LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA (PUNJAB)

TERM PAPER SUB: - MEC-203 (ENGINEERING THERMODYNAICS) COURSE: - B-TECH MECHANICAL ENGG. (LEET-09) TOPIC:-PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF RANKINE CYCLE

SUBMITTED TO;

SUBMITTED BY;

Mr. SREEDHAR SIR, (MECHANICAL ENGG.)

OMKAR KUMAR JHA RH-4901-A12 10902923

INTRODUCTION
The Rankine cycle, like the Stirling cycle is an external combustion cycle. That is the combustion process is external to cylinder containing the working gas. The Rankine cycle is characterized by the working gas undergoing a phase change (from liquid to gas) which can be utilized to achieve high power densities. The most familiar Rankine engine is the steam engine in which water is boiled by an external heat source, expands and exerts pressure on a piston or turbine rotor and hence does useful work. A number of the products below make use of this concept. However, one of them (the Energetix Genlec formerly known as Baxi Inergen) is an organic Rankine engine which uses an organic fluid (a refrigerant) and operates at temperatures and pressures much closer to conventional heating and refrigeration appliances. This has the significant advantage of allowing the use of conventional, mass produced components and eliminates many of the technical challenges of steam engines.

Dig.:- PRACTICAL APPLICATION

WHERE: - (may not shown in fig... but abbreviated later) Q = Heat flow rate to/from the system M Mass flow rate W Mechanical power used or provided to the system

thermal = Efficiency (thermodynamic)

= Efficiency of feed pump (in compression) and Efficiency of turbine (In expansion)

pump,turbine

h1 , h2 , h3 , h4 ..... = Specific enthalpy at different points

P1 , P2

= Pressure after and before the compression process.

PROCESS STEPS

There are four processes in the Rankine cycle; these states are identified by number in the diagram to the right.

Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy.

Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. The input energy required can be easily calculated using mollier diagram or h-s chart or enthalpy-entropy chart Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. The output in this process can be easily calculated using the Enthalpy-entropy chart Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated liquid.

In an ideal Rankine cycle the pump and turbine would be isentropic, i.e., the pump and turbine would generate no entropy and hence maximize the net work output. Processes 1-2 and 3-4 would be represented by vertical lines on the T-S diagram and more closely resemble that of the Carnot cycle. The Rankine cycle shown here prevents the vapor ending up in the superheat region after the expansion in the turbine, which reduces the energy removed by the condensers.

EQUATIONS

Qin h3 h2 M

W pump M

h2 h1

1P 1 ( P2 P1 ) pump pump

Qout h4 h1 M

Wturbine h3 h 4 (h3 h4 s ) turbine M

thermal

Wturbine W pump Qin

Wturbine Qin

These are the equations which are used during different process and calculations of the cycle and entities

APPLICATIONS
In general science and day to day uses the efficient cycles and process are being adapted due to their general and easy uses and high efficiency There are some applications in use of Rankin: -

A hybrid power generation system: solar-driven Rankine Engine } & Hydrogen storage

GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The schematic of the proposed solar power Rankin-based hybrid power generation system is shown in fig... The system is consisted of 2 main parts 1-solar collector rankine cycle power generation system described by kuo -et-al (1998) As shown in figure 2 the solar radiation is trapped by the solar collector and energy is transferred to the working fluid circulating in the rankine based thermodynamic cycle. A turbine generates the mechanical power from the expansion of the working fluid. 2- Hydrogen production and storage system. In this system the excess energy from a wind power system can be stored by using electrolysis process with the electricity from the wind turbine to produce hydrogen..

SOLAR-RANKINE POWER GENERATION UNIT

The Ts (temperature vs. entropy) diagram describing the Rankine cycle process is shown in Figure . With numbers of the stages matching that of Figure 2. Normal incident solar radiation is Collected by the parabolic trough collectors and concentrated on the collector absorber tubes.

The working fluid, with the set flow rate m is evaporated while passing through the collector Absorber tube (stages 1 and 2). An optional auxiliary heater is placed following the collectors (stages 3 and 4), powered by back up electricity or, in the current hybrid design, by the hydrogen Burner. This heater, controlled by the collector outlet temperature, serves as the backup power source during temporary solar down time (such as cloud passing) to prevent the system from frequent stop, and as the working fluid temperature regulator during inoperative and start-up times. Mechanical power is produced by passing the working fluid vapor through a steam turbine (stages 5 and 6), which then drives a generator to produce electricity. The depressurized vapour is condensed in an air or water-cooled, constant pressure condenser (stages 7 and 8), and a circulation pump increases working fluid pressure to complete the working cycle (stages 8, 9 and 1). An electricity power control unit directs and allocates the output electricity toward either the Application usage or the hydrogen production system. The controller also turns on or o! the pump and the heater according to the situation arising.

For the proposed solar-Rankine hybrid system, the time transient solar radiation controls the system dynamics. Since the flow rate m is constant during operation, sometimes the excess solar radiation input would superheat the working Fluid in the collector absorber tubes. And some other times, the solar radiation input is not sufficient to completely evaporate the working fluid to the saturated vapour state at the collector exit (stage 2). To avoid the wet vapour from entering the turbine, a control unit is recommended to shut off the circulation pump when the solar radiation is not sufficient to completely evaporate the working fluid. The control unit is often connected to a temperature sensor in the collector or a pyrheliometer, and programmed to switch the circulation pump on and o!, depending on the collector temperature readings or the direct Normal solar radiation reading . The optional auxiliary heater allows for the greater system flexibility while operating under Different conditions. The control unit can be extended to integrate the auxiliary heater into the overall operating schemes. The control unit can be set to turn on the auxiliary heater during the temporary solar down time (such as cloud passing) to sustain continuous operations. Also, the heater can be used to regulate the temperature of the working fluid, and the turbine entrance conditions. For the domestic scale solar Rankine systems, the simple, inexpensive and easy to maintain control system is strongly recommended over the more complicated systems, which may give better operating efficiencies, but are harder to install, operate and maintain, and are more expensive. The sophisticated control systems are more suitable for larger scale power generation systems.

APPLICATION-2
RACER (Rankine Cycle Energy Recovery)
RACER (Rankine Cycle Energy Recovery) was the Naval Sea Systems Command [NAVSEA] program to design and develop an advanced, combined gas turbine and steam turbine [COGAS] power plant. The RACER (Rankine Cycle Energy Recovery) system was planned for development and application to US combatant and auxiliary ships. The system will use the exhaust energy from an 18MW gas turbine to produce steam and generate power in excess of 6MW for additional ship propulsion power. The RACER System is expected to provide an overall propulsion fuel reduction upwards of 25%. The RACER system provides several advantages to a gas turbine powered ship. one of which is improved fuel efficiency for significant annual fuel savings. This saving does not come free, however, since; in general, any additional system installed in the ship will have some maintenance requirements. In keeping with the US Navy's Current emphasis, a key philosophy in the design of the RACER system was to minimize this maintenance burden. Marine and land based power plants can produce exhaust products in a temperature range of 3501850.degree. F. In most applications, the exhaust products are released to the environment and the thermal energy is lost. In some instances, however, the thermal energy is further utilized. For example, the thermal energy from the exhaust of an industrial gas turbine engine (IGT) has been used as the energy source to drive a Rankine cycle system.

Rankine cycle based power plants

Inside a condensing steam turbine - the steam expands below the atmospheric pressure and then "condenses" while heating the cooling water in a condenser. After the steam exits the outlet of the condensing turbine, the steam's pressure is so low, it is no longer available for providing power for industrial applications. Condensing steam turbines could be used in industrial power plants as condensing tails connected to back-pressure turbines. In cases of low demand for process steam the steam surplus is run through the condensing tail to generate more power. A condensing steam turbine does not differ much from a back-pressure turbine in respect of its' overall dimensions, steam values (with the exception of outlet pressure), delivery time and price. The steam condensing equipment requires some additional "balance of plant" investments plus the availability of cooling water. A 1 MW condensing steam turbine plant needs about 0.1 m3/s of cooling water.

Organic rankine cycle

The Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is named for its use of an organic, high molecular mass fluid with a liquid-vapor phase change, or boiling point, occurring at a lower temperature than the water-steam phase change. The fluid allows Rankine cycle heat recovery from lower temperature sources such as industrial waste heat, geothermal heat, solar ponds etc. The low-temperature heat is converted into useful work, that can itself be converted into electricity. A prototype was first developed and exhibited in 1961 by Israeli solar engineers Harry Zvi Tabor and Lucien Bronicki. The working principle of the organic Rankine cycle is the same as that of the Rankine cycle : the working fluid is pumped to a boiler where it is evaporated, passes through a turbine and is finally re-condensed. In the ideal cycle, the expansion is isentropic and the evaporation and condensation processes are isobaric. In the real cycle, the presence of irreversibilities lowers the cycle efficiency. Those irreversibilities mainly occur :

During the expansion : Only a part of the energy recoverable from the pressure difference is transformed into useful work. The other part is converted into heat and is lost. The efficiency of the expander is defined by comparison with an isentropic expansion. In the heat exchangers : The working fluid takes a long and sinuous path which ensures good heat exchange but causes pressure drops that lower the amount of power recoverable from the cycle.

Improvement of the organic Rankine cycle

In the case of a "dry fluid", the cycle can be improved by the use of a regenerator : Since the fluid has not reached the two-phase state at the end of the expansion, its temperature at this point is higher than the condensing temperature. This higher temperature fluid can be used to preheat the liquid before it enters the evaporator. A counter-current heat exchanger is thus installed between the expander outlet and the evaporator inlet. The power required from the heat source is therefore reduced and the efficiency is increased

Applications for the ORC

The organic Rankine cycle technology has many possible applications. Among them, the most widespread and promising fields are the following:

Waste heat recovery

Waste heat recovery is the most important development field for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). It can be applied to heat and power plants (for example a small scale cogeneration plant on a domestic water heater), or to industrial and farming processes such as organic products fermentation, hot exhausts from ovens or furnaces, flue gas condensation, exhaust gases from vehicles, intercooling of a compressor, condenser of a power cycle, etc.

Biomass power plant

Biomass is available all over the world and can be used for the production of electricity on small to medium size scaled power plants. The problem of high specific investment costs for machinery such as steam boilers are overcome due to the low working pressures in ORC power plants. The ORC process also helps to overcome the relatively small amount of input fuel available in many regions because an efficient ORC power plant is possible for smaller sized plants.

Geothermal plants

Geothermic heat sources vary in temperature from 50 to 350C. The ORC is therefore perfectly adapted for this kind of application. However, it is important to keep in mind that for lowtemperature geothermal sources (typically less than 100C), the efficiency is very low and depends strongly on heat sink temperature (defined by the ambient temperature).

Solar thermal power

The organic Rankine cycle can be used in the solar parabolic trough technology in place of the usual steam Rankine cycle. The ORC allows a lower collector temperature, a better collecting efficiency (reduced ambient losses) and hence the possibility of reducing the size of the solar field.

CONCLUSION
So according to above all the examples the rankine have a major drawback that it losses the steam and the heat energy form the boiler or condenser surface. But overall ,the efficiency of the rankine is good and many of its application is energy efficient and the highly cost reductive in nature,,,

REFRENCES

1. http://wapedia.mobi/en/Organic_Rankine_cycle 2. http://www.crazyengineers.com/forum/mechanical-civil-engineering/21507-rankinecycle-based-power-plants.html 3. http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IITMADRAS/Applied_Thermodynamics/Module_5/2_%20Rankinecycle.pdf 4. http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/RANKINE.HTM 5. http://www.answers.com/topic/rankine-cycle 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle 7. http://www.rankinecycle.com/ 8. BOOKS OF THERMOYNAMICS JOURNALS

http://saeeng.saejournals.org/content/2/1/67.abstract http://www.waset.org/journals/ijcee/v2/v2-1-3.pdf