Various Communication Strategies that a speaker is letting them take their

turn. Meanwhile, using sentence

(Part 2)
connectors such as additionally, on the
Turn refers to the opportunity given to a
contrary, furthermore, consequently, or
speaker to talk, whereas turn-taking is a process
likewise suggests the speaker has
in which a participant stops speaking and yields
something more to say.
the floor to another participant so he or she can
➢ Nonverbal cues or gestures,
speak.
 such as raising one’s hand, show that a
There are three turn-taking acts: keep-turn,
participant wants to take the floor or
release-turn, and take-turn.
speak. Also, when a speaker points to or
❖ Keep-turn
fixes his or her gaze on a participant, it
 suggests that a speaker must not stop
may mean that he or she wants that
until he fulfills his purpose in a
participant to speak.
conversation.
Shift in Speech Elements
❖ Release-turn
Language Form
 suggests that a speaker is finished
Oral Communication has two language
talking and is ready to yield the floor to
components: function and form.
another person to take his or her turn.
Language Function:
He or she may use signals or pauses in a
• Represents the active use of language for a
conversation.
specific purpose
❖ Take-turn
• In academic setting, students use language
 suggests that another participant can
functions to express ideas, communicate with
take the role of the speaker.
others, and show understanding of content.
Signals and cues indicate that a speaker wants
Language Form:
to keep, yield, or take his or her turn.
• The form of most languages consists of a small
➢ Intonation
number of sounds organized into words,
 signal when a speaker intends to keep
phrases and clauses, sentences and discourse
or yield his or her turn. Falling
including conversations, sermons, speeches,
intonation indicates that a speaker is
arguments, and other highly complex
about to end his or her turn, while rising
communicative structures.
intonation implies that a speaker is
about to reach the climax of his or her
Word - a speech sound or series of speech
point, asking the participants for
sounds that symbolizes and communicates a
clarification and confirmation, or
meaning.
sometimes to express disbelief.
Formal vs. Informal Language
➢ Verbal cues
Formal language
 suggest that a speaker wants to yield or
• used in situations that circle around serious
to keep his or her turn. For example,
topics or events, or involve people that we do
calling the participants’ names indicate
not know.
Informal language farms, etc. Considering the setting, this is prone
• utilized in situations when we are more to distractions such as noise and sceneries
relaxed, and involve people that we are familiar around; hence, it may be challenging to keep
with. your audience’s attention

Speech Delivery in Different take note of the following:

- Focus on the mood rather than the
Situations
information. You may refer to the view
1. Speaking to a specific audience size.
around as you speak to them.
“One size fits all” is not true to public speaking.
- Make the best effort to project your voice
Different sizes of audience require different
clearly without sounding like you
approaches. The following are the four different
are yelling.
sizes of audience according to Suttle (2007).
3. Speaking in different venues.
a) Conversation size (audience of up to 10
These venues vary in sizes. This includes
people).
classroom, meeting or conference room, ball
 This size needs more intimate
room, social hall, auditorium, covert court, open
conversation. You need to be less formal
court. Whatever it is, it is either small or large
in delivering so as to satisfy their needs.
venue.
Be flexible as well to adjust to their
a. Large venue.
moods.
Here you need to speak more slowly, pause
b) Speech size (10 to 40 people).
often to emphasize most important ideas, and
 Use conversational tone but deliver a
make use of more elaborated gestures. Visual
formal speech. Hand gestures are
aids should be more visible.
important in order to include everyone
b. Small venue. Considering that your audience
in your speech.
will see you up close, manage your notes well
c) Performance size (40 to 100 people).
when you use them. Nonverbal cues should be
Avoid spending too much time looking at any
adjusted accordingly.
one person so as to give time to the rest of the
4. Speaking with a microphone.
audience. Give enough time for audience to
Regardless of the type of microphone to be
laugh as you make them so before you begin
used, one overall important principle to
talking again
remember is that “microphone only amplifies
d) Show size (100 people or more).
and does not clarify”
 Self-confidence is important here. With
Different types of microphones
this size, the challenge is to be confident
a. Clip-on style.
enough in taking and owning the stage
b. Handheld microphone.
so as to win the audience over to your
side. To keep your audience engaged to
your speech, it is very crucial to make
use of vocal variety.
2. Speaking in an open air or outside building.
This refers to open area like grounds, courts,
5. Speaking with a podium or lectern.
A lectern or a podium is a reading desk with
stand and a slanted top. It adds formality to the
speaking situation. Sipacio and Balgos (2016)
provide the following tips in using the lectern:
a. Stand straight, as good posture exudes
confidence.
b. Do not grip the edge of the podium with
both hands and avoid hiding from behind the
podium. That means, while you can use it, you
should not be standing behind it the whole time
you are speaking.
c. Stepping to the side of the podium
occasionally, especially for extemporaneous and
impromptu speakers, will also allow speakers to
use their gestures, make eye contact and
connect more with the audience.
Principles of Speech Writing (Part 1)
Articulation
is the ability to physically move the tongue, lips,
teeth, and jaw to produce sequences of speech
sounds which make up words or sentences. It
includes the utterance of words or
pronunciation and enunciation.
Why do pronunciation and enunciation
matter?
Pronunciation
 is how vowels and consonant sounds
are formed. If a speaker’s pronunciation
is poor, perfect grammar, wide range of
vocabulary, or an excellent speech will
be of no help.
Enunciation
 is the clarity with which words are
uttered. If words are clearly spoken,
they are easily recognized.
In order for you be proficient in pronunciation
and enunciation, do the following steps in your
speech:
1. Write out difficult words by their
sounds.
2. Look for these words and their
pronunciation in the dictionary.
3. Read the speech several times before
presenting.
4. Vary your speaking speed from slow to
rapid.
5. Record yourself while reading.
Four P’s in Modulation
Pitch.
This is the highness or lowness of the voice
usually present when you talk about something
exciting or something serious.
Power.
This stands for the loudness of the voice, where
lung capacity is enlarge through breathing
exercise.
Pace.
This is the speed of your speech, depending on
the mood and message you want to convey.
Pause.
Pause is for effect, emphasis, and stress.
Principles of Speech Delivery (Part 2)
Importance of Gestures and Movements in
Speech Delivery
Gestures and movements are nonverbal
communication styles that are essential in
conveying the message and connecting with
your audience.
Four effective gestures are the following:
Descriptive Gestures
* Are used to describe something, or compare
or contrast
* Using your hands to show the shape, the size,
the movement, etc.
Emphatic Gestures
*Use body to show emotions while you speak.
*Example is when a speaker is sad, he bows his
head, or make a fist when he is angry.
Suggestive Gestures
*Are used to show mood or expression
*Opening your hands to say “Welcome.”
*Crossing arm or shrugging
Prompting Gestures
* Prompt the audience to do something like
raising your hand or jumping on spot
Importance of Building Rapport with the
Audience in Speech Delivery
Rapport, pronounced as “rapor”, is the trust
and connection that a speaker builds with his
audience. Rapport is essential, most especially,
if you want your listener to believe to an idea, to
a new concept, or to have a change of thought.

According to a keynote speaker Peter Dhu

(2016), there are nine tips to quickly build
rapport with your audience.
1. Have an accommodating body
language.
2. Use a slow paced of speech and use
pauses rather than “uhms” and “ahs”.
3. Talk to the audience and what you hope
to give them.
4. Listen to the audience.
5. Reveal that you experienced sufferings.
6. Give more than expected.
7. Manage your audience’sexpectations.
8. Learn more about your audience.
9. Manage your audience’s energy