International Journal of Civil EngineeringOF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308

8 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 353-368 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.1861 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED IN SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC)

N. Krishna Murthy1, A.V. Narasimha Rao 2, I .V . Ramana Reddy 3, M. Vijaya sekhar Reddy 4, P. Ramesh 5 Engineering Department , Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, & Research Scholar of S.V.Univers,Tirupati, India, e-mail: krishpurna@yahoo.co.in 2 Professor ,Department of Civil Engineering, S.V. University, Tirupati, India 3 Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, S.V. University, Tirupati, India 4 HOD,Department of Civil Engineering, SKIT,srikalahasti , India 5 Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SVEC, A.Rangampeta,Tirupati, India ABSTRACT Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as a fresh concrete which possesses superior flowability under maintained stability (i.e. no segregation) thus allowing self-compaction that is, material consolidation without addition of energy. Self-compacting concrete is a fluid mixture suitable for placing in structures with congested reinforcement without vibration and it helps in achieving higher quality of surface finishes. However utilization of high reactive Metakaolin and Flyash as an admixtures as an effective pozzolan which causes great improvement in the pore structure. The relative proportions of key components are considered by volume rather than by mass. self compacting concrete (SCC) mix design with 29% of coarse aggregate, replacement of cement with Metakaolin and class F flyash, combinations of both and controlled SCC mix with 0.36 water/cementitious ratio(by weight) and 388 litre/m3 of cement paste volume. Crushed granite stones of size 16mm and 12.5mm are used with a blending 60:40 by percentage weight of total coarse aggregate. Self-compacting concrete compactibility is affected by the characteristics of materials and the mix proportions; it becomes necessary to evolve a procedure for mix design of SCC. The properties of different constituent materials used in this investigation and its standard tests procedures for acceptance characteristics of selfcompacting concrete such as slump flow, V-funnel and L-Box are presented. KEYWORDS: Self Compacting Concrete, Metakaolin, Flyash , Properties. 353
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME I. INTRODUCTION

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was first developed in Japan in 1988 in order to achieve durable concrete structures by improving quality in the construction process. It was also found to offer economic, social and environmental benefits over traditional vibrated concrete construction. Research and development work into SCC in Europe began in Sweden in the 1990s and now nearly all the countries in Europe conduct some form of research and development into the material. Once the fully compliant SCC is supplied to the point of application then the final operation of casting requires very little skill or manpower compared with traditional concrete to produce uniformly dense concrete. Because of vibration being unnecessary, the noise is reduced and the risk of developing problems due to the use of vibrating equipment is reduced. Fewer operatives are required, but more time is needed to test the concrete before placing. In addition to the benefits described above, SCC is also able to provide a more consistent and superior finished product for the client, with less defects. Another advantage is that less skilled labour is required in order for it to be placed, finished and made good after casting. As the shortage of skilled site labour in construction continues to increase in the UK and many other countries, this is an additional advantage of the material which will become increasingly important. Research and development of SCC is being conducted by private companies (mainly product development),by universities (mainly pure research into the materials properties), by national bodies and working groups (mainly the production of national guidelines and specifications) and at European level (BriteEuRam and RILEM projects on test methods and the casting of SCC, respectively). There are several organizations that collect the work in this area.Institute, (PCI, 2003) and European Research Project Report, (Schutter, 2005) are good examples. Symposiums and workshops on this topic were given by these organizations and several test methods on the flowability of SCC have been popularized since then. has revolutionized concrete placement. SCC, was first introduced in the late 1980s by Japanese researchers is highly workable The use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has grown tremendously since its inception in the 1980s.Different from a conventional concrete, SCC is characterized by its high flowability at the fresh state. Among the existing test methods, slump flow test, using the traditional slump cone, is the most common testing method for flowability (or filling ability). During the test, the final slump flow diameter and T50 (time needed for concrete to reach a spread diameter of 50 cm are recorded. The U-Box, L-Box are used for the evaluation of passing ability. These fresh properties are governed by the rheological properties of the material and some studied have been conducted in the lab to investigate the L-box test Segregation resistance is another important issue for SCC. Surface settlement test and the penetration test are two methods to evaluate the resistance to segregation of SCC in the field. The objective of this paper is to study a set 354

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME of test method and performance based specifications for the workability of structural SCC that can be used for casting highly restricted or congested sections. Proven combinations of test methods to assess filling capacity and stability are proposed and should be of interest to engineers and contractors using SCC. The three properties that characterise a concrete as self-compacting Concrete are Flowing abilitythe ability to completely fill all areas and corners of the formwork into which it is placed Passing abilitythe ability to pass through congested reinforcement without separation of the constituents or blocking Resistance to segregation the ability to retain the coarse components of the mix in suspension in order to maintain a homogeneous material. Table 1 :Guidelines for SCC
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description of country Slump Flow (mm) V Funnel(Sec) L- Box( h2/h1) U- Box(h2-h1) Orimet Test(Second) GTM-Stability (%) Aggregate Size (mm) EFNARC 550-800 2-5 0.8 -1 0-30(mm) 0-5 0-15 12-20 NORVEY 600-750 NA NA NA NA NA < 16 SWEDEN NA NA 0.8-0.85 NA NA NA < 16 GERMANY >750 NA NA NA NA NA < 16

These properties must all be satisfied in order to design an adequate SCC, together with other requirements including those for hardened performance. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 2.1 SCC Mix Target Typical acceptance criteria and target for SCC are shown in Table 8.
Table 2. Typical Acceptance Criteria and Target for Self Compacting Concrete Unit Property Test Method Slump Flow by Abrams Cone T50cm Slump Flow V-Funnel Passing ability Segregation resistance SCC Mix Target Minimum mm Sec Sec 650 2 6 0.8 6 Maximum 800 5 12 1.0 12

Filling ability

L-Box h2/h1(mm/mm) V-Funnel atT5min. Sec

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July December (2012), IAEME July2.2 Properties Of SCC

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME 2.3 Mixing Procedure for self compacting Concrete For SCC, it is generally necessary to use superplasticizers in order to obtain high mobility. Adding a large volume of powdered material or viscosity modifying admixture can eliminate segregation. The powdered materials that can be added are fly ash ,Metakaolin, silica fume, lime stone powder, glass filler and quartzite filler. Okamura and Ozawa have proposed a mix proportioning system for SCC . In this system, the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate contents are fixed and self-compactibility is to be achieved by adjusting the water /powder ratio and super plasticizer dosage. In addition, the test results for acceptance characteristics for self-compacting concrete such as slump flow, V-funnel and LBox are presented.
III Selection of Materials and Mix Proportions SCC can be made from any of the constituent materials that are normally considered for structural concrete . In designing the SCC mix, it is most useful to consider the relative proportions of the key components by volume rather than by mass. Worldwide, there is a wide range of mix proportions that can produce successful SCC. Typical range of proportions and quantities in order to obtain SCC are given below: These Guidelines are not intended to provide specific advice on mix design but Table 8.2 gives an indication of the typical range of constituents in SCC by weight and by volume. These proportions are in no way restrictive and many SCC mixes will fall outside this range for one or more constituents.

3.1 Characteristics Of Test Methods Table 3: Characteristic test methods for self compacting concrete Flowability/filling ability Viscosity/ flowability

Characteristi c

Slump-flow Kajima box T500 V-funnel O-funnel

Test method

Measured value
total spread visual filling flow time flow time flow time flow time passing ratio height difference step height, total flow visual passing ability depth percent laitance segregation ratio

Passing ability Segregation resistance

Orimet L-box U-box J-ring Kajima box penetration sieve segregation settlement column

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME Table 4 Mix proportion of a typical ranges of SCC
Constituent Powder Paste Water Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate (sand) Water/Powder ratio by Volume Typical range by mass (kg/m)3 380 - 600 300 - 380 150 - 210 150 - 210 750 - 1000 270 - 360 Content balances the volume of the other constituents, typically 48 55% of total aggregate weight. 0.85 1.10 Typical range by volume (liters/m)3

Table 5 , Mix proportion of a NVC and typical ranges of SCC

NVC (C40, 75 mm slump) Coarse aggregate/concrete(%) by vol. 42 Water/powder (by wt.) 0.55 Paste/concrete (%) by vol. 32 3) 375 Powder content (kg/m Sand/mortar (%) by vol. 44

Constituent

SCC (Domone, 2006b; The Concrete Society and BRE, 28.0 38.6 0.26 0.48 30.4 41.5 385 635 38.1 52.9

III. MATERIALS USED

3.1 . Fine Aggregate Natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. The bulk specific gravity in oven dry condition and water absorption of the sand are 2.6 and 1% respectively. The gradation of the sand was determined by sieve analysis as per IS-383(1970) and presented in the Table 6. Fineness modulus of sand is 2.65.
Table 6. Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
Cumulative Percent Passing Sieve No. 10mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600m 300m 150m Fine Aggregate 100 100 94 74 46 14 3 IS: 383-1970 Zone II Requirement 100 90-100 75-100 55-90 35-59 8-30 0-10

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME 2.2.4. Coarse Aggregate Crushed granite stones of size 16mm and 12.5mm are used as coarse aggregate. The bulk specific gravity in oven dry condition and water absorption of the coarse aggregate are 2.66 and 0.3% respectively. The gradation of the coarse aggregate was determined by sieve analysis as per IS-383(1970) [4] and presented in the Table7 and Table 8,Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is 6.67. Table 7. Sieve Analysis of 16 mm Coarse Aggregate
IS Sieve Size 20 mm 16 mm 12.5 mm 10 mm 4.75 mm 2.36mm Cumulative Percent Passing 16 mm passing IS: 383-1970 Limits 100 100 99 85-100 57.77 N/A 18.89 0-30 1 0-5 -----

Table 8. Sieve Analysis of 12.5 mm Coarse Aggregate

IS Sieve Size 16 mm 12.5mm 10 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm Cumulative Percent Passing 12.5 mm passing IS: 383-1970 Limits 100 94 36.5 8.76 2.4 100 85-100 0-45 0-10 NA

Dry-rodded unit weight (DRUW) and void ratio of coarse aggregate with relative blending by percentage weight as per IS: 2386 (Part III)-1963 [6] is shown in Table 6 and Figure 1. Table 9. Dry-rodded unit weight and Void Ratio of a given coarse aggregate blending
Coarse Aggregate Blending by Percentage Weight ( 16 mm and 12.5 mm) 100:0 80:20 70:30 67:33 60:40 40:60 20:80 0:100 DRUW (kg/m3) 1596 1642 1647 1659 1608 1568 1559 1533 Void Ratio 0.378 0.374 0.376 0.386 0.395 0.399 0.40 0.41

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME 3.2 Water Potable water for casting and curing of the SCC mixes Table 10. Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Cement
Test Result Chemical Composition Lime Saturation Factor CaO-0.7SO3/2.8SiO2+1.2Al2 O3+0.65Fe2O3 Ratio of Alumina/Iron Oxide Insoluble Residue(%) % Magnesium oxide(MgO) % Sulphuric Anhydride (SO3) Loss of Ignition(%) Alkalies(%) Chlorides(%) % Silica(SiO2)
3 % Alumina(Al2O ) 3 % Iron Oxide(Fe2O )

Requirement as per IS:12269-1989 Not less than 0.60 & not more than 1.02 0.89 1.00 1.31 1.40 1.91 1.29 0.60 0.01 19.79 5.67 4.68 61.81 5.5 27 Physical Properties 3.15 275 1.50 0.04 180 230 32 43 55 Min. 0.66 Not more Than 3.0% Not more Than 6.0% Max. 3.0% when C3 A>5.0 Max. 2.5% when C3 A<5.0 Not more Than 5.0% --------Not more Than 0.1%

% Lime(CaO) C3 A Temperature During Testing(0C) Specific gravity

2 Fineness (m /Kg)

27 +/-2

Soundness Lechatlier Expansion(mm) Auto clave Expansion (%) Setting time(minutes) Initial Final Compressive strength 3 Days 7 Days 28 days

Min.225 2 Max. 10mm Max. 0.8% Min. 30 min Max. 600 min

> 23 N/mm2 > 33 N/mm2 > 43 N/mm2

3.3 Additive or Mineral Admixture

Metakaolin manufactured from pure raw material to strict quality standards. Metakaolin is a high quality pozzolanic material, which blended with Portland cement in order to improve the strength and durability of concrete and mortars. Metakaolin removes chemically reactive calcium hydroxide from the hardened cement paste. It reduces the porosity of hardened concrete. Metakaolin densified and reduces the thickness of the interfacial zone, this improving the adhesion between the hardened cement paste and particulars of sand or aggregate. Metakaolin procured from 20 Microns company Vadodara, Gujarat, India. As per IS-456(2000) , cement is replaced by weight of material. The specific gravity of Metakaolin is 2.5 .

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME 3.3.1 Reactivity of Different Pozzolanic Materials Table 11 : Reactivity of Different Pozzolanic Materials
Material Blast furnace slag Calcined paper waste Microsilica, silica fume Calcined bauxite Pulverised fuel ash High Reactive Metakaolin Pozzolanic Reactivity mg Ca(OH)2 per g 40 300 427 534 875 1050

3.3.2

METAKAOLIN

Metakaolin manufactured from pure raw material to strict quality standards. Metakaolin is a high quality pozzolanic material, which blended with Portland cement in order to improve the strength and durability of concrete and mortars. Metakaolin removes chemically reactive calcium hydroxide from the hardened cement paste. It reduces the porosity of hardened concrete. Metakaolin densified and reduces the thickness of the interfacial zone, this improving the adhesion between the hardened cement paste and particulars of sand or aggregate. 3.3.3 Properties of Metakaolin Metakaolin grades of Calcined clays are reactive allumino silicate pozzolan formed by calcining very pure hydrous China clay. Chemically Metakaolin combines with Calcium Silicate and Calcium processed to remove uncreative impurities producing almost 100 percent reactive material. The particle size of Metakaolin is significantly smaller than cement particles. I S: 456-2000 recommend use of Metacioline as mineral admixture. Metakaolin is a thermally structure, ultrafine pozzolan which replace industrial by-products such as silica fume / micro silica. Commercial use of Metakaolin has already in several countries worldwide. Metakaolin removes chemically reactive calcium hydroxide from the hardened cement paste. Metakaolin reduces the porosity of hardened concrete. Metakaolin densifies reduces the thickness of the interfacial zone, this improving the adhesion between the hardened cement paste and particles of sand or aggregate. Blending with Portland cement Metakaolin improves the properties of concrete and cement products considerably by: Increasing compressive and flexural strength, providing resistance to chemical attack, reducing permeability substantially, preventing Alkali-Silica Reaction, reducing efflorescence & Shrinkage and Protecting corrosion

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME 3.3.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Metakaolin Physical Properties of Metakaolin
Average particle size, m 1.5 0.5 Residue 325 mesh (% max) 15 B.E.T. Surface area m2/gm Pozzolan Reactivity mg Ca(OH)2 / gm 1050 2.5 Specific Gravity 300+ or -30 Bulk Density (gm/ltr.) 80+ or 2 Brightness off-white powder Physical foam

Chemical Properties of Metakaolin

SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 CaO MgO TiO2 Na2O K 2O Li2O L.O.I 96.88% 0.39% 0.08% 1.35% 0.56% 0.06% Nil 0.68%

3.3.4

Pozzolanic Reactivity of Metakaolin

Metakaolin is a lime-hungry pozzolan that reacts with free calcium hydroxide to form stable, insoluble, strength-adding, cementitious compounds.When Metakaolin HRM(AS2) reacts with calcium hydroxide(CH), a cement hydration byproducts, a pozzolanic reaction takes place whereby new cementitious compounds,(C2ASH8) and (CSH), are formed. These newly formed compounds will contribute cementitious strength and enhanced durability properties to the system in place of the otherwise weak and soluble calcium hydroxide. Cement Hydration Process OPC + H2O -----------------------------------------------> CSH + CH Pozzolanic Reaction Process H 2O -----------------------------------------------> C2ASH8 + CSH

AS2 + CH

Unlike other commercially available pozzolanic materials, Metakaolin is a quality controlled, manufactured material. It is not a by-product of unrelated industrial process. Metakaolin has been engineered and optimized to contain a minimum of impurities and to react efficiently with cements hydration byproductcalcium hydroxide. Table summarizes the relative reactivities of six different pozzolans, including High Reactive Metakaolin-HRM. 3.3.5 Fly Ash
Flyash ,known also as pulverized fuel ash,is the ash precipitated electro-statically from the exhaust fumes of coal-fired power stations, and is the most common artificial pozzolana .Flyash is the most commonly used pozzolana with cement. . Class F fly ash from Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP), Muddanur, A.P, India is used as an additives according to ASTM C 618 cement is replaced by weight of material. The specific gravity of fly ash is 2.12

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME Table 13. Chemical and Physical Properties of Class F Fly Ash
ASTM C 618 Class F Fly Ash Particulars Chemical Composition % Silica(SiO 2) % Alumina(Al2O3) % Iron Oxide(Fe2O3) % Lime(CaO) % Magnesia(MgO) % Titanium Oxide (TiO2) % Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) Loss on Ignition Physical Properties Specific gravity Fineness (m2/Kg)

65.6 28.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.29 2.12 360

SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3>70

Min.225 m2/kg

3.3.6 Chemical Admixtures Sika Viscocrete 10R3 is used as high range water reducer (HRWR) SP cum retarder is used . The properties of the chemical admixtures as obtained from the manufacturer are presented in the Table 14 Table 14. Properties of Chemical Admixtures Confirming to EN 934-2 Table11.1/11.2 and SIA 162(1989)
Chemical Admixture Specific Gravity 1.10 Appearance /Colour Ph Solid Relative Density Content (%) 1.09 kg/lit 40 .(at+300c) Quantity(%)By cementitious Chemical Base weight 0.6 - 2 Aqueous solution of Modified Polycarboxylate

Sika Visocrete10 R3
High Performance Super-Plasticiser cum retarder(HRWRA)

Light brown Above 6 liquid

IV EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 4.1. SCC Mix Design Several methods exist for the mix design of SCC. The general purpose mix design method was first developed by Okamura and Ozawa (1995). In this study, the key proportions for the mixes are done by volume. The detailed steps for mix design are described as follows: 1. Assume air content as 2% (20 litres) of concrete volume. 2. Determine the dry-rodded unit weight (DRUW) of coarse aggregate for a given coarse aggregate blending. 3. Using DRUW, calculate the coarse aggregate content by volume (28 35%) of mix volume. 363

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME 4. Adopt fine aggregate volume of 40 to 50% of the mortar volume. 5. Maintain paste volume of 388 litre/m3 of the concrete volume. 6. Keep water/ cementitious ratio by weight (w/cm) as 0.36. 7. Calculate the binder (cementitious material) content by weight. 8. Replace cement with Metakaolin,fly ash and combinations of both by weight of cementitious material. 9. Optimize the dosages of super plasticizer (SP) and viscosity modifying agent for the given w/cm (0.36) using mortar tests by mini slump cone test. 10. Perform SCC tests. 4.2 Percentage of Mix Proportions.

Mix types with percentage relative proportions and mix proportions of constituent materials are shown in Table 9 and Table 10. Table 16. Designed Mix Proportions
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Designation of Mix Proportion MK5 MK10 MK15 MK20 FA10 FA20 FA30 MK5+FA30 MK10+FA20 MK15+FA10 SCC Total Cement Metakao Binder 3 lin (Kg/m ) 3 3 (Kg/m ) (Kg/m ) 533.00 506.35 26.65 530.00 477.00 53.00 527.00 447.95 79.05 523.50 418.80 105.00 524.50 472.00 ----513.50 410.80 ----502.00 351.75 ----499.50 324.68 25.00 507.50 355.25 50.75 504.00 378.00 75.60 536.00 536.00 ----Flyash F.A C.A Water S.P. S.P 3 3 3 3 (%) 3 (Kg/m ) (Kg/m ) (Kg/m ) (Kg/m ) (Kg/m ) ----------------52.45 102.70 150.75 149.85 101.50 50.40 ----836 836 836 836 836 836 836 836 836 836 836 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 771.84 191.88 190.80 189.72 188.46 188.82 184.86 180.90 179.82 182.70 181.44 192.96 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.797 4.770 4.743 4.712 4.721 4.622 4.523 4.500 4.570 4.536 4.824 W/P ratio 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36

V . Testing Fresh Properties of SCC 5.1. Slump Flow Test.

The slump flow test is used to assess the horizontal free flow of SCC in the absence of obstructions. The test also indicates resistance to segregation. On lifting the slump cone, filled with concrete the average diameter spread of the concrete is measured. It indicates the filling ability of the concrete. Slump flow test apparatus is shown in Figure 3(a). Slump cone has 20 cm bottom diameter, 10 cm top diameter and 30 cm in height. In this test, the slump cone mould is placed exactly on the 20 cm diameter graduated circle marked on the glass plate, filled with concrete and lifted upwards. The subsequent diameter of the concrete spread is measured in two perpendicular directions and the average of the diameters is reported as the spread of the concrete. T50cm is the time measured from lifting the cone to the concrete reaching a diameter of 50 cm. The measured T50cm indicates the deformation rate or viscosity of the concrete. The slump flow is used to assess the horizontal free flow and the filling ability of SCC in the absence of obstructions. It is recommended to maintain slump flow value as 650 to 800 mm. This test is used along with slump flow test to assess the flowability of SCC.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

5.2 . V-Funnel Test The flowability of the fresh concrete can be tested with the V-funnel test, whereby the flow time is measured. The funnel is filled with about 12 litres of concrete and the time taken for it to flow through the apparatus is measured. Shorter flow time indicate greater flowability. V-Funnel test apparatus dimensions are shown in Figure 3(b). In this test, trap door is closed at the bottom of V-Funnel and V-Funnel is completely filled with fresh concrete. V-Funnel time is the time measured from opening the trap door and complete emptying the funnel. Again, the V-Funnel is filled with concrete, kept for 5 minutes and trap door is opened. V-Funnel time is measured again and this indicates V-Funnel time at T5min. This test is used to determine the filling ability, flowability and segregation resistance of SCC. 5.3 L-Box Test This is a widely used test, suitable for laboratory and site use. It assesses filling and passing ability of SCC and serious lack of stability (segregation) can be detected visually. The vertical section of the L- Box is filled with concrete, and then the gate is lifted to let the concrete flow into the horizontal section. Blocking ratio (i.e. is ratio of the height of the concrete at the end of the horizontal section (h2) to height of concrete at beginning of horizontal section (h1)) is determined. L-Box test apparatus dimensions are shown in Figure In this test, fresh concrete is filled in the vertical section of L-Box and the gate is lifted to let the concrete to flow into the horizontal section. The height of the concrete at the end of horizontal section represents h2 (mm) at the vertical section represents h1 (mm). The ratio h2/h1 represents blocking ratio .This test assesses the flow of the concrete in presence of reinforcement obstructions. 5.4. Determination of Consistence Retention Consistence retention is also an important fresh property of SCC in view of workability. It refers to the period of duration during which SCC retains its properties, which is important for transportation and placing. Consistence retention was evaluated by measuring the slump flow spread and T50cm of successful SCC mixes at 60 minutes after adding water. The SCC mix was remixed for one minute before each test.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME VI. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. Establishment of standard mix design procedure and appropriate testing methods is essential for wide spread use of SCC . Most of Indian researchers have followed European guidelines for testing SCC. Other countries are adopting these guiedelines with slight modifications as per local conditions. 2. Both coarse aggregate maximum size and coarse aggregate volume are influenced in obtaining the successful SCC mixes. 3.As the replacements of Metakaolin, Flyash and combinations of both MK and FA compared with controlled concrete SCC, totally there are eleven type of mix designs such as MK5,MK10,MK15,MK20;FA10,FA20,FA30;(MK5+FA30),(MK10+FA20),(MK1 5+FA10) and Controlled mix SCC 4 As per the mix designs and trial mixes addition of MK increases the demand of HRWRA in SCC Mixes. Replacement of cement by 20%MKin SCC the super plasticizer cum retarder demands may be increased. 5. As per the mix designs and trial mixes addition of FA decreases the demand of HRWRA in SCC Mixes. Replacement of cement by 30% FA in SCC the super plasticizer cum retarder demands may be decreased. 6. The utilization of by-product mineral admixtures is the best alternative for now a days since it not only makes the concrete accomplish the proper performance but also reduce the concrete cost and environmental problems. Incorporating such materials further enhances the fresh properties of SCC concrete. REFERENCES [1].Krishna Murthy.N., NarasimhaRao.A.V., Ramana Reddy,I.V. and Vijaya sekhar Reddy M.., Mix Design procedure for Self-Compacting Concrete, IOSR Journal of Engineering(IOSRJEN, Volume 2,Issue 9,(September2012)P.P 33-41. [2].IS: 3812-2003, Specifications for Pulverized fuel ash, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. [3] IS: 8112-1989, Specifications for 43 grade Portland cement, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. [4]IS: 383-1970, Specifications for Coarse and Fine aggregates from Natural sources for Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. [5].American Concrete Institute. Self-Consolidating Concrete, ACI 237R-07. [6].American Concrete Institute. Specifications for Structural Concrete, ACI 301. [7].American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, ASTM C 618 (2003). [8].American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use concrete, ASTM C 618 (2003). 366

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME [9].Bureau of Indian Standards. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Specific gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption and Bulking, IS-2386 (Part III, 1963). [10].Bureau of Indian Standards. Plain and reinforced concrete code for practice, IS-456 (2000), New Delhi. [4]. Bureau of Indian Standards. Methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Specific gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption and Bulking, IS-2386 (Part III, 1963). [11].Domone PLJ. 2006b. Self-compacting concrete: An analysis of 11 years of case studies. Cement and Concrete Composites 28(2):197-208. [12].EFNARC (European Federation of national trade associations representing producers and applicators of specialist building products), Specification and Guidelines for self- compacting concrete, February 2002, Hampshire, U.K. [13].EFNARC. Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. European Federation of Producers and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures, 2002. [14].RILEM TC 174 SCC. Self compacting concrete State-of-the-art report of RILEM technical committee 174-SCC. Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L., France, 2000. [15].Ghazi F Kheder, Rand S Al Jaidiri. 2010. New Method for Proportioning Self-Consolidating Concrete Based on Compressive Strength Requirements. ACI Materials 107(5):490-497. [16].Goodier C. 2001. Self-Compacting Concrete. European Network of Building Research Institutes (ENBRI). 17:6 [17].Khayat KH. 1998. Viscosity-enhancing admixtures for cement-based materials - An overview. Cement and Concrete Composites, No.20, 2-3: 171-188 [18].Newman J, Choo BS. Advanced concrete technology concrete properties. Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, 2003. [19].Okamura H, Ozawa K. 1995. Mix design for self-compacting concrete. Concrete Library of Japanese Society of Civil Engineers 25(6):107-120. [20].Okamura H, Ouchi M. 1999. Self-compacting concrete development, present use and future.In:The 1st International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete. Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors, RILEM Publications. S.A.R.L, France. 3-14. [21].Ozawa K, Maekawa K, Kunishima M, Okamura H. 1989. Development of high performance concrete based on the durability design of concrete structures. 445-450. [22].Nagamoto N., Ozawa K., Mixture properties of Self-Compacting, HighPerformance Concrete, Proceedings, Third CANMET/ACI International Conferences on Design and Materials and Recent Advances in Concrete Technology, SP- 172, V. M. Malhotra, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. 1997, p. 623-637. [23].Khayat K.H., Ghezal A., Utility of Statistical models in Proportioning SelfCompacting Concrete, Proceedings, RILEM [24].International symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Stockholm, 1999, p. 345-359. 367

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME [25].Okamura H., Ozawa K., Mix Design for Self-Compacting Concrete, Concrete Library of Japanese Society of Civil Engineers, June 25, 1995, p. 107-120. [26].Nagataki S., Fujiwara H., Self-Compacting property of Highly-Flowable concrete, Second Conference on advances in Concrete Technology, ACI SP154,V.M. Malhotra, American Concrete Institute, June 1995, p. 301-304. [27] Khayat K.H., Manai K., Lesbetons autonivlants : proprietes, charcterisation et applications , colloque sur les betons autonivlants, Universite de Sherbroke, Canada, November 1996, p. 8. [28]. Ghazi F Kheder, Rand S Al Jaidiri. 2010. New Method for Proportioning Self-Consolidating Concrete Based on Compressive Strength Requirements. ACI Materials 107(5):490-497. [29].Petersson O., Billberg P., Van B.K., A model for Self-Compacting Concrete, Proceedings of Production Methods and Workability of Concrete,1996, E & FN Span, London, p. 483- 492. [30]Okamura H, Ozawa K. 1995. Mix design for self-compacting concrete. Concrete Library of Japanese Society of Civil Engineers 25(6):107-120. [31].Okamura H. 1997. Self-compacting high-performance concrete. Concrete International 19(7):50-54. [32].Okamura H, Ouchi M. 1999. Self-compacting concrete development, present use and future. In: The 1st International RILEM Symposium on SelfCompacting Concrete. Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors, RILEM Publications. S.A.R.L, France. 3-14. [33]. Okamura H, Ouchi M. 2003b. Self-compacting concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 1(1):5-15. [34]. Ozawa K, Maekawa K, Kunishima M, Okamura H. 1989. Development of high performance concrete based on the durability design of concrete structures. 445-450. [35]. Skarendahl, A. and Petersson, O. (eds.), Self-compacting concrete, Stateof-the-art report of RILEM Technical Committee 174-SCC, RILEM Publications, 2000. [36]. The Concrete Society, BRE. 2005. Technical report No.62 selfcompacting concrete: a review. Day RTU, Holton IX, editors, Camberley, UK, Concrete Society, Surrey GU17 9AB, UK.

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