I - ULTRASONICS

s ? r o t a l l i c s n o o i n t o i s t e c u i r Q t s ? k r o t t c a e e f n M f g e 2

When a magnetic field is applied parallel to the length of a ferromagnetic rod made of materials such as iron or nickel, a small elongation or contraction occurs in its length. This phenomenon is known as magnetostriction.
a m f o s t i r e m e d d n a s t i r e m e h t e r a t a h W

1. The design of this oscillator is very simple and production cost is low. 2. The large power output can be produced without the risk of damage of the oscillatory circuit.
s t i r e m e D

1. It has low upper frequency limit. We can not generate ultrasonic frequency above 3 MHZ. 2. The frequency of oscillations depends greatly on temperature. 3. There will be losses of energy due to hysteresis and eddy current.
? t c e f f e c i r t c e l e o z e i P s i t a h W

When pressure is applied to one pair of opposite faces of crystals like quartz cut with their faces perpendicular to the optic axis, the other faces develop equal and opposite electrical charges on them. This is known as piezo-electric effect. (Or) When certain crystals like quartz are stretched or compressed along certain axis called mechanical axis of the crystal, an electrical potential difference is produced along a perpendicular axis called electrical axis of the crystal. This is called Piezo electric effect.
c i r t c e l e o z e i p e s r e v n i y b t n a e m s i t a h W

If alternating voltages (potential difference) are applied to one pair of faces of crystals like quartz cut with their faces perpendicular to the optic axis, the corresponding changes in the

i s t

t i r

h e M

I - ULTRASONICS
dimensions of the other pair of faces of the crystal are produced. This is known as inverse piezoelectric effect or electrostriction. (or) The converse of Piezo electric effect is called inverse piezo electric effect. i.e. when an alternating potential is applied along the electric axis of the crystal, the crystal is set into mechanical vibrations along the corresponding mechanical axis.
? ? s e v a r c i n o t o s a l l a i r t c l s u o e c i c r n s t e c e v s e l a e r e o z c i e e n h i t o p s t f c a r o e t t l s e t u i r d f e o o t m s d e e i e d t r s d u e n p s a o d r s o t p i h r r t e u e o m m f e y h t n e a f e n r n a o o i i t t t n n a h e e M M W

Merits 1. It is more efficient than magnetostriction oscillator. Almost all the modern ultrasonic generators are of this type only. 2. Ultrasonic frequencies as high as 5X108 hertz can be obtained with this arrangement. 3. The output of this oscillator is very high. 4. It is not affected by temperature and humidity. Demerits 1. The cost of piezo electric quartz is very high and its cutting and shaping are very complex.

Ultrasonic waves can be detected by any one of the following methods. i) ii) iii) iv) Kundts tube method Flame method Thermal method Piezoelectric method
w

1. They are highly energetic. 2. Their speed of propagation depends upon their frequency i.e., it increases with increase in frequency.

I - ULTRASONICS
3. Ultrasonic waves show very negligible diffraction due to their small wavelength. Hence they can travel over long distances without any loss of energy. 4. The liquid through which ultrasonic waves pass, behaves as a diffraction grating under monochromatic light. 5. They produce intense heating effect when passed through a substance.
.
d n a c i r t c e l e r o z e e i

Ultrasonic waves are mechanical waves. They need medium for propagation and also they are longitutional in nature. They travel with velocity of sound. Hence they are not electromagnetic.
? n o i t a t i v a

Whenever ambient pressure is reduced, the boiling point of a liquid is also lowered. If the pressure is reduced far enough then the liquid will begin to boil without needing to be heated. (because the boiling point is reduced to below room temperature). When this happens on a small scale, due to localized pressure reduction, small bubbles of vapour are formed. This is called cavitation.
p y b d e c u d o r p s e v a

Using magnetostriction method frequencies ranging from a few hundred hertz to about 300 KHz can be produced. Using piezoelectric effect frequencies as high as 500 MHz can be produced.
? s e v a

The industrial applications of ultrasonic waves are i. ii. iii. iv. Drilling Welding Soldering and Cleaning

p c

o i

r n

p o s

i r t l

? c i

s f n

e o

v o s

a y t a i r l

w
t l a

i u u

e f

n o e

g s h

a n t

m o i n i

o t

r a

t c e i

c l c

e ?

l p n s

e e r d a

s o e l

e f h a f

v i i t r

a e d t

w
s

c i

i y n d a b

n o n i

o t

s c e i

a a e r

r h e t

t t

l t s m

u e o r s t i s i

e a e

h t t t n

t a a a g h h h

e a

r m

I - ULTRASONICS
e s t s i h n c o u i s i t o h i s t t t d i a n o n i i l u i W p s t e p ? y r n a g a a e n l i s M ? t e s c m u r e a d g o n i e i r a r i c i m a c t i g v d s n e o u e e h o n o h t m s c o t l a e
S

the body by using high frequency waves. It is used to monitor the health and development of foetus. It is also used to monitor the interior parts of the body more accurately.
d n u o s a r t l u f o s e s u r u o f y n a n o i t n e M
)

In medicine ultrasonic waves are used i) ii) iii) To detect tumors in human body For bloodless brain surgery as well as painless extraction of broken teeth To look at the development of child in mothers womb without risk to the mother or child. This field is known as Sonography.
? e s u s h a c a s i t a h W

When ultrasonic waves travel through a liquid, compressions and rarefactions are formed. The lines of compression act as opaque and lines of rarefaction act as openings for light waves. This arrangement is called acoustic grating. Using the acoustic grating, ultrasonic wavelength in the liquid can be calculated.
? a e s f o h t p e d e h t e r u s a e m e s v

Ultrasonic waves are sent from the surface of the sea through sea water and are reflected from the bottom of the sea. The reflected waves are received at the surface of the sea and are displayed in CRO. Using CRO the time taken t for the ultrasonic waves to travel from the top surface to the bottom surface of the sea and back to top surface of the sea is calculated. Depth of the sea = v x t /2 Where v is the ultrasonic velocity in sea water.
.
s e u

i) ii) iii)

A-Scan or Amplitude modulated scan B-Scan or Brightness modulated scan T-M Scan or Time-Motion scan

s c

i a i o i u n

t t t i l n

a a

h h e o n M
H

W W

Sonogram is an instrument used to monitor and visualize the image of the interior parts of