Speech Acts  Shows speakers attitude toward
a situation
 Acts done by saying them.
Illocutionary Acts
 The acting part of the Speech
Act.
 Action done by saying something
Categories of Illocutionary
Acts
 Assertives
 Directives
 Commissives
 Expressives
 Declaratives
Assertives
 Commit the speaker to the
truthfulness of a condition
 Speaker asserts, concludes or
swears that something is true.
Directives
 Attempts the listener to do
something.
 Command, request, begs,
invites, pleads
Commissives
 Commit the speaker to a future
action as when the speaker
guarantees, pledges, assures,
swears, or promises to do
something.
Expressives
 Apologizing for something that
was commited, Congratulating
someone, Thanking someone for
something, Comforting someone
Declaratives
 Making something true by saying
it or make the speaker do
something by saying it.
Speech Styles
1.Frozen style
 Also known as fixed speech, it is
the highest form of
communicative style which is
often used in respectful
situations or formal ceremonies
like Shakespearean plays,
weddings, funerals, and more. It
uses the complex grammatical
sentence structure and
vocabulary that are only known
by experts in that field
2.Formal Style
 This type uses formal words and
expressions and is mostly seen in
writing rather than speaking. It
also disallows the use of ellipsis,
contractions, and qualifying
modal adverbials.
3.Consultative Style
 The third level of language. It is
basically unplanned speech since
the speaker uses the
participation and feedback of
the listener. The speaker will
supply background information,
while again, the listener
participates continuously
 4. Casual Style
 Also known as informal style, it is
usually used between, friends, or
even insiders who have things to
share. In this type, there is a free
and easy participation of both
speaker and listener.
5. Intimate Style
 The last type is used in talks
between two very close
individuals. It is described by an
economy of words, with a high
chance of nonverbal
communication. Like casual,
there is also a free and easy
participation of both speaker
and listener.
Communicative Strategies
1.Nomination
Speaker carries to collaboratively
and productively establish a
topic. Basically, when you
employ this strategy, you try to
open a topic with the people you
are talking to.
2.Restriction
Refers to any limitation you may have
as a speaker. On some cases of
communication, there's instructions
that must be followed. Those
instructions confine you as a speaker
and limit what you can say
3. Turn-taking
Pertains to the process by which people
decides who take the conversational
floor. Primarily, the idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak
4. Topic Control
Covers how procedural formality or
informality affects the development of
topic in conversation
5. Topic Shifting
Involves moving from one topic to
another. It is where one part of a
conversation ends and where another
begins
6. Repair
Refers to how speaker address the
problems in speaking, listening and
comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation
7. Termination
Refers to the conversation participants'
close initiating expressions that end a
topic in a conversation
Impromptu Speeches
Suppose while attending your best
friend's wedding, the guests begin
chanting your name followed by the
words 'Speech, Speech, Speech!'
Frightened at the possibility of having
leftover prime rib thrown in your
direction, your first thought is to hide
behind a potted plant. After all, it is
your friend's wedding and you are the
best man, so you reluctantly get on
stage and begin yapping. You might talk
about your friendship, his many former
girlfriends, all of which you liked, his
wife's mother and her facial mole, and
the nasty creamed spinach that was
served with dinner.
Pat yourself on the back! You just
performed an impromptu speech. This
is a speech that has no advanced
planning or practice. Reflecting back on
your speech, you are probably thinking
about what you could have done
better. Your black eye may very well be
the catalyst for your regret in making
 those word choices. Well, lucky for you,
if you are ever asked to speak before a
crowd without advanced notice again,
here are a few tips you can use:

 Think for a second about what you are

going to say.
 Keep your points brief and to the point.
 Take a few seconds between thoughts
to compose yourself.
If you take your time and think about
what you would like to say, you
probably will never put your foot in
your mouth again. Some speeches play
it a little safer. They are a combination
of a researched speech and an off-the-
cuff speech.

Extemporaneous Speeches
This speech involves the speaker's use
of notes and some embellishment to
deliver a speech. a speaker who uses
this method would have note cards or
prompts that guide him from point to
point, but he uses his own words as he
goes along. What makes this different
than an impromptu speech is that he
has a loose guideline for his speech. He
did not memorize anything; he just
used cues to know where to go next.

There are advantages and

disadvantages to this type of speech.
For one, the audience will think you are
a genius. You used few notes and
appeared to know everything about the
topic. But this is not something that can
be done quickly. The same fact finding
and research used for other types of
speeches must be used here. The
speaker also must rehearse this speech
for timing, rhythm and flow. Now, if
shooting from the hip is not your style,
you may want to consider reading your
speech.