CONTENTS

Sr.No. Description ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1 4.2 INTRODUCTION General Fly Ash Generation in India PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH Physical Properties Chemical Properties FLY ASH UTILIZATION General FA Utilization in Cement Production FA Utilization in Building Products FA Utilization in Construction of Highways FA Utilization in Agriculture FA Utilization in Other Sectors CONCLUSIONS Environmental Impact of Fly Ash Resources Savings Associated with FA Utilization REFERENCES APPENDIX PRESENTATION SLIDES OF Page No. I ii iii iv 01 03 01 02 04 06 04 04 07 15 07 08 09 10 13 14 16 17 16 17 18 - 19

ABSTRACT
Solid waste in the broadest sense includes all the discarded solid materials from municipal, industrial and agricultural activities. Municipal solid waste is difficult to characterize because of the diversity of its components, many of which should not be wasted. The increase in quantity and complexity of this solid waste has been to

such an extent that there is an adverse effect on human life. The objectives of solid waste management are to control, collect, process, utilize and dispose of solid wastes in the most economical way consistent with the protection of public health and the natural environment. The four elements of the hierarchy, in order of preference are: Source reduction Recycling of materials Combustion Land filling Application of these methods results in a lot more friendly and pollution free environment.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Solid waste management in India has become a major environmental issue of study. In the last few decades there has been significant increase in solid waste generation. This is attributed to change in life style. With increasing population, generation of solid waste is increasing. Efficient collection and Disposal of solid waste is a worldwide problem. The cost of collection, transportation shortening, treatment and safe disposal are escalating. Solid wastes are being produced since the beginning of civilization. During the early period, solid wastes were conveniently disposed off, as the density of population was low and as large open lands were available. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, the problem of solid waste disposal increased. Solid waste management involves management of activities associated with generation ,Storage , collection , transfer and transport , processing and disposal of solid waste which is Environmentally compatible , adopting principles of economy , aesthetics , energy and conservation based on planning , organization , administration,financial,legal and engineering aspects involving interdisciplinary relationships .

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION

Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with best principles of public health, economics, aesthetics and environmental considerations. PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS The relationship between solid waste and human disease is difficult to prove. Never the less, improper handling of solid waste is health hazard and causes damage to environment. The main risks to human health arise from the breeding of disease vectors, primarily flies and rats. The common transmission root of bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery and diarrhoeal disease in India from human faeces by flies to food or water thence to humans. It has been estimated that in warm climates, exposed produces as many as 70,000 flies per 0.03m3 in week. The environmental damage caused by solid wastes is mostly aesthetics in nature. Uncontrolled dumping of urban waste destroys the beauty of country side; also, there is a danger of water pollution when the leach ate from a refuse dump enters the surface water or groundwater resources. In addition, uncontrolled burning of open dumps can cause air pollution. OBJECTIVES 1. To improve discarded materials from inhabited places in a timely manner to prevent a spread of disease, to minimize the likelihood of fires, and to reduce aesthetic insults arising from petrifying organic matter 2. To dispose off discarded materials in a manner that is environmentally accepted

3.0 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE:

1] Municipal

Street sweeping, swage treatment plant waste, waste from school and other institution.

2] Domestic

Garbage , rubbish and occasional large waste from homes.

3] Commercial :
From stores and offices.

4] Industrial

From manufacturing plants.

5] Mining

From coal mining, strip mining etc.

6] Agricultural :
From farms grasslands and garden.

4.0 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE:

Solid wastes generated in the urban areas are classified as:

1. Food wastes wastes 2. Rubbish markets. 3. Ashes and Residues.

4.Demolition and construction

5.Agricultural wastes from

6. Hazardous wastes.

FOOD WASTES: Food wastes are the animals, fruit, and vegetable residues resulting from handling, preparation, cooking and eating of food. The most important characteristics of these wastes are that they are highly putrescible and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.

RUBBISH: It consists of combustible and non-combustible solid waste of households, institutions and commercial centers etc. including food wastes or other highly putrescible materials.

ASHES AND RESIDUES: Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke and other combustible wastes in houses, stores, institutions and industrial and municipal faculties.

DEMOLITION AND CONSTRUCTION WASTES: Wastes from buildings and other structures, construction, remoulding and repairing a individual residence, commercial buildings and other structures are classified as Demolition and Construction wastes.

AGRICULTURE WASTE FROM MARKETS: Wastes and residues resulting from Vegetables and fruit market yards, which is considerable in quantity, having high organic matter.

HAZARDOUS WASTES:

In urban areas hospital

waste is

considered

hazardous, containing biological and chemical matter causing threat to human life generally these wastes are disposed by Incineration method.

5.0 Functional elements of the management

As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationships involved must be identified and understood clearly. In this the activities

associated with the management of solid wastes from the point of generation to disposal have been grouped into six

Functional elements:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Waste generation. Waste handling and separation, storage, and processing Collection. Separation Transfer and transport and Disposal FLOW CHART Solid waste generation Waste handling, Seperation,storage,and Processing at the source

Collection

Transfer and transport Disposal

Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste

6.0 GENERATION OF SOLID WASTES

Source waste

Activities where wastes are generated

Type of

Residential rubbish, wastes.

Single-Family and multifamily dwellings, low-,medium-,and high-rise apartments,etc.

Food wastes, Ashes, special

Commercial rubbish, demolition and

Stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings, Hotels, motels, print shops, auto repair shops, Medical facilities and institutions, etc.

Food wastes, ashes, Construction Special

wastes wastes.

Industrial Construction, fabrication, light and heavy wastes,rubbish, Manufacturing, refineries,chemical plants ashes,demolition and Lumbering, power plants, mining, etc special wastes. . Open areas wastes,rubbish Streets, alleys, parks, vacant lots, play Grounds,beaches,highways,recreational Areas,etc.

Food

Construction, Hazardous

Special

Agricultural waste, wastes,

Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms, etc.

Spoiled food Agricultural Rubbish,

hazardous Wastes

NOTE: Municipal wastes are a combination of both Residential & Commercial wastes

7.0 Solid waste collection and transportation: 7.1 Collection:

Collection is the fundamental function of solid waste management. This refers to the collection of solid wastes from places such as residential, commercial, institutional and industrial areas, as well as public parks. There are, generally, two methods of collection: Hauled-container system: In hauled container system, the container is hauled from the collection point to the final point of disposal, processing facility, or transfer station. Stationary-container system: Here, the container is emptied into collection vehicles at a point of collection. These are of two types: one in which the containers are large and must be emptied by mechanical means, and one in which the containers are small and can simply be emptied manually.

7.2 Transportation:
Transportation refers to the hauling of solid wastes to relatively far distances from the collection areas or transfer station. 7.2.1 Solid waste transfer stations: A transfer station is a facility where the wastes collected may be stored temporarily or transferred from the smaller collection vehicles to bigger transport vehicles for transportation to the destination point. There are two general types of transfer stations: Direct-discharge transfer: In this type, the collection vehicles dump their loads directly into the larger transport vehicles.

Storage transfer station: In this type, the solid wastes are emptied in storage pits or platforms. The wastes are then loaded in big transport vehicles for hauling to the destination point.

8.0 SOLID WASTE PROCESSING AND RECOVERY:

Processing is a second fundamental function of solid waste management. It improves the efficiency of solid waste disposal and prepare it for subsequent recovery of materials and energy. This method includes processing for recovery of materials for recycling, for direct manufacture of solid waste products and processing for recovery of energy and incineration.

8.1 Processing for recovery of materials for recycling:

Processing to segregate solid waste components may be done at the point of generation or at the central processing facility. Unit operations in central facility involve screening, shredding, air classifying and magnetic separations. Screening is unit operation of separating a feed into over size and under sized products. Screens may be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary screens depending on where in the flow sheet, the unit is located. The purpose of shredding is to produce a more uniform product. Air classifying uses the same principle as sand filter backwashing. In air classifying, solid waste is expanded whereas in sand filter, sand is expanded. Magnetic separation involves the use of electromagnets. This unit operation is used to separate ferrous materials from rest of the solid waste.

8.2 Processing for recovery of materials for direct manufacture of solid waste products:

After the components have been separated, the organic fractions may be further processed to produce desired products. One of these is refusederived fuels (RDFs) and composts. RDFs are in powdered form produced by grinding using ball mills. Composting is an enhanced process of rapidly oxidizing a solid organic

material with oxygen. Moisture content should be controlled so as to allow passage of air through the mass and provide the requisite amounts for biological reactions.

8.3 Electrical energy recovery:

MSW has a heating value ranging from 9300 to 12800 kj/kg. It is possible to recover this energy by using MSW to fire boilers in order to produce steam that can be used to drive a steam turbine. The turbine then turns the generator producing electricity. Before electricity is produced, the losses in the efficiency must be accounted. Then the losses are subtracted from the higher heating value from the MSW to obtain sensible heat contain of the stag gases. These gases are then passed through boiler tubes. As the gases travel through the tubes the sensible heat contents are given up heating the water in boiler to steam, which is introduced into the steam turbine that drives the generator to produce electricity.

8.4 Incineration:
Batch fed incinerators built during the 1930s and 1940s to reduce waste volume were major contributors to air pollution and performed poorly. But the new incineration systems used today incorporate energy recovery to reduce the capital and operating costs of air pollution control equipment. As a result, this has led to the reduction in the waste quantity by 90% in volume and 75% in weight.

The municipal incinerators are continuously burning type and have water wall construction in the combustion chamber rather than refractory lining. The water wall consists of joint vertical boiler tubes containing water. The tubes absorb the heat to provide hot water for steam and they also control the furnace temperature. Energy recovery from MSW combustion is accomplished in either water wall combustion chambers or in waste heat boilers in which ho flue gases are

directed out of the combustion chamber and into the boiler which usually has three components. Flue gases first enter the super heater which adds heat to the steam produced in the evaporator section. After the evaporator, the gases pass through economizer which heats the feed water while further cooling the flue gases. The combustion temperatures of incinerators fueled only by wastes are about 760 degrees Celsius. Temperatures up to 1650 degree Celsius which would reduce volume by 97 % and convert metal and glass to ash are possible with supplementary fuels. The auxiliary fuels used in the case of steam production are not required in case our objective is just volume reduction. Markets for steam must be close to waste burning insulators for these combustion systems to be competitive with other heating sources. These days, many incineration systems even produce electricity which is easily transported. However there are some concerns related to this incineration like disposal of the liquid waste from floor drainage, quench water, scrubber effluent and the problem of ash disposal in landfills because of heavy metal residues. The emission of combustible pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, metals, acid gases and dioxins and furans can be controlled by optimizing the combustion process.

8.5 Composting:

Composting is an aerobic decomposition of organic matter by micro organisms generally by bacteria and fungi into a nutrient rich, stable humus material known as compost. This product is used as a soil conditioner as well as daily landfill cover material. The temperature to be maintained is 60 C for at least 3 days in order to destroy pathogenic micro organisms. Thermophilic bacteria are the principal decomposers in the early stages of composting, while fungi are more

active during the curing stage. For optimal conditions, a moisture content of about 55 % on regular aeration which is provided either by mixing or turning or by blowing air through composting material are required. Landfill stabilization and hence gas generation takes place over a period of thirty years which can be shortened under continuously wet conditions or prolonged if the refuse remains dry.

9.0 DISPOSAL METHODS:

Generally adopted disposal methods for the solid waste disposal are: LANDFILL. INCENERATION. COMPOSTING. LAND FILL METHOD: Even though the method of disposal is cheap, it is posing environmental problems caused by the leachate, which is polluting the earth surface layers as well as ground water table. Moreover finding open lands for disposal of waste is difficult because of exhorbitant land values in urban areas and so the land disposal method is not recommended. INCENERATION METHOD: This method involves disposal of the waste by burning. This method involves high capital investment and trained technical supervision. Hence, this method of disposal is not feasible for small and medium cities. COMPOSTING METHOD: Composting method of disposal also involves trained persons and technical supervision for waste disposal by this method. The

composite generated by this method has to be marketed for its economic viability. As marketing of composting is difficult task, hence this method is also not a feasible method of disposal.

10.0 CONCLUSIONS:

In order to have a satisfactory, efficient, and a sustainable system of solid waste management, the following aspects need consideration:

Targeting waste reduction at source. Technological interventions Public participation in managing waste. Institutional strengthening. Setting up of transfer stations. Segregation and storage of waste at households, shops & establishments. Recovery and Recycling. Efficient collection and transportation system

REFERENCE:

Henry and Henkie, Environment engineering Manoj Datta, Waste Disposal in Engineered Land Fills Sincero and Sincero, Environment engineering Tchabanogolous, Theisen & Vigil Integrated solid waste management Tchabanogolous, Howe, Peavy, Environment engineering Glysson, P.E. (1986). A Hand book of environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New York. Mantell, C.L., (1975). Solid wastes: Origin, Collection, Processing, and Disposal. John Wiley & sons, New York.