A Report on Technical Sessions of IVEC-2011

The IEEE-IVEC-2011 was featured with one inaugural session, three plenary sessions, 20 contributory sessions and four poster sessions. The contributory and the poster sessions ware planned to run three in parallel at a time. The technical sessions covered Traveling-Wave Tubes, Space Traveling-Wave Tubes, Klystrons and Inductive Output Tubes, Extended Interaction Klystrons, Sheet Beam Devices, Multi Beam Devices, THz Devices, PlasmaFilled Devices, Magnetrons, Gyrotrons, Gyro-Traveling-Wave Tubes, Cathodes, Nanoelectronics Field Emitters, TWT Slow-Wave Structures, Device Modeling, Traveling-wave Tube Modeling, High Power Microwaves, Electron Optics, Subsystems, Materials & Technologies, THz Technologies, and Vacuum Electronic Device and Applications in different sessions as per the Table-I

Table-I: Technical Program-at-a-Glance

Time (Hrs) 0830 0930 0930 1110 1110 1140 1140 1150 1150 1320 1320 1420 1420 1600 1600 1630 1630 1810 Session-5 THz Devices Session-6 Electron Optics Session-2 Klystrons & IOTs Session12 TWT SWSs 22 February 2011 23 February 2011 24 February 2011

Registration + Welcome TEA

Welcome TEA Session-8 EIK & Sheet Beam Devices

Welcome TEA Session15 Multi Beam Devices

Inaugural Session & Plenary Talk

Session-7 Space TWTs

Session9 NanoEmitters

Session-14 TWT Modeling

Session-16 Subsystems, Materials & Technology

TEA Expo Inauguration & Tea Session10 Gyrotrons Session11 Device Modeling Session-18 THz Technology Session-19 VED Applications

Poster-1

Session-17 Gyro TWT

Plenary Session

LUNCH Session13 PlasmaFilled Devices TEA

Session-1 TWTs

Session-3 Cathodes

Poster-2

Session-19 VED Applications

Session-20 Magnetrons

Poster-4

Session-4 HPMs

Plenary Session

Plenary Session & Valedictory Function

A brief of the various technical sessions:

Session-1: Traveling-Wave Tubes: There were five papers in the session. The first
paper was on Design and Development of 2 to 3 Octave Band Helix Mini-TWTs by e2v Technologies Ltd., UK. The paper presented some interesting and timely results on the design and development of a multi-octave mini helix traveling wave tubes. The critical aspects of the design and development of these devices were elaborated and supported by experimental results. Some representative results on a developmental 2 to 7 GHz, 100 W helix TWT were also presented. The slow-wave structures used T-shaped vanes and dielectric support rods and the beam-filling of around 40% used for the design. Coupler VSWR obtained was within 2 over the operating band. Output power of minimum 125W over the designed frequency band was achieved with electronic efficiency typically of 14%. The 2nd paper was on Development of Ka-Band 500 W CW Helix TWT by Netcomsec Co. Ltd. Japan. They presented performance of a new Ka-band 500W power Helix TWT (LD7338) under development at the Netcomsec Co. Ltd., Japan for Broadband Digital Satellite Communication. The first engineering model provided output power of more than 500W CW at saturation over the band 27.5 31.0GHz. The DC helix current is less than 0.1% of beam current. IM3 products were found to be 30 dBc at 1 dB gain compression. The 3rd paper was on RF Output Multipaction Margin of Travelling Wave Tubes by Thales Electron devices, Germany. The The paper presented a detailed study on multipaction capability of TNC output connectors of high power L- and S-Band TWTs. It was brought out that a real prediction of the multipaction onset level of complex coaxial structures like TNC connector, with dielectrics, air gaps and complex electric fields inside, is not possible with the existing analytical and simulation capabilities available today. Therefore, tests were carried out to ascertain the onset levels. Some important results were presented to show how the multipaction phenomenon affects the power extraction in a high power TWT. The 4th Paper was on Performance Enhancement of W-Band CW TWT by Beijing Vacuum Electronics Research Institute, China. Backward wave oscillation (BWO) and other parasitic oscillation that were e encountered in the process of manufacturing a W-band TWT were presented in the paper. In order to eliminate the oscillation, a kind of attenuation material is coated to the folded waveguide wall. This method presents a good performance to enable stable working of the TWT and increase the output power to 15W. The last paper in this session was on Design of a K-Ka Band Helix TWT by Microwave Tube Research and Development Centre, India. The paper presented the details of the design and development of a K-Ka band, 40W CW, millimeter-wave helix TWT. Sub-system level design and TWT development issues were also presented. Interesting aspects of the electron optical system including the electron gun, PPM focusing and a two-stage depressed collector were also presented. The latest prototypes provided beam transmission better than 99% with RF power of 40W over almost the entire frequency band.

Session-2: Klystrons & IOTs: There were five papers in this session. The first paper
was on the design and development of a 6 MW peak, 24 kW average power S-band Klystron from CEERI, Pilani, India. The paper describes the design and development of the klystron under MOU between BARC and CEERI. The microwave design of various sub-systems of the device has been carried out using different in-house developed codes and commercial codes like TRAK, HFSS, CST and MAGIC. The design results obtained from one code have been validated using another code before fabrication was initiated. The thermal design of collector and RF window was carried out using ANSYS code. A gun collector test module was first developed to experimentally validate gun and collector design. The module was tested at 135 kV and a pulsed current of 116 A was obtained which was close to design

values. Next a full klystron amplifier was assembled, processed and tested. The input was fed through a N-type coaxial input and the output was taken through a waveguide. Presently testing of the device is under progress and 5.5 MW of peak power has been achieved. The second paper was on the development of high power CW 3.7 GHz klystrons for fusion experiments on Tore Supra from CEA, IRFM and Thales electron devices, France. The paper describes the present development status of the klystron. A number of devices have been assembled and tested. Typical output power of 720 kW at 3.7 GHz has been obtained. The klystron operates at a cathode voltage of 74 kV with a beam current of 22A. The output window uses a BeO ceramic. The devices have been successfully used for plasma heating and current drive for the Tokamak Tore Supra. The third paper was on the wideband inductive output tube from L-3 communications electron devices, USA. The paper describes the design and development of the wide band IOT for radar and communication applications. The input circuit and electron gun of the wideband IOT employs a direct coupling system. The cavity operates in the quarter wavelength mode instead of the higher order mode. This allows for higher R/Q. The output circuit consists of a resonated length of ring bar slow wave circuit. The prototype device was built and tested at UHF frequencies. Output power of above 70 kW was obtained with 12% bandwidth. The fourth paper was on simulation and characterization of cylindrical RF cavity with output section coupling for 250 kW CW C-band klystron from CEERI, Pilani, India. The paper describes the design of a cylindrical re-entrant cavity structure using various codes like CST microwave studio, HFSS and MAGIC. The re-entrant cavities are fabricated and experimental measurements compared with simulation. Further, the input and output coupler design has been presented. The coupler employs a matched broadband impedance transformation section and slot coupling for feeding the Rf signal and extracting of RF signal. The last paper of the session was on development of the S-band high power klystron with bandwidth of 12% from institute of electronics, China. The paper describes the design and development of a S-band klystron delivering peak power levels of 800 kW and instantaneous bandwidth of 12% for modern radar systems. The device uses seven bunching cavities and the output cavity is a double gap cavity. The electron gun uses a barium impregnated cathode for improved reliability and longer life time. Electromagnetic focusing is used for the tube by using four sets of coils. The output window is a pillbox window while the collector is water cooled. The device has been assembled and tested. At an operating beam voltage of 66 kV and average beam current of 560 mA, average RF power of 9kW with 40 dB gain has been achieved.

Session-3: Cathodes: There were five papers in this session. The first paper was on High
Current Density Reservoir Cathode Development by Calabazas Creek Research, USA. In present work the group has reported work on increasing the size of cathodes, exploring alternative materials for reducing the work function, and implementing cathodes into electron beam devices. A thin, porous, tungsten cap serves as the cap on the reservoir material and provides the emission surface. The porosity and diffusion rate of the emitter cap can be controlled by selection of the materials and fabrication process. The group described about their test facility for the cathode and different cathode sizes they can fabricate and perform measurements. The research is also looking at alternative reservoir material that could provide improved performance over barium. The materials like Cesium and other materials from the rare earth series of elements, similar to scandium, reported as possibilities. The goal is to locate materials that can reduce the surface work function and be replenished from the reservoir during cathode operation. This would reduce the operating temperature and further increase the cathode lifetime. Work is also in progress to implement the cathodes into electron beam devices, including multiple beam klystrons, backward wave oscillators, and magnetron injection guns. The 2nd paper in this session was on Fabrication and Testing of

Sintered Wires Reservoir Cathodes by Semicon Associates. The research group presents the extremely small dimensions and tight tolerances along with high power and frequency requirements, which prompt scientists and engineers to search for a new approach in cathode technology. They report the previous work by; Ives at al. introduced a novel technology that immediately drew attention of the industry. The research group briefs about, controlled porosity reservoir cathodes from sintered tungsten wires offered a solution to many unsolved issues in cathode technology which initial testing performed at Calabazas Creek Research. The research group after obtaining the legal rights to this technology manufactured and tested several different cathode assemblies in order to validate design and manufacturing processes. Six pieces each of four different assemblies were manufactured, two operating under CW and two under pulsed regime. An initial steady state test was performed at their facility and results will be compared with corresponding impregnated cathode assemblies. Cathodes will then be sent to two of their major customers for further tests. Results of these tests will be presented as Miram curve, as least-squares-fitted plots of emission versus time, as knee-point migration plot, and as PWFD. The 3rd paper in this session was on Tungsten-Rhenium Mixed Metal Matrix Cathodes by Microwave Tubes Research and Development centre (MTRDC), India. In this paper, studies are carried out on W-Re mixed matrix cathodes developed in house, are discussed. The group has been observed that a proper choice of rhenium particle size is essential for obtaining good emission density. The cathodes were prepared by impregnating W-Re (50% 50% by weight) mixed metal matrices with 5:3:2 barium calcium aluminates. A current density of 20 A/cm2 has been achieved at 1360K. Life testing of these cathodes has been carried out in closely spaced diode configuration. Variations of work function and emission current density after 35000 Hrs of life are presented. The group reports a W-Re (50:50) mixed metal matrix cathodes have been successfully developed in laboratory. Emission current density of 20 Acm2 was achieved at 1360 K. The 4th paper is this session was on Scandate Dispenser cathode for 220 GHz 50 W Sheet Beam Traveling wave tube amplifier by Deptt. of applied science, University of California-Davis and Beijing Vacuum Electronics Research Institute, China. The group has developed; a Sc2O3-doped W powder for use in high current density thermionic cathodes has been made by the sol-gel method with different particle sizes. Sc2O3-W matrix cathodes were prepared from these powders, and have shown excellent emission properties. A space charge limited current density of 40 A/cm2 at 850oC, and 170 A/cm2 at 1050oC have been obtained by using 300-500 nm Sc2O3doped (5.0 wt.%) W powders. As reported Life testing is ongoing with a continuously pulsed loading of 50 A/cm2 at 1050oC after > 104 hours. The machined cathode made from 1-2 micron size Sc2O3-doped W powder can reach 160 A/cm2 at 1050oC during pulsed operation. The CW cathode testing is being developed for practical application. The last paper in the session was on High current desnsity Ternary-Alloy_film cathode for Terrahertz vaccum devices by CEERI, Pilani and Seoul National University. The group investigates high current density emission capabilities of alloy- coated cathodes used for terahertz vacuum devices. In this paper the developmental work carried out on ternary-alloy-film cathode (2Os:2Re:1W) and the results are presented. The cathodes were tested inside a closed spaced diode and also analytical chamber containing Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Thermionic Emission Microscope (THEM) facility. The cathodes made out of alloy-film coated showed excellent emission in terms of uniformity and work function. The improvement in emission is due to the formation of W-Re -phase alloy. As suggested by the group, this improvement can be utilized either for operating the cathode at a lower temperature, thus making more economical design and longer life time possible or for achieving even higher current density. From the experimental data it is seen that ternary-alloy film cathodes Emission current densities measured in the diode structure at 13000 K temperature were above 60 A/cm2. The work function was found 1.72 eV using 73% slope method. To ensure the life of the cathode accelerated life test has been carried out in closed spaced diode at 13000 K temperature.

Session-4: High Power Microwaves: The High Power Microwave (HPM) session
consists of 05 research papers. The first paper was on the energy calculation for a Magnetically Insulated Line Oscillator. The paper focused on theoretical derivation of power generation in MILO. The system is also modeled and PIC simulation carried by using MAGIC code. The analytical results obtained are a rf pulse of 2.5 Joule energy at voltage of 300 KV and the system is operated at S-band. The paper concluded with a fair agreement between analytical result and simulated result. The second paper was an experimental paper on Reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator with pulse power source of 300 KV, 12 KA and 300 ns pulse width. The experiments conducted with various anode-cathode gaps and power is measured at far field using a D-dot probe and 20GS/s oscilloscope. The paper concluded with the result that the Reflex triode generates maximum RF power at 15 mm anode-cathode gap. The third paper was presented on Spot size flash x-ray generation from a pulse power source KALI-5000 which gives 500 KV, 8 KA current and 100 ns pulse width. A specially designed cathode of 2 mm and 4 mm diameter are used in the experiment. The speaker also discussed the beam plasma expansion rate of the device which is critical parameter in the experiment. The fourth paper presented on the development of High Voltage pulsed for High Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) simulation. The work is mainly intended to harden the electronics. The author discussed about criticalities and realization of a 640 KV Pulser and the sub-systems of the Pulser such as charging supply, peaking circuit, output switch etc. The last paper is on design and development of high power pulsed rf system and the test facilities for particle accelerators. The paper presents various klystrons and magnetrons designed and developed at RRCAT, Indore.

Session-5: THz Devices: There were five papers in this session. The first paper was on
The OPTHER project: Progress toward the THz amplifier by a consortium of 3 organizations viz. University of Rome, Thales electron devices, France and Technical university of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby. The paper describes the status of the OPTHER (Optically driven Tera Hertz Amplifiers) project and progress towards the realization of THz amplifier. The project envisages the development of an amplifier operating in the frequency range from 0.3 THz to 2 THz, a gain of 10-20 dB with output power > 10 mW. For the present design an operating frequency of 1 THz with a 1% bandwidth has been chosen. A VNT based cold cathode technology has been chosen for the electron beam generation. The electron gun consists of a field emitter array (FEA) based on a carbon nanotube cathode, a focusing gate and anode. A novel double corrugation rectangular waveguide SWS operating in backward wave regime has been chosen for the interaction circuit. The fabrication of parts & realization of the amplifier is in progress. The 2nd paper was on power consumption reduction in 700 GHz BWO by FSUE ISTOK, Russia. The paper describes the power consumption decrease for a 700 GHz BWO. Theoretical and experimental work in this regard is presented in this paper. Schemes for reduction of power consumption in cathode heating supply, current throughput in SWS and depressed collector is presented. Experimental investigation of increase of efficiency of devices is presented. The authors have been able to increase the output power by 30-70 mW and consequently four fold reduction in power consumption (upto 66W). The 3rd paper in this session was on Design studies of a 460 GHz, 30-50 W, CW second harmonic Gyrotron by Indian institute of technology (IIT), Roorkee, India and Karlsruhe institute of technology, Karlsruhe, Germany. The paper describes the design concepts of a 460 GHz, 30-50 W, CW second harmonic Gyrotron for medical spectroscopy. The device has been designed to operate at 20-25 kV with a beam current of 80-100 mA and magnetic field of 8.5 8.7 T. An operating made of TE6,3 has been selected

for the present design and a conventional type of cavity with down and up tapers has been chosen for the interaction circuit. The 4th paper was on the 0.22 THz sheet beam TWT amplifier: System design and analysis by Deptt. of applied science, University of CaliforniaDavis, USA. The paper describes the components of a 0.22 THz sheet beam TWT amplifier comprising of a staggered double grating array waveguide, a thin mica window for coupling of RF energy. The couplers were designed for < 1dB insertion loss with 75 GHz bandwidth. The collector is designed to collect the spent beam along the RF path coupled to the output RF window. The beam focusing structure for focusing of an elliptical sheet beam giving a beam transmission of 73%. The 5th paper in this session was on Analysis of rectangular metal grating RF structure for Orotron by Burdwan university, Burdwan and CEERI, Pilani. The paper describes the design and analysis of a 100 GHz RF interaction structure for Orotron. The analysis was carried out using 3D code CST-MWS. The dispersion characteristics of the RF structure have been analyzed using CST-MWS and compared with analytical methods.

Session-6: Electron Optics: In the session, high-performance computing including LU

decomposition, 64-bit computing and multicore parallel computing to the electron Optics simulator; new capabilities of Beam optics analyzer for heat transfer integration by implementing technique to smooth the wall power density field generated by electron energy; and the design and development of Thermionic Emission Microscope at CEERI, India, which is optimized to achieve a magnification of about 15 times with clear image, were discussed. In addition, two new computer codes i) XMAGUN: A FEM Code for Iron Pole Piece PPM Design and Analysis by Instituto de Pesquisas Energticas e Nucleares/CNEN-SP, Brazil, and University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and ii) QPT: A Simple Particle Tracker for Tube Simulation by CEERI, India and SNU, South Korea, were also presented.

Session-7: Space TWTs: There were five papers in this session. The first paper was on a
170 W Ka-band TWT for space applications by M/s Thales electron devices, France. This is a new tube being developed by M/s Thales which covers a frequency band of 17.3 to 21.2 GHz delivering a maximum power of 170 W. several prototype tubes have been assembled and tested with good reliability. The electron gun operates at 7.5 kV with a M-type cathode. The slow wave structure comprises of a helix based circuit with higher linearity performance and RF gain higher than 50 dB. A four stage depressed collector has been employed to obtain overall efficiency of 26%. The second paper was on the development of 60 W C-band TWT for space by ISRO satellite centre, India. The paper discussed about the indigenous development of TWT and subsequent qualification and flight model fabrication. The basic design of the TWT has been carried out by CEERI, Pilani. The development of the tube has been done by M/S Bharat electronics. The TWT employs a helix SWS with three stepped APBN rods. The helix SWS has been optimized for maximum efficiency. A four stage depressed collector has been designed for improving efficiency. Once the electrical parameters were met, qualification model (QM) of the tube was fabricated and the tube was subjected to various stringent qualification tests for space applications as per ISRO requirements. Once the qualification tests were passed, flight model TWTs were fabricated and acceptance testing was carried out successfully. The third paper was on a high efficiency 40-130 W K-band travelling wave tubes for satellite communications downlinks by M/s L-3 communications electron technologies inc., USA. The paper discussed about the on-going production runs of a 130 W radiation cooled TWT amplifier operating in K-band. Large number of TWTs (~ 500) have been produced for use in satellites especially for direct broadcast high definition television. The device operates in the 17 to 22 GHz band with an instantaneous bandwidth of 3 GHz. The tubes have undergone qualification for both

conduction cooled and radiation cooled versions. The fourth paper was on updated evaluation of space TWT gain change over life by M/S Loral, USA. The paper describes the studies on TWT gain variations over life in operating satellites. The author describes that under certain conditions, the TWT gain change can be detected from the available satellite telemetry data. The present study was an update on the previous study carried out by the author in 2007. The author compared the measurements in 2011 against the projected performance using data in 2007. Further, he has evaluated newer space TWTs to determine if similar trends are observed. The last paper in this session was on statistical characterization of isolation performance of multiport amplifiers: A critical discussion by European space agency, Netherland. The paper discusses statistical technique for the determination of isolation performance of multiport amplifiers. The history of multiport power amplifiers (MPA) for use in satellite communications has been discussed with the present status of MPAs in European space agency. Further, statistical distribution of isolation between MPAs output port have been obtained using different methodologies. These results are compared and discrepancies detected and analyzed.

Session-8: EIK & Sheet-beam Devices: There were five papers in this session. The
first paper was on a compact high power klystron for the CoReH20 Earth explorer candidate core mission from M/S CPI, Canada. The paper describes the design and test of an extended interaction klystron operating at 17.2 GHz. The klystron will be used in a dual frequency 99.6 & 17.2 GHz) synthetic aperture radar which will be one of the main payload of the CoReH20 (Cold regions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory) earth explorer program. The design of the EIK has been completed and presently the device is being realized. The device will provide over 3.5 kW of peak RF power and 20% duty cycle. In order to minimize development risks a modular approach has been followed and space qualified components are re-used wherever possible. The second paper was on W-band sheet beam extended interaction klystron (EIK) from naval research laboratory, USA. The paper describes the present status of the development of the device. The EIK operates at 94 GHz and is powered by a 19.5 kV, 3.3 A sheet beam. The interaction circuit comprises of a 5 gap input and output cavities and a 4 gap buncher cavity in the middle. The individual gaps in each cavity are strongly coupled by coupling cavities on both sides of the beam tunnel. The input and output RF is fed through a WR-10 waveguide. The device employs a uniform magnetic field of 8.5 kG. A beam stick tube was fabricated and tested and around 98% beam transport was achieved. Presently, fabrication and assembly of the full amplifier is under progress. The third paper was on validation study of the TESLA model for extended interaction klystron. The paper describes the validation studies carried out using the 2.5 D large signal code TESLA for a G-band EIK. The large signal code TESLA was originally developed fir analysis and design of klystrons. It is being used now for the simulation of an extended interaction klystron. The authors have compared the simulation results for the G-band EIK and compared them with the experimental results of the device. It was found that the simulation results compare well with the experimental data and the code is relatively fast running and requires lesser memory compared to conventional 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. The fourth paper was on the development of W-band sheet beam klystron with high transmission rate electron optics system for institute of electronics, China. The paper describes the present status of development of the W-band sheet beam klystron. An ellipse cathode and electrode structure are used to form the sheet beam with the beam aspect ratio of 25:1. A uniform magnetic field is used to transport the sheet beam over the interaction circuit. The device has been manufactured and experiments carried out. The device was tested over the beam voltage range of 20 to 82 kV and beam current of 0.5 to 4.2 A was obtained. A uniform magnetic field of 300 g was used. The device delivered an output power of 55 kW at

94.5 GHz with a gain of 40 dB. The fifth paper was on the stability review of SLACs L-band Sheet beam klystron from SLAC national accelerator laboratory, USA. The paper describes the review of L-band sheet beam development at SLAC. Further, reviews of instabilities discovered during klystron simulation are discussed. The design of a seven cavity L-band SBK has been discussed and during MAGIC 3D simulation with PPM focusing instabilities were discovered. These instabilities were analyzed in detail and remedial actions investigated.

Session -9: Nano-emitters: In the session on nanoelectronics field emitters, five

papers were presented. The session was well balanced with presentations from the experts both on theory and experiment. Matt Kirley et al from University of Wisconsin-Madison, reported experiments and analysis of field emission from metallic knife-edge cathodes coated with thin film Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6), a low work function material (~2.5 eV). Their experimental results indicate that very thin LaB6 coatings enhance field emission from metal cathodes and the thick coatings suppress emission. They attributed this to diffusion of electrons and applied electric field penetration near the material interface result in a thinner internal barrier and enhanced emission. Padmakar G, Chavan et al from University of Pune reported field emission and photo-enhanced field emission investigations of CdS nanowires array. The CdS nanowires array were grown by thermal evaporation technique on Au patterned silicon substrate. A high current density of ~ 68 A/cm2 has been drawn at the applied electric field of ~ 5.2 V/ m. The field emission current-time stability measurements depict that the emission current is stable over the period of measurement (3h). The photoenhanced field emission study shown the photo-enhanced field emission study shows the photo-switching behavior with rise in the current level to ~ 3 A for the preset value of ~ 1 A repetitively. K Santosh Kumar et. al. from Microwave Tube R&D Centre, reported improved field emission from Cs coated carbon nanotubes. They presented the development of CNT based Field Emitter arrays by Electrophoresis method using CsI as surface modifying element. The electron emission increased as well as the turn on field reduced to greater extent. When compared to cathode of same dimensions without cesium iodide, the emission current increased 7 times with the field 3 times less. From the Fowler-Nordheim plots a reduction in work function from 4.8 to 2.8eV has been observed in CsI coated CNT Field Emitter (FE) compared to un-coated CNT FE. The improved adhesion to the substrate and structure stability was also observed in this method. SSM Chung from Southern Taiwan University reported on the turn-on field of carbon nanotube cathode. One factor that affects turn-on field most is the Schottky barrier between CNT and the metal electrode in CNT cathode. They managed to reduce this barrier by using metal-CNT hot-bonding process and found the turn-on field improved to 1-2 V/m. It was also found that current density is related to microscopic shielding effect, and the heating results to shifting of emission sites, thus a lowered average current density and fluctuation in emission current. M C Lin et al from University of California, Berkeley proposed a new fitting model for better characterizing field emitters such as a field emission array (FEA) that may be operated at high current density. In this improved model, they employ both effective work function and effective enhancement factor approximations. The experimental data can be fitted perfectly and therefore the discrepancy between the experimental results of FEA at high current density and FN theory can be explained. They showed that the space charge effects play the key role.

Session-10: Gyrotron: In this session, total five papers were presented, which were
contributed by 09 institutes/ organizations. In his paper, Professor Thumm presented a 10

MW, 140 GHz ECRH system with a pulse duration of 30 minutes which is currently under construction for the stellarator W7-X at Greifswald. He discussed about the European collaboration which has been established to develop and build 9 (out of 10) gyrotrons each with an output power of 1 MW for CW operation, required to provide RF power to W7-X. First operation and long pulse conditioning of these gyrotrons was taking place at the test facility at KIT where pulses up to 180 s at full power were possible, 30 minutes shots at full power could be done only at IPP. Including the pre-prototype tube, the prototype tube and a 140 GHz CPI-tube, 10 gyrotrons will be available for W7-X. The first Thales Electron Devices series gyrotron SN1 delivered 0.92 MW output power at an efficiency of almost 45% with a fundamental Gaussian output mode purity of 97.5%. The following series gyrotrons starting from SN2 suffered from parasitic oscillations in the beam tunnel. A modification of the beam tunnel structure was proposed and tested successfully by KIT using two modular short pulse gyrotrons. The present contribution was on acceptance tests of series gyrotron SN3a, still equipped with the old beam tunnel and SN4a employing the modified beam tunnel. In the past, a novel gyrotron cavity featured with azimuthal corrugations has been presented in order to achieve co-harmonic generation of TE2,2 and TE4,3 signals, occurring at the 2nd and 4th harmonics, with the frequencies of the two being in an exact integer ratio. In order to facilitate pure output of the 4th harmonic, a specially designed output aperture has also been designed, in order to trap the 2nd harmonic within the cavity. In his paper, David A. Constable demonstrated numerical simulations on the a co-harmonic gyrotron, operating with a novel cavity, capable of generating coherent radiation at both the 2nd and 4th harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency simultaneously, at frequencies of 37.5 GHz and 75 GHz. Further, the refinements to the output section of the cavity and the on-going testing of the cavity and its associated components, required to generate the operating modes of interest, were presented. In his paper, Professor Kartikeyan presented the collaborative efforts on the design of specific high power gyrotrons: (i) a 42 GHz, 200-250 kW, long pulse / CW gyrotron (with up-tapered resonator section) for Indian Tokamak applications and (ii) CW/long pulse gyrotrons (conventional cavity version) at 170 GHz for ITER and ITER-like machines. He summed up the recent results on the design studies and discussed future plans. J. Flamm presented the results on an FFT based method for fast calculation in a rippled-wall overmoded circular waveguide. The results may be useful for the analysis of quasi-optical mode converters employed to convert the high-order cavity mode into a fundamental Gaussian field distribution in high power gyrotrons. Anil Kumar presented a design of interaction cavity for 170GHz, 1MW gyrotron using an in-house developed code GCOMS for operating mode selection and mode competition. For 170 GHz, 1 MW gyrotron interaction cavity TE28,7 mode excites as a operating mode at the fundamental harmonic number. The Electromagnetic simulator-MAGIC, a Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code was used for the cold cavity analysis and the beam-wave interaction. More than 1MW output power was achieved at guiding cavity magnetic field 6.77 T and a pitch factor of 1.5.

Session-11: Device Modeling: The first paper in the session-11 was Minimization of
Effects of Backscattered Electrons in Gyrotrons with Depressed Collectors presented by Dr Amarjit Singh. His studies are on the examining magnetic field configurations to reflect the backscattered electrons towards the collector. The technique uses the magnetic mirror effect due to the increasing magnetic field encountered by backscattered electrons. One approach for reflecting electrons back towards the collector is to introduce a localized non-adiabatic transition. This transition imparts a gyrating motion to the backscattered electrons which is further enhanced as they proceed towards higher magnetic field. This leads to reflection by the magnetic mirror effect. It is shown that the first generation of back-streaming electrons is reflected back towards the collector before reaching the RF cavity. The use of numerical

simulation techniques can assist in finding the optimum combination of parameters. In other words, the goal would be to minimize back-streaming electrons travelling towards the RF cavity, while minimally impacting the propagation of primary electrons. The second paper was on Study on Low-Frequency Oscillations in a Gyrotron Using a 3D CFDTD PIC Method, by M.C.Lin. The work presented uses a 3D conformal finite-difference timedomain (CFDTD) PIC method to accurately and efficiently study the LFOs in a high average power gyrotron. As the CFDTD method exhibits a second order accuracy, complicated structures, such as a magnetron injection gun, can be well described. It is shown that employing a highly parallelized computation, the model can be simulated in time domain more realistically. One of the advantages of the CFDTD method is the electromagnetic boundaries are more accurately described than a conventional FDTD or electrostatic FD method. Electron reflection dynamics at high velocity ratio in the compression region has been seen using the CFDTD PIC simulations. It is also shown that not only magnetic compression profile but space charge effects play important roles in the operation of a MIG electron gun. With a special feedback mechanism (circuit model) implemented, sable timedepndent voltages for high current density of electrons can be applied in the near future. The third paper was on A Fast and Efficient Multigrid Eigensolver for Modeling Microwave Tubes Using Hierarchical Vector Finite Elements, by Li Xu. This paper presents the application of hierarchical vector finite element method (FEM) with second-order basis for modeling slow-wave structures (SWSs) in microwave tubes, and consequently, a robust, fast and efficient multigrid eigensolver (MGECS) is developed to simulate the SWSs. The authors propose a p-type multiplicative multigrid (MG) preconditioned IRAM exploiting the hierarchy of basis to solve the resulting large-scale generalized eigen-matrix equation much faster and more efficiently. The authors claim that the performance of this method is truly remarkable and not only reduces the computational domain of most SWSs so that the accuracy is improved while the CPU time and memory requirement decrease, but also avoids the occurrence of spurious modes which would happen due to imposing PBC not strictly in some SWSs such as coupled-cavity SWS and folded waveguide SWS when applying the standard PBC. Z Duan presented on Study of BWO Power Holes in Helix Travelling Wave Tubes, based on the theoretical prediction of power holes developed by Chernin. The authors propose a step helix pitch method to suppress BWO power holes. Both numerical simulations and experimental measurements shows that the step helix pitch method can be employed to reduce the power dips, while the other TWT performances are basically unaffected. They developed a step helix pitch TWT by employing the optimized step helix pitch. Both simulations and experiments on the step helix pitch TWT have been performed. The measured data and the simulation results are in a good agreement. The fifth paper was presented by Naveen babu on Propagation of Electromagenetic Waves Guided by an Open Tape Helix. The authors brought out the necessity of considering the tape-current distribution. The necessity of tape-current distribution arose out of the inherent inability of the assumed series-expansion for the tape-current density to correctly confine the surface current to the region of the tape only.

Session-12: TWT Slow-wave Structures: This session had 5 technical papers in

total. The session was chaired by J. H. Booske (University of Wisconsin, USA). This session had papers from Singapore, USA, India, Germany and China. All the papers dealt with various kinds of Slow Wave Structures used in TWTs, such as, helix, coupled cavity, folded waveguide and planer helix structures. Two papers were from Universities and remaining from various research Laboratories. Researchers from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, have designed a printed planer helix structure with straight-edge connections incorporating a coplanar waveguide feed and an air tunnel. Cold circuit parameters were

simulated using CST Microwave Studio. The structure was fabricated using three layers of RO4003. The measured and simulated S-parameters were found to be in good agreement in 3.5 4.6 GHz frequency band. Scientists from NRL, Washington, USA, have presented the design and implementation of a waveguide coupler for sheet beam coupled-cavity structure. The structure was simulated using 3D FEM software for driven mode solutions. A properly designed structure offered fundamental mode low VSWR and wide bandwidth. Researcher from MTRDC, Bangalore, India, explored the possibilities of using metamaterial as the support structure for helix. They have considered a double negative metamaterial placed between the metal envelope (barrel) and the helix. They have arrived at the dispersion relation. It has been shown that the metamaterial supported Slow Wave Structure can act as a high efficiency backward-wave device. The ratio of the envelope to helix radii was found to control the dispersion characteristics and hence the frequency range of backward wave interaction. Researchers from Technische Universitaet, Berlin, Germany, presented the design of SWS for the W-band folded waveguide TWT being developed in collaboration with CEERI, Pilani, India. The structure was simulated using PIC Code. The proposed structure is likely to be fabricated using LIGA technique or Wire EDM. Scientists from the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, presented a scheme for obtaining maximum theoretical overall efficiency by optimizing the helix pitch profile of a TWT. For that purpose, 3D Beam-Wave Interaction Simulator was integrated with genetic algorithm with three efficiency optimization goals (overall efficiency, collector efficiency and electronic efficiency). Using this technique, a Ku-Band helix TWT has been designed which offered a maximum theoretical overall efficiency of 77%. The points emerged out of this session are: i) A wide verities of Slow Wave Structures are still being explored worldwide for newer class of TWTs, ii) In TWT domain, major research thrust area may slowly shift from conventional TWTs to Planer helix and sheet beam devices, iii) Metamaterial may come up in future days in a big way with lot of applications and may become a suitable means for the dispersion shaping of the SWS, and iv) Works carried out by the Chinese Scientists are highly useful for space TWTs, as the efficiency is a major concern in those devices.

Session-13: Plasma-filled Devices: There were five papers in this session. The first
paper was on Plasma Source for System for Microwave Plasma Experiments (SYMPLE) by Institute of Plasma Research, India. The paper presented a system SYMPLE that is being developed at the Institute of Plasma Research, India for investigating the interaction of high power microwave and plasma. SYMPLE is an experimental system conceived to investigate the physics of interaction of extremely intense electromagnetic waves with over dense plasma. These studies have implication not only in understanding the underlying physics, but also in relating to various issues of inertial fusion involving laser plasma interactions. The 2nd paper in this session was on Effect of Plasma on the Gain Coefficient of Compton/ Raman Amplifier by DAVP, India. The paper presented an analytical and numerical investigation of plasma wave by a relativistic electron beam propagating along the axis of a metallic wave guide in the presence of strong external magnetic field. Depending on the parameters of the beam -plasma system, amplification of plasma waves is possible in different frequency ranges. If the coupling coefficient is large, waves will be amplified over a broad frequency range. In the case of small coupling coefficient the amplification takes place in a narrow range. Depending on the parameter of beam-plasma system, amplification is possible in different frequency ranges. For strong interaction between plasma and beam, dispersion behaviors for Compton and Raman amplifiers were presented. The gain is caused by the resonant wave- interaction or collective Cherenkov effect (Raman effect). It was finally concluded that the band width of the Raman microwave amplifier is narrower than that of the Compton amplifier. The 3rd paper in the session was on Analysis of Beam-Wave

Interaction in Plasma Assisted BWO by CEERI, Pilani. The paper presented some interesting simulation results on the beam-wave interaction in rippled waveguide SWS for plasma assisted BWO. Development of a single gap pseudo-spark based plasma cathode electron gun was discussed. This plasma electron gun (40kV, 100A) is intended to be used as electron beam source for plasma filled BWO. The 4th paper in the session was on Equivalent Circuit Analysis of a Plasma-Filled Helix Slow-Wave Structure by MTRDC, Bangalore and IAT, Pune, India. The paper presented an equivalent circuit analysis of a plasma-filled helical slow-wave structure immersed in a strong longitudinal magnetic field. The analysis was used to obtain the dispersion characteristics of the structure. The analysis predicted the formation of hybridplasma slow waves in the structure and the enhancement of longitudinal electric field inside the helix for facilitating strong beam-wave interaction in a device like a plasma-filled traveling-wave tube. The presence of the plasma was found to enhance the axial electric field compared to the conventional structure with no plasma filling, and thus promises the potential of the plasma-filled helical SWS for improving the performance of the devices like the plasma- filled TWT. The last paper in the session was on Investigation of Discharge Parameters in Xenon Filled Coaxial DBD Tube by CERI, PIlani and BIT, Jaipur, India. The paper presented a study on the Xenon filled coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to understand the high pressure, non-equilibrium, non-thermal plasma discharge. A quartz coaxial DBD tube (ID: 6mm, OD: 12 mm) at 400 mbar Xenon filled pressure has been used in the experiment. Different applied voltage waveforms at 30 kHz using RF generator as well as pulse power source have been applied to the discharge electrodes for the generation of micro-discharges. Visual images of discharge and electrical waveform confirm the diffused type discharges. The knowledge obtained by dynamic processes of DBDs in the discharge gap explains quantitatively the mechanism that is obtained in ignition, development and extinction of DBDs. The behaviour of different discharge parameters has also been analyzed. From the experimental results and equivalent electrical circuit, the dynamic nature of equivalent capacitance has been reported. The relative intensity analysis of the second continuum of the Xenon discharge (172 nm) has been carried out for different applied voltages and it is found that the radiation power has increased with voltage.

Session-14: TWT Modeling: State of Art modeling results in the field of TWT
modeling has been presented in this session. Dr. Vishnu Srivastava from central Electronics Engineering Research Institute presented a paper on SUNRAY-2.5 D Code for Multi-signal Large-Signal Analysis of a Complete Helix TWT. He claimed that accurate and fast SUNRAY-2.5 D code has been developed for multi-signal large signal analysis of a complete helix TWT. Complete RF output and beam performance including higher harmonics, intermodulation components, beam interception were simulated. Agreement for saturated output power is achieved within 0.5 dB and for saturated gain within 2dB. High efficiency TWTs at different frequency bands have been designed using this code. Spent beam data generated by the code has been used for the design of multi-stage collectors, accurately for space TWTs. Simon J. Cooke et al from NRL reported their findings on GPU-Accelerated 3D TimeDomain Simulation of Vacuum Electron Devices. They presented results of 3D time-domain simulations of vacuum electron devices performed on high-performance GPU hardware using anew simulation code, NEPTUNE. GPU implementation of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is shown to give a 20x reduction in execution time compared to an equivalent CPU code. Second, they demonstrated an implicit, complex-envelope ADI-FDTD algorithm on the GPU, achieving a further 5x reduction in execution time to give a combined rf simulation performance gain over 100x compared to conventional CPU FDTD solvers. Pierre Bernardi et al from THALES Electron Devices presented their work on Efficient 2.5-D Non-Stationary Simulations of a Helix TWT. An efficient non-stationary non-linear method,

previously used to study the interaction in periodic coupled cavities traveling-wave tubes (TWT) in the one-dimensional case, is generalized to deal with periodic helix TWT and implemented in the 2.5-dimensional case via the development of a software. It is shown that the outputs of their program are in good agreement with the expected results and that the method employed allows to spare a lot of computational resources. Khanh Nguyen et al from Naval Research Laboratory presented their work on linearity performance of multi-stage TWT amplifiers. In this paper, a single-beam amplifier with stages placed in series vs. a multi-beam amplifier with cascading stages have been compared. Based on MAGIC-3D simulations, while gain and efficiency are comparable, the novel cascading amplifier configuration provides significant improvements in terms of power for a given level of linearity, both AM/AM and intermodulation distortions, over those of a conventional serial approach. Analysis of two dimensional metal electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure using finite difference time domain method was presented by M. Thottappan et al from Banaras Hindu University. A metal composed electromagnetic band structure was analyzed using finite-differ domain (FDTD) method by considering domain Maxwells equations. For a two-metallic EBG structure of square lattices having orthogonal coordinate system, the band gap was calculated, he desired pass band and un bands have been observed for the successful operation (free from spurious mode of operation) of microwave devices.

Session-15: Multi-beam Devices: In this session, there are total five papers, which
include three papers mainly focussing on the design and development aspects of MBK for three frequency band namely L-, S- and Ku-band; one the development of multiple beam-IOT at 350 MHz; the last on an innovative concept for the bandwidth enhancement for MBK using sheet beam. A 10 MW (peak), L-band, MBK is being developed and manufactured at Thales Electron Devices for TTF, FLASH and PITZ machines at DESY for more than 10 years. At this point, 8 tubes have been installed at DESY with more than 80 000 hours of cumulated RF operation. The key performance of this tube is its high stability under all various operating conditions. The issues related to achieve proven reliability of the tube has been discussed. Two types of 1 MW (peak) power, S-band high-power broadband MBKs are being developed in the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS). one with a coil focusing system and another with a Periodic Reverse Permanent Magnet (PRPM) focusing system. Five tubes have been manufactured and tested to date. Test results show that both MBKs have the RF peak output power of more than 1 MW, and the RF average output power of more than 20 kW with the 200 MHz instantaneous bandwidth. Deign & development aspects of 100 W, Ku-band, 19 beam MBK is discussed being developed at MTRDC, India. The design of all the sub-systems has been discussed in brief. The derive is under development now. Design, fabrication and assembly of a 350 MHz, 200 kW CW, multiple beam inductive output tube has been discussed by Calabazas for accelerators and colliders. Seven electron guns in a circular array has been used to drive a single input cavity. RF power is generated in a single, fundamental mode, output cavity. The device is predicted to achieve approximately 70% efficiency with 23 dB gain. An innovative concept of sheet beam in MBKs is presented by ISTOK, Russia, for significant bandwidth increasing in MBK device. The approach to design of wideband klystrons promises significant advantages with respect to conventional single-beam klystrons, MBKs and sheet-beam devices. Experimental testing of the design is progress.

Session-16: Subsystems, Materials and Technologies: There were five papers, of

which four papers were presented. First paper was presented by Daniel Busbaher from Semicon Associates, Lexington, KY. It offers an insight into a comprehensive study of liquid

nano-composite braze filler spreading during bonding of porous tungsten to molybdenum. The considered application involves structural elements of a dispenser cathode. A new formulation of Mo-Ni filler doped with SiC nano-particles has been analyzed. The study involves a high temperature brazing in controlled atmosphere (N2+H2). The performed studies include DSC/TG analysis of nano-composites, SEM and EDS analyses of the resolidified filler, the hot stage microscopy tests in real time and in situ, and microprobe studies if the liquid metal penetration into the tungsten porous matrix. The author concluded that by addition of SiC nano-particles to a Mo-Ni micro powder filler leads to two important consequences: (1) the melting point of braze slightly decreases and subsequently increases within the margin of up to 40 K with a composition change between 0 to 5% nano-particles; (2) the liquid Mo-Ni penetration into tungsten is reduced if nano-particle concentration is increased. Second paper was presented by Anindya Roy, Variable Energy Cyclotron, Kolkata. The basic principles of Cyclotron; its basic requirement and about the room temperature Cyclotron and Super Conducting Cyclotron is presented. The specification 224 cm. Room Temperature Cyclotron (Max Magnetic field: 2.1 Tesla; Main coil: 450 kW (150V, 2800 A); Ion source: Hot Cathode PIG (internal). Working pressure at beam chamber; 2 x 10-6 Torr; Beam: Alpha, Proton, Heavy ions (130 Q2/A). Available technology Oil Diffusion Pump, Freon cooled chevron baffle, roots pump, rotary pump. Hot-cathode, coldcathode & thermocouple gauge. Redundant pumping system to support from Roughing to Backing; Relay based Manual Control Logic. Countrys largest diffusion pumps design manufacturing has been done indigenously, in BARC (diameter; 88.9 cm; Height: 200 cm; Pumping Speed: 41000 lps (Dry air)/64000 lps (Hydrogen); Operating range: 10-4 10-7 torr). The vacuum system of the K=130 room temperature Cyclotron (RTC) (operational since 1978) has been recently modernized and the same of the K bend= 20 Superconducting Cyclotron (SCC), currently under commissioning, is being deployed for remote monitoring and control. The vacuum system of RTC is designed to achieve and maintain vacuum level of 2*10-6 mbar inside 23 m3 volumes of Resonator tank and DEE tank. This has been upgraded by replacing several valves, Freon units, gauges and pumps. The relay based manual control system has been replaced by PLC based automated system. The SCC vacuum system also has an elaborate arrangement comprising of turbo molecular pumping modules with associated isolation valves and characteristics gauges. This paper describes essential elements, typically used to obtain high (1X10-7 mbar) vacuum using rotary pumps, diffusion pumps and cold traps/ turbo-molecular pumps and other system components such as valves, gauges and baffles. The supervisory control methodology / scheme of both the vacuum systems, has been developed in-house using EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System), a standard open-source software tool for designing distributed control system. Third paper was presented by Manjiri Pande from BARC, Mumbai. As a part of ADS program, a proton accelerator (20 MeV, 30 mA) and its high power RF systems (HPRF) are being developed in BARC. This paper explains design details of klystron based HPRF system. All the high power RF components for the one MW RF system for RFQ accelerator have been received. Bias supplies and other subsystems are in advance stage of completion. Installation of HPRF will be starting soon. The salient features and design information of the HPRF system are brought out. A 1000 W Ka-band traveling-wave tube (TWT) was fabricated with Foldedwaveguide as its slow-wave structure, which was presented in fifth paper. Based on the previous experiment, the phase velocity taper technology was applied in the TWT. Also the sever structure and output structure of the TWT were improved. The test results shows it can produce over 1000 W of saturation output power in 2 GHz bandwidth are the electron efficient is about 10 %. The level of output power and bandwidth are the same level as coupled-cavity TWT, but the manufacture way of the folded-waveguide TWT is much easier. This proves that the folded-waveguide will be a good slow-wave structure and the foldedwaveguide TWT will be a promising type of high power millimeter wave source. The sever

material is BeO. E-plane taper wedge-shape was designed for the folded-waveguide SWS. The TWT is operated at lower voltage than the previous design due to the self oscillation is eliminated. The VSWR of the output port of the tube ix lower than 1.8 after welding process. The output power is more than 1 kW in 2 GHz bandwidth and the electron efficiency is about 10%. The bandwidth is little narrow comparing with the previous tube due to using the velocity taper technology. The level of output power and bandwidth are the same level as coupled-cavity TWT. Due to the easy fabrication of the folded-waveguide TWT, it will be a promising type of high power millimeter wave source.

Session-17: Gyro-TWT: This session had 5 technical papers in total. The session had
one paper from Industry (e2v, UK), three papers from research institutes (VENL, China, SAMEER, India and MTRDC, India) and one paper from academic institute ( Jaypee Institute of IT, India). Which indicates that the participation in this session has covered the entire spectrum of researchers from industry to academia. Here, two papers are from international origin (UK and China) and remaining from India. e2v Technologies, UK, has successfully developed the first prototype of fully scaled off Gyro-TWT. This TWT is expected to offer more than 150 kW of power with a linearly polarized output. This GyroTWT has helically corrugated waveguide for broader band width. However operating frequency band is not mentioned. Subsystem level evaluation has already been carried out. Full device performance evaluation is on progress. The beauty of this proposed system is that the device doesnt need any auxiliary pumping system to maintain its vacuum integrity. This was made possible by achieving a hard vacuum during processing. Researchers from Vacuum Electronics National Laboratory, China, have presented a W-Band Gyro-TWT amplifier operating in Circular TE02 mode at the second Cyclotron harmonic. It is a two section tube with distributed loss provided in the waveguide. The magnetic field requirement is 1.76 T. The Large Signal Simulation predicted 465 kW of peak power with 49 dB gain at 91 GHz with a 100 kV, 20 Amp beam. The paper also discussed the TE02 TE01 mode converter within a tapered waveguide radius with the bandwidth of 4 GHz and conversion efficiency of 97 %. Scientists at the Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engg., Jaypee Institute of of IT, Noida, India, presented the mathematical formulation for the Small-Signal Field Analysis of Gyro-TWT Amplifier. In this paper they have arrived at a dispersion relation which is slightly different from the previously published relation. This difference came due to the fact that the previous authors have ignored some of the terms. Hence the present formulation is claimed to be more accurate. Scientists from SAMEER, Mumbai, India, have presented the possibilities of using Sapphire Windows for High-Power Microwave and mm-Wave Applications. High power Gyro-Devices require dielectric windows capable of handling very high Microwave power. Although CVD Diamond is the best material for this purpose, its excessive cost is the main deterrent. Sapphire is an economical alternative for moderately high power applications. A double Sapphire disc face cooled window has been developed for 42 GHz Gyrotron for ECR plasma heating. It has got a provision for adjusting the coolant gap, which offers some tenability. Scientists from Microwave Tube Res. Dev. Center (MTRDC), Bangalore, India, have presented experimental measurement of dispersion and azimuthal Interaction Impedance for a Vane loaded Coaxial structure. The experimental results were compared with the simulation results obtained using CST Microwave Studio. The points emerged out of this session are: i) UK has established its Gyro-TWT manufacturing capabilities and the scaled off device is already being made, ii) China has establishes its design capabilities for Gyro-TWT and subsystem development and evaluation are already being done, and iii) India is likely to take up Gyro-TWT design and development activities in a big way, as out of 5 papers, 3 were from India

Session-18: THz Technology: The session consisted of five papers. The first paper was
on Microfabrication of Wideband Distributed Beam Amplifiers at 220 GHz by Naval Research Laboratory, USA, Beam Wave Research Inc., USA and Scientific Applications International Corp., USA. Several Wideband, distributed beam amplifiers are under development at NRL. This paper reports on microfabrication techniques used to construct several types of millimeter wave planar amplifier circuits being fabricated at present using Ultraviolet Lithography (UV-LIGA). The two main circuits described are a sheet beam amplifier grating and an ultra-wideband multiple-beam serpentine folded waveguide TWT amplifier. 220 GHz Sheet Beam Grating Amplifier: - The gratings developed exhibit a clear stop-band in the 226-272 GHz range, as predicted by the dispersion relation using an analytic grating theory and HFSS simulation. Y-band Serpentine Multiple-Beam TWT:- The SU-8 is deposited to a depth of over 900 microns in a single layer. The design of the MB-TWT is predicted to yield over 40dB gain, >150W saturated output power, and a 3dB bandwidth of 80 GHz (36%) from three 20kV, 100mA electron beams. The 2nd paper was on Nano CNC Milling Technology for Terahertz Vacuum Electronic Devices by Department of Applied Science, University of California-Davis, USA). To satisfy the growing interest in high power (~1-200 W) THz sources, this research group has been working on various technologies to miniaturize vacuum electronic devices while keeping the power levels high and offering wide instantaneous bandwidth operation. They are exploring several methods for manufacturing 0.22 THz circuits including LIGA, silicon DRIE, and nano machining. On the other hand, nano machining allows for rapid prototyping of any circuit or coupler design. The group were able to directly machine and test 0.22 THz circuits in various materials with transmission losses around 5-15 dB and with wide bandwidth. The group has overcome the challenges of Tools, Holding Tolerances, Sharp Corners and Surface Roughness; some of these challenges were simulated using CST microwave studio. CNC milling has been considered as a nonviable manufacturing technique for high-frequency vacuum electronic devices; however the nano CNC machine NN1000 made by DTL and Mori Seiki, as suggested by the authors brings this technique back as an option. Working together with DTL on their Nano CNC mill NN1000 allows this research group to make the 0.22 THz circuits and test them against various important design features like surface roughness, tolerances, and corner radii. The 3rd paper was on Measurement of Surface Roughness Effects on Conductivity in the Terahertz Regime with a High-Q Quasioptical Resonator by University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. The design and engineering of compact, powerful sources and components for terahertz (THz) regime radiation is significantly influenced by electromagnetic dissipation losses in conducting surfaces. Theoretical understanding of the intrinsic conductivity of metals is incomplete beyond 100 GHz. Existing experimental results, as summarized by Lucyszyn, are inconclusive. In addition, there is even less predictive knowledge of the effects of surface roughness and defects on effective conductivity. This surface roughness is measured by this group by using a high quality factor (Q ~ 105) quasi-optical (QO) hemispherical resonator operating at 400 GHz to 650 GHz (with capability for operation at 1 THz). This resonator has been designed and implemented for the measurement of electronic properties of conductors as well as low-loss dielectrics. This apparatus is the first QO resonator to achieve Q > 4105 at near-THz frequencies greater than 400 GHz. It is also the first open resonator designed to measure effective conductivity at these frequencies. The measurements of metallic samples with controlled, nano-scale textures will provide insight into how surface roughness alters effective conductivity when the topographical features are on the order of the skin depth. The 4th paper was on Investigation of the Attenuating Effects of Atmospheric Water Content at 400 GHz by University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA. The authors present an experimental study of electromagnetic losses resulting from atmospheric absorption and scattering on terahertz (THz) radiation. The measurements have been conducted in a hermetically sealed quasi-optical resonator system, constructed for dielectric and conductive

materials property measurements in the THz regime. The group reported detailed measurements of electromagnetic wave attenuation rates at 400 GHz in atmospheric pressure air for relative humidity (RH) continuously varying between 0.4 20%. For the futuristic work, the group is acquiring a relative humidity data logger and moisture analyzer to more accurately monitor atmospheric water content. A moisture analyzer will enable us to measure very small amounts of water (~1 ppm) with incredible accuracy. After implementation of the new equipment they will present high resolution data on the electromagnetic losses due to water absorption and scattering at 400 GHz. The last paper in this session was on Beam Transport Modeling of PPM Focused THz Sheet Beam TWT Circuit by Department of Engineering, Applied Science, University of California, USA. The group reports periodic permanent magnet for a mobile, compact and light weight design. Modeling for an efficiently focused sheet beam (~7:1) transport achieved in a relatively long (40 mm) drift tube. To perform a quick pulsed device (TWT) test, the author planned for a high aspect ratio electron gun (12:1, designed by CPI solenoidal field focused beam) to be used for currently designed PPM focused ~7:1 aspect ratio sheet beam, with drift tube to act as an aperture to the incoming planar of electrons. Extensive simulations have been conducted to elucidate beam trajectory analysis and parasitic beam interception with drift tube walls. Two different permanent magnet materials were considered (a) SmCo (Br =1.15T) and (b) NdFeB (Br =1.4T). For Case (a), they obtained beam transmission of 80% with spacing between parallel magnet stacks of 2.6 mm and for case (b) they obtained beam transmission of ~73.35% that includes tuning voltage on Focus Electrode, for an increased stack spacing of 4 mm that is crucial, in order to provide sufficient space for the slow wave structure/couplers fabrication. This corresponds to 190 mA transmitted current. Particle in Cell (PIC) simulations were also conducted to analyze beam-wave interaction at a significantly lower current ~ 90 mA (approx 50% of what anticipated) to analyze a worst case scenario. The currently designed actual PPM B-Field was employed. The PIC simulation result was very promising, showing ~ 10 dB gain and maximum output of 16 W for an input drive of 1 W at 0.22THz. For 190 mA transmitted current, the anticipated maximum output power is 75 W with a gain of 17 dB.

Session-19: VED Applications: In this Session four papers are presented. The first
paper presents the design issues and challenges in the realization of high performance TWT based Transmitter for WLR for the detection of targets having very small RCS viz. mortar shell, gun shells etc. This uses a CCTWT delivering 60 kW (minimum) of peak power and 3 kW of average power across the bandwidth of 500MHz at C-Band with spectrum purity of near carrier noise of -75dBc/Hz at 100 Hz away from the carrier. One of the important features is the bulk energy storage capacitors used to meet RF amplitude flatness requirements of the transmitter. The energy stored in these capacitors is typically of the order of 600 to 800 joules. However, the TWT in general can handle energy of the order of 50 joules during arcing without causing permanent damage to the tube. Hence the effective energy diversion mechanism has been discussed in this paper. Second paper discusses the design and realization challenges of power supplies for space TWT. The highlight of this work the design of EPC to provide conditioned and isolated voltage rails, with stringent regulation / ripple requirements, independent of solar bus variations that occur due to varying sunlit and eclipse conditions. It uses Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) technology, which is highly efficient, highly flexible to generate multiple regulated outputs, with high compactness and light-weight. The converter topology selection has considered Zero Voltage Switching / Zero Current Switching and energy limiting requirements of the high voltage outputs. The other important feature is the Controlled turn ON and turn OFF characteristics for various high voltage outputs to avoid de-focusing of beam and subsequent out-gassing especially during switch ONs and switch OFFs. The voltages are made to build up

simultaneously within few milli seconds after turn on command, typically 5ms, except control anode. Control anode is released to its nominal value after 3ms of cathode voltage reaches its nominal. Control anode voltage build up is delayed for reducing the helix inrush current. This also helps in reducing the de-focusing, by starting TWT with a less beam current. Third paper discusses about the development of a Fast Switching Modulator for an MPM. This modulator is designed following an active push-pull topology for achieving ultrasharp rise and fall time for the RF pulse ~ 10 ns. The modulator switches the BFE from 1.5 kV to 3 V on accepting TTL logic input signal. The modulator is designed and configured in a 3- tier construction to minimize lead inductances in order to achieve sharp rise and fall time. The measured rise and fall time of around 26 ns and the delay close to 85 ns is reported in this paper. Forth paper was on Integration and Evaluation of a MPM Based Transmitter on Fighter Aircraft. The total heat dissipation of the electronics installed in Tx is around 650 Watts. Only RAM air is provided for cooling the transmitter. A maximum ram air inlet temperature of 67C was observed during scoop evaluation sortie. This was observed at an altitude of 950 meters and at a speed of 0.9 Mach. The ground temperature during the sortie was only 29C. On hot day conditions the ground temperature is likely to be 450C. Accordingly the ram air inlet temperature will also be more in the hot day conditions. It is also observed that the air flow through the Tx scoop exceeds the minimum requirement of 225kg/hr at all times. EMI / EMC checks of the transmitter in operate mode has been conducted placing the transmitter in the flight in its designated location. The transmitter was cooled externally during this testing.

Session-20: Magnetrons: The first paper discussed on various klystrons of different

power levels in L-band, C- band and X-band frequencies at ISTOK, Russia. The speaker also presents the development of miniature klystrons for radar applications. They have also developed transparent TWT and terahertz sources using backward wave oscillator. The second paper was on X-band rf source for accelerator application being developed at L3 communications, USA. The author informed that the X-band rf source was developed to reduce the size of medical and industrial accelerators which are currently using S-band sources. A 5 MW klystron and 2.2 MW magnetron also developed for the same application. The author also discussed on the special measures are taken to moderate the high electric field gradients and safe dissipation of heat generated with in the device. The third paper was on simulation of study of performance improvement of Relativistic Magnetron at CEERI, Pilani. The author discussed about perturbation technique was adopted to improve the performance of relativistic magnetron and is studied using MAGIC -3D code. The results show that the output radiation is enhanced 45% over the unperturbed operation of device. It was also found that the oscillation start up time is reduced by 16% and nearest competing mode amplitude is decreased by 9 dB. The fourth paper was on simulation and experiments of Re-circulating planner magnetrons. The author discussed about the new method adopted to reduce the thermal load and enhance the current yield of the magnetron. The re-circulating electron beam interacted with the resonantly tuned slow wave structure on the anode causing spoke formation. This electron spoke drive the rf electric field in the cavities from which rf power is extracted. The same device was operated at 200 KV, 0.2 Tesla with a beam current of 1-10 KA at 1 GHz. The last paper was on simulation of 3D magnetron with CST STUDIO Suite. The 3D Simulation of the magnetron was studied in depth which includes electric field, magnetic field, particle movement and spoke formation. Power extraction of -mode and 2mode were discussed.