Efficient Power Management in Wireless Sensor Network

Introduction A Wireless Sensor Network can be viewed as an intelligent distributed measurement technology adequate for many different monitoring and control contexts. In recent years, the number of sensor network deployments for real life applications such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, production and delivery, military, structure monitoring and medical applications has rapidly grown with a trend expected to further increase in the incoming years. However, energy consumption still remains one of the main obstacles to the diffusion of this technology, especially in application scenarios where a long network lifetime and a high quality of service are required. In fact, nodes are generally powered by batteries which have limited capacity and often can neither be replaced nor recharged due to environmental constraints. Despite the fact that energy scavenging mechanisms can be adopted to recharge batteries through solar panels, piezoelectric or acoustic transducers, energy is a limited resource and must be used judiciously. Hence, efficient energy management strategies must be devised at sensor nodes and then at cluster and network level to prolong the network lifetime as much as possible. Wireless Sensor Network do not assume the availability of a fixed infrastructure, it follows that individual nodes may have to rely on portable, limited power sources. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes an important problem. Most nodes of WSN today operate using batteries, it is important to minimize the power consumption of the entire network that implying maximizing the lifetime of WSN. Project Background The sensor network lifetime is highly dependent on the power consumption performed at each sensor node. A more efficient power management results in a longer network lifetime. Several methodologies have been proposed, at hardware and system levels, to design energy efficient communication process, sensor node operating system and sensor node circuits. In addition, Dynamic Power Management schemes have proposed to reduce the power consumption by selectively shutting down idle components. Much work has been done exploiting sleep state and active power management, sentry based power management, Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) and Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, software and operating system power management and battery state awareness power management. Different aspects of power saving with special attention given to wireless LAN standards IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN is discussed by Hagen Woesner et al. But the power saving mechanism is based on sleep and awake procedure. Shih-Lin Wn and Yu-Chee

Tseng showed that the channel utilization increases when power control is incorporated in single hop network. Cyanara Wu and Dimitri P. Bertsekas proved from the simulations that instead of continuous power levels if discrete power levels are used, the number of iterations in SNR calculation decreases and at the same time acceptable SNR can be provided to all users. C.K. Toh has come out with an innovate idea to maximize the life time. He suggests that the routes going through those nodes whose battery capacity goes below a predefined threshold could be avoided to extend the life of networks. Since first developed, WSN is being enhanced in every way such as its size, cost, security, performance and energy management. Due to its wide range of applications, WSN always be the preferable system for sensing and detection. Sensor nodes are expected to be able to sense and send data as long as possible once they have been deployed. In this project, energy management would be the focus in proposed algorithm uses less power when compared to the existing commercial protocols in order to have a better network lifetime. 3.0 The Problem Statement WSN is now being applied in many sensing applications from building monitoring to military applications. In most applications sensor nodes are scattered around the area and leave unattended for a long period of time. [1] The term for a long period of time is actually means as long as the batteries can powered the sensor nodes. If the nodes is deployed in a hazardous area such as in enemy line in war zone or in highly explosive chemical storage it would be not convenience to go recharge or change the batteries. Due to this fact, energy management in WSN is the utmost important criteria that need to be taken care of. 5.0 Objectives i. To investigate various power management techniques for WSN. ii. To develop an efficient power management algorithm. iii. To simulate algorithm by comparing results with the conventional methods.
iv. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

6.0

Literature review

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has been applied to various difficult to access areas such as environment and industrial monitoring, emergency services and tracking of movements. WSNs provide the opportunity to build autonomous systems without the need to wire up an entire network, thus progressively replacing wired embedded systems. A WSN consists of wireless nodes which measure physical conditions using sensors such as temperature, humidity, vibration, pressure and digitize it and keep or distribute the measured data over the network. The typical WSN architecture and data distribution is depicted in Figure 1.1. According to the application requirements, the wireless sensor nodes can be deployed over a large area or can be amassed in a small section for the specific data measurements. Applying a multi hop paradigm [2] the sensor nodes communicate the data to one or more gates. The gate is a device which serves as a data sink and manages the usual" nodes. In fact, either one or more sensor nodes are able to operate as the gates, or another wireless device can be assigned as a gate. The gate communicates the data to the user via a data communications network such as Internet. However, the feedback user-sensor node" allows the user to monitor the network, and do appropriate configuration and management, if necessary.

Figure 1.1: Typical WSN architecture and networking. A WSN contains a number of sensor nodes connected by a radio channel. A typical sensor node block diagram is presented in Figure 1.2. It has four main blocks on a board such a Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory such as program memory, flash memory, and volatile memory, input-output (I/O) ports and a radio. Depending on the application, the sensor node may have various extra hardware components on board.

Figure 1.2: Sensor node anatomy. The sensor nodes have to meet several important requirements:
a. Low power consumption: due to the fact that the WSN is energy constrained, it

must operate using power efficient hardware and software technologies to increase its life time. Energy scavenging technology can improve the WSN lifetime and decrease the cost of the network maintenance, the nodes are usually powered by AA cells, but the batteries must be replaced when exhausted. According to On World Research the battery replacement cost will be $1 Billion in 2013 [3]. Energy scavenging techniques are aimed at decreasing or even canceling the network maintenance cost.
b. Small form factor: to make it possible to embed the WSN into the daily

environment, a high level of component integration of sensor node is required.

c. Low cost implementation: to increase the network reliability and accuracy of

measured data the density of the network must be high; therefore the cost per node must be minimal. 6.1 Sensor Network

The sensor nodes in a sensor network are resource constrained. A sensor node is made up of four basic components such as a sensing unit, a processing unit, a transceiver unit and a power unit. They may also have application dependent additional components such as a location finding system, a power generator and a mobilizer. Sensing units are usually composed of two subunits: sensors and analog to digital converters (ADCs). The analog signals produced by the sensors based on the observed

Phenomenon is converted to digital signals by the ADC, and then fed into the processing unit. The processing unit, which is generally associated with a small storage unit, manages the procedures that make the sensor node collaborate with the other nodes to carry out the assigned sensing tasks. A transceiver unit connects the node to the network. One of the most important components of a sensor node is the power unit. Power units may be supported by a power scavenging unit such as solar cells. These nodes must: i. ii. iii. iv. v. consume extremely low power operate in high volumetric densities have low production cost and be dispensable be autonomous and operate unattended be adaptive to the environment The protocol stack combines power and routing awareness, integrates data with networking protocols, communicates power efficiently through the wireless medium, and promotes cooperative efforts of sensor nodes. The protocol stack consists of the application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer, power management plane, mobility management plane and task management plane. The performance requirement is give in Table 1. Table 1.0: Performance requirements of WSN NETWORK FORMATION & ROUTING Dynamic, Distributed & Adaptive Fast Forming High Connectivity POWER MANAGEMENT Minimize power consumption Avoid transmission repetition Enable sleep modes for idle nodes

6.2

Power Management

WSN do not assume the availability of a fixed infrastructure, it follows that individual nodes may have to rely on portable, limited power sources. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes an important problem. Most nodes of WSN today operate using batteries, it is important to minimize the power consumption of the entire network implying maximizing the lifetime of WSN. The power required by each host can be classified into two categories: i. Communication-related power ii. Non-communication-related power The communication-related power can be further divided into two parts, namely: i. Processing power ii. Transceiver power

Each node spends some processing power to execute network algorithms and run applications. Transceiver power refers to the power used by the radio transceiver to communicate with one another.

6.3

Existing Power Aware Metrics and Routing Algorithm

There is a number of power and cost aware metrics present. The two basic ones are: i. POWER AWARE ROUTING: In this case, the transmission power depends on the distance between the source and the destination. ii. COST AWARE ROUTING: In this case, the routing decisions are made based on the remaining lifetime of nodes between the source and the destination. 6.4 Network Simulators

This section reviews the most popular network simulators in the WSN research community. 6.4.1 NS2 Simulator NS2 is the most popular general purpose network simulator. NS2 supports simulation for widely used IP network protocols. These include TCP, routing and multicasting protocols for conventional wired and wireless networks. NS2 has a highly extensible object-oriented architecture with discrete-event engine. Its object-oriented model allows extension of simulation functionality by adding customers components and libraries. The simulation in NS-2 environment is based on a combination of C++ and OTcl languages where protocols are implemented in C++. OTcl is used as a scripting language to describe and control the simulation process. The complexity of NS2 objectoriented model creates substantial dependencies and execution overheads. It makes impossible to scale simulation for a large number of network units, which is inherent to WSNs. While object-oriented model is advantageous in terms of extensibility, it is a restriction for scalability and performance. Besides, NS2 does not provide representation for the hardware network components. 6.4.2 OMNet++ Simulator Like NS-2, OMNet++ provides deep analysis of network activities at the packet layer. Besides, OMNet++ provides a GUI front-end for simulation and debugging processes. It has a component based architecture with a discrete-event simulation kernel. It exploits modules and channels to implement and connect simulation components, where components are connected in a hierarchical fashion via generic interfaces (gates). OMNet++ has extension for sensor network simulation, called SenSim. It represents sensor node as modular hierarchical structure of simple OMNet++ components. This simulator provides more scalability and runs faster than NS2. However, despite the apparent benefits of OMNet++ and SenSim, there is no precise and accurate HW model

of sensor node. It, in turn, does not allow studying sensor networks from an energy perspective. 6.4.3 TOSSIM TOSSIM simulation environment is included in the TinyOS framework. TinyOS has gained general acceptance as a standard operating system for WSN applications. It has a component-oriented programming model, based on the nesC language. A TinyOS program is presented as set of components, where each componnet is an independent computational entity. The TinyOS framework includes a simple FIFO task scheduler and hardware independent drivers for abstract hardware components. The inter component communications occur through command-event mechanism. By changing a small number of TinyOS components, TOSSIM simulates the behavior of the low-level hardware. It includes models for CPUs, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), clocks, timers, ash memories and radio components. The network communication over the wireless channel is abstracted as a directed graph, where vertexes and edges represent nodes and links between them, respectively. TOSSIM simulation architecture provides high level of scalability and execution speed for the networks with large number of sensor nodes. However, the abstract HW model of TOSSIM does not capture low-level details of timings and interrupts, which can be important for precise power analysis. In addition, simulation is supported only for the single HW platform. Obviously, it largely restricts the applying scope. 6.4.4 VIPTOS and VisualSense

VIPTOS (Visual Ptolemy and TinyOS) is a graphical development and simulation environment for TinyOS based WSN applications [40]. VIPTOS bridges together the Visual Sense simulator and the TinyOS framework. Visual Sense is a Ptolemy II based graphical simulation environment designed for WSNs. It exploits the actor-oriented computational model of Ptolemy II, a general modeling framework for heterogeneous embedded systems. Visual Sense defines actor-oriented models for sensor node subsystems and communication channels. However, VIPTOS does not provide accurate HW representation of sensor node. Substantially, it focuses more on algorithmic and application domains. Additionally, VIPTOS has been integrated only with the first version of TinyOS, which is not currently supported. 6.4.5 AVRORA AVRORA, like TOSSIM, is one of the widely used WSN simulation tool. It exploits cycle accurate instruction-by-instruction manner to run code. AVRORA runs actual applications without the need to specially adapt it for simulation. AVRORA represents each hardware component as corresponding object classes thus as classes of CPUs, Timers, ash memories, ADCs and off-chip components such as sensors. The hardware model of a single sensor node is the combination of such objects in a hierarchical manner. The CPU object contains the simulation engine with the event queue for the entire node. This architecture allows node replication for network simulation, where each node is run as independent computational entity. However, AVRORA supports

solely AVR MCU cores and does not provide any extensions for others CPU architectures. 6.5 Battery Models

The electrical battery model presented in takes into consideration all dynamic characteristics of the battery. It consists of two parts: battery lifetime evaluation and voltage-current characteristics emulation. Battery lifetime evaluation part contains a resistor, which determines energy loss during long idle period, a capacity to characterize battery charge, and a current, which is applied to charge or discharge the battery. The voltage-current characteristics emulation part of the model contains opencircuit voltage, which is able to change according to the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and an RC network. This model is both intuitive and capable to predict an accurate runtime and voltage-current parameters. 6.6 Energy Harvesting

This section reviews conventional outdoor energy sources. The goal of this section is not to suggest the best way of ambient energy conversion to power wireless sensor node, but to understand their potential as an alternative power source. Renewable environment sources have inherent advantages compared to nonrenewable sources like oil, coal, gas, and nuclear. The merits are as follows: they are non-polluting, and do not require maintenance. As it is presented in Table 2.0 the most attractive way for energy harvesting is solar light. For all technologies, the energy is available only under particular environmental conditions: sunlight, vibration, high temperature, surrounding noise. Each given form of energy can be harvested by a different class of generator that performs conversion to electricity. That is why wireless sensor nodes have to keep energy in storage elements. In this case, a reasonable solution seems to be the combination of an energy storage system and scavenging technology. Various power sources were explored, but we will consider only the most adequate ones for application in WSN domain. The first three sources provide the higher power density and are therefore more applicable for WSN. Photovoltaic power is the most popular ambient energy source for wireless nodes with energy scavenging technology amid designers. Table 2.0: Ambient power sources Harvesting technology Solar cells (outdoor at noon) Piezoelectric (shoe inserts) Vibration (small microwave oven) Thermoelectric 10C gradient Acoustic noise (100 dB) Power density 15 mW / cm2 330 W / cm3 116 W / cm3 40 W / cm3 960 nW / cm3

Photovoltaic power can be produced in many ways with widely varying efficiency and cost. Solar technology can be divided into two main groups: discrete cell technology and integrated thin film technology. Discrete cell technology: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Single-crystal silicon (15% efficiency of commercial modules) Multi crystalline silicon (14% efficiency of commercial modules) Edge-defined film-fed growth ribbons Dendritic web Gallium Arsenide (28% efficiency of research cell under concentrated sunlight)

Integrated thin film technology: i. Copper Indium Diselenide (17.7% efficiency of research cell) ii. Amorphous Silicon iii. Cadmium Telluride (8.34% efficiency of commercial modules) The technologies above are well described in the literature. However, photovoltaic engineers developed advanced design for the discrete cell technology as concentrated photovoltaic technology which allows the device to focus incident solar light to the cell by means of three optical elements and increase conversion efficiency. But in this case, conversion efficiency is reduced a bit because of overheating a cell during the radiation concentrating process. The core idea of innovative holographic technology, patented by Prism Solar Technologies, lies in using transparent holographic optical elements to collect, spectrally select and focus useful wavelength of solar light onto the cell. The advantages of this technology are up to 85% economy of the silicon, transparent properties, low cost. Vibration harvesting modality has less power density than solar. Three conversion mechanisms are distinguished by which vibrations can be converted to electrical energy. They are piezoelectric, electro-magnetic, and electrostatic. In piezoelectric conversion, mechanical strain in a piezoelectric material produces a charge separation across the material, generating a voltage. Regarding the electromagnetic case, the relative motion between a coil and a magnetic field produces a current to flow in the coil. Electrostatic generation, in turn, contains two conductors separated by a dielectric, which move relative to one another. As the conductors move, the energy stored in the capacitor changes, thus providing the mechanism for mechanical to electrical energy conversion. 6.7 Energy Storage Devices

Wireless sensor node with the energy scavenging technology application requires a buffer to store harvested energy. This energy buffer allows the system to be supplied even if an ambient source is unavailable at the moment. There are two popular energy

storage technologies exploiting in WSN: rechargeable battery and super capacitor. Both technologies have advantages as well as disadvantages. Thus, there are three typically used combinations of these storage devices applications: super capacitor only, rechargeable battery only or combination of them to supplement each other. Of course, we mentioned the most popular storage devices. However, these devices can be divided into sub groups. Besides, there are other power supply devices for sensor nodes, but they are not widely applicable. Rechargeable battery (or a secondary energy buffer) is usually considered as a backup energy source in WSN. It is being used when the super capacitor (or a primary energy buffer is exhausted). It happens because of the limited number of the battery charge/discharge cycles (300-500 cycles). However, rechargeable batteries have significant energy density and low leakage current that provides the long-term energy storage There are four main kinds of rechargeable batteries: NiCd, NiMH, Lithium-ion, and Lithium-polymer. Lithium cells have the highest energy density, the lowest leakage current per month, but require additional circuit for the charging. A single lithium cell provides a system with high voltage. NiCd and NiMH rechargeable batteries have simple charging circuit (or in individual case they do not require it at all). 7.0 Research Methodology The power aware algorithm will be simulate using NS2 (Network Simulator 2) and the analysis graphs are plotted in MATLAB. The route table optimization algorithm will be implementing in MATLAB. NS2 uses 914MHz license free ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band as the frequency of operation. The output of NS2 results in two files: trace file and network animator (nam) file. The trace file gives the analytical results, which can be used to compute the energy consumption, time taken for the simulation and so on. The network animator comes along with NS2 can be used to view the animation of the simulation. The network animator takes nam file as the input. To check the validity of the algorithms proposed, different test inputs are given and the results are analyzed. The power aware algorithm will be validating with random distributions such as Poisson, Rayleigh and Exponential.

8.0

Work schedule Month Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dis Jan

No. Activities Interview potential 1 supervisor Pick supervisor 2 and your topic Refine topic with 3 supervisor Compose a timetable for 4 completion Create a work 5 schedule Outline literature 6 review Review the 7 literature Select 8 instrumentation Select analytical 9 method 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Draft your proposal Submit and polish the proposal Present the polished proposal to the committee Make corrections to proposal, submit to the Lecturer Revise and expand the literature review Pilot test methodology Adjust and refine methodology Schedule data collection, begin collecting Score the data

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Enter the data into the computer Analyze the data Interpret the results Write up results Update literature review Revise the proposal into thesis format Write conclusions and implications Submit the dissertation draft to supervisor Present the draft to committee for comments Schedule, prepare for and take oral exam Incorporate changes from orals into the thesis Final polishing manuscript Submit manuscript to supervisor, make necessary changes Resubmit the thesis

31 32

9.0

Conclusion

In this project, algorithm that uses less power in Wireless Sensor Networks will be proposed. The power allocation is done dynamically and hence the power consumed by the network is less. The proposed algorithm will be simulate using NS2 to compare with the conventional methods and an expected to increase in lifetime for about 50% for a one watt battery. This project expected to prove that algorithmic approach is able to achieve energy efficiency in Wireless Sensor.

10.0

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