CHAPTER 4 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 4.1 INTRODUCTION Synchronous machine is designed to be operating at synchronous speed, nsync.

c. The rate rotation of the magnetic fields in the synchronous machine is given as: 120 f e nm = P Where, nm = rate rotation of synchronous machines magnetic field, rpm fe = electrical frequency/frequency supply,Hz P = number of poles in the machine. The synchronous machine can be used to operate as: [a] Synchronous generator [b] Synchronous motor Used principally in large power applications because of their - high operating efficiency, - reliability and - controllable power factor . Rotates at constant speed in the steady state. The rotating air gap field and the rotor rotate at the same speed. Applications: - Used for pumps in generating stations - Electric clock - Timers - Mills - Refineries - Assist in power factor correction and etc It can draw either leading or lagging reactive current from the ac supply system. It is a doubly excited machine: - Rotor poles are excited by a DC current - Stator are connected to the ac supply The air gap flux is the resultant of the fluxes due to both rotor and stator.

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Figure 4.1 4.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR Construction Synchronous generator is also known as alternator. This machine consists of two main parts: i. Field winding (rotor winding) - winding that produce the main magnetic field in the machine. ii Armature winding (stator winding) - winding where the main voltage is induced. Main construction: - Rotor - Stator Stator - has a 3 phase distributed windings(AC supply) similar to induction machine. - Stator winding is sometimes called the armature winding.

Rotor - has a winding(DC winding) called the field winding. - Field winding is normally fed from an external dc source through slip rings and brushes. - Rotor can be divided into two groups:

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High speed machines with cylindrical (or non salient pole) rotors Low speed machines with salient pole rotors

Figure 4.2 Two types of rotor: [a] Salient pole rotor magnetic pole stick out from the surface of the rotor Its rotor poles projecting out from the rotor core. Is use for low-speed hydroelectric generator. Need large number of poles to accumulate in projecting on a rotor (large diameter but small length). Almost universal adapt. Has non uniform air-gap.

Figure 5.3: Two poles salient pole rotor [b] Non salient or cylindrical pole rotor magnetic pole constructed flush with the surface of the rotor.

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Has its rotor in cylindrical form with dc field winding embedded in the rotor slots. Has uniform air-gap. Provide greater mechanical strength. Per-unit more accurate dynamic balancing. For use in high speed turbo generator. 2 / most 4 poles machine use. Simple to model & analyze.

Figure 4.4: Two poles round (cylindrical) rotor Two type of armature winding: [a] Single layer winding. [b] Double layer winding.

Generated voltage The magnitude of the voltage induced in the given stator phase is given as: E A = K E A = 2N C f or where = flux in the machine f = frequency of the machine = speed rotation of the machine K = Constant representing the construction of the machine From the equation, it can concluded that (i) EA proportional to flux and speed (ii) Flux proportional to field current, If (iii) Thus EA also proportional to If 91

The internal generated voltage EA Vs field current If plot is shown below:

EA

Figure 4.5: Magnetization curve Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator

IF + VF
(d c )

IF

RF

jXS

RA

IA +

LF -

+ -

EA

V V
-

Per-phase equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

E A = V 00 + I A 0 ( RA + jX S )
EA = internal generated or generated emf per phase IA = armature current V = per phase terminal voltage Xs = synchronous reactance

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Zs

Ra
Ia
-

Xs

EG
+

1.0k Vt 1.0m

load

Direction Ia out from the generator because generator supply power to the load

Phasor Diagram of The Synchronous Generator The load for synchronous machine may be of three types: (i) Pure resistive load (unity power factor) (ii) Inductive load (lagging power factor) (iii) Capacitive load (leading power factor) (i) Synchronous generator with pure resistive load (unity power factor) :

Ra
I
-

Xs

EG
+

1.0k

1.0k 1.0m

load

EA IA
The equation:

V
E A = V 0 0 + I A 0 0 ( R A + jX S )

IARA

jXSIA

Unity pf

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(ii) Synchronous generator with inductive load (lagging power factor):

Ra Xs

EG
+

1.0 1k .0m

1.0m 1.0k

load

EA IA V IARA jXSIA
Lagging pf

The equation:

E A = V 0 0 + I A ( R A + jX S )
(iii) Synchronous generator with capacitive load (leading power factor):

Ra
I +

Xs
1.0u 1.0k

EG

1.0k 1.0m

load

IA
The equation:

EA V

jXSIA IARA
Leading pf

E A = V 0 0 + I A + ( R A + jX S )
NOTE: AT NO LOAD CONDITION, IA = 0 A, THUS EA = V00 VOLT. Example 1 94

A 3-phase Y-connected synchronous generator supplies a load of 10MW at power factor 0.85 lagging and the terminal voltage is 11kV. The armature resistance is 0.1 ohm/phase and synchronous reactance of 0.66 ohm/phase. Calculate the armature current, the internal generated voltage and voltage regulation. Draw the phasor diagram. Solution Ia

1, 0k 0

0.1 j0.66
+

Vt

lod a

E g

Power factor = 0.85 (lagging) = cos-1 PF = cos-1 0.85 = 31.790 Pout = 10MW = 3 VLIL cos IL = IA = Pout / (3 VL cos ) = 10M / (3 x 11k x 0.85) = 617.5 A EA = V00 + (IA-)(RA + jXS) = (11k/3 )00 + (IA-31.790) (0.1 + j0.66) = 6624.072.720 V

IA

EA
31.79 = 2.72

=6624.07V

A A Power flow diagram and Torque in Synchronous Generator

IR

jXSIA

Lagging pf

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Pin=Input torque x gen. speed in r/sec Pin=Pout + Total Losses

Pin= app m
Core losses I R losses (copper losses)
2

Pout= 3VTILcos Cop.Loss=3(IA)2RA

Stray losses

Friction and windage losses

If not given in the question, Pstray = 0

Usually given in the question

Can be calculated when RA is given and IA is known If the question dont mentioned about RA, the copper losses = 0

Synch Generator Pin = Pout + P iron loss + P copper loss = Tmwr P copper loss(3Ia2Ra) P in Pm P iron loss, P (stray+friction+windage+core+etc) Pout

For delta connection,

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V = VL IA = IL / 3 = Pout / (3 V cos) = S / 3 V For Y connection, V = VL / 3 IA = IL = Pout / (3 VL cos) or = S / 3 VL or

Pout / (3 V cos) S / 3 V

Real output power can be determined using the following equation:

Pout = 3VT I L cos

OR

P =3V I A co s out

Since XS >> RA, then RA can be ignored. The new phasor diagram will be: EA c

jXSIA a

EAsin =

XSIAcos b

IA

From the pahsor diagram, it can be seen that IA cos can be represented as:
I A cos = E A sin XS

Insert IA cos in the real output power equation will give:

P= 3V E A sin XS

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 At maximum condition, = 900, thus the equation will be:

Pmax = 3V E A XS

Other equation for induced torque for synchronous generator:

ind =
3V E A sin

m X S

4.2.6

Efficiency and Voltage Regulation

The voltage regulation of synchronous generator is given as:

VR =

E A VPHASE 100% VPHASE

The efficiency of the synchronous generator is given as:

Pout 100% Pin Pout 100% Pout + Plosses

Example 2 A 480V, 60Hz, delta-connected, 4 pole synchronous generator has the OCC shown in figure 1. This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 ohm per phase, and armature resistance of 0.015 ohm per phase. At full-load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full load conditions, the friction and windage losses are 40kW and the core losses are 30 kW i) What is the speed rotation of the magnetic field in rpm? ii) How much is the field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage 480V at no load? iii) If the generator is now connected to the load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging, how much field current will be required to keep the terminal voltage to 480V? What is the voltage regulation of this generator? iv) How much power is now generator is supplying? How much power is supplied to the generator by the prime mover? What is the generators efficiency?

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v) If the generator is now connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF leading, how much field current will be required to keep VT = 480 V and what is generators voltage regulation?

Figure 1 Solution For delta connection: V = VL IA = IL / 3 i) The speed rotation of magnetic field: nm = (120fe )/ P = (120 x 60) / 4 = 1800 rpm ii) If at no load condition. At no load, IA = 0 A. Thus, 99

EA = V00 Volt. = 480 00 V. Refer to OCC, when EA = 480 V, If = 4.5 A. iii) If at load (0.8 power factor lagging). IL = 1200 A. PF= cos = 0.8 (lagging) = cos-1 0.8 = 36.870 IA = IL / 3 = 1200 / 3 = 692.82 A. V = VL = 480 V For lagging load, the internal generated voltage is given as: EA = V00 + (IA-) (RA + jXS) = 48000 + (692.82-36.870) (0.015 + j0.1) = 529.88 + j49.19 = 532.16 5.300 V From OCC, when EA = 532.16 V, If = 5.7 A. The voltage regulation, VR: VR = [ (EA - V) / V ]x 100% = [(532.16 480) / 480] x 100% = 10.83% iv) The output power: PF= cos = 0.8 (lagging) Pout = 3 VL IL cos = 3 (480) (1200) (0.8) = 798.129kW The input power: PIN = Pout + Pstray + Pf&w + Pcore + Pelect

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Pelect = 3 IA2RA = 3 (692.82)2(0.015) = 21.6kW PIN = 798.129k + 0 + 40k + 30k + 21.6k = 889.729kW The generators efficiency: = (Pout / PIN ) x 100% = (798.129k / 889.729k) x 100% = 89.7% v) If at load 0.8 leading. IL = 1200 A IA = IL/3 = 1200 / 3 = 692.82 A. PF = cos = 0.8 (leading) = cos-1 0.8 = 36.870 EA = V00 + (IA +)(RA + jXS) = 48000 + (692.82+36.870)(0.015 + j0.1) = 446.74 + j61.66 = 450.987.860 Refer to OCC, when EA = 450.98 V, If = 4A The generators voltage regulation: VR = [(EA - V) / V] x 100% = [(450.98 480) / 480] x 100% = 6.06 %

Measuring Synchronous Generator Model Parameters

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 3 quantities that to be determined, Relationship between field current, If and EA Synchronous reactance, XS Armature resistance, RA 2 tests to be conducted, open circuit test terminal of generator is open-circuited, generator run at rated speed, If is gradually increased in steps, and terminal voltage is measured. Produced open-circuit characteristic (OCC) graph.
Air-gap line VT (V) Open-circuit characteristic (OCC)

If (A)

short circuit test terminal of generator is short-circuited through an ammeter, IA or IL is measured as If is increased. Produced short-circuit characteristic (SCC) graph. IA (A) Short-circuit characteristic (SCC)

If (A) From the short circuit test, the armature current, IA is given as: IA = (EA/ (RA + jXS) The magnitude of IA is given by: |IA| = |EA| / (RA2 + jXs2) The internal machine impedance is given as: ZS = (RA2 + jXS 2 ) = EA / IA

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 Since Xs >>RA, the equation reduce to: Xs = Voc / IA = EA/IA 5.2.8 The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone

EA jXSIA V EA V jXSIA IA IA

EA

EA V

IA

IA

Lagging PF

Unity PF +P or resistive load added, V and VT VR = small +ve

+Q or inductive load added, V and VT VR = large +ve

IA

IA

EA EA

jXSIA jXSIA V V

Leading PF -Q or capacitive load added, V and VT VR = -ve

General conclusions from synchronous generator behavior are If lagging loads (+Q or inductive load) are added, V and VT decrease significantly but voltage regulation VR is positive large. If unity power factor loads (no reactive load) are added to a generator, there is a slight decrease in V and VT and VR is positive small If leading loads (-Q or capacitive power loads) are added, V and VT will rise and VR is negative.

5.3 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

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 Synchronous motor converts electrical power to mechanical power. The equivalent circuit of synchronous motor:
IF + VF
(d c)

RF

jXS

RA

IA + V V -

LF -

+ -

EA

The difference between synchronous generator equivalent circuits and the synchronous generator equivalent circuit is the direction of IA.

V 0 0 = E A + I A ( R A + jX S )

The phasor diagram of synchronous motor with various power factor are shown below: i) Unity Power Factor

E A = V 0 0 I A 0 0 ( R A + jX S )

ii) Lagging Power Factor

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E A = V 0 0 I A 0 ( R A + jX S )
iii) Leading Power Factor

E A = V 0 0 I A + 0 ( R A + jX S )
Power flow for synch motor is reverse from synch motor Synch Motor Pin = Pout + P iron loss + P copper loss = Tmwr P iron loss, P (stray+friction+windage+core+etc) P in Pm P copper loss(3Ia2Ra) Efficiency and Voltage Regulation The voltage regulation of synchronous motor is given as: Pout

VR =

VPHASE E A 100% EA
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The efficiency of the synchronous motor is given as:

Pout 100% Pin Pout 100% Pout + Plosses

Example 3 A three phase, Y connected synchronous generator is rated 120 kVA, 1.5 kV, 50 Hz, 0.75 pf lagging. Its synchronous inductance is 2.0mH and effective resistance is 2.5 . Determine the voltage regulation at this frequency. (ii) Determine the rated voltage and apparent power if the supply frequency is going to be twice. (iii) Determine the voltage regulation if the frequency is increased to 120% of the original frequency. Solution (i)
2.0 mH 2.5 ohm

DC M1

Ea
-

1,0m 1,0k

120kVA 1.5kV 50HZ

Z S = RS + jX S

X S = 2fLS = 2 (50)(2m) = 0.628

Therefore

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S = 3V L I L Z S = 2.5 + j 0.628 = 2.57814.1 = IL = S 3VL

120 k 3 x1.5k cos = 0.75 = 41.41

= 46.188 I L = 46.188 41.41 E g = V0 + I a Z S 1.5k 0 + 46.188 41.41(2.57814.1) 3 = 971.825 j 54.63 = = 973.36 3.22 0 A VR = E g VT VT = 973.36 866.025 = 12.39% 866.025

(ii) f = 100 H z Rated Voltage: 50 H Z 1.5k 100 H Z 1.5k Apparent Power 50 H Z 120 kVA 100 H Z 240 kVA (iii) f = 120%of 50 H Z f = 60 H Z New X S = 2fLS = 2 (60)( 2m) = 0.754 Z S = 2.5 + j 0.754 = 2.6116.78 E g = VT = I a Z s VT = ? at 60Hz 100 x1.5k = 3kV 50

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Rated Voltage: 50 H Z 1.5k 60 H Z 1.8k Apparent Power 50 H Z 120 kVA 60 H Z 60 x120 = 144 kVA 50 IL = 144 k 60 x1.5k = 1.8kV 50

3 x1.8k = 46.188 A

E g = VT + I a Z s = + ( 46.188 41.41)(2.6116.78) 3 = 1148.81 j 50.24V = 1149.91 2.5 0 V E g VT VT 1149 .91 = 1.8k 3 Example 4 A 2300V, 120hp, 50Hz, eight poles, Y-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous inductance of 6.63mH/phase and armature resistance of 1/phase at rated power factor of 0.85 leading. At full load, the efficiency is 90 percent. Find the following quantities for this machine when it is operating at full load. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi). Draw a phasor diagram to represent back emf, supply voltage and armature current. What is its voltage regulation? Output power. Input power. Developed mechanical power. Draw the power flow diagram. 1.8k 3 = 10.65% 1.8k

VR =

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Solution 1hp = 746W 2300V, 120hp=89.52kW, 50Hz, 8 poles, efficiency = 90% Y connected(I=IL, V=VL/3) Xs Z
(i)

= 2fL=2(50)(6.63m)=2.08 = Ra+jXs = 1 + j2.08

Pout Pout 89.52kW , Pin = = = 99.47 kW Pin 0.9

=
I =

Pin = 3VI cos

Pin 99 .47 k = = 29.3831.79 A 3V cos 3(2300 / 3 )(0.85) I = 24.97 + j15.48 A E = V IZ = 2300 3 (24.97 + j15.48)(1 + j 2.08) = 1335 .13 j 67.42V = 1336 .83 2.89V

= 31.79 = 2.89

(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

VR =

Vt E E

2300 / 3 1336.83 = 0.0067 x100% = 0.67% 1336.83

Pout = 120hp = 89.52kW

Pin =

Pout 89.52kW = = 99.47 kW 0 .9

Pmech

= = = =

Pin-Pcl 99.47kW - 3Ia2R 99.47kW - 3(29.38)2(1) 96.88kW

P iron loss, P (stray+friction+windage+core+etc)

(vi) P in Pm

Pout

P copper loss

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Steady-state Synchronous Motor Operation Torque Speed Characteristic Curve

Maximum torque when =90

ind pullout
nnl n fl n fl

SR =

X 100 % = 0%

rated
nsync
1) 2)

nm

Speed of the motor will be constant (because its locked to the electrical frequency). The result torque speed characteristic is shown in the figure above. The speed is constant from no load torque until max torque, thus SR=0%.

Effect Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

P = 3V I A cos = 3V E A sin XS

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IA1 I A2

IA3 IA4

V P1 P2

EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4

P3

P4

When the load is increased: 1) is change from leading to lagging. 2) jXSIA is increased, thus IA is increased too. 3) Torque angle, , is increased 4) |EA| is constant Effect Field Current Changes on Synchronous Generator

P (=constant) IA4 IA3 IA2 IA1 EA1

When the field current is increased:

V P (=constant) EA2 EA3 EA4

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I I
A A

V V

E
A

E
A

1) |EA| increased 2) Torque angle, , is decreased 3) IA first is decreased and then increased. 4) changed from lagging to leading. 5) Real power supply is constant 6) VL is constant.

Synchronous V Curve

IA P = P2 P = P1 Leading power factor PF = 1.0 IF

Starting Synchronous Motor 3 methods to start a synchronous motor: i) Reduce electrical frequency, fe ii) Use external prime mover iii) Use damper windings or amortisseur windings. 4.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AND SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
P \ Q Supply P Generator EA leads V Supply Q EAcos > V Consume Q EAcos < V

Lagging power factor

E I
A

I
A

E
A

Consume P Motor EA lags V

I
A

V E
A

I
A

112E

4.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION The three phase synchronous motor is used when a prime mover having a constant speed from a no-load condition to full load is required. Such as fans, air compressors and pumps. Also used to drive mechanical load and also to correct the power factor. Only used as a correct power factor of an industrial power system, as a bank capacitor used for power factor correction, also called a synchronous capacitor. Rating up to 10hp are usually started directly across the rated three-phase voltage. Synchronous motor of larger sizes are started through a starting compensator or an automatic starter.

Tutorial 4 1. A 90kVar, 445 V, 60 Hz 3-phase synchronous motor is delta connected. The motor has a synchronous inductance 1.3 mH/phase and armature resistance of 4 ohm/phase. Calculate the back emf and power angle if the motor is operating at 0.85 lagging power factor. 2. A 2400 V, 60 kW, 50 Hz, 6 poles, delta-connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 4 /phase and armature resistance of 2 /phase. At full load, the efficiency is 92 %. Find the followings for this machine when it is operating at full load at rated power factor 0.85 lagging. (i) Phasor diagram to represent back emf, supply voltage and armature current. (ii) Voltage regulation.

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(iii) Input power (iv)Developed mechanical power (v) Power flow diagram 3. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator supplies a load of 10MW. The terminal voltage is 22 kV at power factor 0.85 lagging . The armature resistance is 0.2 ohm/phase and synchronous inductance is 0.3 mH/phase. Calculate the line value of emf generated. 4. A hydraulic turbine turning at 200 rpm is connected to a synchronous generator. If the induced voltage has a frequency of 60 Hz, how many poles does the rotor have. 5. A 2300 V 3-phase, star connected synchronous motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohm/phase and a synchronous reactance of 2.2 ohm/phase. The motor is operating on 0.5 power factor leading with a line current of 200A. Determine the value of generated or counter emf per phase. Also draw the phasor diagram. From the phasor diagram, discuss what happen to the counter emf if the power factor is increased to 0.8 leading. No need to recalculate the new emf being generated. 6. A 200kVA, 600 V, 50 Hz three-phase synchronous generator is Y- connected. The generator has a synchronous reactance 0.1 ohm/phase and armature resistance of 2 ohm/phase. Calculate the voltage regulation if the generator is operating at 0.75 leading power factor. Draw the phasor diagram. 7. A 2000V, 500hp, 3-phase Y-connected synchronous motor has a resistance of 0.3 ohm/phase and synchronous reactance of 3 ohm/phase respectively. Determine the induced emf per phase if the motor works on full-load with an efficiency of 92% and p.f = 0.8 leading.

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