THE DIFFERENT SPEECH STYLES Speech Acts:

1. Frozen Speech act theory broadly explains these utterances:

It is the most formal communicative style that is usually
used during respectful events and ceremonies. It also 1 .Locutionary act :saying something (the locution)
used when one shows hesitation, disinterest or prejudice.
with a certain meaning in traditional sensecomprise
Frozen speech is used generally in a very formal setting,
simply the speech acts that have taken place.Two
does not require any feedback from the audience, most
formal communicative style for respectful situations. types of locutionary act :

EXAMPLE: Pledges, anthems, marriage ceremonies, utterance acts: where something is said (or a sound
laws, etc. is made) and which may not have any meaning ,

2. Intimate example: Oh! -is an utterance (communication is not

For very close relationships like couples, family, and best intended -it is just a sound caused by surprise .)
friends. It is also used for self-addressed questions or
self-talk, etc. Intimate speech is used in conversation
propositional acts: where a particular reference is
between people who are very close and know each other
quite well because they have the maximum of shared made
background information.
Example: ”The black cat ” (something is referenced,
EXAMPLES: Couple talking about their future plans, but no communication may be intended
family sharing ideas, very close friends sharing
secrets, etc. 2.llocutionary acts: are the real actions which are
performed by the utterance, where saying equals
3. Formal doing, as in betting, believe , dare, warning.etc .
Formal speeches are straightforward speeches. In this
speech style, the speaker avoids using slang terminologies,
Example:”I promise to pay you back”-is an
what the speaker says is something that has been
prepared beforehand, its complex sentence and noun illocutionary act (it intends to communicate..)The
phrases are well structured, logically sequenced and illocutionary force is the speaker's intent. A true
strongly coherent. 'speech act .'e.g. informing, ordering, warning,
undertaking.
EXAMPLES: Announcements, SONA, welcome
addresses, etc. 3.Perlocutionary acts: Speech acts that have an
effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either
4. Casual
the speaker or the listener. In other words, they
This is an informal communication between groups and
seek to change minds
peers. Casual style is used in conversation between
friends and insiders who have something to share and
have shared background information but don’t have close Example: “Please find the black cat ”-is a directive
relations. perlocutionary act (it seeks to change behaviour).

EXAMPLES: phone calls, everyday conversation with

friends, chats, etc.

5. Consultative
This is used in semi-formal communication, sentences end
to be shorter and spontaneous, the speaker does not
usually plan what he/she wants to say, most operational
among others.

EXAMPLES: regular classroom discussions, doctor-

patient, etc.

Types of Communicative Strategy
1. Nomination 
 A speaker carries out nomination to
collaboratively and productively establish a
topic. Basically, when you employ this
strategy, you try to open a topic with the
people you are talking to.
 presenting a particular topic clearly,
truthfully, and saying only what is relevant
 It is a strategy that can also be applied any
time during the course of an interaction as
a way of continuing the communication.
When this strategy is used, the topic is
introduced in a clear and truthful manner,
stating only what is relevant to keep the
interaction focused.
Examples:
o "Do you have anything to say?"
o "Have you heard the news about the
prettiest girl in school?"
o "Now, it’s your turn to ask questions."
o "Does that make sense to you?"
2. Restriction
 Restriction in communication refers to any
limitation you may have as a speaker. 
 constraining the response or reaction
within a set of categories
 strategy that constrains or restricts the
Response of the other person involved in
the Communication Situation. The Listener
is forced to respond only within a set of
categories that is made by the Speaker.
Examples:
o In your class, you might be asked by
your teacher to brainstorm on peer
pressure.
o When you were asked to deliver a
speech in a specific language. 
3. Turn-Taking
 Turn-taking pertains to the process by
which people decide who takes the
conversational floor. There is a code of
behaviour behind establishing and
sustaining a productive conversation, but
the primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak.
 recognizing when and how to speak
because it is one’s turn
 requires that each Speaker speaks only
when it is his/ her turn during interaction.
Knowing when to talk depends on watching
out for the verbal and nonverbal cues that
signal the next Speaker that the previous
Speaker has finished or the topic under
discussion has been exhausted and a new
topic may be introduced. At the same time,
it also means that others should be given
the opportunity to take turn. Turn-taking
Communicative Strategy uses either an
informal approach (just jump in and start
talking) or a formal approach (permission
to speak is requested).
Example:
o Can we all listen to the one who talk in
front of us?  movement is to end the communication.
o "Excuse me? I think we should speak
one at a time, so we can clearly
understand what we want to say about
the topic."
o "Go on with your ideas. I'll let you finish
first before I say something."
4. Topic Control
 Topic control covers how procedural
formality and informality affects the
development of topics in conversation. This
only means that when a topic is initiated, it
should be collectively developed by
avoiding unnecessary interruptions and
topic shifts.
 keeping the interaction going by asking
questions and eliciting a response
 This is simply a question-answer formula
that moves the discussion forward. This
also allows the Listener or other
participants to take turns, contribute ideas,
and continue the discussion.
Example:
o "One of the essential lessons I gained
from the discussion is the importance
of sports and wellness to a healthy
lifestyle."
5. Topic Shifting
 Topic shifting, as the name suggests,
involves moving from one topic to another.
In other words, it is where one part of a
conversation ends and where begins. 
 introducing a new topic followed by the
continuation of that topic
 strategy that is useful in introducing
another topic. This strategy works best
when there is follow-through so that new
topic continues to be discussed.
Examples:
o "By the way, there's a new shop
opening at the mall"
o “In addition to what you said about the
beautiful girl is that she is also smart."
6. Repair
 Repair refers to how speaker address the
problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in
a conversation. 
 overcoming communication breakdown to
send more comprehensible messages
Examples:
o "Excuse me, but there are 5 Functions
of Communication not 4."
o "I'm sorry, the word should be
pronounced as pretty not priti."
7. Termination
 Termination refers to the conversation
participants’ close-initiating expressions
that end a topic in a conversation. 
 using verbal and nonverbal signals to end
the interaction
 ends the interaction through verbal and
nonverbal Messages that both Speaker
and Listener send to each other.
Sometimes the Termination is quick and
short. Sometimes it is prolonged by
clarification, further questions, or the
continuation of the topic already discussed,
but the point of the language and body
Examples:
o "Best regards to your parents! See you
around!
o “It was nice meeting you. Bye!"
o "That is all for today class, goodbye!"