LESSON 9
Remember that regardless of the         7. Termination – It refers to the conversation participants’
 COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES 
These are plans, ways or means of sharing information that is
adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or
linguistic purpose.
Managing a conversation begins with a topic. Participants,
thereafter, take turns in sharing their ideas and opinions on the
topic. During the discussion, participants may veer away from the
topic, monopolize the discussion, or bring on another topic. Most
people; however, restrict the discussion to the topic.
1. Nomination – Speakers carry collaboratively and
productively to establish a topic. Basically, when you
employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the
people you are talking to. Presenting a particular topic
clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant.
Good topic nomination helps prevent communication
breakdown. Several forms or expressions can be used
for topic nomination:
Example: Let’s talk about…, I would like to talk about…
2. Restriction – Refers to any limitation you may have as
a speaker. In some cases of communication, there are
instructions that must be followed. Those instructions
confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
Constraining the response or reaction within a set of
categories.
Example: That arrest move was a disaster waiting to happen.
Do you agree?
3.  Turn-Taking – Pertains to the process by which
people decide who takes the conversational floor.
Primarily, the idea is to give all communicators a
chance to speak. Recognizing when and how to speak
because it is one’s turn. To acknowledge others, you
may employ visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step
back, and you could accompany these signals with
spoken cues such as “What do you think? or “You
wanted to say something?”
Example: May I have the floor, Sir? The topic under discussion
is the state of the Philippine
economy today.  informative speech may focus on the following: giving
4. Topic Control – Covers how procedural formality or
informality affects the development of the topic in
conversations.
formality of the context, topic control is achieved
cooperatively. This only means that when a topic is
initiated, it should collectively develop by avoiding
unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. Use minimal
responses like “yes”, “okay”, and “go on”; or tag
questions.
Example: How do you often ride the MRT, Tony? 
Remember, suggesting or agreeing on a topic is called nomination;
excluding all other topics is restriction. Sticking on the topic
throughout the discussion is topic control, while going from one
topic to another is topic shifting. 
III. LEARNING CONTENT (continuation)
 COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
These are plans, ways, or means of sharing information that is
adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or
linguistic purpose.  speaker; touching or tapping the hand or shoulder of the next
Managing a conversation begins with a topic. Participants,
thereafter, take turns in sharing their ideas and opinions on the
topic. During the discussion, participants may veer away from the
topic, monopolize the discussion, or bring on another topic. Most
people; however, restrict the discussion to the topic.
5. Topic Shifting – As the name suggests, involves moving from
one topic to another. In other words, it is where one part of a
conversation ends and where another begins. When shifting from
one topic to another, you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that
the previous topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate
views. You may also use effective conversational transitions to
indicate a shift like “by the way”. “In addition to what you said”.
Example: “By the way, there’s a new shop opening at the
mall.”
6. Repair – It refers to how speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in
a conversation. Overcoming communication breakdown to send
more comprehensible messages.
Example: “Excuse me, but there are 5 functions of
communication not 4.”
close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.
Using verbal and nonverbal signals to end the interaction.
Examples: “Let me end by saying…”, “In conclusion…”
Example: “That is all for today's class, goodbye!”
Remember, verbal cues for turn-taking may be mentioned when
the current speaker asks a question; or when the current speaker
trails off, giving a cue for another to take over; or when the current
speaker indicates that he/she is finished talking as when he says,
“That’s all!” Sometimes, when a person wants to take a turn,
he/she speaks louder than the current speaker. Overlapping is
frowned upon in most cultures. Age, sex, and education also
determine who talks first in some cultures.
Nonverbal cues for turn-taking may include a nod to the next by
the current speaker; or an extended open hand directed to the
speaker; raised eyebrows calling for answer. 
Just like any process, communication can be done properly and
successfully using strategies that promote clarity and
understanding. You can improve your communication skills by
applying the above-mentioned strategies.
LESSON 11
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPEECHES
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
The four basic types of speech according to purpose: to inform, to
instruct, to entertain, and to persuade. These are not mutually
exclusive of one another. You may have several purposes of a
speech that will generally fall into one of four basic types. The
purpose of a speech to inform is to deliver a clear understanding of
the information on a specific topic. The speaker, as the source of
details, makes the audience listen, understand, and remember
certain ideas. 
1. INFORMATIVE - This speech serves to provide
interesting and useful information to your audience. An
instructions, explaining a process, describing an object
or idea, and clarifying a concept. At the end of the
speech, the audience should be able to present a
balanced view of the topic.
Example: A teacher telling students about earthquakes.
Informative Speech also known as expository speech, it explains,
describes and clarifies an object, a process, and an idea.  There are
several ways to organize the body of an expository speech.
Depending on the speaker’s objective, an informative speech may
be presented with the following methods of organization.
1.  Chronological/Sequential Order – Ideas are
organized according to the time they occurred; details
are explained through a step-by-step procedure.
2.  Climatic Order – Information is arranged according to
each point’s importance.
3.  Topic Order – Details are presented from points to
sub points or topics to subtopics.  entertaining speech.
4.  Spatial Order – Ideas are organized from the physical
structure or location of the object; it is usually used for
descriptions.  information. The speech allows the audience to enjoy
III. LESSON CONTENT (continuation)
- PERSUASIVE SPEECH - A persuasive speech works to
convince people to change in some way: they think about the way
they do something that they are not currently doing. The speech to
persuade is done not only to inform but also to acquire approval
and agreement from the audience. The speaker convinces and
influences the audience to think, believe and/or act from his/her
standpoint. This is achieved through the adoption of the speaker’s
perspective using his information, facts, ideas, and details. A
persuasive speech may provide emphasis on the following: giving
facts, altering belief, and urging the audience to act.  As it is planned and practiced, this speech delivery has
example: Improve your health through better eating.
In a persuasive speech, logical reasoning, emotional appeal to the
audience, and the credibility of the speaker are three important
characteristics to establish a convincing speech. Logical reasoning,
also known as logos, is creating an argument based on the gathered
evidence. Emotional appeal or pathos creates a feeling of empathy
on the part of the audience; it arouses strong emotions such as
anger, sadness, joy, or shame. Lastly, the credibility of the speaker
or ethos pertains to the trustworthiness that the audience attributes
to the speaker, thus, making the listeners accept what the speaker
says.
As the speaker’s objective is to convince and influence the
audience, the following are some of the ways to develop a
persuasive speech:
1.  Problem-Solution Order – Information is organized
by presenting a problem and offering several solutions.
2. Comparative Advantage Method – Two details are
presented that highlight one idea as more beneficial
than the other.
3. Statement of Reasons method – ideas are organized
with a thesis statement followed by supporting reasons;
a deductive approach where the listeners are led from
general to specific information.
III. LESSON CONTENT (continuation)
ENTERTAINING SPEECH 
 The after-dinner speech is a typical example of an
 The speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment that make
the audience laugh or identify with anecdotal
the presentation through humor and relaxation. In the
same way, the speaker provides a certain point of view
on a particular subject perhaps in a lighter manner.
Example: Things you wouldn’t know without the movies.
Here are some tips to consider in giving an entertaining
speech:
1. SET THE TONE
2. STRUCTURE IS STILL IMPORTANT
3. ENGAGE THE AUDIENCE
4. USE SIMPLE LANGUAGE
5. A MEMORABLE ENDING IS A WAY TO GO
LESSON 14
Delivering a speech to inform, persuade, or entertain can be
accomplished through four different methods: reading from a
manuscript, memorized, impromptu, and extemporaneous. 
A prepared text is read from a manuscript; a memorized
speech, on the other hand, is made without a script. An
impromptu speech is given on the spot or without preparation;
an extemporaneous speech is prepared with outline as guide.
Each type of delivery of speech has advantages and
disadvantages according to the need and the situation.
 A read from manuscript speech is a delivery method
where the speaker primarily relies on a written text. It
may be an original work of the individual or a ready-
made script for presentation. This type of speech
delivery can be successful if appropriate care is taken in
the wording of the speech. However, the formal tone
and formal language of a manuscript speech may result
in lack of spontaneity in responding to the audience’s
questions; reading also requires careful attention to the
script.
 A memorized speech is delivered word for word. This
method can bring out the best of the speaker as it
appears to be delivered naturally. On the other hand,
giving a memorized speech is time consuming since it
requires practice. 
 With little or no preparation is the method of
an impromptu speech. Having no preparation can be
an advantage and a disadvantage. If the subject is
familiar to the speaker, it creates spontaneity. However,
it can become disorganized and incoherent if the
speaker is unfamiliar with the subject.
 Delivered with an outline or speech guide,
the extemporaneous speech is the best method of all.
the advantages of a memorized and an impromptu
speech, more polished, spontaneous, and credible in the
eyes of his/her audience. However, this type demands
the speaker’s time for preparation and practice.
LESSON 15
 THE SPEECH WRITING PROCESS
Just like events planning, or any other activities, writing an
effective speech follows certain steps or processes. The process for
writing is not chronological or linear; rather, it is recursive. That
means you have the opportunity to repeat a writing procedure
indefinitely, or produce multiple drafts first before you can settle
on the right one. 
SOME GUIDELINES IN SPEECH WRITING
 Keep your words short and simple. Your speech is
meant to be heard by your audience, not read. 
  Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words because  Body of Speech  Ethics
they can confuse your audience. o Provides explanations, examples, or any  Knowledge
 Make your speech more personal. Use the personal details that can help you deliver your  Preparation
pronoun “I,” but take care not to overuse it. -When you purpose and explain the main idea of your
need to emphasize collectivism with your audience, use speech.  Self-Confidence
the personal pronoun “we.”
 Use active verbs and contractions because they add to  Conclusion
ETHICS: AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
the personal and conversational tone of your speech.
o Restates the main idea of the speech.
 Be sensitive to your audience. Be very careful with
o Provides a summary, emphasizes the  Use more than one source for speech
your language, jokes, and nonverbal cues.
message, and calls for action.  Use a variety of sources
 Use metaphors and other figures of speech to o Aims to leave the audience with a
effectively convey your point.   Avoid using language identical to original author
memorable statement.
 Manage your time well; make sure that the speech falls  Cite sources prior to quoting a source
under the time limit  Always identify your sources
 EDITING/REVISING  Give credit to originator of ideas
SELECTING A TOPIC
Involves correcting errors in mechanics, such as grammar, SYMPTOMS OF SPEECH ANXIETY
Choose a topic which you’re interested in. punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, and others.

 Vocal Changes
1. Narrowing down a topic LESSON 16
o Making your main idea more specific.  Fluency problems
2. Data gathering
“All great speakers were bad speakers at first.” – Ralph Waldo  Dryness in mouth and throat
Emerson
o Collecting ideas, information, sources, and  Tense facial expressions
references relevant and related to the topic.  Random gestures
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
 Body movements
 Nonvisible symptoms
WRITING PATTERNS  Articulation – You must fully open your mouth in
order to distinctly enunciate the different words.
TREATING SPEECH ANXIETY
1. Biographical presents descriptions of the life of a  Modulation – Modulating the voice or varying it. A
person speaker should vary the speech in order to strengthen or
2. Categorical/Topic presents related categories reinforce the message.  Select a topic you enjoy and know.
supporting the topic.
3. Casual presents cause-effect relationship.  Be prepared and know your audience.
4. Chronological presents the idea in time and order.  Stage Presence – When we talk about the stage  Be confident.
5. Comparison/Contrast presents comparison and presence, it involves the speaker's appearance,  Think positively.
contrast. projection, and manner on the stage. To procure stage
6. Problem  solution presents an identified problem, its presence, the speaker ought to talk confidently and  Practice.
causes and recommended solutions. deliver the speech wholeheartedly.  Don’t give up.
 Facial Expressions – The speaker ought to ensure that  Realize that everyone feels this way.
his/her facial expressions do not contradict his/her
PREPARING AN OUTLINE verbal message.
 Gestures and Movements – The speaker ought to not
be as still as a log. He/ She must move. The movements
 Outline – is a hierarchical list that shows the ought to signal the transition from one idea to what is
relationship of your ideas. the proceeding or the next.
 Rapport with the Audience – Building rapport is
 Introduction defined as engaging with the audience and connecting
o Foundation of the speech. with them. Have eye contact, speak naturally, and relate
with the audience. 
o Here, the goal is to get the attention of the
audience and present the subject or main
idea of your speech. QUALITIES OF EFFECTIVE SPEAKERS
 Pagkatapos ng Kolonyalistang Espanyol, dumating naman ang
mga Amerikano sa pamumuno ni Almirante Dewey.
Nagsimula nanaman ang pakikibaka ng mga Pilipino. Lalong
nagbago ang sitwasyong pangwika ng Pilipinas dahil nadagdag
ang wikang Ingles na nagkaroon ng malaking kaugnayan sa
buhay ng mga Pilipino.

Si George Dewey ay isang almirante ng Hukbong Dagat

ng Estados Unidos na nakilala sa kanyang tagumpay ng mga
hukbong Pilipino at Amerikano sa Labanan sa Maynila (na
walang namatay na kahit isang buhay)noong 

Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano. Siya lamang ang nakatamo

ng titulong Almirante ng Hukbong Dagat sa
buong kasaysayan ng Estados Unidos. Ito ang pinaka-senyor
na ranggo sa Estados Unidos.

Wikang panturo sa panahon ng mga amerikano?

Ginamit ang wikang Ingles bilang wikang panturo nang

panahong iyon. Sa dinami-rami ng wika’t wikain sa Pilipinas
ay isang wikang dayuhan ang naging wikang panturo at ito rin
ang ginamit na wikang pantalastasan, Buhat sa antas
primary/a hanggang kolehiyo, Ingles ang naging wikang
pangturo.

Ito ang ilan sa mga naging impluwensya at naiambag ng mga

amerikano sa Pilipinas:

1. Libangan, musika at sayaw

• tugtuging jazz at swing, gayundin ang mga boogie-woogie,

fox-trot, charleston at rhumba ang nakagiliwan ng mga
pilipino galing sa mga amerikano

• Natutunan din natin ang paglalaro ng basketball, baseball,

football, boxing tennis at poker.

2. Wikang Ingles – natutunan natin ang wikang ito dahil ito

ang ginagamit na wikang panturo sa lahat ng paaralan.

3. Panitikan- Naisilang ang bagong anyo ng panitikan sa

wikang english kahit pa naglalahad ng saloobin at adhikaing
Pilipino.

4. Teatro- unti unting namatay ang zarzuela nang mauso ang

Hollywood at nahilig manood ang mga tao ng pelikulang
KOMUNIKASYON English

LINGGO 8 5. Pagkain- nahilig ang mga tao kumain ng sandwich, burger,

PANAHON NG MGA AMERIKANO mga pagkain may ketsup, hot dog, oatmeal at iba pa.
6. Sining – umunlad ang sining ng arkitektura, iskultura at
pagpipinta.
Pampublikong paaralan sa Pilipinas.
Si Jacob Schurman ay naniniwalang kailangan ng Ingles sa
edukasyong primary/a. Nagtakda ang komisyon ng Batas Blg.
74 noong Ika- 12 ng Marso,1901 na nagtatag ng mga paaralang
pambayan at nagpahayag na Ingles ang gagawing wikang
panturo.
Noong 1906, pinagtibay ang isang kurso sa wikang tagalog
para sa mga gurong amerikano at Pilipino sa panahon ng
bakasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Mga sundalo ang unang nagturo
ng Ingles at sumunod ang grupong kinilala bilang Thomasites.
Noong taong 1931, ang Bise Gobernador Heneral George Butte ay
nagpahayag ng kanyang panayam ukol sa paggamit ng bernakular
sa pagtuturo sa unang apat na taon sa pag-aaral. Siya ang rin ang
nagsabi na kailaman man hindi magiging wikang pambansa ng
mga Pilipino ang Ingles sapagkat hindi nila ito tahanan. Ayon kay
Lope K. Santos, ang wikang pambansa ay dapat ibatay sa isa sa
mga umiiral na wika sa Pilipinas.
Taong 1935 si Pangulong Manuel L. Quezon ay nagbibigay-daan
sa probisyong pangwika na nakasaad sa Artikulo XIV, Seksiyon 3
ng Saligang Batas ng 1935. Nilikha ang batas Komonwelt Blg. 184
na nagsasaad ng opisyal na naglikha sa surian ng Wikang
Pambansa Ipinalabas noong 1937 ni Pangulong Quezon ang
kautusan Tagapagpaganap Blg. 134 na nag-aatas na Tagalog ang
maggiging batayan ng wikang gagamitin sa pagbuo ng wikang
pambansa.
PANAHON NG MGA HAPONES
Noong panahon ng mga Hapones nagkaroon ng pagsulong ang
wikang pambansa. Sa pagnanais na burahin ang anumang
impluwensiya ng mga Amerikano, ipinagbawal ang paggamit ng
Ingles sa anumang aspekto ng pamumuhay ng mga Pilipino.
Maging ang paggamit ng lahat ng mga aklat at peryodiko tungkol
sa Amerika ay ipimagbawal din.
Ipinagamit nila ang katutubong wika, partikular ang wikang
Tagalog, sa pagsulat ng mga akdang pampanitikan. Masasabing ito
ang panahong namayagpag ang panitikang Tagalog.
Sa panahong ito ipinatupad nila ang Ordinansa Militar Blg. 13 na
nag-uutos na gawing opisyal na wika ang Tagalog at ang wikang
Hapones (Nihonggo). Upang maitaguyod din ang patakarang
militar ng mga Hapones pati narin ang propagandang pangkultura,
itinatag ang tinatawag na Philippine Executive Commision na
pinamumunuan ni Jorge Vargas. Nagpatupad ang komisyong ito ng
mga pangkalahatang kautusan buhat sa tinatawag na Japanese
Imperial Forces sa Pilipinas.
Pagkaraan ng limang buwang pananakop ng mga hapones ay
binuksan muli ang mga paaralang bayan sa lahat ng antas. Itinuro
sa lahat ang wikang Nihonggo.Ang nagsipagtapos ay binigyan ng
katibayan upang maipakita ang kanilang kakayahan sa wikang
Nihongo.Ang katibayan ay may tatlong uri: Junior, Intermediate at
Senior. Sa panahong ito ay isinilang ang KALIBAPI o Kapisanan
sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas.
PANAHON NG PAGSASARILI HANGGANG SA
KASALUKUYAN
Ito ang panahon ng libirasyon hanggang sa tayo ay magsarili
simula noong Hulyo 4, 1946. Pinagtibay rin na ang wikang opisyal
sa bansa ay Tagalog at Ingles sa bisa ng Batas Komonwelt Bilang
570.
Ito ang panahon ng pagbangon sa mga nasalanta ng digmaan. Dahil
bumabangon pa lamang ang Pilipinas nang mga panahon iyon,
sumentro sa mga gawaing pang ekonomiya ang mga Pilipino.
Naramdaman pa rin ang impluwensiyang pang ekonomiko at
panlipunan ng mga Amerikano. Maraming mga banyagang
kapitalista, na karamiha’y Amerikano, ang dumagsa sa ating bansa
Nakaapekto ito sa sistema ng ating edukasyong tumutugon sa
pangangailangan ng mga korporasyon at kompanya. Ito ang naging
sanhi ng pagkabantulot sa pagsulong, pag-unlad, at paggamit ng
wikang pambansa. Bagama’t ang mga pelikulang Pilipino at
komiks ay gumagamit ng wikang Pilipino, naging paboritong
midyum pa rin ang Ingles.
Noong Agosto 13, 1959 ay pinalitan ang tawag sa wikang
pambasa. Mula sa Tagalog ito ay naging Pilipino sa bisa ng
kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 7 ipinalabas ni Jose B. Romero
dating kalihim ng edukasyon. Nilagdaan naman ni kalihim
Alejandro Roces at nag-utos na simulan sa taong 1963-1964 na ang
sertipiko at diploma sa pagtatapos ay ipalimbag na sa wikang
Pilipino Noong 1963, ipinag-utos na awitin ang Pambansang Awit
sa titik nitong Pilipino. Ito ay batay sa kautusang Tagapagpaganap
Blg.  60. 1963 na nilagdaan ni Pangulong Diosdado Macapagal.
Nang umupo sa naman si Ferdinand E. Marcos bilang pangulo ng
Pilipinas inuutos niya, sa bisa ng kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg.
96 s. 1967 na ang lahat ng edipisyo, gusali at tanggapan ay
pangalanan sa Pilipino.
Noong Hunyo 19,1974, ang Kagawaran ng Edukasyon at Kultura
sa pamumuno ni Kalihim Juan L. Manuel ay naglabas ng
Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg.25s.1974 ng mga panuntunan sa
pagpapatupad ng patakarang Edukasyong Bilingguwal.
LINGGO 9
MGA SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA PILIPINAS
Malaki ang epekto ng mga pagbabagong dala ng panahon at ng
makabagong teknolohiya sa mga pagbabago rin sa kalagayan o
sitwasyon ng ating wika.
Nasaan na nga ba o ano na nga ba ang kalagayan ng wikang
Filipino sa ika-21 siglo sa iba't-ibang larangan?
Tara at ating sisirin...
• Ang telebisyon ang itinuturing na pinakamakapang-yarihang
media sa kasalukuyan.
•Naaabot nito maging malayong pulo ng bansa at maging ang mga
Pilipino sa ibang bansa.
•Wikang Filipino ang nangungunang midyum sa telebisyon kaya't
halos lahat ng mamamayan sa bansa ay nakakaunawa at
nakakapagsalita ng wikang Filipino.
•Ang mga palabas o programa ay sinusubaybayan ng halos lahat
ng milyong milyong manunuod.
•Habang dumarami ang manonood ng telebesyon, lalong
lumalakas ang hatak ng midyum na gumagamit dito sa mga
mamamayang Pilipino.
•Katulad ng telebisyon, Filipino rin ang nangungunang wika sa
radyo. Ang halos lahat ng mga estasyon sa radyo AM man o FM ay
gumagamit ng Filipino.
•Ang mga estasyon sa probinsya ay gumagamit ng rehiyonal na
wika ngunit kung may kapanayam sila ay karaniwan sa wikang
Filipino sila nakikipag-usap.
Sa dyaryo ay wikang ingles ang ginagamit sa broadsheet at wikang
Filipino naman sa tabloid.
•Bagamat mas maraming banyaga kaysa lokal na pelikula ang
naipalalabas sa ating bansa taon-taon, ang mga lokal na pelikulang
gumagamit ng midyum na Filipino ay mainit ding tinatangkilik ng
mga manonood.
•Ingles ang kadalasang pamagat ng mga pelikulang Pilipino.
•Filipino ang lingua franca o pangunahing wika ang ginagamit.
•Layuning makaakit ng mga manoood upang malibang sa kanilang
palabas.
FLIPTOP
•Ito ay pagtatalong oral na isinasagawa ng pa-rap. Nahahawig ito
sa balagtasan dahil ang mga salitang ginagamit ay magkakatugma.
Walang malinaw na paks.
•Ito ay pagtatalong oral na isinasagawa ng pa-rap. Nahahawig ito
sa balagtasan dahil ang mga salitang ginagamit ay magkakatugma.
Walang malinaw na paks.
•Sa Fliptop karaniwang panlalait ang ginagamit upang mas
makapuntos sa laban.
•Gumagamit ng di pormal na wika at walang nasusulat na iskrip.
Ang bawat kompetisyong tinatampukan ng dalawang kalahok ay
may tigtatlong round at ang panalo ay dinedesisyunan ng mga
hurado.
PICK-UP LINES
Sinasabing makabagong bugtong kung saan may tanong na
sinasagot ng isang bagay na madalas maiuugnay sa pag-ibig at iba
pang aspekto ng buhay.
Karaniwang Wikang Filipino ang ginagamit ngunit may
pagkakataon ring nasa wikang Ingles o kaya naman ay Taglish.
HUGOT LINES
Ang hugot lines ay tinatawag ding love lines o love quotes.
•Karaniwang nagmula sa linya ng ilang tauhan sa pelikula o
telebisyon na nagmarka sa puso’t isipan ng mga nanunuod.
•Minsan ay nakasulat sa Filipino subalit madalas ay Taglish.
TEXT
Kilala ang Pilipinas bilang?
Ang SMS (Short Messaging System) na kilala bilang text message o
text ay isang mahalagang bahagi ng komunikasyon sa ating bansa.
•Madalas binabago o pinapaikli ang baybay ng mga salita para
mas madali o mas mabilis itong mabuo.
•Uso rin sa text ang paggamit ng mga daglat bilang shortcut o
pagpapaikli ng mga parirala lalo na sa Ingles.
SOCIAL MEDIA AT INTERNET
•Filipino ang madalas na ginagamit sa social media, karaniwan din
ang paggamit ng code switching sa pagpapahayag gayundin ang
pagpapaikli ng mga salita.
Naglalaman ng mga sumusunod:
•Impormasyon sa iba’t ibang sangay ng pamahalaan.
•Mga akdang pampanitikan
•Resipi
•Awitin
•Rebyu ng pelikulang Pilipino
•Gumagamit rin ng Filipino kapag nag iindorso ng produkto sa
mga mamamayang Pilipino.
Pamahalaan
Sa bisa ng atas tagapagganap Blg. 335, serye ng 1988 na “nag aatas
sa lahat ng mga kagawaran, kawanihan, opisina, ahensya, at
instrumentality ng pamahalaan na magsagawa ng mga hakbang na
kailangan para sa layuning magamit ang Filipino sa opisyal na mga
transaksiyon, komunikasyon at korespondensiya,”
Maging sa mga opisyal na pagdinig sa pamahalaan ay wikang
Filipino rin ang ginagamit subalit hindi naiiwasan ang Code
Switching lalo na sa mga salitang teknikal na walang katumbas sa
wikang Filipino.
EDUKASYON
Sa K hanggang grade 3 ay unang wika ang gagamitin bilang
panturo.
Sa mataas na antas ay nananatiling bilinggwal ang wikang panturo.
(Filipino at Ingles)
Sa mas mataas na antas ay nananatiling bilinguwal kung saan
ginagamit ang wikang Ingles bilang mga wikang panturo.
LINGGO 10
KAKAYAHANG PANGKOMUNIKATIBO
Si Dell Hathaway Hymes ay isang mahusay, kilala, at
maimpluwensyang lingguwista at anthropologist. Mula sa kanyang
mga pag-aaral ipinakilala niya ang konsepto ng kakayahang
pangkomunikatibo o communicative competence na nakaapekto
nang malaki sa mundo ng linguwistika.
Kinilala sa Dell Hymes bilang sociolinguist, anthropological
linguist at linguistic anthropologist:
SOCIOLINGUIST – Pinag-aaralan kung paano nakaaapekto ang
wika sa tao. Sa kanyang edad, kasarian, paniniwala etc.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUIST – Pinag-aaralan ang
relasyon ng wika at kultura.
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGIST – Pinag-aaralan kung
paano natututunan ang kultura gamit ang wika.
AYON KAY DELL HATHAWAY HYMES, KAILANGAN NG
MAAYOS AT MABISANG PARAAN NG PAKIKIPAG-USAP
SA IBA UPANG MAGKAROON NG MALINAW NA DALOY
NG KOMUNIKASYON.
HINDI SAPAT NA MARUNONG KA LANG SA
LINGGUWAHE AT MARUNONG KANG MAGSALITA,
DAPAT ALAM MO RIN KUNG PAANO ISAAYOS ANG
PAKIKIPAG-USAP.
Ipinakilala naman ni Noam Chomsky ang Linguistic Competence
noong 1965.
Sa pagtuturo at pagkatuto ng wika, hindi sapat na matutuhan lang
ang mga tuntuning pang gramatika. Ang pangunahing layunin sa
pagtuturo ng wika ay magamit ito ng wasto sa mga angkop na
sitwasyon upang maging maayos ang komunikasyon, maipahatid
ang tamang mensahe, at magkaunawaan nang lubos ang dalawang
taong nag-uusap. Kapag umabot na rito, masasabing ang taong ito
ay nagtataglay na ng kakayahang pangkomunikatibo
o communicative competence at hindi na lang basta kakayahang
lingguwistiko o gramatikal kaya naman, siya ay maituturing na isa
nang mabisang komyunikeytor.
ANO NGA BA ANG KAKAYAHANG
SOSYOLINGGUWISTIKO.
Maiuugnay natin ito sa COMPETENCE at PERFORMANCE
- Sa kontekstong pangwika kapag sinabi nating competence - ito ay
tumutukoy sa kakayahan o kaalaman mo tungkol sa wika. Sa
performance naman ay tumutukoy sa kung paano mo ginagamit
ang wika.
KAKAYAHANG PANGKOMUNIKATIBO
(KAKAYAHANG LINNGUWISTIKO O GRAMATIKAL)
✔   Kakayahang Gramatikal Ayon kina Canale at Swain, ito ay ang
pag-unawa at paggamit sa kasanayan sa ponolohiya, morpolohiya,
sintaks, semantika, gayundin ang mga tuntuning pang-ortograpiya.
✔   Kakayahang Gramatikal Ang komponent na ito ay magbibigay
kakayahan sa taong nagsasalita upang magamit ang kaalamn at
kasanayan sa pag- unawa at pagpapahayag sa literal na kahulugan
ng mga salita.
✔   Mungkahing Komponent ng Kakayahang Lingguwistiko o
Kakayahang Gramatikal (Celce- Murcia, Dornyei, at Thurell –
1995)
▪ Konotasyon – pansariling pagpapakahulugan
▪ Denotasyon – Mismong kahulugan ng isang salita
HAL. BUWAYA
Denotasyon – Isang mabangis na hayop
P (PARTICIPANT) - Ang taong kausap
E (ENDS) - Ito ang layunin o pakay sa pakikipag-usap.
Nakadepende sa ang tono sa kung ano ang motibo.
A (ACT SEQUENCE) - Tumutukoy sa takbo ng usapan. Dapat
maging sensitibo kung saan na patungo ang takbo ng usapan.

K (KEYS) - Ito naman ay tumutukoy sa tono ng usapan.

1. SAPAT NA BA NA MARUNING KANG MAGSALITA NG Konotasyon – Kurakot, gahaman
Huwag pasigaw o ikaw na lamang ang nakakarinig ng sinasabi
WIKA? mo.
Kolokasyon – pagtatambal ng mga salita
1. SAPAT BA NA MARUNONG KANG GUMAMIT NG I (INSTRUMENTALITIES) - Ito ang tsanel o midyum na
MGA TUNTUNING GRAMATIKA AT BALARILA? HAL. Hanapbuhay, pusong-mamon gagamitin mo.

3. O KAYA DI NAMAN AY MAY KAKAYAHANG N (NORMS) - Paksa ang usapan. Mga paksang hindi pwedeng
KOMUNIKATIBO KA KUNG NAIPAPABATID MO NG Ponolohiya o Palatunugan pag-usapan basta-basta.
MAHUSAY ANG MENSAHE SA IYONG KAUSAP?
Segmental G (GENRE) - Tumutukoy sa diskursong gagamitin. Dapat
MUNGKAHING KOMPONENT NG KAKAYAHANG angkop ito para mas maunawaan ng kausap mo ang iyong nais
LINGGUWISTIKO O KAKAYAHANG GRAMATIKAL iparating.
Katinig, patinig, tunog

Sintaks (pagsasama-sama ng mga salita upang makabuo ng Suprasegmental LINGGO 12

pangungusap na may kahulugan.)
KAKAYAHANG PANGKOMUNIKATIBO NG MGA
Diin, intonasyon, hinto PILIPINO (KAKAYAHANG PRAGMATIK)
▪ Estruktura ng pangungusap Pagtukoy sa kahulugan ng sitwasyong sinasabi, di-sinasabi, at
ikinikilos ng taong kausap
Ortograpiya
▪ Tamang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga salita
Kung ang isang tao ay may kakayahang pragmatik natutukoy nito
▪ Mga grafema (titik at di-titik) ang kahulugan ng mensaheng sinasabi at di-sinasabi, batay sa
▪ Uri ng pangungusap ayon sa gamit (pasalaysay, patanong, pautos,
ikinikilos ng taong kausap.
padamdam)
Gamit ng wika sa mga kontekstong panlipunan at kung paano
▪ Pantig at palapantigan
lumilikha at nakauunawa ng kahulugan ang tao sa pamamagitan ng
▪ Uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian (payak, tambalan, wika. (Yule, 1996)
hugnayan, langkapan) ▪ Tuntunin sa pagbaybay
ALBERT MEHRABIAN
▪ Tuldik
Morpolohiya (mahahalagang bahagi ng salita tulad ng iba’t ibang
7% - SALITANG ATING BINIBIGKAS
bahagi ng pananalita)
▪ Mga bantas
38% TONO NG SALITA
▪ Iba’t ibang bahagi ng pananalita

▪ Prosesong derivational at inflectional LINGGO 11 55% GALAW NG ATING KATAWAN

(KAKAYAHANG SOSYOLINGGUWISTIKO) Pagpaparating ngmensaheng ninanais – kasama ang lahat ng

▪ Pagbubuo ng salita
Leksikon (mga salita o bokabularyo)
▪ Pagkilala sa mga content words o function words
(KAKAYAHANG SOSYOLINGGUWISTIKO)
MGA DAPAT ISAALANG-ALAN UPANG MAGKAROON
NG MABISANG PAKIKIPAGTALASTASAN.
S (SETTING) - Lugar kung saan nag-uusap ang dalawang tao.
iba pang kahulugan – sa anumang kontekstong sosyo-kultural.
(Fraser, 2010)
Tumutukoy sa kaalaman kung paano naiuugnay ang wika sa
sitwasyon na pinaggagamitan nito. (Chomsky)
Ayon kay Badayos at mga kasama (2010), ang pragmatiks ay
kinapapalooban ng tatlong pangkalahatang kakayahan sa
komunikasyon:
1. Ang gamit ng wika sa iba’t ibang layunin gaya ng pagbati,
pagbibigay impormasyon, pagnanais, paghiling, at pagbibigay
pangako.
2. Paghiram o pagbabago ng wikang gagamitin batay sa
pangangailangan o inaasahan ng tagapakinig at/o sitwasyon.
3. Ang paggamit ng tuntunin sa isang talastasan at mga
naratibong dulog gaya ng pagkukuwento, pagbibigay ng ulat,
at iba pa.
PE and HEALTH
WEEK 9 and 10
BENEFITS OF AEROBIC EXERCISES
With a good aerobic exercise program, a student will have:
1. an increased maximal oxygen consumption;
2. an improved cardiovascular function;
3. an improved cardiorespiratory function;
4. an increase of blood supply to the muscles and an increase in
the ability to use oxygen;
5. a lower heart rate and blood pressure with moderate
exercise;
6. lower levels of blood pressure (for people with high blood
pressure);
7. an increase in the threshold for accumulated lactic acid;
8. an increase in HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol);
9. an improvement in glucose tolerance and a reduction of
insulin resistance;
10. a decrease in blood triglycerides; and
11. a reduction of body parts.
AEROBIC STRENGTH CIRCUIT
Equipment: gym shoes (sneakers), sturdy chair or couch for
dips
Benefits: This exercise increases heart and cardiovascular
health, builds up strength, and tones major muscle groups.
Safety: Focus on proper form with each exercise to avoid
injury. Keep your heart rate at a moderate level throughout.
You should be able to carry on a brief conversation during this
exercise.
Duration and frequency: 15 to 25 minutes, 3 to 5 times per
week
This aerobic circuit is designed to get your heart rate up.
Perform the following strength exercises for 1 minute:
 squats
 lunges
 Push-ups
 dips
 torso twist
Then jog or march in place for 1 minute for your active rest.
This is one circuit. Repeat the circuit 2 to 3 times. You can rest
for up to 5 minutes between circuits. Cool down afterward with
some light stretching.
RUNNING OR JOGGING
Equipment: running shoes
Benefits: Running is one of the most effective forms of aerobic
exercise. It can improve heart health, burn fat and calories,
and lift your mood, just to name a few.
Safety concerns: Choose well-lit, populated running routes. Let
someone know where you’ll be.
Duration and frequency: 20 to 30 minutes, 2 to 3 times per
week
If you’re a beginner, run for 20 to 30 minutes twice a week.
Your pace should be conversational during the run. You can
alternate between 5 minutes of running and 1 minute of
walking to start. To stay injury-free, always stretch after your
run.
WALKING
Equipment: gym shoes (sneakers)
Benefits: Walking daily can reduce your risk of heart disease,
obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and depression.
Safety: Walk in well-lit and populated areas. Choose shoes that
offer good ankle support to reduce your risk for injury.
Duration and frequency: 150 minutes per week, or 30 minutes
5 days a week
If walking is your main form of exercise, aim to get 150
minutes per week. This can be broken down into 30 minutes of
walking 5 days a week. Or, walk briskly for 10 minutes at a
time, 3 times each day.
You can also use a fitness tracker to keep tabs on how many
steps you take each day. If your goal is to walk 10,000 steps a
day, start with your base (current amount you walk) and
slowly up your daily step count. You can do this by increasing
your daily steps by an extra 500 to 1,000 steps a day every 1 to
2 weeks.
So, once you’ve identified your base, add an extra 500 to 1,000
steps. Then, 1 to 2 weeks later, increase your daily step count
by an additional 500 to 1,000 steps.
WEEK 11 and 12
TYPES OF ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
Anaerobic exercise is any activity that breaks down glucose for
energy without using oxygen. Generally, these activities are of
short length with high intensity. The idea is that a lot of energy
is released within a small period of time, and your oxygen
demand surpasses the oxygen supply. Exercises and
movements that require short bursts of intense energy are
examples of anaerobic exercises.
Weightlifting
Jumping or jumping rope Sprinting
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) Biking
WEEK 13
THE BENEFITS:
If anaerobic exercise sounds like a lot of work, that’s because it
is. But the benefits that come with the intense fitness regime
are enough to make you want to power through your next
workout.
Anaerobic activity — like resistance training — can increase
the strength and density of your bones. This can also decrease
your risk of osteoporosis.
 Increases power - It can increase your power.
A 2008 study conducted on division 1A baseball
players found that players who did eight 20- to 30-
second wind sprints three days a week saw their
power increase by an average of 15 percent
throughout the season.
 Boosts metabolism - Anaerobic exercise helps boost
metabolism as it builds and maintains lean muscle.
The leaner muscle you have, the more calories you’ll
burn during your next sweat session. High-intensity
exercise is also thought to increase your post-
workout calorie burn.
 Increases lactic threshold - By regularly training
above your anaerobic threshold, the body can
increase its ability to handle lactic acid, which
increases your lactic threshold Trusted Source, or
the point at which you experience fatigue. That
means you’ll be able to work out harder, for longer.
 Fights depression - Need a pick-me-up? Studies
show that anaerobic exercise, like strength training,
can boost your mood Trusted Source and even fight
depression.
 Reduces risk of disease - Gains in strength and bone
density attained by high-intensity anaerobic
training, like bodyweight squats and pushups,
can reduce your risk for diabetes and heart disease.
 Protects joints - By building your muscle strength
and muscle mass, your joints will be better
protected, meaning you’ll have greater protection
against injury.
 Boosts energy - Consistent anaerobic exercise
increases your body’s ability to store glycogen (what
your body uses as energy), giving you more energy
for your next bout of intense physical activity. This
can improve your athletic ability
Takeaway - Anaerobic exercises push your body and lungs to
rely on energy sources stored in your muscles. The meaning of
the term translates to “without oxygen.”
 
WEEK 14
MUSCLE AND BONE- STRENGTHENING EXERCISES
Muscle- and bone-strengthening exercises, or strength training
exercises are exercises that, while at the first half of a person's
life, will produce increases in both muscle and bone strength.
Continued or executed at the latter part of a person's life (after
35 years of age and older), these exercises serve to stop or slow
down the weakening or loss of muscles, and of the bones. Aside
from muscle and bone strength gains, strength training also
affects hormone health positively. Strength training is most
commonly seen as a weight-bearing activity. The exerciser can
use body weight or gym equipment to lift.
HOW YOUR BODY RESPONDS TO AEROBIC EXERCISE?
 During aerobic activity, you repeatedly move large
muscles in your arms, legs and hips. You'll notice
your body's responses quickly.
 You'll breathe faster and more deeply. This
maximizes the amount of oxygen in your blood.
Your heart will beat faster, which increases blood
flow to your muscles and back to your lungs.
 Your small blood vessels (capillaries) will widen to
deliver more oxygen to your muscles and carry away
waste products, such as carbon dioxide and lactic
acid.
 Your body will even release endorphins, natural
painkillers that promote an increased sense of well-
being.
WHAT AEROBIC EXERCISE DOES FOR YOUR HEALTH?
Regardless of age, weight or athletic ability, aerobic activity is
good for you. Aerobic activity has many health benefits, no
matter your age. As your body adapts to regular aerobic
exercise, you'll get stronger and fitter.
Consider the following 10 ways that aerobic activity can help
you feel better and enjoy life to the fullest.
Aerobic activity can help you:
1. Keep excess pounds at bay
o Combined with a healthy diet, aerobic
exercise helps you lose weight and keep it
off.
2. Increase your stamina, fitness and strength
o You may feel tired when you first start
regular aerobic exercise. But over the
long term, you'll enjoy increased stamina
and reduced fatigue.
o You can also gain increased heart and
lung fitness and bone and muscle strength
over time.
3. Ward off viral illnesses
 o Aerobic exercise activates your immune
system in a good way. This may leave you
less susceptible to minor viral illnesses,
such as colds and flu.
4. Reduce your health risks
o Aerobic exercise reduces the risk of many
conditions, including obesity, heart
disease, high blood pressure, type 2
diabetes, metabolic syndrome, stroke and
certain types of cancer.
o Weight-bearing aerobic exercises, such as
walking, help decrease the risk of
osteoporosis.
5. Manage chronic conditions
o Aerobic exercise may help lower blood
pressure and control blood sugar. It can
reduce pain and improve function in
people with arthritis. It can also improve
the quality of life and fitness in people
who've had cancer. If you have coronary
artery disease, aerobic exercise may help
you manage your condition.
6. Strengthen your heart
o A stronger heart doesn't need to beat as
fast. A stronger heart also pumps blood
more efficiently, which improves blood
flow to all parts of your body.
7. Keep your arteries clear
o Aerobic exercise boosts your high-density
lipoprotein (HDL), the "good,"
cholesterol, and lowers your low-density
lipoprotein (LDL), the "bad," cholesterol.
This may result in less buildup of plaques
in your arteries.
8. Boost your mood
o Aerobic exercise may ease the gloominess
of depression, reduce the tension
associated with anxiety and promote
relaxation. It can also improve your sleep.
9. Stay active and independent as you age
o Aerobic exercise keeps your muscles
strong, which can help you maintain
mobility as you get older. Exercise can
also lower the risk of falls and injuries
from falls in older adults. And it can
improve your quality of life.
o Aerobic exercise also keeps your mind
sharp. Regular physical activity may help
protect memory, reasoning, judgment and
thinking skills (cognitive function) in
older adults. It may also improve
cognitive function in children and young
adults. It can even help prevent the onset
of dementia and improve cognition in
people with dementia.
10. Live longer  In aerobic, or “with oxygen” exercise, your muscles
o Studies show that people who participate have enough oxygen to produce the energy needed to
in regular aerobic exercise live longer perform. Anaerobic “without oxygen” exercise
than those who don't exercise regularly. means oxygen demand is greater than oxygen supply
They may also have a lower risk of dying and you can’t keep up with the energy your body is
of all causes, such as heart disease and demanding. This leads to lactate production and
certain cancers. eventually the cessation of exercise.
WEEK 15 and 16
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC EXERCISE
      -Aerobic exercises are endurance-type exercises that
increase a person’s heart rate and breathing rate over
relatively long durations. Anaerobic exercises are exercises
that involve short bursts of intense activity.
 Aerobic exercise produces energy using a continuous
supply of oxygen to sustain the current level of
activity without needing additional energy from
another source. But anaerobic exercise prompts
your body to demand more energy than your
aerobic system can produce. To produce more
energy, your body uses its anaerobic system, which
relies on energy sources stored in your muscles.
 Slower-paced exercises like jogging or endurance
cycling are examples of aerobic exercise. Fast-paced
workouts like sprinting, high-intensity interval
training (HIIT), jumping rope, and interval training
take the more intense approach of anaerobic
exercise.
 One easy way to remember the difference between
the two is the term “aerobic” means “with oxygen,”
while “anaerobic” means “without oxygen.”
Meaning, the difference between aerobic and
anaerobic exercise comes down to oxygen levels.
UCSP
LESSON 8
FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF STATE AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF STATE AND NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS

STATE INSTITUTION NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

Is an organized political community living under a single system of These are establishments which are not owned and controlled by the
government government.

FORMS OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS DESCRIPTIONS

BANKS The most basic form and sign of a society’s financial status of its bank.

There are many roles of the bank but the most basic role it has is the regulation of the flow the society’s flow of
money.
CORPORATIONS Is known as a body of people acting as a single entity

It is created by a group of shareholders who have ownership of the corporation

Usually set up to create profit to and provide returns for its shareholders.
COOPERATIVES Are associations owned by people who voluntarily cooperate with each other under the influence of their social,
economic and cultural benefits.

These cooperatives are typically owned by non-profit communities and business alike.

Created mainly for human to organized a mutual benefit for each other.
TRADE UNIONS Were organized by workers to share in a mutual benefit between members.

It also called labor unions

Are organization composed to workers and laborers who band together to protect the integrity of their trade, improve
safety standards of their work and achieve higher salary.

A trade union’s goal is to improve the working conditions of a country’s labor force.

TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS

 - Is an idea from an individual or group which aims to influence a political, economic and social decision. - Transnational advocacy network includes actors working together intrnationally on an issue - Advocacy groups
have spread information in support of a cause across borders creating a transnational advocacy group there is a shot to change how international policies and practices are made. - Transnational advocacy groups movement
and main goal is to challenge how the international playing field is being run. 

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES - Economic development agencies are described to be independent organizations that aim to implement strategic ways of developing territories and societies. - Usually molded by public and
private institutions. - Development agencies are organizations that simply wish to improve the current standpoint of a certain society.

 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS - A typical organization promotes, enhances and ensures its members through advocates and state actions. - This goal on a national organization may also be used to describe the
goals of an international organization

TWO MAIN TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
1. International Nongovernmental Organization
▪          Is typically a non-governmental organization (NGO) that
operates in the international playing field
▪          A well-known example of an INGO is the international
committee of the Red Cross, their ideologies and advocates are
advertised worldwide.
2. Intergovernmental Organization
 — Paulo Freire, 1921-1997, Brazilian educator, philosopher date, but must open classes no later than the last week of August.
•Education's purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open
one.
During the Spanish time the function of education was to inculcate
 — Malcolm Forbes, 1919-1990, publisher, politician
moral and religious values. Religion was the core curriculum and
the schools were used to spread Christianity.
•Education is learning what you didn't even know you didn't
know. 
-- Daniel J. Boorstin, 1914-2004, historian, professor, attorney SPANISH 
 Compulsory education (between the age 7 to 12)
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
  Reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, Spanish,
Christian doctrine, vocal music in the primary grades
Department of Education commonly referred to as DepEd that
manage, regulate, and controls the Philippine education system,
 Agriculture for boys and (both compulsory)
including:  Needlework for girls

▪          Is most commonly known as an international governmental
organization
▪          Example, is the UNITED NATIONS wherein different
states meet and coordinate with one another on how they want the
global system flow.
  The creation and implementation of the curriculum and
the utilization of funds allotted by the central  Vocational, arts and trades, nautical and normal schools
government. were available
  Manages the construction of schools, acquisition of
books and other school materials
  The recruitment of teachers and staff.

AMERICAN 
LESSON 9 1946   Our education system was patterned after the educational
systems of Spain and the United  States.
 Focused on the development of new social patterns
1945 to 2011  Education system was composed of six years of
WHAT IS EDUCATION? LET’S GET AN ANSWERS FROM elementary education staring at the age of   (changed to six later),   Prepare the nation for a self-governing democracy
5TH CENTURY BC TO THE 21ST CENTURY and four years of high school starts at the age of 12.

•The principle goal of education in the schools should be creating
men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply
repeating what other generations have done.
 — Jean Piaget, 1896-1980, Swiss developmental psychologist,
philosopher
•The object of education is to teach us to love beauty.  (K-12 program
— Plato, 424-348 BC, philosopher mathematician
•It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought
without accepting it. 
— Aristotle, 384-322 BC, Greek philosopher, scientist
•Education is freedom.
1987  -The Constitution, stated that elementary education was   English was the medium of instruction
compulsory, but never enforced.
 Private schools were allowed
2011 -  started to transition from its 10-year to the new 12-year
system is now compulsory with the new curriculum for all schools
    English, arithmetic, geography, singing, drawing,
physical education, and character training, in the
primary level curriculum
All public schools in the Philippines must start classes on the date
mandated by Department of Education: first Monday for public,
second Monday for private, third Monday for some colleges. And
must end each school completes the mandated 200-day school
calendar. Private schools are not obliged to abide by a specific        Grammar and social studies were included in the
intermediate level
  Today, the government of the Philippines has been very active in tapping the educational system for the country’s development efforts. With the adoption of the K to 12 Program, it is hoped that Philippine
Educational System is now responding to the demands of the economy for national development.
 Changes are rampant on the society, but all of those are needed to make the society progressive and functional. Society and every individual should work hand in hand so that no one would be set aside and become
outdated knowing that we are now living in a highly modernized society. In order to achieve that, everyone should be aware on the functions of education in the society.
  
 1. Social control and change
 Society is said to be dynamic and progressive and not a station. Education helps every individual to develop their skills that are needed to control and change the society positively. Social environment is where the
child’s personality can be fully developed that is why it should be conducive enough for them to grow into a better person.
  
 2. Reconstruction of individual’s experiences
 Education is life that is full of different experiences which would make every person become an agent of change that is essential for the society. This helps them to reconstruct all their experiences in life as well
adjust with environmental changes.
  
 3. Development of moral and social value
 Moral and social values affect every individual in dealing with the society. Through proper education, they would be given the chance to acquire moral and social values which would help them become the reason
for the society to achieve positive changes towards success.
  
 4. Providing equality and opportunity
 Discrimination should be lessened if every person would be given proper education which is needed for providing equality and opportunity. We cannot deny that educated people are more successful in life and
have greater opportunities in life that is why every educational institution is providing good quality of education for people to become successful in their career.
  
 5. Training ground for leadership
 The quality of an individual in being a leader can be developed through education that they can be used in participating in the spheres of political, educational, social, and religious activities.
  
 6. Inculcation of social and civic responsibility
 Education is the best tool for the rising education to become aware and understand their duties and rights of having a democratic country where everyone is given the chance to express and be treated equally.
  
 7. National Integration
 People living in different countries are diverse that is why respect of language, color, physical environment habits, dress, and caste should be adhere.
  
 Those are the functions of education in the society and the lives of people who are needed by the society to empower changes. Life is full of challenges and problems which make every individual neglect what
their social responsibilities are.
 This is the main reason why the society is having a hard time to progress but this can be solved through the help of good quality of education to make people acquire the needed knowledge and develop their innate
skills that can be used to be good citizens in their own ways.
  
 Formal Education refers to the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and sequential learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling. This
correspond to the following levels in basic education:

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION SECONDARY EDUCATION TERTIARY EDUCATION VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

- Paaralang Elementarya first part of the - concerned primarily with continuing - regulated by Commission on Higher - accredited private institutions offer
Education (CHED)
educational system basic education of the elementary level - Colleges offers 1 or more specialized technical and vocational education.
- First six years of compulsory learning of enjoyable, gainful skills programs - Program duration from few weeks
education from grade 1 to grade 6 usually corresponding to four years of - Universities must offer at least 8 different to two years.
Mathematics, Science, English, Filipino junior high school and two years of undergraduate degree programs in a wide - Completers can obtain their
and Social Sciences are major subjects senior high school array of subjects and at least 2 graduate diploma or certificate after the
- Private school students may select programs examination.
subjects from a wider curriculum - Public universities are all non-sectarian, - Don’t usually require an entrance
offer a wide-range of programs, are examination but only high school
government funded record and the required enrolment
- University of the Philippines receives a fee.
substantial amount from the annual budget
- Private institutions, sectarian or non-
sectarian as well as for profit or not-for-
profit, most are Catholic non-profit
organization.
- Most universities offer 4-year degree
programs with 2 semester per year
  
 Non-formal Education refers to any organized systematic educational activity carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of the population.
 §  Is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights from daily experiences at home, work, at play, and from life itself.
 §  It offers alternative learning opportunities for the out of school youth, who are 15 years old and above
 §  To provide literacy programs to eradicate illiteracy.
  
 Special Education refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially or culturally different from so-called “normal” individuals.
 §  Provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and instructional materials
 §  Aims to develop the maximum potential of the child with the special needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant
 §  Take advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.

LESSON 10 executives, etc.  1. Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a

- live in spacious reflection of individual differences;
holders, investors, 2. Social stratification carries over from generation to
 Differentiation is the method of relating people in houses, situated in indigent families
and who live in an generation;
terms of certain social characteristics and then best suburbs - live in a smaller house
exclusive 3. Social stratification is universal but variable; 
classifying them into social categories based on these - can afford them - short of revenue,
neighborhood 4. Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as
characteristics. comfortable education or trainings,
- own many houses; well.
lifestyle with their acquaintances, and
 Stratification is the dividing of people or things into mingle with the
income communication.  Social status refers to the honor or prestige attached to one’s
different groups or layers. When a society becomes same class, and position in society. It may also refer to a rank or position that
- value education - depend on their pay
rigidly divided along class lines and people of upper - value heritage one holds in a group, such as son or daughter, playmate, pupil,
for it is the most check.
classes move further and further away from lower most over wealth etc. One’s social status is determined in different ways. One
important measure
classes, this is an example of social stratification. of social status can earn his or her social status by his or her own
achievements; this is known as achieved status. Alternatively,
one can inherit his or her position on the social hierarchy; this
THREE SOCIAL CLASSES is known as ascribed status. An ascribed status can also be
defined as one that is fixed for an individual at birth, like sex,
Determining the structures of social stratification arises from
race, and socioeconomic background.
UPPER CLASS MIDDLE CLASS LOWER CLASS inequalities of status among persons; therefore, the degree of
social inequality determines a person’s social stratum.
- consists of the elite - mostly - office and clerical THEORIES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION CONFLICT
Generally, the greater the social complexity of a society, the
families who are the professional people workers, skilled, and THEORY
more social strata exist, by way of social differentiation.
most prolific and like lawyers, unskilled craftsman, Karl Marx (Conflict Theory)
successful in their doctors, managers, farm employees, Stratification is the result of the struggle among people for
respective areas. owners of small underemployed and BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION scarce rewards and it persists in society because the “haves”
- who are stock businesses, are determined (exploiters)and equipped to preserve their
advantage by dominating and exploiting the “haves not”
(exploited).  Stratification arises from the
Class conflict over material privilege and power; those who
own the means of production (capitalists or bourgeoisie) and
those who sell their labor (worker or proletariat).  Stratification facilities the optimal
View the nation or state as an instrument of oppression;
religion as a method of diverting and controlling the masses;
the family as a device of keeping wealth and education in the
hands of the few.  Stratification is an expression
People’s lives are centered on how they deal with the material
world. The key issue is how wealth is distributed among the
people.
Max Weber (Conflict Theory)  distributed in society
 People are motivated by self- interest.  Tasks and rewards are equitably
 Group conflict is a basic ingredient of society.
 Those who do not have property can defend their
interests less well than those who have property
 Economic institutions are of fundamental
importance in shaping the rest of society
 Those in power promote ideas and values that help
them maintain their dominance
 Only when exploitation becomes extremely obvious
will the powerless their dominance
Kingly Davis and Wilbert Moore (Functionalist Theory)  sick, acquire the best education irrespective of the cost, live in the
 If all the positions that have to be filled in a society
were equally important and everyone were equally
capable of doing their jobs, there would be no need
of stratification. But this is not the case. Some tasks
are clearly more necessary than others and some
require a great deal more talent and training
 Social inequality is viewed as both necessary and
constructive.
SIMILARITIES OF STRATIFICATION THEORIES
Theodore D. Kemper  individual. There are also factors that may affect a child which
 Both theories acknowledge that the evaluation of the
contributions of jobs to society also determines
unequal rewards
 The Marxist theory leans heavily on the significance
of power in the distribution of resources; while the
functionalist emphasizes the necessity of assigning
some position or work higher status than others
 Both theories recognize that social power plays a
part in determining the unequal distribution of
rewards
COMPARISON OF STRATIFICATION THEORIES
Functionalist View Conflict Theory
Stratification may be universal
Stratification is universal,
without being necessary and
necessary and inevitable
inevitable
Social organization (the social The stratification system
system) shapes the stratification shapes social organizations
system (social system) 2. Conflict Stratification occurs due to conflict between
Stratification arises from group different classes, with the upper classes using superior power
societal need for integration, conquest, competition, and to take a larger share of the social resources
coordination and cohesion conflict 3. Power influences one’s definition of self and the importance
Stratification impede the of ideas in defining social situations
functioning of society and the optimal functioning of society 4. Wealth difference in the wealth is also one of the causes of
individual and the individual social stratification
5. Instability in the society being the cause of social
stratification enhances stability and induces members of the
Stratification is an expression of
of the values of powerful society to work hard.
commonly shared social values
groups
Power is usually legitimately Power is usually illegitimately
LESSON 11
distributed in society
Social inequality is the distribution of people into groups based on
Tasks and reward are their income, occupation, wealth and social status and exists in
allocated inequitably allocated every society.
The economic dimensions are
The economic dimension is Inequality is not only determined by quantitative yardsticks like
subordinate to other dimensions of income and wealth, but also by qualitative yardsticks like attitudes
paramount in society
society and beliefs.
Stratification systems generally Stratification systems often Inequality implies uneven access to education, health care,
change through evolutionary change through revolutionary housing, employment and so on.
processes process. FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE INDIVIDUALS TO
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The situation each and every one of us is born into varies.
Example, those who are born into very rich and wealthy families
THE CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
usually get a good head-start in life. Children from wealthy
1. Wealth and Income
backgrounds usually receive the best medical care when they are
2. Social Class
3. Gender
most comfortable parts of the city and so on. Children from
4. Race and Ethnicity
disadvantaged backgrounds receive poor medical services when
5. Age 
they are sick, acquire deficient education and live in demeaning
6. Religion
accommodations.
7. Disability
Economic liberalization and capitalism also perpetuate inequality.
8. Political Status (basis how society is stratified)
The rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. The
value and wages for unskilled labor are diminishing while the
AGENTS OF STRATIFICATION
value and wages for skilled labor are going in the opposite
FAMILY
direction. At face value, capitalism propagates freedom and
The family plays a significant role in the development of an
equality under the law. The rich and poor are subjected to the same
legal rules of trading. However, considering the financial gap
include the occupational status of his parents, the parents’
attitude towards their children’s schooling and the
between the rich and the poor, capitalism while deceptively
propagating equality under the law is actually a powerful driver of
expectations they have for their children.
social inequality.
SCHOOL
Social inequality has always been with mankind. There is,
Social stratification within the SCHOOL commonly known as
therefore, no need crying over spilt milk. What matters to every
streaming, refers to the division of school children into age
progressive minded individual is the way forward.
groups according to ability and intelligence. The brightest
Toward this goal, researchers from the Haas Institute for a Fair and
children are made to form one class while those that follow in
Inclusive Society at UC Berkeley point to the following six
ability from another class. The children are divided into
evidence-based policy solutions that can have a positive effect on
groups, purely according to the merit of the individual.
reversing rising inequality, closing economic disparities among
OCCUPATION
subgroups and enhancing economic mobility for all:
In modern societies, roles have become more diverse and
1. Increase the minimum wage.
complex. Skills are learned through formal education systems
▪          Research shows that higher wages for the lowest-paid
and education has a lot to do with employment, the occupations
workers has the potential to help nearly 4.6 million people out of
one follows is mostly related to the skills and knowledge which
poverty and add approximately $2 billion to the nation's overall
one has acquired.
real income.
CAUSES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
2. Expand the Earned Income Tax.
1. Inequality exists because of natural differences in people’s
▪          Increases in the EITC can pull more children out of poverty
abilities
while providing more economic support for the working poor,
especially single parents entering the workforce.
3. Build assets for working families.
▪          Policies that encourage higher savings rates and lower the
cost of building assets for working- and middle-class households
can provide better economic security for struggling families.
▪          New programs that automatically enroll workers in
retirement plans and provide a savings credit or a federal match for
retirement savings accounts could help lower-income households
build wealth.
▪          Access to fair, low-cost financial services and home
ownership are also important pathways to wealth.
4. Invest in education.
▪          Investments in education, beginning in early childhood with
programs like Head Start and Universal Pre-K, can increase
economic mobility, contribute to increased productivity and
decrease inequality.
5. Make the tax code more progressive.
Capital gains tax rates must be adjusted so that they are in line with
income tax rates. Savings incentives structured as refundable tax
credits, which treat every dollar/peso saved equally, can provide
equal benefits for lower-income families.
6. End residential segregation.
Segregation by income, particularly the isolation of low-income
households, also correlates with significantly reduced levels of
upward mobility. Eliminating residential segregation by income
and race can boost economic mobility for all.
On top of that, different skills have different value. Surely you
don’t believe that the best doctor in the country at X has the same
skill value as the guy who restocks the vending machine. One skill
required many years of education, and many more of experience;
the other required minutes of hand-on training.
So, no matter what, people and/or the value of their skills will
never be equal.
Thus, the fact that there is social inequality is the natural in the
system. However, I agree with your that the quantity of that
inequality is beyond what it should be.
After that, we need to get the cost of college and education under
control, we also need to teach people that marketable skills (not per
say a college degree) is what is important. We need less people
getting college degrees in areas with zero job opportunities, and
more people instead getting certified in things like being
electricians, plumbers, etc.
Poverty doesn’t just make it difficult for families to survive, it can
also have much wider economic impact. In the Philippines, where
more than a quarter of the country’s population of 9.3 million lives
below the poverty line, economic and social inequality is a major
problem.
The Philippines has the highest rate of economic and social
inequality in Southeast Asia, according to the ASEAN Trade
Union Council.
As economic inequality has become more pronounced in the past
decade, this has resulted in geographical disparity in the
Philippines. Nationwide, the 30 most deprived provinces ae home
to more than one-third of the Philippines’ poorest families,
resulting in generational poverty that is incredibly difficult to
emerge from.
As in many other parts of the world, it is often the indigenous
population that suffers the most. In the Philippines, the
approximately 1.7 million people belonging to the nation’s 100
ethnic groups remain the most disadvantaged, with discrimination
and a lack of opportunities creating serious barriers.
 Building a Foundation
The key to reducing inequality is better education, better
healthcare, social safety nets and higher and broader economic
growth, especially in agriculture,” Edwin Lacierda, a spokesman
for the President of the Philippines.
The government of the Philippines is working to expand access to
health care, education and land ownership among the country’s
poorest families, but the road to recovery and improved equality is
long. To aid this Foundations has worked to provide increased
resources to children, old people, homeless and who are in need
and help them break the cycle of poverty.
Gender inequality is the idea that men and women are not equal
and that gender affects an individual's living experience. These
differences arise from distinctions in biology, psychology, and
cultural norms. Some of these types of distinctions are empirically
grounded while others appear to be socially constructed. 
The gender situation in the Philippines is characterized by sharp
contradictions. It graphically showcases samples of women’s
advancement in politics, academic and professional excellence, and
even legislation. But this is contrasted by images of prostituted
women, battered wives, economically disadvantaged women and
exploited migrant workers.
The 1987 Constitution states two prominent provisions. The first in
the Declaration of Principles Article II Section 14 which asserted
that "The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building
and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women
and men." Additionally, the Article XIII-Labor: Section
14 provided that "The state shall protect working women by
providing safe and healthful working conditions taking into
account their maternal functions, and such facilities and
opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to
realize their full potential in the service of the nation".
Following from constitutional provisions and the subsequent
efforts to broaden the its principles, numerous legislations were
enacted that relates to the various aspects of women and gender
concerns, the list include:
▪          Gender and Development Law (5% of government
agencies' budget is for gender concerns)
▪          Party-List Law (women as a particular sector for
representation in the legislature through party-list elections) Anti-
Sexual Harassment Law (defining SH and providing mechanisms)
▪          Anti-Rape Law (elevation of rape as crime against person)
▪          Barangay Day Care Center Law (day care center for every
village)
▪          Women in Nation-Building Law (allocation of budget for
women from development funds from foreign governments and
multilateral institutions)
▪          Anti-Mail-Order-Bride Law (making the practice unlawful)
▪          Repatriation Law (repatriation of Filipinas who lost
citizenship by marriage in case of need)
▪          Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code (women protection
in hiring and pay)
▪          Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (equal rights for
women to be recipients of land)
▪          Military Training equality (women can enter the military
and police schools and providing facilities for them)
RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY
Explore how this tension manifests in the social sphere by
examining how ethnic inequality shapes the formation of
interethnic ties in an ethnically-ranked society. Examine the case of
Mindanao, a deeply-divided and ethnically-ranked society in the
Global South. An ethnic inequality is associated with both
integrative and distancing forces. When ethnic inequality is low,
individuals from high-ranked groups tend to in marry, but low-
ranked groups to out marry. I suggest this divergence reflects the
importance of status hierarchies.
Intermarriages represent status mobility for subordinate groups but
status threat for dominant groups. Ingroup preference intensifies
for high-ranked groups because they are anxious to preserve the
distinctiveness of group boundaries and their status superiority. I
establish these findings using census micro-data on over two
million marriages.
LESSON 12
WAYS TO ADDRESS SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
EIGHT WAYS TO REDUCE GLOBAL INEQUALITY
Extreme economic inequality is corrosive to our societies. It makes
poverty reduction harder, hurts our economies, and drives conflict
and violence. Reversing this trend presents a significant challenge,
but one where we’ve seen some progress. Below we offer eight
ways to move the world forward in reducing global inequality.
1. Stop Illicit Outflows
In developing countries, inadequate resourcing for health,
education, sanitation, and investment in the poorest citizens drives
extreme inequality. One reason is tax avoidance and other illicit
outflows of cash. According to Global Financial Integrity,
developing countries lost $6.6 trillion in illicit financial flows from
2003 through 2012, with illicit outflows increasing at an average
rate of 9.4 percent per year. That’s $6.6 trillion that could reduce
poverty and inequality through investments in human capital,
infrastructure, and economic growth.
2. Progressive Income Tax
After falling for much of the 20th century, inequality is worsening
in rich countries today. The top one percent is not only capturing
larger shares of national income, but tax rates on the highest
incomes have also dropped. How much should the highest income
earners be taxed? This is obviously a question to be decided
domestically by citizens, and opinions differ. For instance,
economist Tony Addison suggests a top rate of 65 percent rate on
the top 1 percent of incomes.
3. A Global Wealth Tax?
In Capital in the Twenty-first Century, Thomas Piketty
recommends an international agreement establishing a wealth tax.
Under his plan, countries would agree to tax personal assets of all
kinds at graduated rates. The skeptics do have a point about
whether this particular plan is practical, but we shouldn’t give up
on the idea. Because wealth tends to accumulate over generations,
fair and well-designed wealth taxes would go a long way towards
combating extreme inequality.
4. Enforce a Living Wage
Governments should establish and enforce a national living wage,
and corporations should also prioritize a living wage for their
workers and with the suppliers, buyers, and others with whom they
do business. Low and unlivable wages are a result of worker
disempowerment and concentration of wealth at the top—
hallmarks of unequal societies. As human beings with basic needs,
all workers should earn enough to support themselves and their
families. Governments and corporations should be responsible for
protecting the right to a living wage, corporations should commit
to responsible behavior that respects the dignity of all workers.
5. Workers’ Right to Organize
The right of workers to organize has always been a cornerstone of
more equal societies, and should be prioritized and protected
wherever this basic right is violated. Extreme inequality requires
the disempowerment of workers. Therefore, the right of workers to
organize and bargain collectively for better pay and conditions is a
global human rights priority. Despite Article 23 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights— which declares the right to
organize as a fundamental human right—workers worldwide,
including in the United States, still face intimidation, fear, and
retribution for attempting to organize collectively. Where unions
are strong, wages are higher and inequality is lower.
6. Stop Other Labor Abuses
Companies worldwide are also replacing what was once permanent
and stable employment with temporary and contingent labor. Often
called “contingent” or “precarious” workers, these workers fill a
labor need that is permanent while being denied the status of
employment. In the United States, this trend is called
“misclassification,” in which employers misclassify workers as
“independent contractors” when they are actually employees.
Contingent labor also occurs through outsourcing, subcontracting,
and use of employment agencies.
7. Open and Democratic Trade Policy
Negotiating international trade agreements behind closed doors
with only bureaucrats and corporate lobbyists present has to end.
These old-style trade agreements are fundamentally undemocratic
and put corporate profits above workers, the environment, health,
and the public interest. We need a new, transparent trade policy
that is open, transparent, and accountable to the people.
8. A New Economics?
Economists are often imagined as stuffy academics who value
arcane economic theory above humanitarian values. The field’s
clinging to parsimonious theories gave us such winners as the
Washington Consensus and a global financial system that
imploded in 2008. Thankfully, there’s a movement among
economics grad students and scholars to reimagine the discipline.
As they acknowledge, we clearly need a new economics that works
to improve the lives of everyone, not just those already well off.
For instance, what could be more radical than a Buddhist
economics? This is the path promoted by economist and Rhodes
Scholar E .F. Schumacher, who says humanity needs an economics
that creates wealth for all people, just not money for privileged
people and corporations. Economics should take into account
ethics and the environment, and treat its claims less like invariable
truths.
Social inequality is the burning issue of our time. There can be no
equivocation about this. The disparities in living conditions
between the richest of the rich and the poorest of the poor are now
so extreme that no person can look upon this reality and not see it
as injustice of the worst kind.
 
The Philippines is one of the most unequal countries in the world.
The country’s Palma ratio, which is the ratio of the share of gross
national income (GNI) of the richest 10 percent of the population
divided by the share of the bottom 40 percent, is at 2.2—second
only to Malaysia (2.6) as the most unequal in the ASEAN region.
Thailand (1.7), Vietnam (1.6) and Indonesia (1.8) all have
significantly more equal income distributions than the Philippines.
It is easy to blame simple human avarice for our current state of
affairs. After all, the sight of politicos and CEOs living large even
as millions of other Filipinos face poverty, unemployment and
other economic hardships scandalizes us no end. The decimation of
the regulatory environment in the midst of the neoliberal revolution
of the 1980s has been posited as the proximate cause of this
extreme level of income inequality.
But this is only the partial truth. Even if we enact policies
shackling the salary growth of the top 1 percent in our economy,
we will be able to correct our worrisome levels of income
inequality only to a certain degree. In reality, the situation is much
more complicated, and requires a broader understanding of the
evolution of the economy in recent years.
In a series of articles published in Slate, economist Robert Frank
attributed income inequality observed across a wide array of
occupations to two factors:
1) developments in technology that steepen increments in
performance, and
2) a more competitive market for the services of top performers.
Frank calls this situation a winner-takes-all market, where the first-
grade practitioners in any given profession have large incomes
relative to those of the second grade and lower. An example Frank
cites is the classical music market, where technology gives
musicians exposure to a larger audience.
Since the costs to produce CDs of the best singer and other less
able singers are more or less the same, most consumers would opt
to buy the material of the best singer, increasing the income of the
best singer relative to her other peers. The factors themselves are
not harmful, and might even be considered desirable traits in a
growing economy, but they lead to unintended consequences by
amplifying income inequality.
The question now becomes:
How can we mitigate inequalities without harming
opportunities for further prosperity?
The Philippines currently operates one of the most extensive cash
transfer programs in the world, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program (4Ps). This conditional cash transfer program targets the
poorest by providing families cash for accomplishing tasks related
to the health and education of their children.
The program gives a leg up to destitute Filipinos by providing
them with supplemental income, and making sure that these
families make the necessary investments in order to break away
from poverty.
The 4Ps is a successful way of leveling the playing field by making
sure everyone gets the same resources for social mobility. The
program has so far helped reduce the poverty rate among
beneficiaries by 6.5 percent. The 4Ps also boost productivity by
ensuring a healthy and well-educated labor force. One study in
2016 even suggests that the 4Ps may play a part in weakening
clientelism by political bosses.
We must do well to protect such gains from the 4Ps. There has yet
to be a law institutionalizing the landmark social protection
program, although there have been several bills filed in Congress.
By institutionalizing the program, the country can continue to
provide equality of opportunity to all without fear of disruption. If
we are to see the Philippines free of hunger and poverty, and an
end to the exorbitant divergence in living standards among
Filipinos, we must start at this critical juncture.
WHAT IS DISABILITY?
A disability is any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that
makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do
certain activities (activity limitation) and interact with the world
around them (participation restrictions).
 
There are many types of disabilities, such as those that affect a
person’s:
1. Vision                                    6. Communicating
2. Movement                           7. Hearing
3. Thinking                                 8. Mental health
4. Remembering                      9. Social relationship
5. Learning
Although “people with disabilities” sometimes refers to a single
population, this is actually a diverse group of people with a wide
range of needs. Two people with the same type of disability can be
affected in very different ways. Some disabilities may be hidden or
not easy to see.
According to the World Health Organization, disability has
three dimensions:
1. Impairment in a person’s body structure or function, or
mental functioning; examples of impairments include
loss of a limb, loss of vision or memory loss.
2. Activity limitation, such as difficulty seeing, hearing,
walking, or problem solving.
3. Participation restrictions in normal daily activities,
such as working, engaging in social and recreational
activities, and obtaining health care and preventive
services.
Disability can be:
⮚       Related to conditions that are present at birth and may affect
functions later in life, including cognition (memory, learning, and
understanding), mobility (moving around in the environment),
vision, hearing, behavior, and other areas. These conditions may be
o    Disorders in single genes (for example, Duchenne muscular
dystrophy);
o    Disorders of chromosomes (for example, Down syndrome);
and
o    The result of the mother’s exposure during pregnancy to
infections (for example, rubella) or substances, such as alcohol or
cigarettes.
o    Associated with developmental conditions that become
apparent during childhood (for example, autism spectrum
disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or ADHD)
o    Related to an injury (for example, traumatic brain
injury or spinal cord injuryexternal icon).
⮚       Associated with a longstanding condition (for
example, diabetes), which can cause a disability such as vision
loss, nerve damage, or limb loss.
⮚       Progressive (for example, muscular dystrophy), static (for
example, limb loss), or intermittent (for example, some forms
of multiple sclerosisexternal icon).
LESSON 13
HUMAN RESPONSES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES
“It’s not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most
intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change” - Charles
Darwin
“Remember, each one of us has the power to change the world.”    People and social institutions may respond to environmental
- Yoko Ono
Social change is way human interactions and relationships
transform cultural and social institutions over time, having a
profound impact of society.
It is a concept many of us take for granted or don't really even
understand. No society has ever remained the same.
Change is always happening. We accept change as inevitable, and
it is, end of story, right? Well, not exactly.
Human are generally adaptive to changes in the environment. We
readily adapt the behavior to meet these new challenges for our
own benefit. In the past, humans modify their behaviors to suit
themselves in the new conditions where they are.
 
CHANGE BEGINS WITH HOW AND WHEN WE
INTERACT WITH OTHERS
When we listen respectfully to others who have different opinions
and life experiences than our own, we take the first step in
listening; we accept that there are myriad perspectives and points
of view on most issues of concern. If we truly want to be a
participant in real change, we cannot stop at acceptance, but we
must have conversations that push and pull, that asks us to give and
take. And if we are willing to do that, we can find those points of
agreement and come together on them. We needn't concede those
points that define our values but find ways to work together
towards positive change that reflects our shared values. It is the art
of principled compromise that has the power to create a more
lasting change.
Adaptation
▪          is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes
better able to live in its habitat or habitats.
▪          it refers a change or the process of change by which an
organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
▪          enhances the fitness and survival of individuals.
▪          Is not something simple. Though it is easy at it seems, the
truth is, it Is not always easy to adapt to an environment.
Adaptive Traits
1. Structural Adaptations physical features of an organism such
as shape, body covering, armament; and even the internal
organizations
2. Behavioral Adaptations composed of inherited behavior of
chains and/or the ability to learn.
3. Physiological Adaptations permit the organism to perform
special functions like making venom, secreting slime,
phototropism; and more general functions such as growth and
development, temperature regulation, and ionic balance.
 
Human Adaptation
Humans have biological plasticity, or an ability to adapt
biologically to our environment. An adaptation is any variation
that can increase one’s biological fitness in a specific environment;
more simply it is the successful interaction of a population with its
environment.
DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RESPONSE
The human responses relevant to global change differ along several
dimensions. We consider the following analytic distinctions useful
for thinking about the range of responses available.
1. Responses to Experienced Versus Anticipated Change
change as it is experienced (post facto) or as it is anticipated.1 In
the past, people responded mainly to experienced environmental
change; only in very recent history, because of increasing scientific
knowledge, has there been any rational basis for anticipatory
responses.
2. Deliberate Responses Versus Actions with Incidental Effects
Some human actions can be taken deliberately in response to
global change. For instance, people can build dikes to keep out
rising seas or reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate global
warming. Human actions can also affect human responses to global
change incidentally to their intended purposes. For example,
European settlement of the Americas gave Europeans and, later,
others access to a wider variety of food crops, making human
survival less dependent, at least in principle, on a small number of
staples that might be vulnerable to altered growing conditions
caused by environmental change.
Changes in society that incidentally affect human responses to
global change are important both directly and because they could
become tomorrow's deliberate responses. For example, gasoline
taxes, which were not initiated with the global environment as a
consideration, could be increased to cut CO2 emissions.
3. Coordinated Versus Uncoordinated Responses
Response to global change may be coordinated, as through the
policies of governments or trade associations aimed at eliciting the
same action from many actors, or uncoordinated, as with
independent actions of households or small firms. Both types of
response can be either anticipatory or post factor; both can affect
global change either deliberately or incidentally. Moreover,
coordinated and uncoordinated responses can be connected to each
other, in that coordinated actions by governments and industries
can create new options for uncoordinated actors, prohibit
responses, or raise or lower their costs.
Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a
defining moment. From shifting weather patterns that threaten food
production, to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic
flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and
unprecedented in scale. Without drastic action today, adapting to
these impacts in the future will be more difficult and costly.
What is global warming?
A: Here's a simple definition of global warming. (And yes, it's
really happening.) Over the past 50 years, the average global
temperature has increased at the fastest rate in recorded history.
And experts see the trend is accelerating: All but one of the 16
hottest years in NASA’s 134-year record have occurred since 2000.
What causes global warming?
A: Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other
air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and
absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the
earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space—
but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the
atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. That's
what's known as the greenhouse effect.
BOILING POINT
Climate Change in Asia
Typhoons and floods are becoming more intense and frequent as
Vietnam and the rest of Southeast Asia bear the brunt of climate
change. Long coastlines and heavily populated low-lying areas
make the region of more than 640 million people one of the
world’s most vulnerable to weather extremes and rising sea levels
associated with global warming. Governments are under pressure
to act quickly or risk giving up improvements in living standards
achieved through decades of export-driven growth.
Southeast Asia faces a dual challenge. It not only must adapt to
climate change caused largely by greenhouse gases emitted over
decades by advanced economies—and more recently by
developing economies such as China and India—it also must alter
development strategies that are increasingly contributing to global
warming. The region’s growing reliance on coal and oil, along
with deforestation, are undermining national pledges to curb
emissions and embrace cleaner energy sources.
⮚       Economic impact - When the coolest summer months would
be warmer than the hottest summer months in the period from 1951
to 1980, says a 2017 study (pdf) by the ADB and the Potsdam
Institute for Climate Impact Research. In the absence of technical
breakthroughs, rice yields in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand,
and Vietnam could drop by as much as 50 percent by 2100 from
1990 levels.
⮚       Energy mix - Energy demand will grow. Demand for coal is
partly driven by the fuel’s relative abundance and its low cost
compared with oil, gas, and renewable energy.
⮚       Vanishing forests - Deforestation is another major source of
greenhouse gases. In Indonesia and Malaysia, home to the world’s
largest forestlands, trees are cut down to make way for farms to
feed growing populations and for the production of pulp and paper
and palm oil, which are big sources of export revenue.
Deforestation accounts for almost half of Indonesia’s emissions—
more than fossil fuels, though these are fast catching up.
⮚       Dry spells - Phong (In Vietnam) worries that rising sea
levels, along with prolonged dry spells, will cause salinity intrusion
and hurt agriculture in the fertile Mekong Delta, one of the world’s
most densely populated areas.
⮚       Policy conflicts - National goals for reducing fossil fuel use
often conflict with policies to subsidize the cost of petroleum
products and electricity for the benefit of the poorest sections of
society.
⮚       Global players - The IEA sees the emergence of affordable
low- carbon technologies as a path toward greater energy
efficiency as declining costs of solar and wind energy boost
investment in local manufacturing. Malaysia and Thailand, for
example, are fast becoming global players in the manufacture of
solar panels, with the help of Chinese investors seeking to
circumvent antidumping duties imposed by the European Union
and the United States.
GEN MATH
WEEK 11-12
Annuity is another common business practice of payment. House
rental, life insurance premiums, bond dividends, installment
payments, and labor wages are form of annuities. Literally, annuity
means payments made annually. But it can also refer to payments
made at different segmental payment period. Annuity takes
different forms. The mode of payments is basically the basis for
the forms of annuities.
 ➢ Annuity certain is an annuity with fixed dates for both the first
and the last payments.  Stocks are also known as shares or equity.  Factors Affecting Stock Prices
➢ Contingent annuity is an annuity with indefinite dates for
either the first or the last payments.  • Preferred stock owners are guaranteed a fixed dividend for as
➢ Simple annuity is an annuity with the same interest conversion
dates and payment dates.  extent of ownership of the company but usually do not enjoy the
➢ General annuity is an annuity where the payment dates do not
coincide with the interest conversion periods. 
➢ Ordinary annuity is an annuity for which payments are made
at the end of interest conversion periods.  totality of the company’s stocks. Common stockholders control the
➢ Annuity due is an annuity for which payments are made at the
beginning of each interest conversion period.  to equal distribution of profits and have last claim in case of
➢ Amount of annuity refers to the sum of all payments of the
annuity at the end of the last interest conversion period. This is also
known as the future value of annuity.
WEEK 13
STOCK AND BONDS
LESSON 13: STOCKS AND BONDS
 I. INTRODUCTION/FOCUS QUESTIONS 
Raising money for a company’s operation is done either by debt located in Pasig City and in Makati. It is where the buying and
financing or equity financing. The former is done either by selling of stocks, bonds and other securities took place.
borrowing funds from a bank or issuing bonds. The latter is done  Example 1:   A stock company has a total of 1, 200 shares of
by issuing stocks which is practically selling part of the company. stocks. Of these shares, 500 are owned by the Madrigal group of
Imagine yourself as a lone winner in a mega lotto draw with 105 investors and 10 are owned by Atty. Pascual. The company
million at stake. Probably what is playing inside your mind is: customized classes of stocks in such a way that the voting power
“What am I going to do with this amazing amount of money?” Eve will remain with the original corporate investors like the Madrigals
an ordinary employee with extra amount of hard=earned money or who availed of the company’s initial public offering. These select
a businessman who wants to expand his growing business groups are given ten votes per share while the rest of the investors
enterprise will go through this kind of financial thinking. What is are given one vote p share. 
the proper investment for me? What are the risks that go along a. What percent of the total shares of stocks is controlled by the
with my chosen investments? It is safe to invest in money market? Madrigal group of investors? 
Will I be able to amass wealth or go into bankruptcy? All this b. What percent of the total shares of stocks is controlled by Atty.
really has to be taken into consideration and has to be planned Pascual? 
carefully so as to achieve the goal of financial independence. c. If an election is to be held in the company to elect a new set of
 II. LESSON OBJECTIVES  members of the board, how many votes can be casted by the
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:  Madrigal group of investors? by Atty. Pascual?
a. identify stocks and bonds;   Solution: 
b. distinguish between stocks and bonds;  a. The Madrigal group of investors has controlled 500 of the 1, 200
c. describe the different markets for stocks and bonds; and d. shares. This is ( 500 1,200)(100) = 41.67% of the total shares.
analyze the different market indices for stocks and bonds.  b. Atty. Pascual has controlled 10 out of the 1, 200 shares. This is
d. analyze the different market indices for stocks and bonds. ( 10 /1,200) (100) = 0.83% of the total shares.
IV. LESSON CONTENT   c. The customized voting power requires 10 votes per share for the
The different types of securities are: original investors. The Madrigals, one of the original stockholders,
 a. Bank Certificates = savings products like money in the bank can cast (500)(10) = 5, 000 votes, while Atty. Pascual can cast (10)
(ATM, passbook savings account, time deposits, checking (1) = 10 votes. Risk is a part of any market investments. However,
accounts) risk takers know that the greater the risk, the greater the possibility
 b. Stocks and Bonds  of higher return of investments in the long run.
c. Commercial Papers   STOCK EXCHANGE The market place for stocks is the
d. Treasury Bills (T-bills) e. Insurance packages  exchange. Securities and stocks exchange trading floor is one of
WHAT ARE STOCKS? the places for facilitating stock trading where investors personally
 Stocks are shares ownership in a corporation. The stockholder or meet to buy or to sell their stocks.
shareholder becomes a part-owner of that corporation. Stock Stock markets are either primary or secondary market. Examples
buyers are called stockholders. A stock is an official evidence of of globally-known stock markets are the New York Stock
part-ownership of a stock company which may be used in claiming Exchange, the NASDAQ, Nikkei and the British FTSE. In the
company’s assets and earnings. Stocks, usually in the form of Philippines, the Philippine Stock Exchange is the recognized stock
certificates, are issued by the company to the buyer of stocks. market.
 
Kinds of Stocks  1. The supply and the demand 
2. The value of the company and market confidence 
long as they own the stock. Preferred stockholders are given some 3. Earnings
 What are Bonds?
same voting right as the common stockholders. They are entitled to  Bond is an official promissory document issued by a debtor
receive dividends ahead of the other shareholders; have limited rate stating the acknowledgement of the amount of debt and the pledge
of return or liquidation price.  to pay back the loaned amount. 
• Common Stock owners usually comprise more than half of the  Face value is the amount stated in the bond to be used by the bond
issuer in calculating the interest to be paid the bond holder once a
operations of the company for they represent ownership. Entitled bond matures. This is also referred to as par value.
 Dividend is the amount of interest. 
company liquidation or bankruptcy.  Dividend rate is the interest rate the bond issuer will be used in
Other types of stocks  computing the interest payment, usually expressed in percent. 
• Warrant- Shareholders are allow to subscribe to new shares at a Coupon dates are interval dates, usually annual or semi-annual, on
specified time free of charge. which the bond issuer will make interest payments. 
 • Philippine Deposit Receipts (PDR’s)- allows shareholders to Maturity date is the date the bond will mature.
sell underlying shares or make adjustments to the terms upon  Maturity value is the amount which will be paid to the bond
occurrence of certain events. The only operating stock exchange holder on the coupon date. 
market in our country is the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE)
Example 2: Mr. Gonzales purchased one-hundred 6%-bonds from
BLK Finance Corporation. Each bond has a face value of P1, 000
and were purchased at P960. The bonds mature in 5 years. 
a. How much will Mr. Gonzales receive as his dividend for all the
bonds if dividends are paid semi- annually? 
b. Compute for its maturity value. 
 c. After the maturity date, how much is the total earnings of Mr.
Gonzales? 
Solution: 
a. Dividend for each bond for 1 year = face value x interest rate
Dividend for each bond for 1 year = P1, 000 x 0.06 = P60
Semiannual dividend for each bond = Half of Dividend for each
bond for 1 year Semiannual dividend for each bond = 0.5 x P60 =
P30 Semiannual dividend for each bond for 100 bonds = P30 x 100
= P3, 000 
b. Maturity value of the 100 bonds = P1, 000 x 100 = P100, 000. 
c. Earnings = Maturity value + total dividends – purchase price
Earnings = P100, 000 + P3, 000 – (P960 x 100) Earnings = P103,
000- P96, 000 = P7, 000

WEEK 14
A business loan is lent to business companies to fund their
business operating costs. 
A consumer loan, on the other hand is borrowed for the purpose
of making personal or family purchases. 
Credit cards, store cards, personal loans, retail loans and mortgages
other than house purchases and commercial loans are some
common forms of consumer loans.
 Consumer loan are usually approved by the lender on the basis of
the borrower’s ability to pay and personal integrity. 
 Some elements that play important role in business or consumer
loans are: 
Collateral is an asset presented by a borrower that is pledge to be
given to the lender in case the borrower defaulted the loan or failed
to pay back the loan. 
Guarantor is an individual who agree to pay back a loan if the
borrower fails to pay the loan on time.
 Documentation are required to affect a loan. Usually, a consumer
loan borrower is required to present copy of tax return and credit
certificate. Business loans usually take shorter returns with higher
interest rates as compared to consumer loans.
What is Mortgage?
 A mortgage is a type of secured loan that makes use of real
property such as house or lot as collateral. This type of loan is
usually entered into by real property buyers who do not have
enough cash on hand to purchase the property. 
 What is Amortization?
 Amortization is the process of paying a loan and its interest
through series of regular equal payments. Mortis means “kill”;
hence amortization means to “kill” the loan or to finish it off. It
means full payment of the loan in the specified period of time.