Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)

Tushar Kanti Bera

Postdoctoral Researcher Department of Computational Science and Engineering Yonsei University, Seoul-120-749, South Korea Email: tkbera77@gmail.com Webpage: http://web.yonsei.ac.kr/seoj/bera.htm

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a tomographic imaging technique which reconstructs the spatial distribution of the electrical impedance (conductivity or resistivity) of a closed domain within a volume conductor (object under test) from the voltage-current data measured at the boundary of the domain. An EIT system consists of EIT electronic hardware for current injection and voltage measurement, EIT sensors or surface electrodes with subject or practical phantom and the PC with a computer program called image reconstruction algorithm. EIT is being researched in different areas of science and technology due to its many advantages over other computed tomographic techniques like X-Ray CT, PET, SPECT, MRI etc. Being a non-invasive, non-radiating, portable and inexpensive methodology, EIT has been extensively studied in clinical diagnosis, biomedical engineering and biotechnology. Researchers are also applying EIT in different field of science and technology like industrial engineering, chemical engineering, material engineering civil engineering and so on. The first impedance imaging system, the Impedance Camera, was constructed by Henderson and Webster to study pulmonary edema in 1978. EIT has, generally, poor signal to noise ratio, poor spatial resolution and hence it is highly sensitive to modeling parameters. Therefore, EIT has a lot of scopes to work for improving its spatial resolution and image reconstruction quality. References:
[1]. Webster JG, Electrical impedance tomography, first edition. Adam Hilger Series of Biomedical

Engineering Adam Hilger, New York, USA. 1990.

[2]. Holder DS. Electrical impedance tomography: methods, history and applications (Series in Medical Physics

and Biomedical Engineering). first edition, Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd. 2004.
[3]. Bayford RH. Bioimpedance Tomography (Electrical Impedance Tomography). Annual Review of

Biomedical Engineering 2006;8:63-91.

[4]. 7. Tushar Kanti Bera Samir Kumar Biswas, K. Rajan and J. Nagaraju, Improving Conductivity Image

[5].

[6]. [7]. [8].

[9].

Quality Using Block Matrix-based Multiple Regularization (BMMR) Technique in EIT: A Simulation Study, Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance, vol. 2, pp. 3347, 2011. DOI:10.5617/jeb.170 11. Tushar Kanti Bera, Samir Kumar Biswas, K. Rajan and J. Nagaraju, Improving Image Quality in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Using Projection Error Propagation-Based Regularization (PEPR) Technique: A Simulation Study, Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance, vol. 2, pp. 212, 2011. DOI:10.5617/jeb.158 Graham BM. Enhancements in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Image Reconstruction for 3D Lung Imaging. PhD thesis, University of Ottawa, Canada. 2007. Lionheart WRB. EIT reconstruction algorithms: pitfalls, challenges and recent developments. REVIEW ARTICLE, Physiological Measurement 2004;25:125-142. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A MATLAB Based Boundary Data Simulator for Studying The Resistivity Reconstruction Using Neighbouring Current Pattern, Journal of Medical Engineering, Hindawi Publishing Corporation [In Press]. Tushar Kanti Bera, Samir Kumar Biswas, K. Rajan and J. Nagaraju, Improving the Conductivity Reconstruction in Electrical Impedance Tomography with Block Matrix-based Multiple Regularization

(BMMR) Technique: A Practical Phantom Study, International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management (IJCISIM), [Accepted]. [10]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studying The Surface Electrode Switching of A 16-Electrode Electrical Impedance Tomography System Using 8-Bit Parallel Digital Data, International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management (IJCISIM), [Accepted]. [11]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studying the Resistivity Imaging of Practical Phantoms with Common Ground Current Injection Technique in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems (IJCNDS), Inderscience Publishers, ISSN (Online): 1754-3924 - ISSN (Print): 1754-3916, [Accepted]. [12]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Elemental Resistivity Profile Analysis of EIT Images to Assess the Reconstructed Image Quality, International Journal of Information Processing, Society of Information Processing, [In Press]. [13]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studying the Resistivity Imaging of Chicken Tissue Phantoms with Different Current Patterns in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Measurement, 45 (2012) 663682, DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2012.01.002 [14]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Surface Electrode Switching of A 16-Electrode Wireless EIT System Using RF-Based Digital Data Transmission Scheme With 8 Channel Encoder/Decoder ICs, Measurement 45 (2012) 541555, DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2011.10.012 [15]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Chicken Tissue Phantom for Studying An Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) System Suitable for Clinical Imaging, Sensing and Imaging: An International Journal, Volume 12, Numbers 3-4, 95-116, DOI: 10.1007/s11220-011-0063-4 [16]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopic Study of Broiler Chicken Tissues Suitable for The Development of Practical Phantoms in Multifrequency EIT, Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance, vol. 2, pp. 4863, 2011. DOI:10.5617/jeb.174 [17]. Cheney M, Isaacson D and Newell JC. Electrical Impedance Tomography. SIAM Review, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1999;41(1):85-101. [18]. Borcea L. Electrical impedance tomography. Topical Review, Inverse Problems 2002;18:R99R136 [19]. Denyer CWL. Electronics for Real-Time and Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomographs. PhD Thesis, Oxford Brookes University. 1996 [20]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Resistivity Imaging of A Reconfigurable Phantom With Circular Inhomogeneities in 2D-Electrical Impedance Tomography, Measurement, Volume 44, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 518-526. DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2010.11.015 [21]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Stainless Steel Electrode Phantom to Study the Forward Problem of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 104, Issue 5, May 2009, pp. 33-40. [22]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studies and Evaluation of EIT Image Reconstruction in EIDORS with Simulated Boundary Data, International conference on soft computing for problem solving (SocProS 2012), Dec. 28-30, 2012, Institute of Engineering and Technology, JK Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, India (Accepted). [23]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) System for Biomedical Imaging, IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications (SPCOM 2012), India, IISc - Bangalore, India pp 1-5. [24]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Gold Sensors Array for Imaging The Real Tissue Phantom in Electrical Impedance Tomography, International Conference on Materials Science and Technology 2012 (ICMST 2012), India, Kottayam, Kerala [Accepted, Paper has been presented. It will be considered for the publication in IOP Journal of Physics, Conference Series after technical review, Extended version of the paper has been submitted (Under Review)]. [25]. Tushar Kanti Bera, Samir Kumar Biswas, K. Rajan and J. Nagaraju, Image Reconstruction in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) with Projection Error Propagation-based Regularization (PEPR): A Practical Phantom Study, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 2012, Volume 7135/2012, 95-105, ADCONS 2011, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29280-4_112011. [26]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studying the 2D-Image Reconstruction of Non Biological and Biological Inhomogeneities in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) with EIDORS, International Conference on Advanced Computing, Networking and Security 2011 (ADCONS 11), India, NITK Surathkal, Mangalore, India, 2011, pp 132-136 [27]. Tushar Kanti Bera, Samir Kumar Biswas, K. Rajan and J. Nagaraju, Improving the Image Reconstruction in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) with Block Matrix-based Multiple Regularization (BMMR): A Practical Phantom Study, IEEE World Congress on Information and Communication Technologies 2011(WICT-2011), India, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India, 2011, pp 1346-1351. [28]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Switching of The Surface Electrodes Array in A 16-Electrode EIT System Using 8-Bit Parallel Digital Data, IEEE World Congress on Information and Communication Technologies 2011(WICT-2011), India, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India, 2011, pp 1288-1293.

[29]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Common Ground Method of Current Injection in Electrical Impedance

Tomography, Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, Part II, CCIS 270, ObCom 2012, pp. 574587, 2012. [30]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Switching of A Sixteen Electrode Array for Wireless EIT System Using A RF-Based 8-Bit Digital Data Transmission Technique, Communications in Computer and Information Science, Springer, Part I, CCIS 269, ObCom 2012, pp. 202211, 2012. [31]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studying The 2D Resistivity Reconstruction of Stainless Steel Electrode Phantoms Using Different Current Patterns of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Biomedical Engineering, Narosa Publishing House, Proceeding of the International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2011 (ICBME-2011), Manipal, 2011, pp 163-169. [32]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopic Studies of The Electronic Connectors of DIP Switch Based Multiplexers Suitable for Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography, Biomedical Engineering, Narosa Publishing House, Proceeding of the International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2011 (ICBME-2011), Manipal, 2011, pp 58-65 [33]. Tushar Kanti Bera, Samir Kumar Biswas, K. Rajan and J. Nagaraju, A Model Based Iterative Image Reconstruction (MoBIIR) Algorithm for Conductivity Imaging in EIT Using Simulated Boundary Data, AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 1391, Optics: Phenomena, Materials, Devices, and Characterization: Optics 2011: International Conference on Light, Kerala, (India), 2325 May 2011, pp. 489-491. DOI:10.1063/1.3643588 [34]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studying the Elemental Resistivity Profile of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Images to Assess the Reconstructed Image Quality, Communications in Computer and Information Science, Volume 157 (CCIS-157), India, ICIP 2011, August 05 - 07, 2011, Bangalore, pp 621-630, 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-22785-8, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22786-8_78 [35]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Gold Electrode Sensors for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Studies, IEEE Sensors Application Symposium 2011 (IEEE SAS 2011), USA, 22nd-24th Feb2011, USA, pp 24-28. DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739810 [36]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Multifrequency Constant Current Source for Medical Electrical Impedance Tomography, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems in Medicine and Biology 2010 (IEEE ICSMB 2010), India, 16th-18th Dec2010, Kharagpur, India, pp 278-283. DOI: 10.1109/ICSMB.2010.5735387 [37]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, Studying the Boundary Data Profile of A Practical Phantom for Medical Electrical Impedance Tomography with Different Electrode Geometries, Proceedings of The World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering-2009, Germany, September 7 12, 2009, Munich, Germany, O. Dssel and W.C. Schlegel (Eds.): WC 2009, IFMBE Proceedings 25/II, pp 925929. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03879-2_258 [38]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Simple Instrumentation Calibration Technique for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Using A 16 Electrode Phantom, Proceedings of The Fifth Annual IEEE Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (IEEE CASE 2009), India, Bangalore, August 22 to 25, pp. 347-352. DOI: 10.1109/COASE.2009.5234117 [39]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Reconfigurable Practical Phantom for Studying the 2 D Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Using a FEM Based Forward Solver, Proceedings of The 10th International Conference on Biomedical Applications of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT 2009), UK, School of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, UK, 16th-19th June 2009, URL: http://www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/eit2009/abstracts/bera.pdf [40]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A Study of Practical Biological Phantoms with Simple Instrumentation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Proceedings of IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC2009), Singapore, 5th - 7th May 2009, pp 511-516. DOI: 10.1109/IMTC.2009.5168503 [41]. Tushar Kanti Bera and J. Nagaraju, A FEM-Based Forward Solver for Studying the Forward Problem of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) with A Practical Biological Phantom, Proceedings of IEEE International Advance Computing Conference' 2009 (IEEE IACC - 2009), India, 6-7th March 2009, Patiala, Punjab, India, pp 1375 - 1381. DOI: 10.1109/IADCC.2009.4809217