Experiment No: 2

Experiment Title:

DESIGN OF A RECEPTIONISTS TABLE BY APPLYING ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE.

Group No. 2 Student No.0608007 0608008 0608009 0608010 0608011 0608012 Dept: IPE Level: 4; Term: 1 Date of Performance: 27.03.2011 Date of Submission: 17.04.2011

Objective:
Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistodesignareceptioniststablebyusingergonomicprinciples.

Theory:
Ergonomicprinciplesofworkstationdesign: Ergonomicdesignconsiderationsare Product/equipment Jobaids Userselection Trainingofuser

Thereare14guidelinesfordesigningergonomicworkstation.Theyarediscussedbelow. Guideline1 AvoidStaticLoadsandFixedWorkPostures: Staticloadincreasessystolicanddiastolicbloodpressure.Metabolicwastesaccumulateinthemuscles duetostaticloading.Recoverytimeisalsoconsiderable. Standing: Shoes affect center of gravity and forward bending moment. Hips should be parallel to the floor. In ordertovaryworkposturebarrailshouldbeprovided. Falls: Slipsandfallsaremajorcausesofunintentionalinjurydeathsandhaveadirectcostof$50400.Major causesoffallsareslips,tripsandsteppingonair.Usingwelldesignedladders,scaffoldsandrampscan preventthefall.Byinterruptingthefallandsofteningtheimpact,consequencesoffallcanbereduced. HeadWeight: The line of sight should be kept below the horizontal. A forward head tilt of 100 150 should be maintained.Backwardandsidewardtiltsshouldbeavoided. Hands/Arms: An arm weighs about 4.4 kg. Using the hand to hold up a tool should be avoided. Arms should be supportedonworksurfaceorchairarms. 1|P a g e

Guideline2 ReduceMusculoskeletalDisorders: Workheightshouldbesetat50mmbelowtheelbow.Wristshouldnotbebent.Guidelinesforhand andarmmotionshouldbefollowed. Guideline3 SettheWorkHeightat50mmBelowtheElbow: Work height is defined in terms of elbow height. Optimum height is slightly below the elbow. Work heightisnotthetableheight. SolutionsforWorkHeight: Machineheightcanbechanged.Workheightshouldbeadjustedonmachine. Guideline4 FurnishEveryEmployeewithanAdjustableChair: The cost of adjustable chairs is very low compared to labor cost. People should be trained in proper adjustment. ChairDesign: Seat height from floor, seat length, seat width, slope of seat and seat shape should be considered in designingaseat.Backrests,armrestsandpedestalsshouldbeincorporatedproperly. Guideline5 UsetheFeetasWellastheHands: Thelegisslowerandlessdexterousthanthehands.Butlegscanprovide3timesthepowerofthearms. Pedalsshouldbeusedforpowerandcontrol. Guideline6 UseGravity;DontOpposeIt: Liftingshouldbeavoidedandhorizontalordownwardmovementsshouldbemade.Bodyweightshould beconsideredtoincreasemechanicalforce.Gravityshouldbeusedinfeedinganddisposal. 2|P a g e

Guideline7 ConserveMomentum: Unnecessary acceleration and retardation must be avoided. Circular motion for stirring and polishing shouldbeused.Graspingmotionsshouldbeeliminatedbyprovidinglips,rollededgesandholes. Guideline8 Use2HandMotionsRatherThan1HandMotions: Cranking with 2 arms is 25% more efficient than with one. Using 2 hands is more productive despite takingmoretimeandeffort.Handshouldnotbeusedasafixture. Guideline9 UseParallelMotionsforEyeControlof2HandMotions: Degreeofspreadshouldbeminimizedratherthanworryingaboutsymmetry. Guideline10 UseRowingMotionsfor2HandMotions: Alternationcausesmovementoftheshoulderandtwistingofthetorso.Italsocauseshigherheartrates. Rowingmotionsaremoreefficientandprovidegreaterpower. Guideline11 PivotMotionsabouttheElbow: Motiontimeisminimizedwithmotionabouttheelbow.Crossbodymovementsaremoreaccuratethan thoseabouttheelbow.Physiologicalcostislowerformovementsabouttheelbow. Guideline12 UsethePreferredHand: Thedominanthandis10%fasterforreachtypemotions.Itismoreaccuratethanthenondominant.It ismoreexposedtocumulativetrauma.Evenitis5%to10%strongerthannondominant.

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Guideline13 KeepArmMotionsintheNormalWorkArea: Longbenchesshouldbeavoided.SwingarmsandlazySusansshouldbeused.Itshouldberemembered that the arm pivots on the shoulder, not the nose. The shoulder is very sensitive to small changes in workplacelayout. Guideline14 LettheSmallPersonReach;LettheLargePersonFit: Designmustbesuchthatmostoftheuserpopulationcanuseit.Jobsmustbedesignedforbothsexes. Multipurposeuseofequipmentandstationsisbecomingmorecommon.Civilianindustrialpopulation dataarenotthesameasmilitarydata.Internationalpopulationsshouldbeaconsideration. WaystoExcludeFew: Onesizefitsall Multiplesizes Adjustability

Abovementionedguidelinesmustbefollowedindesigninganyergonomicworkstation.

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3Dviewsofareceptioniststable:

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3Dviewofareceptionistschair:

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Worktooldesign:TABLE

Worktooldesign:TABLE
Writingpurposeof thereceptionist whilesitting& laptopplacement SittingKneeHeight Consideration Positionofchair Positionoflaptop Freefootaccess Writingpurposeofthe visitorswhilestanding StandingHeight Consideration

Writingpurposeofthe receptionistwhilestanding

Fig:Improvedtableforsafety

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Worktooldesign:CHAIR

ShoulderBreath ElbowFingertipLength SpinalSupport

DownwardGripReach

HipBreathSitting

Footrest

Bendableregion

ButtockPopliteal Depth,Sitting AdjustmentLever AdjustedSitting PoplitealHeight

EasilyMovableWheel

Fig:Improvedchairforsafety
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Discussion:
The objective of this experiment is to design a workstation by using ergonomic principles. For this purpose we were assigned to design a receptionist desk which should meet the requirement of ergonomicdesign.Thereceptionareaisthefirstimpressiontheguestwillhaveofthebusiness.Asthere is only one chance to make a good first impression. So it is very important to make it stylish. But to providethecomfortandmaintaintheefficiencyofthereceptionistthemostimportantthingistodesign the receptionist desk by using ergonomic principles. The receptionist desk should be comfortable for everyonewhetherhe/sheisshortortall. UseofGuidelines: While designing the desk a number of data has been used from the previous experiment. For designing ergonomic receptionist desk the basic guidelines of ergonomic design have been followed. Accordingtothefirstguidelinestaticloadsshouldbeavoided.Inourproposeddesignthereis nostaticload.Asaresultthedesigndecreasestheeffectofsystolicanddiastolicbloodpressure whichiscreatedbythestaticload. Movablechairhasbeenusedtoavoidthefixedworkpostures.Todoso,wheelshavebeenused inthechair.Allthenecessarythingsandequipmentsarearrangedinsuchawaythattheyare easilyreachable. Toavoidtheslipsandfallsroughtilescanbeusedonthefloorwhichprovidesgoodfriction. In the design the height of the desk has been maintained in such a way that it can maintain forwardheadtiltof1015. Useofmovablechairandtheheightofthedeskofproposeddesignremove thepossibilityof sidewardandbackwardtilts. Itisverycommonforareceptionisttoresponsethephonecallstoofrequentlyandrepeatedly. Toavoidthis,headphoneshouldbeused. According to the guideline two the work height has been set at 50mm below the elbow to reducethemusculoskeletaldisorders.Thewheelsprovidetheswivelingfacilitywhicheliminates thenecessitytoreachreceptionistsback. The proposed design supports guideline four which suggests providing an adjustable chair. Armrestsarealsothere. Thedeskhasbeendesignedinsuchawaythatuseofthepreferredhandispossible.Herework willarrivefromtheoperatorspreferredside (rightside)and leavefrom theno preferredside (leftside).Ithasbeenassumedthatmostofthepeopleusetherighthandasthepreferredhand.

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DesignofDesk: Intheproposeddesignthedeskisofonesizethatmeansitisfixed.Theshapeofthedeskhas beenmadecurvaturewhichprovideseasyreachandeasymovementsofthereceptionistwith chair.Theleftportionofthetableisdesignedtouseasatableoflaptop.Here,headphonewill beusedwhichwillfacilitatetheeasymovementofthereceptionist.Thereisafootrestalongthe lengthofthedesk.Thelengthandwidthwasselectedaccordingtothelengthandwidthofthe tableasthefootlengthisdifferentfordifferentpersons. Theheightofportionofthetablewhichistheworkheightforthereceptionististheaverageof the summation of the height of sitting popliteal height and sitting elbow height of 5th%ile of femaleandthesummationoftheheightofsittingpoplitealheightandsittingelbowheightof 95th%ileofmale. The table length was selected using the elbow span of 95th%ile male, because it is the most comfortable range to work. The width was selected using the forward grip reach of 95th%ile malebecausethatisthehighestrange. There is a layer of glass on the table. The height of the glass portion is larger than the work height of the receptionist. The height of the glass layer is selected by using the elbow height (standing)of5th%ilefemaleforthevisitorsandguestssothatiftheyhavetowritesomething they can use the glass layer. Thus they dont have to bend their upper portion to write something.Iftheheightistakengreaterthan5th%ilefemalethenitwillnotcovertheheightof allpersons. Becauseoftherepetitivenatureofreceptioniststasks,itisveryimportanttobeawareofhow far,howoftenandinwhatpostureapersonisreachingforanobject.Thatswhythedeskhas beendesignedtoperformthemajorityoftheworkinthehealthyzonewhereminimalstressis putonmusclesandjoints. DesignofChair: Thechairisadjustablesothatitcancoverthevariationsinheightofvariouspeople.Thelower range of the seat height is the sum of the sitting popliteal height of 5th%ile female and shoe clearancesandthehigherrangeisthesumofsittingpoplitealheightof95th%ilemaleandshoe clearances.Thusitwillbecomfortableforbothshortandtallperson. Whiledesigningthedepthofthechairsomefactorshavebeenconsidered.Itwasnotpossible to take the lowest length, it might not appropriate for everyone. Same thing can be said the result will be same by using the highest length. So, we took the average of 95th%ile male and 5th%ilefemalelengthsofbuttockpoplitealdepth.Thewidthhasbeenselectedbyusingthehip breadthof95th%ilemaleandclothingallowances. Thebackrestheightisthesittingshoulderheightof95th%ilemaletocoveralltheperson.Asthe standardbackrestinclinationangleis104108;ithasbeenusedasthebackrestinclination. The width of the backrest is the sum of the sitting shoulder breadth of 95th%ile and the allowance.

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Thelengthofthearmrestisselectedbyusingthe5th%ilefemaleElbowfingertiplength.Itisso, because, if the length is more than it, then it would be uncomfortable for the persons whose armlengthissmallerthanothers.Alsoitwillbecomfortableforothersbecauseallthepartsof thearmareneverputonthearmrest.Theheightofthearmrestistheaverageof95th%ilemale and 5th%ile female height of elbow (sitting) to cover all variations. The distances between armrest has been selected by using the average of hip breadth of 95th%ile male and 5th%ile female.

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