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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,forkdif;-rmwdum
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taMumif;t&m

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1
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3
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9

1
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15

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,forkdif;-rmwdum
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taMumif;t&m

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36
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39
42
43
49
50
60
65

59
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84

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

4
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(tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU)
NrdKUe,fjynfolYaumifpD-ausmufjzLNrdKU
------------------

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

5
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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

6
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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

10

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

11

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

14
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15
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16
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

18

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

19

onf/ if;tzGJUwGif OD;bapm? OD;omxGef;? OD;ausmfxGef;OD;? OD;bvS? OD;bodef;atmif? &rm0wD OD;bxGef;?

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azazmf0g&DvwGif ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fv;Hk uRw?f zqyvnDvmcHudk a&rsuaf us;&Gmtkypf k a&rsu&f mG wGif usi;f yNy;D ?
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OD;bapmESihf OD;omxGef;ukd a&G;cs,fwifajrmufcJhMuonf/

(c) ygvDref 'Dru

dk a&pD ekid if aH &;jzpfpOf
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rD;avmifjyifuiG ;f (,ck ausmufwidk u
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onf rwnfrNidrf jzpfvmawmhonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUudk jynfolY&JabmfygwDu 1949-ckESpfwGif wpfBudrf? 1951
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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

20

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

21

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

23

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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pDrHudef; &yfwefYoGm;ygonf/
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1972-ckESpfrS "mwfajrMoZmukd pwifokH;pGJvmcJh&m 1981-ckESpfwGif ,l&D;,m;(94.55) wef?
'Dqlyg(10.01)wefxd okH;pGJcJhygonf/ obm0ajrMoZmtjzpf aemufacs;? zGJEk ponfwkdYukd rdrdwkdYkd;&mtvkduf
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v,f,majrrsm; {ursm;pGm ysufpD;qkH;IH;cJh&ygonf/ 1965 ckESpfu rkd;acgifaom ab;tE&m,faMumihf

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

26

wpfNrdKUe,f vkH; pyg;txGuf xuf0ufcefY ysufpD;cJh&ygonf/ if;rkd;acgifonfhESpfwGifyif ESHjzwfykd;rTm;rsm;

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awGUBuHKcJh&ojzihf vkdtyfaomBudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfapcJhygonf/
v,f,mu@vkyfom;rsm;ESihf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI
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ausmufjzL uRr;f usio
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d yf sK;d a&;Xmeukd ppfrjzpfru
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a&ab;umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd ppfrjzpfrDtcsdefu vkyfief;XmerS wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJh&m 1954
ckESpfwGif qnfajrmif;XmerS vTJajymif;wm0ef,l vkyfukdifcJhygonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f qnfajrmif;OD;pD;XmerS
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,ftwGif; v,f,majrwkd;jrihfa&;twGuf 1974-75 ckESpfwGif usyfaiG (50000d^-)usyf? 197576 ckESpfwGif usyfaiG (213644d^-)usyf? 1976-77usyfaiG (54154d^-)usyf? 1977-78 ckESpfwGif (396886d^)
usyf? 1978-79ckESpfwGif usyfaiG(245562d^-)usyf? 1979-80 ckESpfwGif usyfaiG (224252d^-)usyf? 198081 ckESpfwGif usyfaiG (132907d^-)usyf okH;pGJcJhygonf/
or0g,rv,f,majrrsm;
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif 1981 ckESpftxd or0g,rykdif v,f,mtaejzihf csdefum&Dtqifhedrfh a&SUajy;
or0g,rtoif;wGif toif;om;OD;a& (228)OD;&S&d m wk;d wufr&I adS om or0g,rtoif;jzpfaMumif; awGU&S&d yg
onf/ pnfarmftqifeh rd hf a&S;ajy;or0g,rtoif;wGif toif;0if(108)OD;&S&d m xku
d o
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(c) om;ig;u@
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fwiG f wd&pmefaq;ukoa&;Xmeukd ppfrjzpfru
D yif pku
d yf sK;d a&;XmewGif wGb
J ufziG v
fh pS f
xm;ygonf/ if;tcsed u
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d m aqmif&u
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oa&;ESihf arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;wkdYukdyg pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwf aqmif&GufcJhygonf/
wd&pmefarG;jrLa&;twGuf jynfoyl idk u
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f nf;aumif;? r&Sd
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f m &Syd gonf/ rsK;d aumif;rsK;d oefY &&Sad &;twGuf arxkerf o
hJ m;pyfvyk if ef;ukd 1979ckESpfrS pwiftaumiftxnfazmf vkyfukdifcJh&m ,cktcsdefxd &SdNyD; atmifjrifvsuf&Sdygonf/ obm0enf;jzihf
rsKd;jrifhom;pyfjcif;? rsKd;nHhEGm;oif;uyfjcif; ponfwkdYukd aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ arG;jrLa&;NcHrsm;[l txl;oD;oefY
r&Sdao;yg/
wd&pmefa&m*g umuG,af &;twGuf ESpt
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oufqkdif&mXmerS aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUe,ftwGif; wd&pmefxGuf ypnf;rsm;tjzpf? tom;?
EkdY? MuufO? bJOponfwkdY xGuf&Sdygonf/
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ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,ftwGi;f a&csKid g;zrf;vkyif ef;ESifh a&csKid g;arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;rsm; &Syd gonf/ a&iHig;ykZeG zf rf;
vkyfief;ukd t"duxm; vkyfukdifMuygonf/ urf;wGif;? urf;eD; ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;ukd yk*vdursm;taejzifh
avSi,frsm; pufbkwfavSrsm;jzihf zrf;qD;Muygonf/ NrdKUe,ftwGif; zrf;qD;&rdaom ig;rsm;rSm ig;ref;trsKd;rsKd;>
vdyfausmuftrsKd;rsKd;? ig;vufcGm(uul&H) ig;owpf(uuwpf)? ig;awmufwl? ig;ykvif;? ,kZeig;? ig;yg;eD
tp&Sdaom ig;trsKd;rsKd;ukd zrf;qD;&&SdMuygonf/ a&clzrf;qD;a&;vkyfief;ukd 1975-ckESpfwGif jyifjzLarmfpcef;

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

27

jyKvkyfcJhygonf/
ig;zrf;vkyfief;wGif rdkd;zvm ig;zrf;vkyfief;? acwfrSDykdufrsm;jzihf ig;zrf;vkyfief;? urf;eD;xGufcGg
ig;zrf; vkyfief;[l &Sdygonf/ tokH;jyKaom ig;zrf;ykdufrsm;rSm 'rif;ykduf? arQmykduf? ykdufjzL? rQm;wrf;BuD;?
rQm;wrf;ao;? bl;yku
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d ?f pdeyf u
dk ?f ausmufcw
k yf u
dk ?f ycsL;yku
d ?f yku
d af xmufyu
dk Ef iS fh Ncv
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zrf;qD;Muyg onf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUe,ftwGif; ESpfpOfig;ajcmuf ydmcsdef(227160)ydmESihf ykZGefydmcsdef
(11040)ydm xGuf&Sdygonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fonf yifv,fjyifESihf qufpyfvsuf&Sd&m yifv,fvdyfrsm;onf obm0tavsmuf
oJaomifurf;ajcrsm;ay:okdY wufa&mufOcsavh&SdMu&m vdyfO&SmazGjcif;ukd a'otvkduf tenf;tusOf;
aqmif&GufMuygonf/ pepfwus arG;jrLaqmif&GufMujcif; r&Sdao;yg/ yifv,fvdyfBuD;rsm;ukd rSdef;rsm;jzihfxkd;NyD;
zrf;qD;MuNyD; tom;taejzihf a&mif;csvsuf &SdMuygonf/
ig;ref;awmifvkyfief;? ig;0DpDaygif;vkyfief;ukdvnf; wGJbufvkyfukdifcJhygonf/ ig;qm;e,fvkyfief;ESifh
ig;ydvkyfief;ukdvnf; vkyfukdif&m ESpfpOfig;qm;e,f (36070)ydmESihf ig;yd (109000)ydmxGuf&SdaMumif;
cefYrSef;od&Sd&ygonf/ ig;zrf;oifwef;ausmif;twGuf taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd 1973-ckESpfrSpwifaqmufvkyfcJh&m
,cktcsdef NyD;pD;vsuf&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
om;ig;u@ESiyfh wfouf? Ekid if yH idk u
f @taejzihf jynfoyYl v
k EJ iS fh ig;vkyif ef;aumfyadk &;&Si;f onf 1971
ckEpS rf S pwif? ig;? ykZeG rf sm;zrf;qD;&ef pDpOfvsu&f &dS m ,cktcsed w
f iG f ig;trsK;d rsK;d ESifh ykZeG t
f rsK;d rsK;d wku
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&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif BudK;0kdif;opfawm[l r&Sdao;ay/ BudK;rJhopfawm{&d,m (91600){u
&Syd gonf/ aygufa&mufaom opfyifrsm;rSm ysO;f uwk;d ESihf tjcm;awmopfrsm; aygufa&mufygonf/ 0g;awmrsm;
aygufa&mufru
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taejzihf xl;jcm;pGm r&Sdao;aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

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1930 ckESpfwGif ajrykHjyKpka&;tzGJU\ awGU&Sdcsuft& ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f a&eHawmif&Gm a&eHacsmif;wGif
a&eHtpteawGU&Sdojzihf &Gmol^&Gmom;rsm;u vufwl;wGif;tjzpf pwifwl;azmfcJhMuonf/ if;aemuf
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tvm&Sdonf[k od&Sd&ygonf/
1972-73 ckESpf? ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif (attkd'DqD)ESihf &cdkdifa&eHzGHUNzdK;a&;ukrPDukd *syefEkdifiHESihf

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

28

jrefrm EkdifiHtpkd;&wkdY yl;aygif; ausmufjzLNrdKU urf;vGefyifv,fjyifa'owGif tprf;wGif;rsm; wl;azmfcJhygonf/

a&eHESihf obm0"mwfaiGUrsm; xGuf&SdrIukd prf;oyfwl;azmfjcif; jzpfygonf/ NrdKUay:pcef;ukd ausmufjzLNrdKU
ukrPDaps;&Gm 0if0wGif zGifhvSpfxm;cJhygonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,ftwGif;? xkH;ausmufawmifrsm;rSm? peJtkyfpkxdefaxG awmifuED;tkyfpk pnfawmif?
okid ;f acsmif;tkypf k acsmif;ajrmifawmifEiS fh tjcm;xk;H ausmufawmif(22)vk;H onf ausmufjzL &rf;NAv
J rf;rBu;D ab;
ywf0ef;usif (5)rkdiftwGif; wnf&Sdygonf/
a&eHw;l azmfa&;aumfyadk &;&Si;f 1977-ckEpS pf wGif jrefrmha&eHaumfyadk &;&Si;f A[krd S OD;pD;aqmif&u
G v
f suf
&Sdygonf/

(i) pufrv
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ppfrjzpfrDumvwGif *sifawvmqkdol tdEd,trsKd;om;wpfOD;onf ausmufjzLNrdKU ivayGUaus;&Gm
,ckvuf&dS qefpufwnf&&dS mae&mwGif wpfem&DvQif qeftyd (f 40)usaom qefpufwpfv;Hk ukd wnfaqmufcyhJ g
onf/ xkt
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ygonf/ tqkdyg qefpuf(2)vkH;rSm 'kwd,urmppftwGif;u ysufpD;oGm;cJhygonf/
ppfNy;D acwf 1953 ckEpS w
f iG f Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &u ,ckvuf&t
dS pk;d &qefpufudk pwifwnfaxmifcyhJ gonf/
1956-ckESpfwGif NyD;pD;? pwifvnfywfaecJhygonf/ qefpuf\wefbkd;rSm (12)odef;jzpfygonf/ waeYvQif
qefwefcsed (f 25)wefudk Buw
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d efpuf aumif;pGmvnfywfEidk af &;twGuf um,
OmPvkyfom; (82)OD;yg0if vkyfaqmifvQuf &SdMuygonf/
1955-ckEpS w
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NyD; vnfywfapcJhygonf/ 1978- ck arv(17)&ufaeYwGif wkdufcwfcJhaom rkefwkdif;aMumifh pufkHwpfckvkH;
NydKusysufpD;cJh&ygonf/
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cJhygonf/ tqkdyga&cJpufESifh tat;cef;pufkHukd 1979-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwGif 'def;rwfEdkifiH
(ATLAS)ukrPDrS uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh jrefrmpufrItif*sifeD,mrsm; yl;aygif;NyD; wnfaqmufcJhyg onf/
1981-ck? rwfv(17)&ufaeYwGif NyD;pD;cJhygonf/ ukefusaiGrSm (238.5)odef;jzpfygonf/ pufkHwGif um,?
OmPvkyfom;(150)eD;yg; yg0ifNyD; tu,f pufkHykHrSefvnfywfygu wpfaeYvQif ig;ykZGef (15)wefcefYjzefYjzL;
a&mif;csEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
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vkyu
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f iG f qm;zkpd pk ak ygif; (190)cefY &Scd NhJ y;D qm;ydmcsed f ode;f (160)ausmf
xkwfvkyfEkdifcJhygonf/ okdY&mwGif 1980-81 ckESpfwGif qm;zkdpkpkaygif;rSm (47)zkdom &SdawmhNyD; xkwfvkyfrIrSm
qm;ydmcsdef (15)odef;cefYom xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhygonf/
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fwiG f tpk;d &aevSr;f qm;uGi;f rsm;tjzpf peJpjH yaevSr;f qm;uGi;f ESifh ausmufwvk;H aevSr;f
qm;uGi;f (2)uGi;f &Syd gonf/ peJaevSr;f qm;uGi;f ukd 1965-66ckEpS w
f iG f {u (40.65) tus,t
f 0ef;ESifh pwif
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csed f (181600)xkwv
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f iG f pwiftaumiftxnf
azmfcJhNyD; 1980-81 ckESpfwGif {&d,mtus,ft0ef; (25){utxd xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhygonf/ ,if;rS aevSrf;qm;
ydmcsdef (102280) xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

29

1954-ckESpfwGif ausmufjzLNrdKU jrpfem;wef;&yfbufrS OD;irJatmifonf [D,'kdtif trsKd;tpm;

puf,uf uef;wpfvkH;ukd wnfaxmifcJhygonf/ wefbkd;aiGrSm (11000)jzpfygonf/ wzef 1959 ckESpfwGif
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f iG f ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,ftwGi;f vGe;f ys,
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ausmufjzL NrdKUr&yfuGufwGif vGef;ysH,uef;pif(20)txd vnf;aumif;? peJaus;&GmwGif (110)xdvnf;aumif;
wk;d wufvmygonf/ ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,f ukeo
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ivayGUqefpufwGif pyg;cGHukd t"duavmifpmtjzpf okH;pGJMuygonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUay:&Sd tjcm;pufkH
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pufrIvufrIu@wGif tom;wifxkwfvkyfrIwefbkd;rSm usyf (558979)cefY &Sdygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm v,f,m
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(178624)cefY &Sdygonf/ yk*vduykdif pufrIvufrIvkyfief;wefbkd;rSm (415000)cefY jzpfygonf/ 1980-81
ukefxd ausmufjzLNrdKUe,ftwGif; pufrIvufrIu@wGif EkdifiHawmfrS &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIwefbkd;rSm usyf(281)odef;cefY
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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif 1954-ckESpf Zlvkdifv(31)&ufwGif vQyfppf"mwftm;ukd (55)uDvkd0yf
rufumvm&if pufopfwpfv;Hk wnf;jzihf pwiftok;H jyK&ygonf/ 1958-ckEpS ?f v azazmf0g&Dv (28)&ufaeYwiG f
aemufxyf (250) uDvkd0yf pufopfwpfvkH; xyfrHwnfBuD; 1984 ckESpfwGif 64 uDvkd0yf pufa[mif;wvkH;ESihf
1972 ckESpfwGif (55)uDvkd0yfrufum&if pufa[mif;wpfvkH; xyfrHwnfygonf/ ,if;pufrsm;teuf (64)

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

30

uDvkd0yfpufukd 1971-ck atmufwkdbmv(18)&ufaeYu &yfwefYxm;cJhNyD; ,if;ESpfEkd0ifbmv(18)&ufaeYwGif

(55)uDvkd0yfrufuvm&if puf(pwifwnfaxmifpOfu tokH;jyKcJhaompuf)ukd &yfwefYNyD; ausmufawmfNrdKUodkY
ajymif;a&TUay;cJhygonf/ aemufxyftopfa&muf&Sdvmaom (860)auAGDatpukd'g pufopfwpfvkH;ukd
armif;ESifEdkif&eftwGuf atmufajc ckHvkyfief;ESihf taqmuftOD;wkdYudk aqmufvkyfqJjzpfygonf/ ,if;pufrS
1981-82 b@ma&;ESpftwGif; pwif "mwftm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k cefYrSef;xm;ygonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif vQyfppfrD;tokH;jyKonfh tdrfajcaygif; (1488)tdrfESihf vQyfppf"mwftm;okH;
pufrI vkyif ef;(11)ck &Syd gonf/ ausmufjzLNrKd Ur&yfuu
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(320)yGifhukd wyfqifxGef;&Sdxm;ygonf/ 1982 ckESpfwGif vQyfppf"mwftm;ukd nvkH;aygufay;onfh tqihfrS
reufyidk ;f a&'D,t
dk csed Ef iS fh aeYvnfyidk ;f a&'D,t
dk csed rf sm;ukyd g wk;d csUJ ay;Edik cf yhJ gonf/ 1972-73 b@ma&;ESpf
upNy;D 24 em&D"mwftm;ay;a&; cGijhf yKcsut
f & 24 em&D"mwftm;ay;cJyh gonf/ ok&Yd mwGif 'DZ,fqcD ufcrJ aI Mumifh
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(q) aqmufvyk af &;u@

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif tdrf&mpDrHudef;t& ausmufjzL ivayGUoabFmqdyfvrf; jynfolYvkyfief;XmerS
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ausmufjzLrif;jyif vrf;t&Snf 15 rkdif 4zmvkH? ausmufjzLrif;jyif-&rf;NAJvrf;t&Snf 37rkdifwkdYukd azmufvkyfcJhyg
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if;ESifhwqufwnf;(uufbD)vufxuf jynfolYaxmufyhHay;bkwftzGJU[lvnf;aumif;? 1951 ckESpfwGif
jynfol axmufyHha&;Xme[lvnf;aumif;? trnfajymif;vJzGJUpnf; a&mif;cscJhygonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif
jynfolYaxmufyhHa&; tkyfcsKyfrItzGJU[l ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ if;jyif zufpyfvkyfief;aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;
zGJUpnf; ypnf;rsm; a&mif;cscJhygonf/ 1963-64 ckESpfwGif jynfolYypnf;aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;?
(qqwu)rsm;ukd zGJUpnf; ukefpnfjzefYjzL;rIukd aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ 1965ckESpfwGif jynfolYypnf; aumfykd
a&;&Sif;rS ukefoG,fa&;aumfykda&;&Sif;[k ajymif;vJzGJUpnf; tqifhqifhukefpnf jzefYjzL;rIukd jynfolykdifu@
taejzihf aqmif&GufvmcJh&m ,cktcsdefxd jzpfygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

31

ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fwiG f 1947 ck tcsed rf pS uGeu

f ;dk ac: pm;ok;H ol or0g,rtoif;rsm; pwifzUJG pnf;Ny;D
jynfolYaxmufyhHa&;XmerS ypnf;rsm;ukdvufum;0,f,lNyD; vufvDjzefYjzL;aomvkyfief;ukd pwifaqmif&GufcJhyg
onf / 1954 ck E S p f w G i f ck d i f v u m ;or0g,r[l zG J U pnf ; wnf a xmif N yD ; vu m ;jzef Y j zL;a&;uk d
pwifwnfaxmifcJh ygonf/ 1963-64 ckESpfwGif tqkdygor0g,rrsm;ukd jynfolykdif odrf;,lNyD; 1965
ck E S p f w G i f jyef v nf z G J U pnf ; aom tajccH o r0g,rtoif ; rsm; v,f , mES i h f vk y f i ef ; aygif ; pk H
or0g,rtoif;(vvoo)zGJUpnf; ukefypnf;rsm; ukd jzefYjzL;a&mif;csapcJhygonf/ 1970 ckESpfavmufwGif
ukefoG,fa&;rsm;ukd wpfpwpfppkpnf; kyfodrf;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmaomtcg NrdKUe,for0g,rtoif;ukd
if;aus;&GmtkyfpkESihf &yfuGuftajccHor0g,rtoif;ukd vnf;aumif;? wkd;csJUzGJUpnf;NyD; jynfwGif;ukefpnf
jzefYjzL;rIvkyfief;ukd aqmif&GufcJh&m ,cktcsdeftxd jzpfygonf/
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,ftaejzihf t"duxGuu
f ek jf zpfaom qm;rsm;ukd tjcm;wkid ;f rsm;jzpfMuaom rauG;wkid ;f ?
&efukefwkdif;wkdYESifh qufoG,f jzefYjzL;a&mif;cscJhygonf/ pm;okH;qDrsm;? rsKd;ajryJrsm;ukdvnf; ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f
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jynfolYykvJESifh ig;vkyfief;aumfykda&;&Sif;taejzihf ig;ykZGefrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfNyD; jynfyokdY wkdufkdufwifykdYEkdif&ef
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jynfolYb@ma&;u@
ckESpf
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82

pkaqmif; aiGusyfaygif;
1582186
1369465
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2748478
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32
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

ausmufj zLNrd K Ue,f t wGi f ; &Sd aiG p ka iGa cs; or0g,rtoif; rsm;\ tajccHt csuf ft vufr sm;

1979-80

8
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1978-79

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612648
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1977-78
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29429
6537

1976-77
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24306
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1975-76
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287883
698060
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20334
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1974-75
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33
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f&Sd Xme? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ &okH;rSef;ajcaiGpm&if;

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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omref&aiG

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760
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633490
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34

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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d pf m;vS,t
f jzpfjzihf paumhwvef
jynfom; rpwmZGdZefbwf BuD;MuyftkyfcsKyf aexkdifcJhaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ 1942 ckESpf 'kwd,urmppfBuD;
jzpfyGm;csdefrSmvnf; &ckdifawmifykdif; ausmufjzLNrdKUukd A[kdxm; tqkdygumvu? &ckdif? ykPm;tp&Sdonfh
rD;oabFmrsm;vnf; r&yfwefYbJ jzpfovkd oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;aecJhMuygonf/ 1942-'kwd,urmppf NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD;
aemuf 1945-ckEpS f uuf(pf)bDac:onfh NrKd Ujytkycf sKyaf &;ukd vTt
J yfay; jynfwiG ;f a&aMumif; o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&;
tzGJUu aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ 1948 ckESpf ZGefvwpf&ufaeYrSp jynfolykdiftjzpf odrf;,lcJhygonf/ 1953
ckEpS f atmufwb
dk mtxd &ckid u
f rf;k;d wef;wGi&f o
dS nfh a&aMumif;o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&;tzGUJ onf tm&uefzvkw
d ,
D m
ukrP
u
D Ekid if aH wmftpk;d & uk,
kd pf m;vS,t
f jzpfEiS fh ajy;qGaJ ecJyh gonf/ xkt
d csed u
f yifv,fa&aMumif; o,f,yl Ydk
aqmifa&;tzGJU ausmufjzLkH; trIxrf; (15)OD;jzihf vkyfukdifvmcJhMuygonf/ 1953-ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif
Edik if jH cm;om;tpk;d & uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; z,fxw
k Nf y;D jynfoyl idk f odr;f yku
d
f yifv,fa&aMumif; o,f,yl aYdk qmif
a&;vufatmufwGif tkyfcsKyfapcJhygonf/ jynfwGif;a&aMumif; o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;tzGJU\ vufatmufodkY
jyefvnfa&muf&v
dS mcJyh gonf/ xkt
d csed u
f &ckid w
f idk ;f twGi;f &Sd a&,mOftiftm; pkpak ygif;rSm *syefppfavsmaf Mu;
tygt0if (27)pD;&SdaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/
avaMumif;vrf;rsm;
ppfBuKd acwfwiG f ausmufjzLNrKd U av,mOfuiG ;f &Scd &hJ m ausmufjzL? ppfawG? oHw?JG umvuwm; c&D;pOfrsm;
&Scd ahJ yonf/ ok&Yd mwGif &ufreS af jy;qGjJ cif;r&S/d wpfcgw&Hom av,mOfqif;oufcyhJ gonf/ NrKd Uay:odYk 0Jygwfyso
H ef;
jyojcif;rsm;ukd tc,laqmif&GufcJh&m vlBuD;wpfcgpD;vQif (10d) cav;(5d)EIef;jzihf ysHoef;cJhygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf 1948-ckESpf aemufykdif;rSom ausmufjzLNrdKU av,mOfuGif;
zG i h f v S p f c J h ygonf / ,if ; tcsd e f r S m (Our Burma) avaMumif ; rS a&T * sKd ; jzLav,mOf r sm;jzih f
&efukef^ausmufjzL^ppfawGNrdKUrsm; okdY avaMumif;c&D; pwifzGihfvSpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH (Deckota)

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

36

'guk d w mav,mOf a &muf & S d v maomtcg

,if ; 'guk d ' gav,mOf r sm;jzih f
&efukef^oHwGJ^ausmufjzL^ppfawGavaMumif; zGihfvSpfygonf/ xkdYaemuf (A 27)azmfumav,mOfrsm;ESihf
if;NrdKUrsm;okdY avaMumif;vrf;rsm; zGihfvSpfxm;ygonf/ wGifatmfwm av,mOfrsm;jzihf &efukef^rmefatmif
^ausmufjzL^trff;^ppfawG? ajrmufOD;^yvuf0NrdKUrsm;okdY avaMumif;vrf; zGifhvSpfxm;yg onf/
avaMumif;jzihf ukefpnfykdYaqmifa&;
&efuek rf S av,mOfpif;vk;H iSg;Ny;D NrKd Ue,for0g,rtoif;twGuf 'l;,m;pD;u&ufEiS fh tjcm;ypn;f rsm;ukd
av,mOfjzihf ausmufjzLokYd wifyaYdk y;ygonf/ ausmufjzLrS ig;ajcmufrsm;ukv
d nf; av,mOfjzihf wifyaYdk y;ygonf/
ausmufjzLNrKd U av,mOfu,
dk pf m;vS,t
f jzpf 1948-ckEpS rf S 1955 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (6)&ufaeYtxd
OD;pHvrS S vkyu
f idk cf yhJ gonf/ 6^9^55 ckEpS w
f iG f OD;pHvS uG,v
f eG af oqk;H Ny;D aemufyidk ;f rSp if;\om; OD;ausmv
f OS ;D
tm; ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&Gufaeygonf/
av,mOfuGif;tajctae
ausmufjzLNrKd U teH (100)ay tvsm; (3600)ay&Sd av,mOfuiG ;f ukd oHaygufrsm; cif;Ny;D 'kw,
d urmppf
NyD;cgpwGif NrdKUjyavaMumif;XmerS pwifaqmufvkyfcJhygonf/
1956 ckEpS rf pS oHaygufrsm;tpm; uw&mcif; av,mOfajy;vrf;ukd pwifvyk u
f idk cf yhJ gonf/ av,mOf
uGif;ukdvnf; tvsm; (4600)ay? teH(150)aytxd xkd;csJUvkyfukdifxm;ygonf/ av,mOfuGif;tkyfwpfOD;ESihf
uGif;tvkyform;wpfOD; cefYxm;cJhygonf/
1964 ckEpS rf S pwif avaMumif;xde;f odr;f a&;t&m&Sd ('k)wpfO;D ESifh tvkyo
f rm;(9)OD;ukd wk;d jri cfh efx
Y m;
cJhygonf/
1960 ckEpS w
f iG f avaMumif;arQmpf if taqmuftOD;ESifh c&D;onfrsm; wnf;ck&d yd o
f mrsm;ukd wnfaqmuf
NyD;pD;cJhygonf/ 1970 ckESpfrSp av,mOfajy;vrf;rsm; vQyfppfrD;rsm; pwifwyfqifcJhygonf/ ,if;ESpfrSp
ausmufjzLNrdKU aeYa&m-nyg av,mOfqif;oufEdkifygonf/
av,mOfajy;vrf;ukd *sufav,mOfrsm; qif;oufEkdif&ef uw&mvrf; aemufwpfxyftxlcif;&ef
tpDtpOf&ydS gonf/ av,mOfxed ;f odr;f a&;arQmpf if wpfcEk iS hf AGt
D idk yf D wnf;ck&d yd o
f mrsm;; wnfaqmuf&ef tpDtpOf
&Sdygonf/ av,mOfuGif; vkHNcHKa&;twGuf aeYa&mnyg &Juif;ESihf ppfwyfuif;rsm; csxm;&Sdygonf/
jrefrmhavaMumif; aumfykda&;&Sif;wGif 1979-80 ckESpftwGif; c&D;onft0if (9100)OD;? txGuf
(8972)OD;ESihf ukefypnf;t0if (87320)txGuf (63234) av,mOfqif;acgufa& (550)? omref&aiGpkpkaygif;
(824500d^-)&SdcJhygonf/
ukef;vrf;rsm;
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,ftwGi;f wGif ,cifvrf;vkyif ef;Xme(,ckaqmufvyk af &;aumfyadk &;&Si;f )ykid f vrf;rsm;rSm
(59)rkdif&SdNyD; 'dpMudwfaumifpD(,ck-pnfyifom,m)ykdifvrf;rSm (56910)ay &Sdygonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUrS &rf;NAJNrdKU
txd uke;f vrf;t&Snrf idk f (54)rkid f &Syd gonf/ uke;f vrf;oGm; ,mOfrsm;rSm Ekid if yH idk t
f jzpf uke;f vrf;o,f,yl aYdk qmif
a&; aumfykda&;&Sif;ykdif,mOfrsm; &SdcJhygonf/
1966 ckEpS w
f iG f uke;f vrf;o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&; aumfyadk &;&Si;f ukd kyo
f rd ;f Ny;D ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,f or0g,r
toif;ESifh &rf;NANJ rKd Ue,f or0g,rtoif;wkrYd v
S nf;aumif; armfawmf,mOfrsm;ukd qufvuf0,f,al jy;qGv
J suf
&Sdygonf/ yk*vduarmfawmf,mOfrsm;onf tqkdygvrf;rsm;wGif ausmufjzLZifacsmif;? ausmufjzL-0arQmif?
ausmuf tkef;awm? ausmufjzL*kH;csdefrsm; vkdif;tjzpf aeYpOfajy;qGJvsuf&Sdygonf/
1980ckESpfwGif jrefrmha&eHaumfykda&;&Sif;rS Zif;acsmif;uif;qdyftxd vrf;azmufvkyfcJh&m? ,cktcg
ausmufjzLuif;ul;wkdYqdyftxd vkdif;um;rsm; ajy;qGJaeMuygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

37

uke;f vrf;rS ukepf nfo,f,yl aYdk qmifru

I ?dk uke;f vrf;aumfyadk &;&Si;f ykid u
f m;rsm;? NrKd Ue,for0g,rykid u
f m;
rsm;ES i h f yk * v d u yk d i f u m;rsm;jzih f yk d Y a qmif v suf &S d y gonf / t"d u uk e f p nf r sm;tjzpf ig;ajcmuf ?
[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;? qefpyg;rsm;ESihf? om;ig;wd&pmefxGuf ukefypnf;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
pmwkduf
ausmufjzLNrKd U pmwku
d u
f kd 1929 ckEpS w
f iG f pwifziG v
fh pS cf NhJ y;D pmwku
d v
f yk if ef;ESifh aMu;eef;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd
yg? yl;wGJvkyfaqmifoGm;onf/ aMu;eef;vkyfief;rsm;ukd ausmufjzLrS ppfwaumif;xdvnf;aumif;? ausmufjzLrS
jynfrodYk uRu
J ;l awmifpcef;rSwqifh qufo,
G cf o
hJ nf/ acsmpm? acsmypn;f qufo,
G af &;vkyif ef;ukd oabFmi,f
rsm;jzihf o,fykd;aqmif&Gufaponf/
ppfNy;D aemufyidk ;f 1946 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmufjzLpmwku
d u
f dk jyefvnfziG v
fh pS cf NhJ y;D 1948-ckEpS w
f iG f pm&if;ukid f
kH;tjzpf tqifhwkd;jrifh ajrykH^&rf;NAJ^rmefatmif^oHwGJ? *G? awmifukwf kH;i,frsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfoGm;onf/
acsmpmrsm; acsmypn;f rsm;ukd k;H i,frsm;okYd jynfwiG ;f a&aMumif; o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&;tzGUJ ykid f oabFmi,frsm;jzihf
qufo,
G af pcJo
h nf/ ppfawG^&efuek ^f oHwo
JG Ykd avaMumif;ykaYd qmifa&;ykid f av,mOfrsm;jzihf pwifaqmif&u
G Mf u
onf/
ausmufjzLpmwkdufwGif aiGaMu;ykdYaqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;? acsmpm? acsmykdYvkyfief;? rSwfykHwifvkyfief;?
acsmxkyv
f ufcv
H yk if ef;? a&'D,v
dk idk pf ifvyk if ef;? wHqyd af umif;jzefjY zL;a&mif;csa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd aqmif&u
G o
f nf/
1978-79 ckEpS w
f iG ?f aiGvpJT m vkyif ef;rsm;ukyd g pwifaqmif&u
G o
f nf/ 1980-ckEpS w
f iG f ta0;pum;ajymvkyif ef;
twGuf tcGefvufcHvkyfief;ESihf olwyg;xdckdufrI y&DrD,HaMu;pm&if;rsm; jyKvkyfaqmif&GufrIvkyfief;ukd 1976ckESpfrS pwifaqmif&Gufonf/ ausmufjzLpmwkdufukd ti,fwef;vufa&G;pif pmwkdufi,frSL;(1)OD; uRrf;usif
y^pma&;(2)OD; 'kuRrf;usif(3)OD;? 'kpma&;(3)OD; tvkyfMurf;(1)OD; pmykdYvkvif(5)OD; taxGaxGtvkyform;
(4)OD;jzihf aqmif&Gufaponf/
ausmufjzLpmwku
d w
f iG f 2976^77-ckEpS f taxGaxG tcGe&f aiGaygif; (454434d^66g;) 77^78 ckEpS w
f iG f
(643218d^80g;) 78^79 ckESpfwGif (658415d^90g;) 79^80 ckESpfwGif j(663380d^50g;)ESihf 80^81ckESpfwGif
(834257d^89g;)rsm; jzpfygonf/
aMu;eef;qufoG,fa&;
ausmufjzLNrdKU aMu;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;ukd 'kwd,urmppfrjzpfrSDu ajray:aMu;eef;BudK; (Land
Line) qufoG,fa&;pHepfjzihf ausmufjzLpmwkdufrS vkyfukdifcJhygonf/ qufoG,fa&;vIdif;taejzihf ausmufjzL
pmwku
d rf S &efuek o
f Ykd wvkid ;f ESifh ausmufjzLrS ppfawGujdk zwf tdE,
d jynf ppfwaumif;NrKd UodYk wvkid ;f qufo,
G f
vkyu
f idk cf yhJ gonf/ aeYa&mnyg (24)em&D qufo,
G Ef ikd cf yhJ gonf/ 1946 ckEpS rf pS aMu;eef;qufo,
G af &;vkyif ef;
ukad cwfrrDS DS 0kid ,
f mvufpufrsm; (Wireless Sets) rsm;jzihf oD;jcm;aMu;eef;k;H zGiv
fh pS Nf y;D ausmufjzLNrKd UrSppfawGNrKd U
okdYwvkdif;? ausmufjzLukd A[kdjyK? &rf;NAJNrdKU ? rmefatmifNrdKU? trf;ESifhajrykHNrdKUrsm;okdY wvkdif; qufoG,fvkyfukdif
apcJyh gonf/ qufo,
G cf sed rf mS eHeuf(7)em&DrS nae (7)em&Dtxd jzpfygonf/ waeYvQiyf sr;f rQ aMu;eef;aqmif
a& (25^30)apmifa&cefY &Sdygonf/
1962-ckkESpfaemufykdif;rSp? ausmufjzLrS &efukefNrdKUodkY wkdufkdufaMu;eef;vkdif;wvkdif; zGihfvSpfNyD;?
ausmufjzLrS jrefrmjynf&dS tjcm;NrKd Ursm;ESifh Ekid if jH cm;odYk ku
d af om aMu;eef;pmrsm;ukd &efuek Nf rKd UrSwqifh wku
d f u
dk f
qufoG,fvkyfukdifcJhonfrSm ,aeYtxd jzpfygonf/
1980-jynfhESpfwGif? ausmufjzLNrdKU rkdukda0zfpufrsm; wyfqifNyD;pD;ojzihf rkdukda0hzfjzihf aMu;eef;
qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;ukd aeYpOfeHeuf (9)em&DrS nae( 4)em&Dtxd ausmufjzL &efukefwvkdif;? ausmufjzL
ppfawGwvkdif;? vkdif;(2)vkdif;jzihf aMu;eef;vkyfief;ukd aqmif&Gufaeygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

38

if;jyif 0kdif,mvufpufrsm; (Wireless Sets) rsm;jzihf ,ciftwkdif; ausmufjzL ^&rf;NAJwvkdif;ESifh

ausmufjzL^trf;NrdKUodkY wvkdif; qufoG,fa&;vkyfukdifaeygonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKU aMu;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rS 0ifaiGrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf/

aMu;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyf ief;rS 0ifaiGrsm;

pOf
1
2
3

ckESpfou&mZf
1978^79
1979^80
1980^81

aMu;eef;apmifa&aygif;
23245
21670
19507

aMu;eef;c0ifaiGaygif;
usyf
jym;
43991
50
39227
20
33171
15

pum;ajymaMu;eef; (w,fvDzkef;) qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;

ausmufjzLNrdKU ppfBudKacwfwGif pum;ajymqufoG,fa&; vkH;0r&SdcJhyg/ 1946-ck aemufykdif;rSom
ausmufjzLNrdKU ppfusefw,fvDzkH;tvkH;(20)wyfqifEkdifaom pufckHjzihf aMu;eef;qufoG,fa&;XmerS pwifNyD;
oD;jcm;w,fvDzkH;kHwkH zGifhvSpfcJhygonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUtwGif;om &ygonf/ ta0;pum;ajym r&yg/
1964 ckESpfwGif w,fvDzkef;vkdif; (50)wyfqifEdkifaom pufckHwpfckukd tpm;xkd;wyfqifNyD; ausmufjzL
NrdKU w,fvDzkH;tvkH; (50)txd wkd;jrihfwyfqifcJhygonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm (Radio Telephone R/T) pufrsm;jzihf
ausmufjzLrS ppfawGNrKd UESifh oHwNJG rKd Ursm;odv
Yk nf;aumif;? &efuek Nf rKd Uodv
Yk nf;aumif; ta0;pum;ajym &&Scd yhJ gonf/
okdkYaomfvnf; if;ta0;ajym pum;ajympuf (R/T)pufrSm 1967-ck avrkefwkdif;'gPfaMumifh ysufpD;oGm;ojzihf
,if;tcsdefrSp ta0;pum;ajympepf &yfwefYcJhygonf/
1980-jynhEf pS w
f iG f w,fvzD ek ;f tvk;H (100)wyfqifEidk af om pufcw
Hk pfcu
k dk ppfawGNrKd U jynfe,fqufo,
G f
a&;kH;rS vma&mufwyfqifay;ojzihf ausmufjzLNrdKU,cktcg w,fvDzkef;tvkH; (100)wyfqifNyD;jzpfygonf/
rkdukda0hzfpufukd tokH;jyKvQuf jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;okdY w,fvDzkef;qufoG,fa&;ukd aeYpOfeHeuf (9)em&DrS nae
(4)em&Dtxd qufoG,f&&Sdaeygonf/
ausmufjzLrS (48)rkdifa0;uGmaom &rf;NAJNrdKUESihf &rf;NAJNrdKUrSwqifh 0eJNrdKUe,fcGJodkY (13)rkdifukd ajray:
(Land Line) pum;ajymaMu;eef;vkdif; qufoG,fxm;NyD; aqmif&Gufvkyfukdifvsuf &Sdygonf/
ausmufjzLrkdufckda0hzfpcef;ukd ausmufjzLNrdKUwGif; wnfaqmufxm;NyD; rkdukda0hzfpufBuD;rsm;ukd
ausmufjzLrS (6)rkid t
f uGm &rf;NAv
J rf;ay (300)tjrif&h adS om ausmufjzLawmifay: wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/
taqmuftOD;\wefb;dk rSm ode;f (21)ode;f cefjY zpfygonf/ ausmufjzLawmifay: rku
d adk 0hz&f rDqmpufBu;D rsm;jzihf
(24)em&DywfvkH; jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvkH;okdY qufoG,fEkdifygonf/
rkd;av0oESihf ZvaA'
ausmufjzLNrdKUwGif rkd;av0owkdif;wma&;vkyfief;ukd aq;kHBuD;rsm;wGif wGJbuf rSwfom;wkdif;wmcJh
ygonf/ 1964-ckEpS w
f iG f rk;d av0oESihf ZvaA'OD;pD;Xmeukd pwifziG v
fh pS &f m? rk;d a&csed ?f tylcsed rf sm;ESihf avwku
d Ef eI ;f
rsm;ukd wkdif;wmrSwfom;ay;ykdYcJhygonf/
1979-ckESpfwGif urmhrkd;av0oXme\tultnDjzihf acwfrDrkd;av0owkdif;wma&;pepfukd ausmufjzL
NrdKUe,f rif;jyifaus;&GmteD; awmifukef;ay:wGif wnfaqmufzGihfvSpfcJhonf/ rkdif(250)rS rkefwkdif;ukd
a&'gpufjzihf Munhjf rifEidk o
f nf/ rd;k &GmoGe;f EIe;f ukd kyjf rifpufjzihf Munhjf rifEidk yf gonf/ tqkyd gtpD&ifccH surf sm;ukd
rSD; &efukefNrdKU rkd;av0oXmecsKyfrS rkd;av0ocefYrSef;csufrsm; xkwfjyefEkdifcJhygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

39

ZvaA'wkid ;f wmrIudk qdyu

f rf;aumfyadk &;&Si;f taejzihf 'Da&twuftusudk wkid ;f wmko
H m&SNd y;D xkwjf yef
Ekid jf cif;r&Syd g/ qnfajrmif;OD;pD;Xmetaejzihv
f nf; 'Da&twuftus wkid ;f wmrIvyk if ef;ukd rSwo
f m;aqmif&u
G rf I
&Sdygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

40
vlrIa&;jzpfpOf
(u) ynma&;u@

(1) ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f ya'o&mZfacwf ynma&;tajctae

ya'o&mZfacwf tkyfcsKyfpOfumvrSm ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f[l r&Sdao;yg/ 1837 ckESpfrSom ausmufjzL
NrdKUukd pwifwnfaxmifNyD; 1852 ckESpfwGif ausmufjzLckdif[l zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf/ ya'o&mZfacwf
tcsdeftcgu jrefrmEdkifiH wEkdifiHvkH;\ ynma&;tajctaerSm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ynma&;yif jzpfcJhonf/
if;enf;wl ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f[l jzpfay:vmrnfh aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;u touf(7)ESpft&G,f
uav;i,frsm;ukd pkpnf;NyD; jrefrmpmESihf bmoma&;pmayrsm; pwifoifMum;cJhMuonf/ *Pef;ocsFmESihf aA'if
ynm? aq;ynmESihf vufrIynmrsm; oifMum;cJhMuonf/
(2) ukdvkdeDacwf ynma&;
uk d v k d e D a cwf tk y f c sKyf a &;xl a xmif v maomtcg oif M um;vmaom ynma&;pepf o nf v nf ;
bkef;awmfBuD; ynma&;pHepfrS ukdvkdeDynma&;pHepfukd pwifusihfokH;vmMuygonf/ tpkd;&ESihf tpkd;&pDrHrIcH
asumif;rsm;wGif rlvwef;rSp jrefrmpm? *Pef;ocsFm? yx0D avmu"mwfESifh? useff;rmjcif;bmomrsm;ukd?
tv,fwef;ESifhtxufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif &mZ0if? *JMoarMwdESihf tu&mocsFmrsm; xyfrHoifMum;&ygonf/
tykdbmomtjzpf t*Fvdyfpm oifMum;&ygonf/ aemufykdif;wGif jynfolYeDwdbmom xyfrHoifMum;&ygonf/
tpkd;&tv,fwef;ausmif;tqifhukd &rf;NAJNrdKUwGif 1837-ckESpfrS pwifzGihfvSpfcJhygonf/ &ckdifwkdif;wGif
yxrqkH;zGifhvSpfcJhaom tpkd;&tv,fwef;ausmif;(2)ausmif;teuf (1)ausmif;jzpfygonf/ 1852 ckESpfwGif
&rf;NAJckdifrS ausmufjzLckdifjzpfvmaomtcg ausmufjzLNrdKUokdY ajymif;a&TGUzGihfvSpfcJhonf/ 1923 ckESpfwGif
tv,fwef; tqifrh S txufwef;tqifo
h Ydk wk;d jri zhf iG v
fh pS cf o
hJ nf/ if;wGif ausmif;q&mBu;D rSm ausmufjzLZmwd
OD;ausmfatmifjzL? (tufzfat)jzpfNyD; pmoifMum;rIESifh pnf;urf;rsm;wGif tvGefemrnfausmfMum;cJhonf/
1936-ckESpfwGif txufwef;ausmif;opfukd ,ckvufpGrf;jy tv,fwef;ausmif;okdY ajymif;a&TGUzGihfvSpfcJhNyD;
1970-ckESpftxd jzpfonf/ 1915-ckESpfwGif wkdif;&if;bmomoif tv,fwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;ukdvnf;
zGihfvSpfcJhNyD; 1946-ckESpfwGif e0rwef;txd wkd;jrihfzGifhvSpfonf/ ynma&;&HykHaiGukd ta&;ykdif&HykHaiG taxmuf
tyHhcHtjzpf okH;pGJNyD; ppfaq;a&;udp&yfukd ynma&;Xmet&m&Sd (ynmtkyf)u ppfaq;aqmif&Guf&ygonf/
ynmoifMum;a&;wGif jrefrmpmrSty useb
f mom&yftm;vk;H ukd t*Fvyd f jrefrmpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif
t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf oifMum;Mu&onf/
3/ 'kwd,urmppftwGif; ynma&;tajctae
ausmufjzLNrdKUukd 1942 ckESpfwGif ppfaoewfypfazmuf t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&; ysufjym;oGm;NyD;aemuf
ausmif;trsm;pkrmS ydwx
f m;cJ&h Ny;D aus;&GmtcsKUd wGio
f m qufvufoifMum;Ekid cf MhJ uonf/ ociftyk cf sKyaf &;umv
twGi;f NrKd Uay:ESifh teD;ywf0ef;usi&f dS pmoifausmif;rsm;ukd ociftyk cf sKyaf &;rS Bu;D Muyftyk cf sKyzf iG v
hf pS cf MhJ uonf?
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif 1920 ckESpfrSp (Elemntory) avma) ac: rlvwef;q&mjzpfoifausmif;
wpfausmif; pwifziG v
fh pS o
f ifMum;cJyh gonf/ ,if;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyq
f &mBu;D rSm OD;ausmv
f ^S OD;omvSjzpfyg
onf/ pwkww
ef;rS owrwef;xd atmifjriforl sm; wufa&mufoifMum;cGi&fh o
dS nf/ pwkww
ef;? yOrwef;ESifh
qXrwef;atmifjriforl sm;tm; oifwef;Ny;D qk;H onft
h cg (Elemntory-B) q&mjzpfvufrw
S af y; owrwef;
atmifjriforl sm;tm; oifwef;Ny;D qk;H onft
h cg (Elemntory-A) q&mjzpfvufrw
S f xkwaf y;cJo
h nf/ 1929^30
ynmoifESpfwGif tqkdygausmif;tm; jzKwfodrf;vkduf&onhftcg ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; OD;ausmfvS^OD;omvSrSm
ppfawGNrKd U zGiv
hf pS af om tpk;d &aemfrefausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mwpfO;D tjzpf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifapcJh

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

41

ygonf/ tqdkygausmufjzLNrdKU (Elemntory) q&mjzpfausmif; wufa&mufoifMum;aeMuaom 9wef;atmif

ausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;ausmif;zsufodrf;onfhtcg ppfawGNrdKUzGifhvSpfaom tpkd;&aemfrefausmif;odkY
oGm;a&muf NyD; (Secondary) q&mjzpfukd oifMum;Muygonf/
,if;tjyif ausmufjzLNrdKU ajrwkdif;twwfoifausmif;wpfausmif;ukdvnf; 1920 ckESpfavmufwGif
zGihfvSpfoifMum;cJhygonf/ ,if;ausmif;wGif wkdif;&if;jrefrm 4 wef;atmifjrifolrsm; wufa&mufoifMum;cGihf
&Sdygonf/ 1929 ckESpfwGif tqkdygausmif;ukd zsufodrf;NyD; a&TbkdNrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TUzGihfvSpfcJhygonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKU 1927 ckESpfavmufwGif OD;vSjzLoH tv,fwef;ausmif;ESihf cGmawmifq&mawmf
tv,fwef;jyKpkausmif;[l (2)ausmif;&SdcJhygonf/ OD;vSjzLoHausmif;rSm ausmufjzLNrdKUausmufwkdifuGif;teD;
wnf&SdNyD; cGmawmifq&mawmfausmif;rSm ausmufjzLNrdKU taemufzuf&Sd ukr'daps;&GmwGif wnf&Sdygonf/
,if;ausmif;rsm; wufa&mufoifMum;olrsm;onf vpOfaus;ESpyf rJ S ig;rl;txd ay;aqmifMu&ygonf/ tpk;d &rS
xkwaf y;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;ukd ajzqkMd u&Ny;D pmar;yGJ tatmiftI;H ukd owfrw
S af y;ygonf/ OD;vSjzLoHausmif;onf
1931 ckEpS w
f iG f jrLeDpyD g,fausmif;ESifh aygif;oGm;cJo
h nf/ cGmawmifq&mawmfausmif;rSmrl 1935 ckEpS af vmufwiG f
tv,fwef;tqifh ysufoGm;NyD; rlvwef;ausmif;taejzihf 'kwd,urmppfrD;awmufavmifonfhtcsdefxd
wnfwefYEkdifcJhygonf/
*syeftyk cf sKyaf &;acwfumvwGif tajcpku
d w
f yfpcef;rsm; pmayoifMum;a&;0goem&Sad om *syefwyfrS
tcsKUd yk*K v
d w
f o
Ydk nf cav;i,frsm;tm; ac:,l *syefbmomukd tenf;i,frQoifMum;cJMh uaMumif;ukd od&cdS &hJ yg
onf/
4/ ppfNyD;acwfynma&;
ppfNy;D ptcsed f 1945 ckEpS af vmufwiG f ausmufjzLtxufwef;ausmif;ukd *k;H csed &f mG wGif jyefvnfziG v
fh pS Nf y;D
1947 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmufjzLNrKd Uay: rlvwef;ausmif;a[mif;ae&mwGif jyefvnfziG v
hf pS cf yhJ gonf/ ausmufjzLNrKd Uay:
wGif 1947 ck tBuD;pm;rlvwef;ausmif;tjzpf ykdufqdyfausmif;ukd zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ (rlvwef;rS 5wef;xd
wk;d csUJ Ny;D t*Fvyd pf m oifMum;onf) 1957 ckEpS w
f iG f yku
d q
f yd t
f Bu;D pm; rlvwef;ausmif; NrKd Urrlvwef;ausmif;ukd
tv,fwef;ausmif;tqifx
h d wk;d jri zfh iG v
fh pS cf yhJ gonf/ 1967-ckEpS w
f iG f vufprG ;f jyrlvwef;ausmif;ukd vufprG ;f jy
tv,fwef;tjzpf wkd;jrihfzGihfvSpfoifMum;cJhygonf/
5/ vGwfvyfa&;acwfynma&;
vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D aomtcg aus;vufa'ozGUH NzKd ;a&;vkyif ef;&yfrsm;ukd jynfawmfompDru
H ed ;f jzihf taumif
txnfazmfvmcJh&m aus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;wGif rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;ukd wkd;csJUzGihfvSpfvmcJhygonf/
vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D p tcsed rf pS 1960-ckEpS t
f xd 5wef;rS wuov
dk 0f ifwef;ukd vpOfynmoifaMu;ay;
&ygonf/ 1960-ckESpfaemufykdif;wGif 9wef;ESihf 10wef;om ynmoifMum; ay;Mu&ygonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f
wGif uRef;pOfykdif; jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rI'PfaMumihf? rlvwef;ausmif;tcsKdU ydwfxm;cJh&zl;ygonf/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;ptcsdefwGif t*Fvdyfpmukd rlvwef;rS pwifoifMum;cJh&onf/ 1951-ck aemufykdif;wGi
ft*Fvdyfpmukd 5wef;rSpwifoifMum;Mu&ygonf/ awmfvSefa&;tpkd;& wufvmNyD;aemufykdif;wGif t*Fvdyfpm
rSty usefbmom&yfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd jrefrmjzihf oifMum;Ekdif&ef wpwp aqmif&GufvmcJhygonf/1953-54
ck E S p f w G i f &ck d i f w k d i f ; wpf w k d i f ; vk H ; rS od y H b momxl ; cRef o l r sm;tm; zwf r & tjzpf ausmuf j zLNrd K UwG i f
zGihfvSpfoifMum;cJhygonf/
6/ awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&vufxufwGif ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
1963-ck awmfveS af &;tpk;d &wufa&mufvmaomtcg awmfveS af &;aumifp\
D 0g'oabmxm;aMunm
twkid ;f toufarG;0rf;aMumif; taxmuftuljyKaom ynmoifMum;a&;uk pwifajymif;vJoifMum;vmonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

42

if;jyifukdif;GwfbmomOD;pm;ay; oifMum;a&;twGuf ynma&;vufawGUzGJUNzdK; bmom&yfwnfxGifcJh&m

pkdufysKd; a&;? tm;upm; yef;csD? tEkokckr? pufrIvufrIynmbmom&yfrsm;ukd wnfxGifcJhygonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ausmif;aumifpDykHoPefjzihf tzGJUrsm;zGJU aqmif&GufvmapcJhygonf/ if;jyif
rdbq&mtoif;rsm;jzihfvnf;aumif; zGJUpnf;vIyf&Sm;vmcJhMuonf/ awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&onf pepfopfpwif
taumiftxnfazmfvmcJh&mwGif 8wef;rSp 0dZmodyHbmom&yfwGJrsm;ukd oifMum;apcJh&m ausmufjzLNrdKU
txufwef;ausmif;onf 0dZmodyHbmomwGJrsm;ukd oifMum;Ekdifonfh wvrf;oGm; ynma&;pepfrS bufpkHynm
a&; pepfokdYvnf;aumif; ynmxl;cRefolukdom OD;pm;ay;a&;rlt& ESpfIH;ausmif;xkwfaomudpukd 8 wef;rSp
aqmif&u
G v
f monf/ xkt
d cg ESpcf gusorl sm;twGuf vli,fah &;&mnausmif;zGiv
fh pS f oifMum;ay;cJ&h m ausmufjzL
NrdKUrtv,fwef;ausmif;wGif zGihfvSpfcJhonf/
ynma&;XmewGif ausmufjzLckdif ynm0ef&SdcJh&rS tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopft& NrdKUe,fynma&;rSL;tjzpf
ynma&;rSL;tjzpf txufwef;ausmif;tkyBf u;D rsm;ukd wm0ef,t
l yk cf sKyaf pcJo
h nfrmS 1972 ckEpS rf S 1981 ckEpS t
f xd
jzpfonf/ 1981-ckEpS rf mS yif NrKd Ue,fynma&;rSL;rsm;tjzpf oD;oefcY efx
Y m;Ny;D pDrcH efcY aJG 0cJyh gonf/ ynmoifzUHG NzKd ;
rItwGuf wGJbufausmif;rsm;ukd ukd,fxlukd,fx tpDtpOfjzihf zGihfvSpfapcJhygonf/ wGJbufrlvwef;ausmif;
qko
d nfrmS rlvwef;ausmif;r&Sad o;aom aus;&Gmrsm;wGif eD;pyf&mrlvwef;ausmif;ESifh wGb
J uf rdrt
d pDtpOfjzihf
zGiv
fh pS &f onf/ wGb
J uftv,fwef;ausmif;qko
d nfrmS tv,fwef;ausmif;r&Sad o;aom aus;&Gmrsm;wGif eD;pyf&m
tv,fwef;ausmif;ESihf wGJbufNyD; rdrdtpDtpOfjzihf zGifhvSpf&onf/ wGJbuftxufausmif;qkdonfrSm
txufwef;ausmif;r&Sad o;aom aus;&GmBu;D rsm;wGif eD;pyf&mtxufwef;ausmif;ESifh wGb
J ufNy;D rdrt
d pDtpOfzjifh
zGiv
fh pS &f onf/ ,cktcg NrKd Ue,fynma&;rSL;oD;oefx
Y m;&S&d Ny;D txufwef;ausmif;tkyrf sm; oD;oefx
Y m;&Syd gonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif 1923 ckESpfrSm 1980 ckESpfrSmom txufwef;ausmif; aemufxyfwausmif;tjzpf
yku
d q
f yd t
f v,fwef;ausmif;ukd wk;d jri zfh iG v
fh pS cf &hJ m tajccHynma&;txufwef;ausmif;(2)ausmif; jzpfvmygonf/
tv,fwef;ausmif;rsm;rSm 1981-ckESpftxd (7)ausmif;&Sdygonf/
rlvwef;ausmif;rSm 1981 ckESpftxd (104)ausmif;&SdvmcJhygonf/ wGJbuftxu(1)ausmif;(peJ)?
wGJbuftvu(2)ausmif;(pkdifNcHK) uGrf;acsmif;wGJbuf rlvwef;(6)ausmif;&Sdygonf/ ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f&Sd
q&mrsm;OD;a&rSm-

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f&Sd q&mrsm;OD;a&rSm
NrdKUe,fynma&;rSL;
v^x NrdKUe,fynma&;rSL;
txufwef;ausmif;tkyfBuD;
tv,fwef;ausmif;tkyfBuD;
txufwef;jyq&m
tv,fwef;jyq&m
rlvwef;q&mBuD;
rl-v^x q&mBuD;

(1)OD;
(1)OD;
(2)OD;
(6)OD;
(31)OD;
(59)OD;
(102)OD;
(191)OD;

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

43

1980-81 ckESpf ynmoifES pfausmif;om;OD;a&rSm

q,fwef;ausmif;om;
e0rwef;ausmif;om;
tXrwef;ausmif;om;
owrwef;ausmif;om;
qXrwef;ausmif;om;
yOrwef;ausmif;om;
pwkwwef;ausmif;om;
wwd,wef;ausmif;om;
'kwd,wef;ausmif;om;
yxrwef;ausmif;om;
oli,fwef;ausmif;om;

339
412
486
512
604
832
1146
1675
2215
2802
5975

a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf
a,muf

15.43
58.25
37.65
76.95
75.66
62.57
80.01
71.64
74.94
69.23
72.05

&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif
&mckid Ef ;HI atmif
&mckdifEIH;atmif

jzpfNyD;ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f\ ynma&;tokH;p&dwfrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfygonf/

aiGvkH;aiG&if;
1976-77 ckESpfwGif
1054350d^(omref)
1977-78 ckESpfwGif
1177390d^(omref) 1500d^1978-79 ckESpfwGif
1501050d^(omref)
1979-80 ckESpfwGif
1154620d^(omref)
1980-81 ckESpfwGif
1397780d^(omref)
-

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

44
txufwef;ynma&;

ausmufjzL-Oypmaumvdyf
ausmufjzLOypmaumvdyu
f dk 1954-ck? ZGev
f 30 &ufaeYwiG f ausmufjzLNrKd U taemufbuf&dS awmif&if;
&GmteD;wGif pwifziG v
fh pS &f m? vufaxmuft&m&Sd OD;ausmv
f ma&mufNy;D ausmif;zGiv
fh pS cf yhJ gonf/ ausmufjzLcdik ?f
oHwcJG kid Ef iS hf ppfawGckid w
f rYdk S ausmif;om;(70)jzihf pwifziG v
fh pS cf &hJ m? ,if;ESpw
f ufa&muforl sm;tm;vk;H ynmoif
axmufyhHaMu;aiGukd &&SdMuygonf/ 0dZm-odyHESihf aq;odyHbmom&yfrsm;ukd oifMum;Ekdifygonf/ a,musfm;
taqmif(10)ckom &SNd y;D trsK;d orD;taqmif oD;oefrY &Sd pmoifaqmif ajrmufbufjcrf;wGio
f m aexkid Mf u&onf/
1957-58 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;om;OD;a&(120)&Scd NhJ y;D ? useyf nmoifEpS rf sm;wGirf l ausmif;om;OD;a& (100)
atmuf avsmhenf;cJhonf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:rS ausmif;om;rsm; vma&mufoifMum;jcif; r&Sdacs/ q&mrsm;rSm
ausmif;zGifhpwGif okyfjyq&mESihf enf;jyq&mrsm;om jzpfygonf/ aemifrSom v^xuxdursm; vma&muf
oifMum;Muonf/ tdEd,EkdifiHrS tiSm;q&m(7)OD; cefYvma&mufjyocJhonf/ ausmuftkyfq&mBuD;rsm;rSm
OD;wifxGef;? OD;wihfvGif? OD;OD;ausmfESihf OD;ausmfcifwkdY jzpfMuonf/ 0efxrf;rsm;rSm kH;0efxrf;(7)OD;? vufaxmuf
"mwfccJG ef;rSL; (3)OD;ESihf tjcm;0efxrf;(10)OD;cefY &Syd gonf/ 1963 ckEpS f Zlvidk v
f (31)&ufaeYwiG f ausmufjzLOyZm
aumvdyfukd awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&rS zsufodrf;aMumif; aMunmcJhygonf/
ausmufjzLq&mtwwfoifausmif;
ausmufjzLNrKd U&Sd q&mtwwfoifausmif;ukd 1953-ck? ZGev
f (1)&ufaeYwiG f pwif ausmif;tkyq
f &mBu;D
OD;armifarmifBu;D u zGiv
fh pS af y;cJyh gonf/ (,ck vufprG ;f jy tv,fwef;ausmif;a&SU&Sd rlvwef;ausmif;ae&mwGif
jzpfonf/ )xkad usmif;ukd ausmif;om;ausmif;ol(208)OD;jzihf pwifziG v
hf pS cf yhJ gonf/ owrwef;atmifjriforl sm;
if;q&mtwwfoifoyd o
H Ykd wufa&mufoifMum;cGi&fh o
dS nf/ ESppf Ofausmif;om;^ol(134)OD;ESifh trsm;qk;H (340)OD;
txd oifMum;cJo
h nf/ 1956 ckEpS w
f iG f rlvae&mrS ,ckwnf&adS om ausmif;opfBu;D ae&modYk ajymif;a&TUzGiv
fh pS cf hJ
onf/ jynfaxmifpk w0Sr;f vk;H rS ausmif;om;rsm; vma&mufoifMum;apcJ&h mrS (1972)ckEpS af &mufrS &ckid jf ynfe,f
ausmif;om;rsm;tm;; oifMum;apcJo
h nf/ oifMum;&onhf bmom&yfrsm;rSm ynma&;bmom? t*Fvyd pf m? jrefrm
pm? EkdifiHorkdif;? yx0D0if? ocsFm? EkdifiHa&;odyH? odyHESihfywf0ef;usif? pufrIvufrI? pkdufysKd;a&;? tdrfwGif;rIodyH?
okckr? yef;csD? um,ynmwkdY oifMum;onf/ ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;rsm;rSm OD;pdefvSatmif? rpwmpDat0Jvf?
OD;pHwif? OD;armifarmifv?S OD;aomif;? OD;xGe;f <u,fEiS fh a':wifarwkjYd zpfMuonf/ rlvwef;q&m rGr;f rHoifwef;rsm;
ukd aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif oifMum;ay;cJo
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twGuf aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;wGif oifMum;apcJhygonf/
ausmufjzL&uef;ausmif;
ausmufjzLNrdKU t&m&Sd&yfuGufwGif tpkd;&&uef;ausmif;ukd 1951-52 ckESpfwGif pwifzGihfvSpfcJh&m?
pwkwwef;atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm; wufa&mufoifMum;cGihf&Sdonf/ touf(18)ESpfrS (25)ESpftwGif;
&Sdolrsm;om wufa&mufoifMum;cGihf &Sdygonf/ ESpfpOfausmif;om;OD;a& (30)OD;cefY&SdNyD; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;rSm
OD;atmifxGef; jzpfygonf/ xkdausmif;ukd 1962 ckESpfwGif zsufodrf;cJhygonf/
ig;zrf;^ig;arG;jrLa&;twwfoifausmif;
ausmufjzLNrKd U ig;arG;jrLa&;ESifh ig;zrf;twwfoifausmif;uk?d NrKd Utaemufbuf&dS awmif&if;aus;&GmteD;
1973-ckESpfrS pwif wnfaqmufcJhygonf/ ig;arG;jrLa&;uef (4)ckESifh taqmuftOD; (10) ckwkdYukd 1975ckESpfrSm pwifaqmufvkyfcJh&m? ,cktcg NyD;pD;aeNyDjzpfonfhtwGuf if;ausmif;ukd zGihfvSpfoifMum;Ekdif&ef
pDpOfaqmif&GufvQuf &Sdygonf/
tvGwfynmoifausmif;

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

45

ausmufjzLNrdKUwGif rSwfykHwiftvGwf ynmoifausmif;rsm;[l oD;oefYr&SdyJ? tv,fwef;ausmif;om;?

txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;ukdom tcsdefykdoifMum;ay;aom nausmif;rsm;om &Sdygonf/
vli,fa&;&mnausmif;
(2)ESpf ;HI ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf 1967-68 ckEpS rf pS wif ausmufjzLNrKd U? NrKd Urtv,fwef;ausmif;wGif
zGihfvSpfoifMum;cJh&m 1976-77 ckESpfxd &SdcJhygonf/ 8-wef;? 9-wef;? 10-wef;wkdYukd zGihfvSpfoifMum;cJh&m
ausmif;0ifaMu;wvvQif 10d^pD ZlvkdifvrS Zefe0g&Dvtxd (7)vtwGuf wNydKifwnf; axmufcHcJhygonf/
ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm 10wef;wGif trsm;qkH;(30)a,mufrS (60)a,mufxd&SdNyD; 9-wef;wGif (26rS 65txd)? 8wef;wGif tenf;qk;H (30)rS trsm;qk;H (50)xd oifMum;cJ&h m 10-wef;wGif 30%? -wef;wGif 55%ESihf 8-wef;wGif
60% atmifjrifcJhygonf/
wuodkvfpmay;pm,loifwef;
wuokdvfpmay;pm,loifwef;ukd 1975-76 ckESpfwGif pwifzGihfvSpfcJh&m yxrESpfwGif 0dZm-odyH?
pD;yGm;a&;? Oya' paom bmom&yfBuD?;rsm;ukd ausmif;om; (58)OD; pwifoifMum;cJhygonf/ 1980-81 ckESpf
ynmoifEpS w
f iG f yxrESpaf usmif;om;^ol (87)OD;? 'kw,
d ESpaf usmif;om;^ol (116)oD;? wwd,ESpw
f iG f (55)OD;?
pwkwESpfwGif (20)OD;ESihf yOrESpfwGif (17)OD;&SdcJhygonf/ atmifjrifcJhaom &mEIef;rSm 91%rS 97 &mckdifEIef;xd
atmifjrifcJhygonf/
wuodkvfynmoifaxmufyHha&;tzGJU
ausmufjzLNrdKUwGif wuokdvfynmoifaxmufyHh aMu;toif;ukd 1957-ckESpfwGif ausmufjzLOypm
aumvdyfausmif;q&m OD;vSazrS pwifOD;aqmif zGJUpnf;vIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/ &HykHaiG&&Sda&;twGuf aps;teD;&Sd
taqmuftOD;(,ckNrKd Ue,for0g,rtoif;)wGif nausmif;jy&mrS &&Sad om 0ifaiGtcsKUd ukd &HyaHk iGtjzpf rlwnf
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,frS wuov
kd 0f efxrf;rS xl;cRepf mG atmifjrifaomausmif;om;^ausmif;olrsm;ukd pDppfa&G;cs,af y;
cJhygonf/
1964 ckESpfwGif ausmufjzLNrdKUr tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif nausmif;jyo&mrS &&Sdaom &HykHaiGrsm;jzihf
qufvufvIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/ aemufykdif;wGif bGJU&vli,frsm;u OD;pD; aqmif&GufcJh&m ,cktcsdefxd jzpfygonf/
wuov
dk w
f iG f qufvufynmoifMum;Ekid &f eftwGuf xl;cReaf om ausmif;om;^oltrsm;qk;H (4)a,mufxd wpfv
vQif (100d^-)EIef;jzifh axmufyhHay;aeaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
ynm&nfcRefqkay;a&;tzGJU
ausmufjzLckdif&SdpOftcgu ausmufjzLckdifrS ynm&nfcRefausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;ukd wuodkvf
0ifwef;atmif trSwftwkdif; qkzvm;rsm; csD;jrihfcJhygonf/ if;qkrsm;ukd apwem&Sifyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;u csD;jrifhMu
onf/ NrdKUe,ftvkduf oD;oefYjzpfvmaomtcgwGif ynm&nfcRefqkukd oD;oefYcsD;jrihfjcif;r&SdawmyJ tpkd;&rSom
vl&nfcReftjzpf a&G;cs,fcsD;ajrmufvmcJhygonf/
vl&nfcRefpDrHudef; pwiftaumiftxnfazmfaom 1963 ckESpfrSp ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fonf ajrykH?
trf;? &rf;NAJ? rmefatmifwkdYESihf yl;aygif;NyD; ausmufjzLZkHtjzpf owfrSwfajzqkd&ygonf? 7-wef;? 8-wef;? 9wef;? 10-wef;ausmif;om;yg0if ajzqkdj&m 1981 ckESpftxd ausmufjzLNrdKUe,frS vl&nfcRef pkpkaygif; (33)OD;
&Scd yhJ gonf/ vl&nfcRe(f 4)xyfurG ;f (1)OD; 3-xyfurG ;f (3)OD;? 2-xyfurG ;f vl&nfcRef (4)OD;ESihf wxyfurG ;f vl&nfcRef
(12)OD; &SdcJhygonf/
pmwwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif vlxkynma&;Xmeukd (1953)ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(13)&ufaeYwGif pwifzGihfvSpfcJh

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

46

ygonf/ vlxkynma&;Xmersm;ukd jyifjzLarmf? unifawm? i^vayGU? ukrPDaus;&Gmrsm;ESihf aemif&if;aus;&Gm

rsm;wG i f zG i h f v S p f c J h y gonf / b0opf t zG J U uk d v nf ; (1953)ck E S p f w G i f rif ; pH a us;&G m zG i f h v S p f y gonf /
,if ; b0opf t zG J U tm; (1954)ck E S p f arvwG i f vk H N cH K a&;tajctaet& uk r P D a ps;aus;&G m ok d Y
ajymif;a&TUzGihfvSpfcJhygonf/
(1954)ckEpS w
f iG f ausmufjzLNrKd U vlxyk nma&;-vufaxmufwidk ;f rSL;k;H ESifh ckid f ;Hk ukyd g zGiv
fh pS cf yhJ gonf/
(1956)ckESpfwGif ukrPDaps;aus;&GmrS b0opftzGJUukd NrdKUacsmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUNyD; teD;ywf0ef;usif aus;&Gm
(11)&Gmukd wm0ef,al qmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf/ NrKd Uacsmif;aus;&GmwGif &ue;f ausmif;(1)ausmif;? tdrw
f iG ;f pufraI usmif;?
(1)ausmif;wku
Yd v
kd nf; zGiv
fh pS cf yhJ gonf/ (1957)ckEpS w
f iG f pmppfXmecGrJ sm;tjzpf wHceG w
f idk ?f uykid af csmif;? rif;acsmif;
aus;&GmwkdYwGif wkd;csJUzGihfvSpfcJhygonf/ (1958)ckESpfwGif b0opfXmecGJrsm;ukd zsufodrf;NyD; vlxkynma&;Xme
tjzpfjzihf pkdifNcHKaus;&GmokdY ajymif;a&TUcJhygonf/ ,if;aemuf (1959)ckESpf pufwifbmv(30)&ufaeYwGif
vlxkynma&; Xmeukd zsufodrf;cJhygonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif NrdKUe,fvkH;uRwf pmwwfajrmufa&;vkyfief;(tokH;vkH;)ukd 1981ckESpfwGif pwif
taumiftxnfazmfvmcJh&m? ,if;ESpfwGif vkyftm;ay; q&m^q&mrrsm; (2799)OD;&SdcJhNyD;? vkyftm;ay;
ausmif;om;OD;a&rSm ppfawGa'oaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;^ol(227)OD;yg0if vkyftm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,f pmrwwfoOl ;D a&rSm usm; (1193)OD;&SNd y;D r(10993)OD;&Scd yhJ gonf/ ,if;wkt
Yd euf &ufaygif;
(40)&uftwGi;f pmwwfajrmufco
hJ Ol ;D a&rSm usm; (419)OD;ESifh trsK;d orD; (6867)OD;jzpfygonf/ pmwwfajrmufrI
&mckdifEIef;rSm 60 &mckdifEIef; jzpfygonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;ynma&;
a&S;acwfbek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;rsm;wGif avmukw& mpmayrsm;uko
d m t"duxm; oifMum;ay;ygonf/
okdY&mwGif avmuDtoufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynmoiftjzpf aA'ifynm? aq;bufqkdif&m ynm&yfrsm;ukdvnf;?
oifMum;ykcYd say;ygonf/ ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fwiG f bke;f BuaD usmif;ynma&;? pDru
H ed ;f vkyif ef;ukd 1964 ck Zlvidk v
f wGif
pwiftaumiftxnf azmfcyhJ gonf/ ,if;pDru
H ed ;f onf ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,ftwGi;f (8)ESpw
f mrQ ouf0ifvyI &f mS ;cJh
ygonf/ ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fwiG f ,if;tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f u rSwyf w
Hk ifbek ;f Bu;D ausmif;rSm pkpak ygif;(202)ausmif;&Scd hJ
ygonf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif; ynma&;pepfukd 1972 ckESpf ZGefvwGif zsufodrf;cJhygonf/ xkdodkYzsufodrf;NyD;aemuf
bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif; (26)ausmif; use&f adS ecJyh gonf/ ,if;ausmif;rsm;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ESppf Of ,cktcsed x
f d
tpkd;&rS eD;pyf&mpmppfXmersm;wGif 0ifa&mufajzqkdcGihf ay;xm;ygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

47
(c) usef;rma&;

ppfBuKd acwf use;f rma&;Xme zGUJ pnf;ykEH iS fh vkyif ef;aqmif&u

G cf surf sm;
NrdKUe,faq;kHtajctae
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,f jynfoaYl q;kBH u;D rSm ppfrjzpfrSD ESpx
f yfaq;kjH zpfNy;D ppftwGi;f umv rD;avmifysupf ;D
oGm;ygonf/ ppfNyD;onhfaemuf ,ck"mwfrSef taqmuftOD; jyKvkyfxm;aom taqmifwGif tjyifvlemrsm;ukd
MunhfINyD; twGif;vlemrsm;ukd ppfuseftaqmuftOD;rsm;jzihf ukrPDaps;wGif zGihfvSpfcJhygonf/
vGwfvyfa&;acwfrSp usef;rma&;Xme tqifhqifh wkd;csJUajymif;vJvmykH
1947-ckESpfwGif vuf&Sdaq;kHa[mif;ukd aqmufvkyfcJh&m 1948-ckESpfwGif NyD;pD;zGihfvSpfcJhygonf/
aemufwzef 1964-ckESpfwGif aq;kHtopfukd wkd;csJUNyD; aqmufvkyfcJh&m 1966-ckwGif zGihfvSpfEkdifcJhygonf/
,ckvuf&t
dS xd txufygaq;kaH [mif;ESifh topfuzdk iG v
fh pS
f twGi;f vlem tjyifvel mrsm;ukd aq;uko
vQuf &Sdygonf/
rsufarSmufumv usef;rma&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
rsuaf rSmufumvwGif use;f rma&;qkid &f m udpt
&yf&yfwu
Ydk dk &ckid jf ynfe,f ppfawGNrKd U jynfe,fuse;f rma&;
OD;pD;XmerSLK;kH;rS BuD;MuyfuGwfuJ NrdKUe,fusef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&GufvQuf&Sdygonf/
jynfe,fusr;f rma&; OD;pD;XmerSL;k;H wGif tBu;D tuJrsm;rSm? jynfe,fuse;f rma&; OD;pD;XmerSL;ESi?hf 'kjynfe,f
use;f rma&;OD;pD;XmerSL;wkYd jzpfygonf/ NrKd Ue,fuse;f rma&;XmewGif NrKd Ue,fq&m0efBu;D rSae vufatmufct
H xl;
a&m*g ESdrfeif;a&;tzGJUrsm;? aus;vufusef;rma&;Xmersm;? NrdKUe,fusef;rma&;Xme? ausmif;usef;rma&;XmeESihf?
rdcifuav;apmihfa&Smufa&;Xme? MuufajceDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd BuD;MuyfuGwfuJ tkyfcsKyfvQuf&Sdygonf/
vufatmufcHtxl;a&m*gESdrfeif;a&;tzGJUrsm;rSm
1/
a&m*grsKd;o,faqmifaom ykd;rTm;aumifrsm;rSwqifh ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;? umuG,fESdrfeif;a&;
Xme(&yue)
2/
temBuD;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;Xme
3/
tqkwfa&m*gwkdufzsufa&;XmewkdY jzpfygonf/
vufatmufcHaus;vufusef;rma&;Xmersm;rSm
(1)
peJwkdufe,faq;kHESihf aus;vufusef;rma&;Xme/
(2)
rif;jyifaus;vufusef;rma&;Xme
(3)
Zifacsmif;aus;vufusef;rma&;Xme
(4)
NrdKUacsmif;aus;vufusef;rma&;Xme
(5)
rif;*Haus;vufusef;rma&;Xme
(6)
qifbkwfaus;vufusef;rma&;XmewdkY jzpfygonf/
NrdKUe,faq;kHrsm;/
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif ukwif(100)qefYaq;kH&SdNyD;? peJwkdufe,faq;kHonf ukwif(16)vkH;qefYaq;k
Hjzpfonf/

NrKd Uruse;f rma&;Xmevkyif ef;pm&if;rsm;

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

48

(1) pnfyifom,musef;rma&;vkyfief;
NrdKUe,fusef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd? NrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;taejzihf(okdY) jrLeDpDyg,fusef;rma&;Xme
taejzihf? 1971-ck {NyDv(30)&ufaeYxd NrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;? usef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd atmufazmfjyyg
usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm;wkdYjzihf wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifcJhygonf/
(1)
usef;rma&;tifpyufawmf
(1) OD;
(2)
om;zGm;q&mr
(1) OD;
(3)
ausmufxkd;q&mr
(1) OD;
(4)
noefY&Sif;a&;tvkyform;rsm;ESihf aeYoefY&Sif;tvkyform;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
,cktcsdefwGif NrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUrS? usef;rma&;0efxrf;wkdYonf usef;rma&;OD;pD;Xme?
NrdKUe,fq&m0efBuD;\tkyfcsKyfBuD;MuyfuGwfuJrIYatmufwGif NrdKUusef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd wmk0ef,laqmif&Guf
vQuf&Sdygonf/
NrdKUe,fusef;rma&;Xme\ 0efxrf;tiftm;pm&if;rsm;rSm
(1)
usef;rma&;BuD;Muyf(1)
(1) OD;
(2)
ausmufxkd;q&mr
(1) OD;
(3)
om;zGm;q&mr
(2) OD;
(4)
ykd;owform;
(1) OD;wkdY jzpfygonf/
rdcifcav;apmihfa&Smufa&;
ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,f rdcifcav;apmihaf &Smufa&;Xmeukd (1954)ckEpS w
f iG f aq;kBH u;D twGi;f ,m,DziG v
fh pS cf yhJ gonf/
(1958)ckESpfwGif NrdKUe,frdcifcav;apmihfa&Smufa&;toif;rS ukd,fxlukd,fxpepfjzihf wefbkd;aiG (5)aomif;
tukeftuscH wnfaxmifcJhygonf/ (1979)ckESpfwGif ausmif;usef;rma&;tzGJUtpnf; zGJUpnf;NyD; ausmif;
usef;rma&;XmerS rdcifESihfcav;rsm;tm; aq;0g;ukoay;cJhygonf/
trIxrf;tiftm;
trsKd;orD;usef;rma&;q&mr(1)a,muf? om;zGm;q&mr(2)a,muf? NrdKUrusef;rma&;rS om;zGm;q&mr
(2)a,muf (1968)ckrSpNyD; yl;aygif;wm0efxrf;aqmifygonf/
aq;cef;apmifh(1)a,muf&Sdygonf/ ,cif jynfolYaq;kHq&m0efrS Ak'[l;aeYwkdif; vma&mufprf;oyf
ukoay;aeygonf/ ,ckausmif;usef;rma&;XmerS q&m0efu MunhfIprf;oyfay;aeygonf/
7/ ausmif;usef;rma&;
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif txufwef;ausmif;(2)ausmif;? tvuausmif;(7)ausmif;? truvkyfief;ukd
ausmif;usef;rma&;tzGJUacgif;aqmif q&m0efwpfOD;? olemjyKq&mrwpfOD;? oGm;bufqkdif&mq&m0efwpfOD;?
pma&;0efxrf;wpfOD;/ aq;pyfq&mwpfOD;? ausmif;vlrIqufqHa&;rSL;(1)OD; atmufwef;0efxrf;(2)OD;?
tapmihf(1)OD;jzihf zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifxm;ygonf/
pDrHudef;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;vkyfief;rsm;
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd pDrHudef;csrSwf aqmif&Gufaeygonf/
iSufzsm;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;Xme
iSufzsm;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwf aqmif&Gufaeygonf/

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

49

iSufzsm;a&m*g wkdufzsufa&;Xme
iSufzsm;a&m*gwkdufzsufvkyfief;ukd (&yue) a&m*grsKd;o,faqmifaom ykd;rTm;aumifrsm;rSwqifh
ul;pufwwfaom a&m*gESdrfeif;a&;tzGJUrS iSufzsm;a&m*grSL;(1)OD;? iSufawmf(1)OD;ESihf? iSufMuyf(1)ESihf aq;jzef
(4)OD;wkdYrSm OD;pD;aqmif&Gufaeygonf/ xkdtzGJUonf qifajcaxmufa&m*g? aoG;vGefwkwfauG;a&m*gESihf? *syef
OD;aESmufa&mifa&m*gwkdYukd yl;wGJaqmif&Gufaeygonf/
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,ftwGif; iSufzsm;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;ukd aq;zsef;XmeESihf aq;a0Xme\ajr[l
cGJjcm;owfrSwfvQuf ESdrfeif;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&GufvQuf&Sdygonf/ aq;zsef;e,fajra'owGif &yfuGuf
(10)&yfuGuf? aus;&Gm(190) tdrfajc(17139) vlOD;a& (84027)&Sdygonf/ aq;a0iSa'owGif aus;&Gm(72)
tdrfajc(5446) vlOD;a& (26527)&Sdygonf/
temBuD;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;Xme
ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fwGif ausmufjzLNrdKUe,fukd A[kdjyK? &rf;NAJ? rmefatmif? ajrykHESihf trf;NrdKUrsm;twGuf
temBu;D a&m*gwku
d zf suaf &;Xmeuk?d (1969)ckEpS u
f NrKd Ue,fq&m0efBu;D Bu;D Muyfuw
G u
f rJ aI tmuf pwifaqmif
&GufcJhonf/ temBuD;a&m*gwkdufzsufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd usef;rma&;pDrHcsuft&? (1981)ck Mo*kwfvwGif
ausmufjzL? &rf;NAJ? rmefatmifNrdKUrsm;&Sd bufpkH0efxrf;rsm;okdY ay;tyfNyD;jzpf? pDrHudef;r0ifaom trf;ESihf
ajrykHNrdKUrsm;ukd vuf&SdtemBuD;a&m*gXmerSyif wm0ef,laqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ txufyga&m*g
wkdufzsufa&;Xmersm;onf ausmufjzLNrdKUe,faq;kHwGif aq;cef;rsm;zGihfvSpf tqkwfa&m*gXmeonf
aeYpOfaq;cef;zGiv
fh pS
f ukoay;vQu&f ydS gonf/ temBu;D a&m*gXmeonfvnf; aeYpOfaq;cef;zGiv
fh pS
f ? iSuzf sm;?
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50

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51

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

52

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

53

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4
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66
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79

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1
2
3
4
5
6

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1971
1971
1971
1974

ck
ck
ck
ck

1974 ck
1975 ck

54

ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;
7
8
9

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11 rif;jyiftkyfpk riff;jyif&Gm
12 &wetkyfpkNrHKjyif&Gm

1976 ck
1978 ck
1978 ck
1978 ck
1980 ck
1981 ck

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1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/

ausmufjzLNrdKU
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ausmufjzLNrdKUr
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(cv&-34)
(pmMunhfwkdufESihf jywkduf)
(pmMunhfwkdufESihf jywkduf)
(pmMunhfwkdufESihf jywkduf)
tvu-2
tvu-2
tvu-2
tvu-2

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1971
1974
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980

ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck

1970 ck
1976 ck

&yfuGufvlrIa&;oifwef;
1/
2/
3/
4/

ausmufjzLNrdKUr
ausmufjzLNrdKUr
ausmufjzLNrdKUr
ausmufjzLNrdKUr

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tvu-2
tvu-3
tvu-3

1974
1975
1976
1978

ck
ck
ck
ck

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

55

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

61

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

62

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

64

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ausmufjzLNrdKUonf Zwfobifrsm; wnfaxmifvsuf&Sdaom NrdKUjzpf&m Zmwfq&mBuD;rsm;tjzpf
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&yfuGuftvkduf umvom;rsm;wkdY\ tkd;pnf'kd;ywf0kdif;rsm; &SdMuygonf/
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d ef;a&T aw;oHoiG ;f ? ukad tmifoef;aw;oHoiG ;f ESifh
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taemufzuf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfESihf wkdufkdufrsufESmrlvsuf &Sdojzihf tvGefom,m vSyaom Icif;&Sdonfh
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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

65

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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

66

trsKd;om; a&m trsKd;orD;yg orkd;us rdrdBudKufESpfoufouJhodkY 0wfqifMuNyD; w&m;yGJjyKvkyfaom

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rSD wif;aexkdifMuolrsm;rSm &rf;NAJpum;ukd ajymqkdMuNyD; jrefrmjyu'defukd tokH;jyK jrefrmhaA'ifynm
ESpfopful;ukd tokH;jyKMuygonf/
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wifaomfvnf;aumif;? &Sifavmif;vSnhfMu&ygonf/ r@yf0if&SifjyK&mwGif &Sifavmif;vSnhfNyD; r@yfyif
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ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;

67

vnf; &Sdygonf/ taxmufwwfonf a,musfm;jzpfNyD;? omjcif;wwfonf rdef;rjzpfonf/ (1968)ckESpf

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- yef;t,kdif
(ausmufjzLNrdKUe,f\ yef;O,smOfukd okyfazmfaomtu)
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- oBuFef
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