh xng,

tn dng nh sng mt tri sn xut
(khng tiu th in vo ban ngy v tng
thi gian s dng bng n)
6.5. Khn ch 6.5.1. o to cng nhn vn hnh bung
cc thng s cc sy theo ng quy nh
qu trnh cha 6.5.2. Khng ch qu trnh chy trong l sy
ti u
tt
6.2 i vi nc ra thu hi:

6.2.1 Dng h thng ty ra Drag-in/drag-out:

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
60
Chuyn M KIM LOI

6.2.2 Dng h thng ty ra ngc dng:
6.2.3 Dng dung dich ra bng nc:

-C nhiu dung dch ra bng nc c th s dng an ton hn l dung mi clo.
-Dung dch ra bng nc cng hiu qu nh dung mi clo m li t to ra cht
thi.
Do , khi dng dung dch ra bng nc s gim c chi ph qun l v
cng gim c trch nhim php l lin quan n vic qun l v hy b cht
thi c hi
6.3 i vi cht thi rn:

6.3.1 6 phng php chnh x l cht thi rn cng nghip:
6.3.1.1 C hc:
+ Phng php p
+ Phng php ct
+ Phng php nghin
+ Phng php sng
+ Phng php tuyn
- Tuyn trng lc (tuyn kh): tch cc vt liu nh ra khi hn hp vt liu
nng. Di tc dng ca dng kh thi ln, vt liu nh s b a ln trn, vt
liu nng s ri xung v c hng bi mt bng ti chuyn n cng on
x l khc.
- Tuyn t : tch cc cht thi nhim t mnh (Oxit st, Hydroxit st, Carbonat
st, st sunfua, Mangan, Crm .v.v.) ra khi cc thnh phn khc.
-Tuyn in: Da trn s khc nhau v tnh dn in ca vt liu khi tip xc
vi b mt ca in cc.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
61
Chuyn M KIM LOI

6.3.1.2 Nhit +c :
+ To khi: c thc hin nhit cao nhm chuyn cc ph thi ca khai
thc qung m, tro ca nh my nhit in .v.v. thnh vt liu xy dng
+ Nhit phn: dng nhit oxi ho hon ton cc cht thi nguy hi, lm gim
th tch vt liu em t t 85 - 95%
6.3.1.3 Ho l:
+ Hp ph: cht bn c hp ph l hc hoc ho hc trn b mt cht hp
ph.
+ Hp th: cht bn c hp th c trong v trn b mt vt liu hp th. + Kt
ta: Da trn tc dng ho hc gia cht thi v ho cht to thnh dng kt
ta lng c.
+ Oxi ho: Nhm chuyn nhng cht c hi thnh nhng cht t hoc khng
c hi di tc dng ca nhng tc nhn oxi ho
+ C nh v ho rn: thm nhng cht liu khc vo cht thi lm thay i
tnh cht vt l, gim ho tan, gim c v lan truyn cht thi vo mi
trng
6.3.1.4 Sinh hc:
-L qu trnh phn hu di tc dng ca vi sinh lm thay i cu trc ca cc
hp cht hu c
6.3.1.5 Chng ct:
L qu trnh tch hn hp cht lng bay hi thnh nhng cu t ring bit da
vo bay hi khc nhau, nhng nhit si khc nhau ca mi cu t cha
trong hn hp , bng cch lp i lp li nhiu ln bay hi v ngng t.
6.3.1.6 Cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh:
-Chn lp hp v sinh l bin php tiu hy cht hi c p dng rt rng ri
trn th gii. H chn lp c t nht 2 lp lt chng thm, c h thng thu gom
nc r r x l, c h thng thot kh, c ging khoan gim st kh nng
nh hng n nc ngm. a im xy dng bi chn lp cch xa khu dn c
ln hn 5 km; giao thng thun li, nn t phi n nh, chng thm tt, mc
nc ngm thp

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
62
Chuyn M KIM LOI
6.4 i vi cc kim loi qu him:

-Dng cc h thng lc c bit v thm lau giy gi li mt kim loi c hi.
Nu gi li c mt kim loi th c th bo v cho cng nhn khng tip
xc vi mt kim loi v trnh c tin pht v hnh pht.
-Cng c th ch mt kim loi qu n ni c cho php x lcht thi c hi
thu hi li kim loi qu.
6.4.1 Dng thit b thu hi hin i:
Thit b thu hi kim loi bng in phn khng mc tin v gi tr kim loi
qi thu li s cho chi ph mua thit b mi.
-Hn na, khi gim khi lng nc thi m bn phi x l v hy b th bn
gim bt c chi ph v trch nhim linquan n qun l v x l cht thi
c hi
S dng h thng nh bng hon ton khp kn :s lm gim bi bay ra
ngoi. Ch l my ht bi trn xe nh bng hon ton chy tt.
-Hai iu bo hiu h thng qut khng tt l:
-1) Mt kim loi dnh vo bnh xe
nh bng rt nhanh.
2) Nu giy sch bn ngoi phng nh bng th trong vi ngy s th bi
ng trn giy.
-Nn mc bo h h h hp khi nh bng, khi thay my lc kh v cc ti
ng bi.
-Mc d cc nh ch to trang sc phi mua thit bmi nhng h s thu li
s tin trong thi gian ng v thit b gip h thu hi c nhiu kim loi
qi phi mt trc kia
6.4.2 Thu hi bc v vng t dung dich c, hng:

6.4.2.1 Thu hi bc t dung dch m c, hng:
Thu hi bc t dung dch xyanua v feroxyanua c tin hnh bng phng
php in phn dng anot khng tan n nng 1,5-2,0g/l. lng bc thu hi
bng phng php ni in phn dng in cc bng thp bn n mn ni ngn
mch vi nhm, bc s kt ta trn tm thp v thot ra trn tm nhm.
Phng php hc l kt ta bc di dng AgCl bng HCl sau ho tan
bng HNO3. C th thu hi bc bng bt km hay bt nhm kt ta bc thu cn
ln kim loi cn ho tan chng trong HCl nng nu dng bt km hay trong
NaOH nu dng bt nhm.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
63
Chuyn M KIM LOI

Tch chit bc bng dung dch kim Amon bc bn 0,5M trong tetraclo
etylen c thm mt t ru zesilic l phng rt tin li sau rt bc ra bng
dung dch KCN v KOH s thu c K(CN)2 bo ho.
6.4.2.2 Thu hi vng t dung dch c, hng:
-Dung dch xyanua c hng thu hi vng bng bt km hay bt nhm kt ta
n. -Kt ta thu c cho HCl vo ho tan km hay nhm d. Gn, ra ri
cho Hno3 vo ho tan tp cht bc v ng, ra sch bt vng ri ho tan
trong cng toan c vng clorua.
-Ph dung dch xyanua bng cch cho d axit sunfuric sau thu hi vng bng
bt km hay nhm, (lm trong t ht kh)
-Ph dung dch cha vng bng dung dch NaOH 10%, un vng n 600C, ri
kt ta vng bng nhm. Phng php ny lng vng tn tht l 0,012 n
0,022%.
Phng php trao i ion dng thu hi vng t dung dch c hng v c bit
hu hiu i vi vic thu hi vng t nc ra
6.5 Mt s phng hng x l nc thi v nc ra mi:

6.5.1 Thm d kh nng x l kim loi nng Ni2+, Zn2+ bng ong:
(Vin khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni).
X l nc thi bng phng php c chi ph thp lun l hng nghin cu
c quan tm.Nghin cu thm d kh nng hp ph kim loi nng bng
ong, mt loi vt liu d tm nhiu vng ca Vit Nam, kt qu cho thy
ong c kh nng x l nc thi c cha kim loi nng vi u vo ca niken v
km ln hn 25mg/l, nc thi cha qua x l v nh hn 1mg/l, nc thi
qua x l nhng cha t tiu chun, hiu sut hp ph ln n 99,05 % pH t
6,57,7. T l ong: dung dch bng 1,4g/l. Nghin cu tin hnh cc th
nghim kho st mt s yu t nh hng n hiu sut hp ph nh pH ban
u, c ht, thi gian tip xc, t l rn lng. Cc nghin cu xy dng ng
ng nhit hp ph ca Ni2+ v Zn2+ cho thy qu trnh hp ph bng ong tun
theo thuyt Langmuir v ch yu l qu trnh hp ph n lp trn b mt.
nghin cu a ra d on c ch hp ph kim loi nng ca ong yl
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
64
Chuyn M KIM LOI

hng nghin cu m ra nhiu trin vng x l v thu hi cc kim loi nng
c bit l cc kim loi c gi tr cao.
6.5.2 Nghin cu x l niken, km,ng, ch, trong mi trng nitrat bng

v ngao:
(Vin khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni).
nhim cht thi ang l vn nng bng m nhiu nc trn th gii ang
phi gnh chu, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin. mt s ion kim loi khc
nh Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ c mt trong nc t sn xut cng nghip c nng
cao gy nn nhng tc ng nghim trng ti mi trng. ngy nay cng ngh
x l nc thi cha kim loi nng thng s dng phng php kt ta ha
hc. tuy nhin, phng php ny to nn cht nhim th cp vi cc cht ha
hc a vo. Chnh v vy hin nay phng php x l kim loi khng s dng
ha cht l iu mong mun.
-Phng php nghin cu kh nng loi b cc ion kim loi nng trong mi
trng nitrat bng v ngao. Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy kh nng loi
b kim loi nng bng v ngao Pb2+ > Cu2+ Zn2+> Ni2+, ti pH cn bng bng
8,5; 87% Ni2+ , 99% Zn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+c th loi b bng v ngao. Ti 25oC vi
tc lc 150 vng /pht th loi b kim loi nng t c cn bng trong
khong thi gian 30 pht. Vi cc iu kin thc nghim, s hp ph cc ion
kim loi nng ln v ngao tun theo m hnh hp ph Freundlist. Nh vy vic
p dng vt liu v ngao x l nc thi c cha kim loi nng t c
kt
qu
nh
mong
mun.
6.5.3 X li nc thai bng phng phap tun hoan t nhin

(Khoa hoc va cng ngh Ha Ni, 5/2004, tr. 28)
Va qua, cac nha khoa hoc thuc Trung tm Mi trng va an toan hoa
cht(Vit Hoa hoc cng ngh) a th nghim thanh cng H THNG TUN
HOAN T NHIN tai Ha Ni, m ra hng lam sach nc sng, h ang bi
nhim nghim trong. H THNG TUN HOAN T NHIN la h thng tun
hoan t nhin lam giam cac cht nhim hu c, cac hp cht hu c, hp
cht cha ni-t, pht-pho, cht rn l lng, mau va mui trong nc thai.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
65
Chuyn M KIM LOI
6.5.3.1 Nguyn tc:cua h thng da trn hoat ng cua cac vi sinh vt co sn

trong t nhin nhm phn huy cac hp cht hu c.
6.5.3.2 ng dng:
-H thng x li nc thai tai thanh ph Vit Tri (Phu Tho), Cng ty banh keo
Trang An, khu cng nghip Bin Hoa II u co gia thanh trn 4.000 ng/m3.
-Trong khi o, vi H THNG TUN HOAN T NHIN, nu c xy dng
quy m tng t cac c s trn, gia thanh chi vao khoang 1.200-1.400 ng/m3
va vn cho cht lng nc sau x li at loai A.
6.5.3.3 u im :
c lam t cac vt liu re tin, d kim nh: than cui, vo chai nha a qua s
dung, a vi dong nc thai chay trong h thng theo nguyn li t chay.
-Mc tip xuc gia nc thai vi vi sinh vt, cac mi trng kh cht bn
ln,
do o hiu qua x li cua h thng lun n inh, hiu sut va cng phn huy
cac cht nhim trong nc thai at rt cao.
-H THNG TUN HOAN T NHIN khng s dung hoa cht trong qua
trinh x li.
-Qua trinh vn hanh h thng kha n gian va giam chi phi x li (chu yu la
nng lng cho qua trinh thi khi).
-Thi gian thay vt liu x li kha lu khoang 10-15 nm.
6.5.4 H thng x l nc thi xi m theo m hnh hp khi t ng:
(http://www.techmartvietnam.com.vn/)
-Nc thi c iu chnh pH thch hp trc khi vo ngn trn v ngn phn
ng. Ti ngn trn, ho cht thch hp c a vo phc v cho qu trnh
phn ng tip theo. Sau giai on phn ng, kim loi nng c trong nc thi xi
m c tch dng kt ta ngn lng. Phn nc thi c tip tc i sang
thit b tuyn ni p lc tch loi cc cht l lng c t trng nh, khng th
lng. Nc thi trong c lng ln 2, sang thit b hp th tch trit cc
cht to mu trc khi thi ra h thng cng chung ca thnh ph
Cng sut: t 5 - 300 m3/ngy m.
- t tiu chun Vit Nam.
- Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut khc: Gi thnh x l 1 m3 nc thi: 2.000
ng - 2.500 ng
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
66
Chuyn M KIM LOI

u im CN/TB: - Gi c ph hp. - Thit b theo m hnh hp khi, c th
tho rp tng cm. - Nc thi sau x l t yu cu v cht lng
Gi tham kho:
-Gi bn thit b: 90 triu/h x l 5 m3/ngy m
-Ph o to:5 triu
-Ph t vn k thut:10 triu
6.5.5 X l nc thi bng cnh ng lau sy (ph hp vi vng t rng)

(Cng ty Base Tech - CHLB c)
-Cng ngh x l nc thi da trn kh nng x l cht hu c v hp th kim
loi qua h thng r ca mt ging cy c bit h lau sy do cng ty ny nghin
cu, lai to v c quyn.Cng ngh ny c ng dng thnh cng nhiu
nc nhit i v rt c trin vng p dng Vit Nam.
-Quy trnh cng ngh ny rt n gin. N kt hp hi ho phng php lc c
hc v sinh hc trong cng mt h thng. Nc thi c cho chy qua mt cnh
ng trng ging cy c bit h lau sy trn. Pha di y cnh ng, cch mt
t mt khong cch cy pht trin tt, ngi ta lt mt lp vi chng
thm nc ( mt s ni c lp t st dy c kh nng ngn nc thi thm
xung su vo tng nc ngm, v l thuyt c th khng phi tri lp vi ny).
Nc thi trc khi x vo cnh ng c th c x l bng phng php khc
t nhim va phi, bo m khng nh hng ti s pht trin ca cy.
6.5.5.1 Nguyn tc:
vi sinh vt k kh v hiu kh trong h thng r cy s phn hu cht hu c
cha kim loi. Bn thn r cy hp th kim loi c trong nc thi v thng qua
lm sch nc. Khi nc thi c lm sch t yu cu s c x ra h
thng sng h chung.
6.5.5.2 Kt qu:
- Hiu qu x l nc thi sinh hot (vi cc thng s nh amoni, nitrat,
phospht, BOD5, COD, colifom) t t l phn hu 92-95%. Cn i vi nc
thi cng nghip c cha kim loi th hiu qu x l COD, BOD5, crom, ng,
nhm, st, ch, km t 90-100%.
-Cc kt qu ng dng cng ngh x l ny cho thy, cnh ng ging cy c
bit h lau sy trn c th gip loi b hu ht cc cht dinh dng c trong
dng thi nh cc hp cht ca photpho, nit, sunfua v nhiu cht khc.
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
67
Chuyn M KIM LOI

-Qu trnh nitrat ho v phn nitrat ho xy ra ng thi v vy loi b c
amoniac v nitrat khi dng thi.
-Cc loi kim loi nh st, mangan, km, crm, ch... trong nc cng b r cy
hp th t 40-80% tu loi. Cc tc nhn gy bnh nu c trong dng thi cng
b loi tr hiu qu.
6.5.5.3 ng dng:
-H thng cng ngh c bit ny c th c xy dng quy m t 10m2
n 19ha, c th p dng cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip, sn bay, khu dn c v
c nhng to nh tch bit. N c nh gi l hi ho v li ch kinh t v sinh
thi bi nhiu l do.
6.5.5.4 u im:
-H thng cng ngh ny lm sch nc thi hiu qu, c tnh n nh cao nh
kh nng m v kh nng t iu chnh sinh hc tt quanh
nm.
-iu hp dn hn c l chi ph vn hnh cng ngh rt thp so vi cc cng
ngh x l nhim nc thi khc.
-in nng s dng cho my mc thit b rt t hoc khng c.
-i vi nc thi c nhim va phi, ngi ta khng cn s dng cc cht
ph gia ho hc x l nn loi b c chi ph mua ho cht v khng gy
nhim mi trng chung quanh.
-Ngi ta cng khng tn chi ph x l bn, v h thng ny khng sn sinh ra
bn hay cc cht thi khc.
-Quy trnh vn hnh h thng n gin nn ph bo dng mc thp.
-Chi ph xy dng h thng cng rt thp nh vic s dng cc nguyn liu c
sn a phng.
-Ngay c ging cy trng cng c th tm c Vit Nam.
-H thng x l nc thi bng cnh ng cy h lau sy c chi ph vn hnh n
nh t u n cui, r rng v nm trong d tnh v t hiu qu sau hng
trm nm.
-C tnh linh ng cao nh d dng thit k cc cnh ng theo chiu ngang hay
dc, rng hay hp ty theo nhu cu v kh nng.
-Phng php ny cng c li th v cnh quan khi cc cnh ng lau sy c
b tr ph hp vi mi trng chung quanh.
6.5.5.5 Lin h:
Cng ty c phn AE Ton Tch Thin, 45 Hng Bn, H Ni,
T/Fax:04.7164656.
(QUNH KHANH -Theo Thi bo kinh t Vit Nam )
K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
68
Chuyn M KIM LOI
6.6 ra cc gii php qun l i vi cht c hi(nh xuanua):

-Khng c n, ung hoc ht thuc trong khu vc cha hay x l cht thi
xyanua v axit l hai cht ky nhau.
-Cht thi c hi c cha xyanua v axit phi c cha hai ni ring bit
hoc dng vch ngn hoc vt g co th ngn chn hai cht ny tip xc vi nhau
trong trng hp b ,
-Phi tch ri hai cht ny v khi xyanua hoc xyanua trong cht thi tc dng
vi axit hoc axit trong cht thi s to ra mt loi kh c gi l hydrogenxyanua.
-Mt ngi ht vo mt vi hi kh hydrogenxyanua c th cht ngay trong
vng vi pht.Do vy,phi mang khu trang vn khng trnh c ht kh ny
vo phi.
-Khi cht ny b phi lau sch ngay tc khc d ang trong qui trnh ch to
trang sc hay ngay ni cha cht thi c hi .
-Qun l cht thi c hi bng cch no m trnh c lm , r r, gy chy
hay pht n.
-Cng nhn phi bit r tnh c hi ca xyanua.
-Dn nhn tn xyanua trn cc vt cha cht ny
-Mang gng tay khi tip xc vi xyanua.
-S dng dng c o v pha trn khng c dng lm vic khc.
-Hn ch nhng cng nhn tip xc vi xyanua.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
69
Chuyn M KIM LOI
6.7 Kt lun phn III:

-Trong tng lai, cng ngh x l s tp trung vo nhng cng ngh t s dng
ha cht v u tin i vi p dng cng ngh sinh hc. Bn cnh , cc cng
ngh tin tin nh mng lc, oxy ha tin tin s c quan tm hn i vi
vic ti s dng nc thi.
-Vic khc phc cc tc nhn gy nhim trn nhm m bo cho mi trng
lm vic cho con ngi trc tip sn xut v bo v mi trng chung l vn
k thut bt buc ngay c khi c s sn xut t trong khu cng nghip tp
trung.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
70
Chuyn M KIM LOI
KT LUN
-Trong tng lai,cng vi s pht trin chung ca cc ngnh cng nghip,m

in s ng vai tr ngay cng quan trng trong vic bo v v trang tr b mt
kim loi.
-Tuy nhin,nghnh m in l mt nghnh c mc nhim nhiu nht, c 3
dng:rn,lng,kh.Do ,gy hu qu nghim trong cho mi trng.V vy,vic
tm ra cc phng php x l v gim thiu nhim l mt vn ngy cng
bc thit.
-Trong chuyn m kim loi ny, d nhm AKL trnh by :
+Tha mn cc yu cu chung ca chuyn .
-V trnh by thm:
+33 gii php sn xut sch hn vi cng ngh m in.
+X l nc ra thu hi bng: h thng ty ra Drag-in/drag-out, h
thng ty ra nhc dng,thay i dung dich ra.
+ X l cht thi rn bng cch dng: thit b thu hi hin i,v thu hi
li cc kim loai qu kim.
+ X l nc thi bng 5 phng php mi: kim loi nng bng ong,
bng v ngao,thay i phng phap x li nc thai bng phng phap tun hoan
t nhin hay m hnh hp khi t ng v x l nc thi bng cnh ng lau
sy (ph hp vi vng t rng).
-Nhm AKL xin kt thc chuyn m kim loi ti y.y l ln u tin
lm chuyn theo nhm,kin thc v l lun thc tin cn nhiu yu km
nhng qua cng c nhiu thun li nh c s ch dn ca thy gio,s pht
trin ca thng tin nn chuyn cng c nhng kt qu nht nh.
Mt ln na, nhm AKL xin cm n chn thnh n bn b v thy c gio
gip nhm AKL hon thnh chuyn m kim loi ny!
H NI
2006

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
71
Chuyn M KIM LOI
TI LIU THAM KHO
Sch tham kho:

[1]Trn Minh Hong,Nguyn Vn Thanh,L c Tri,(2003),S tay m
in,nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut
[2]Trn Minh Hong,Cng ngh m in ,nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut.
[3]Nguyn Khng, in ho hc, nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
Trang web s dng:
http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/
http://www.techmartvietnam.com.vn.
http://www.nea.org.vn/.
http://www.worldbank.org/
http://www.moc.gov.vn
http://www.dostephutho.gov.vn
http://www.viettechscom/.

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
72
Chuyn M KIM LOI

K49
Cng ngh mi trng-
73

Ma Kim Loai

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ma Kim Loai

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN KHOA HC V CNG NGH MI TRNG

TM HIU CNG NGH M KIM LOI

Gio vin hng dn :

inh Bch Khoa

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

1.1 Vai tr ca giai on hon thin b mt:

1.2 Cc phng php c xut hon thin b mt:

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

1.3 Khi qut v m in:

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

1.3.2 Bng nng lng tiu th ca mt s cng ty nm 1998

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Cc ngun gy nhim trong cng ngh m in

Cc cht thi chnh

Ty du m bng dung Cc cht du m v hi

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Nc thi axit, cn thi

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Cc mui Niken (1 dng)

Nc thi c cha mui

Nc thi c cha kim

-M in l mt ngnh c mc nhim mi trng cao bi cc tc nhn

Khi tip xc gy bng nng, ph hu t bo tip xc

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

hoa mt, chng mt

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

X l b mt l khu u tin l khu u tin trong qu trnh hon tt cc trnh

2.1 Chng 1: Gia cng b mt kim loi bng phng php c

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

* phun : Dng kh nn, cht lng, phun vt liu mi vi tc ln p ln b

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

(1) Thuc dng

Cng ngh mi trng-

Chuyn M KIM LOI

Bng 1.2 : chn bnh chi

ng thau ,dy hp kim

- C th chi kh lm sch mn, bavia, g, vy xp,Mun c b

Cc cht thi chnh

Mi th ,mi tinh Bi bt mi , bi kim loi

Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni