Y

O
( ) -. -

,
, .
,

: .., 2 13
: ioannou_ge2_deo13.doc.

_____________________________________________________________________

_36

_2

2012/2013

13/11/2012
. (
)
13/11/2012

( /
)
;

:
.
, ,
.
..

____________________________________________________________________

(, )
____________________________________________________________________

.. 36 2012-2013
#1

1
.
1, 2 3
.
1
Ethernet
hub. IP
MAC / . , Enemy ( ,
)
.
(1)
, ARP.
(2) ARP , .
(3) ;
(4) Ethernet switch hub;

(1)
MAC ARP table. ARP
(ARP prode MAC 0 ,
1 request) C
.
:
Mac
01:0e:82:00:12:02

Mac

IP

IP

ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

190.0.0.2

190.0.0.1

.
MAC ( ) C
01:0e:82:00:12:02 , 2 ( ARP reply).O E
ARP
announcement. ARP
.
Mac
01:0e:82:00:12:00

Mac
01:0e:82:00:12:02

IP
190.0.0.1

IP
190.0.0.2

MAC (01:0e:82:00:12:00).

O B RP MAC
, .
(2) ARP , , :
A ARP

IP

MAC

190.000.0.1

(2) ARP , , :
ARP

IP

MAC

190.000.02

01:0e:82:00:12:02

190.000.0.2

01:0e:82:00:12:02

190.000.0.1

01:0e:82:00:12:01

190.000.0.1

01:0e:82:00:12:00

(3) hub

. E ARP announcement
( ARP ,

MAC (01:0e:82:00:12:00)) ,
.
( 190.000.0.1) MAC (
01:0e:82:00:12:00) , .
(4)

MAC ARP table.
ARP , , :

A ARP

IP

MAC

190.000.0.1

ARP (ARP prode MAC

0 , 1 request)
C .
:
Mac
01:0e:82:00:12:02

Mac

IP

IP

ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

190.0.0.2

190.0.0.1

.
MAC ( ) C
01:0e:82:00:12:02 , 2 ( ARP reply).O E
ARP
announcement. ARP
.
Mac
01:0e:82:00:12:00

Mac
01:0e:82:00:12:02

IP
190.0.0.1

IP
190.0.0.2

MAC (01:0e:82:00:12:00).
switch

MAC
O B RP MAC
, . ARP
, , :

ARP

IP

MAC

190.000.02

01:0e:82:00:12:02

190.000.0.2

01:0e:82:00:12:02

190.000.0.1

01:0e:82:00:12:00

switch E
ARP announcement
.
.

2
1.

(Carrier Sense Multiple Access

with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CA),

CSMA/CD CSMA/CA.
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CA

,
ppersistent
,

persistent .

,

.

2.
2.1. CSMA/CD

/ 512 bits (K*512 bits)

. =100
10Mbps Ethernet;
2.2. 10Mbps Ethernet
225 bit times.
,
.
;
; :
512+64 bits.
2.3. 100Mbps 100BaseT Ethernet. 0.50,
;
64 bytes.

; :
1/(1+5), = / = PROP
/ TRANSP.
A
1.
CSMA/CD

,
ppersistent
,

persistent .

CSMA/CA

,


.

.
,

.
(

TRANSP>2PROP),
,
(


)

,

.


,
.
.

,

.

2.1
10Mbps Ethernet :

t=

k *512 bits
10 Mbps

100*512 bits
5,12sec
=
6
10*10 bits / sec
103

= 5,12m sec

2.2
O t=0 .
PROP=225 bit times bit .
. .

, PROP=225 bit times
bit .
225+225=450bit times
=2PROP . TRANSP>2PROP
.
CSMA/CD .

Bit time bit 10Mbps

Ethernet 100 nsec.
E :
TRANSP = (512 + 64)bits / (1bit /100n sec) = 576 bit times
TRANSP = 576 bit times > 2 P ROP = 450 bit times

.

:
t1 = (512 + 64)bits / (10*10 Mbps) = 57, 6sec .
2.3
:
nCSMA /CD = 1/ (1 + 5a) = 1/ (1 + 5( PROP / TRANSP ))
1/ 2 = 1/ (1 + 5( PROP / TRANSP ))
TRANSP = 5PROP
E

TRANSP = 5PROP > 2 PROP

.
:
PROP =

TRANSP 64bytes /100 Mbps 64*8bits /100Mbps

=
=
= 1, 024 sec
5
5
5

. .
1.
1.1. 1
2
1.2. 1
5
1.3. 1
1
1.4. 1
2
1.5. 1
5
1.6. 1
1
1.7. 1
2 .
A
1.
switches.
.
.

SwitchA

SwitchB

1) 1
2
O 1
2,
2.
2) 1
5
o .
5
4. 2. O
1,
5.
3) 1
1
,
.
.
4) 1

2.
1,

1.
2,
2.
5) 1

5.

1,

1. 2,3 4.
2 3 .

1 2.
1
3. 3
6) 1
1
1,

1. 2,3 4.
2 3 .

1 2.
1 3.
1 3
7) 1
2 .
.

2.
routers.T
.

Router A

RouterB

1) 1
2
O 1
2,
2.
2) 1

5.
o .
5
4. 2. O
1,
5.
3) 1
1
,
.
.
4) 1
2
1.

2,
2.
5) 1
5

1.

5.
. 4
2
1
5.
6) 1
1
,
.
.
7) 1
2 .
.

4
14 . 14
. Class C,
192.168.1.0. :
1)
.
:
/
a. 2S >= (S bits )
b. 2H-2 >= / (
bits )
c. S+H <= bits .
2) .
3) (
bits 0
bits 1).
4) .
5) .
A
192.168.1.0 C.
24 bits network 8
bits host.
network 8 bits host
.
14 IP ( ) 2 IP (
broadcast), 16 IP
.
4 bits 16=24 ( 4 bits
) host.
T 4 bits ( 4 bits )
host network . 4
bits ( 4 bits )
host network, 24=16 .
14 , 2
.
:

NETWORK
HOST C
C
1
2
3
4

8
8

NETWORK
HOST

128 64 32 16 8
4 2 1
192 .
168 .
1.

0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0
0 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0
0 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0
1 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0
1 0 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0
1 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1
0 0 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1
0 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1
0 1 1
1 1 1 1

=192 .168 .1.0/28

(ip
) 1
=192 .168 .1.15/28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.16/28
(ip
) 2
=192 .168 .1.31/28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.32/28
(ip
) 3
=192 .168 .1.47/28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.48/28
(ip
) 4
=192 .168 .1.63/28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.64/28
(ip
) 5
=192 .168 .1.79/28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.80/28
(ip
) 6
=192 .168 .1.95/28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.96/28
(ip
) 7
=192 .168 .1.111 /28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.112 /28
(ip
) 8
=192 .168 .1.127 /28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.128 /28
(ip
) 9
=192 .168 .1.143 /28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.144 /28
(ip
) 10
=192 .168 .1.159 /28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.160 /28
(ip
) 11
=192 .168 .1.175 /28 (ip broadcast)
=192 .168 .1.176 /28
(ip
) 12
=192 .168 .1.191 /28 (ip broadcast)

1
1

1
1

1
1

0
1

0
1
0
1

(ip
0 0 0 =192 .168 .1.192 /28
) 13
1 1 1 =192 .168 .1.207 /28 (ip broadcast)
(ip
0 0 0 =192 .168 .1.208 /28
) 14
1 1 1 =192 .168 .1.223 /28 (ip broadcast)

:
28 bits network 4 bits
host. /28 :
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 ) 2 = (255.255.255.240)10

. :

IP

IP broadcast
( )

IP (14 )

192 .168 .1.0/28

192 .168 .1.15/28

192 .168 .1.1/28 192 .168 .1.14/28

192 .168 .1.16/28

192 .168 .1.31/28

192 .168 .1.17/28 192.168 .1.30/28

192 .168 .1.32/28

192 .168 .1.47/28

192 .168 .1.33/28 192.168 .1.46/28

192 .168 .1.48/28

192 .168 .1.63/28

192 .168 .1.49/28 192.168 .1.62/28

192 .168 .1.64/28

192 .168 .1.79/28

192 .168 .1.65/28 192.168 .1.78/28

192 .168 .1.80/28

192 .168 .1.95/28

192 .168 .1.81/28 192.168 .1.94/28

192 .168 .1.96/28

192 .168 .1.111 /28 192 .168 .1.97/28 192.168 .1.110/28

192 .168 .1.112 /28 192 .168 .1.127 /28 192 .168 .1.113 /28 192.168 .1.126 /28

192 .168 .1.128 /28 192 .168 .1.143 /28 192 .168 .1.129 /28 192.168 .1.142 /28

10

192 .168 .1.144 /28 192 .168 .1.159 /28 192 .168 .1.145 /28 192.168 .1.158 /28

11

192 .168 .1.160 /28 192 .168 .1.175 /28 192 .168 .1.161 /28 192.168 .1.174 /28

12

192 .168 .1.176 /28 192 .168 .1.191 /28 192 .168 .1.177 /28 192.168 .1.190 /28

13

192 .168 .1.192 /28 192 .168 .1.207 /28 192 .168 .1.193 /28 192.168 .1.206 /28

14

192 .168 .1.208 /28 192 .168 .1.223 /28 192 .168 .1.209 /28 192.168 .1.222 /28

5

.

OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition.

http://www.opnet.com/university_program/itguru_academic_edition/

.
,
,
.
, .
1. Project.
Project :
1. File -> New -> Project:
2. project < >_BRIDGE

3. BridgeNetwork
4. Initial Topology -> default value: Create Empty Scenario
5. Choose Network Scale -> Office Use Metric
Units box

6. Network Scale Meters, =100, =100.

7. Select Technologies .

8.
2.

: (bridges) (ring).

ethernet
-

10BaseT

Ethernet WorkStations 10BaseT

edit Attributes
.

edit Attributes Bridge Parameters

Address

Priority

Spanning Tree

protocol
BRIDGE1

STP/802.1d

BRIDGE2

STP/802.1d

BRIDGE3

STP/802.1d

BRIDGE4

STP/802.1d

BRIDGE5

STP/802.1d

project: File -> Save

,
Bridge
Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) ,
designated .
BPDUs: BPDUs BPDUs .
BPDUs
. BPDUs
.
BPDU
.

bytes .
Protocol
Contains

Identifier

Flag

Root ID

Root Path Cost

BPDU

Bridge ID

ID

BPDU
Port ID

BPDU

Message Age

BPDU

Maximum Age

Hello Time

Forward Delay

Bridge protocol 802.1d BPDU, bridge :

Root Bridge: .
,
MAC .

Designated Bridge: LAN,

designated .
LAN.

Root Port: ,

Ethernet ( BPDUs)
:
Forwarding LAN
Blocking LAN
Disabled

1
.
simulation
1. Simulation > Choose Individual Statistics > Node Statistics -> Bridge

BPDU traffic sent BPDU traffic received

2.
3.
4. pop up duration 50

seconds

5. Run .

( 50 secs)

6. Close
7. Protocols -> STP -> Visualize Spanning Tree
8. pop up window Visualize = YES

5.1:
.
5.2: Results -> View Results -> Office Networks
BPDUs BRIDGE1 BRIDGE4.
.
2
10BaseT BRIDGE1 BRIDGE3 BRIDGE1
BRIDGE4. project: File -> Save As -> <
>_BRIDGE_mesh

:
5.3:
.
5.4: Results -> View Results -> Office Networks
BPDUs BRIDGE1 BRIDGE4.
1.
3
(failure) BRIDGE1.
100 .
Object palette pull-down Utilities.
Failure Recovery object workspace Failure
attributes ( Click Failure object Edit Attributes).

project: File -> Save As -> < >_BRIDGE_mesh_failure

Click Failure objectEdit Attributes. Node
Failure/Recovery Specification hierarchy rows 1
row 0 .

BRIDGE1 100 seconds

Switch Sim
Efficiency.
.
Simulation Configure Discrete Event Simulation
Global Attributes disabled Switch Sim Efficiency.

800 seconds.
5.5:
.
A

-
13/11/2012, 23:59.

(http://moodle.eap.gr)
(.. MSWord).
20/11/2012,
.

:
1

(1.1)

(1.2)

(2)

(1.3)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(5)

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

(1)

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.5)

(2.6)

(2.7)

(1.4)
2

(1)

35

100

10,
.
!