TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE  Close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance,

validity, and logic.

TEXT  Distinguishing facts from opinions.
 A written form of communication information, which is a non-interactive  Applied during while-reading stage.
nature
 Agent is not crucial TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION
 Non-interactive in nature A. BRAINSTORMING
 Grammatical cohesion and structure of sentences are analyzed 1. establish pattern of ideas
 Usually in written form 2. develop new ways of thinking
 Ex: press reports, street 3. Activate background knowledge
signs, documents, etc. 4. overcome mental block
DISCOURSE IDEA LIST  IDEA MAP 
 A spoken, written, visual or audial form, communicating Topic- Unemployment 
information that is interactive in nature 1. Jobs
 Agent is crucial 2. Poverty
 Interactive in nature 3. Salary
 Agents involved in the communication, the social purpose and the medium 4. Lack of education
utilized are analyzed 5. Lack of jobs
 Can be either in written, verbal, visual or audio form 6. Low salary
 Ex: dialogues, conversations, interactions in audio-visual programmes, etc_ 7. Lack of money
8. Fresh graduates 
TYPES OF READING
1. Developmental reading – aims to develop the students’ reading skills. B. GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
2. Pleasure reading- aims to provide enjoyment and entertainment.  are visual representations of concepts that help us structure information into
3. Functional reading- designed to help students learn basic functional reading organizational pattern.
ability. TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
4. Remedial reading- aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and poor 1. Venn Diagram
learning.  is used to compare and contrast ideas and events. 
 This diagram uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar and
READING PROCESS different attributes. 
1. Pre-reading 2. Network Tree
based on the tittle, “ Sex Education: Does it matter?” what do you think is  Is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching.
the story about? 3. Spider Map
2. While-reading  also known as semantic map.
Reading the text in detail.  Is used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which
3. 3.Post-reading could be a concept, topic, or theme.
Why do you think this happened to George? 4. Timeline
 is used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar
BASIC READING SKILLS labeled with date and specific events.
1. RAPID READING  it can be linear or comparative timeline.
 Aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short span of time. Two types of timeline
 E.g. scanning and skimming, which are both pre-reading skills. Linear
a. SKIMMING  Shows a picture of events as they occurred in a certain period of time
 Aims to get the main idea and to get an overview of the material. Comparative
 Use when reading newspapers, magazines, books and letters.  Shows two or more subject areas which occurred at the same time
TECHNIQUES FOR SKIMMING 5. Plot Diagram
i. Use your finger as a guide when reading across the line.  is a tool used to map events in a story.
ii. Focus more on the first and last sentences of each paragraphs; they usually  it is used to analyze the major part of a plot.
contain the main idea. C. OUTLINE
b. SCANNING  Tool for organizing ideas.
 Used in pre-writing and post-reading activity.
 Aims to get specific information from a given text.
 Decimal and alphanumeric outline.
 Useful in locating specific names, grades, old email, checking specific
DECIMAL OUTLINE ALPHANUMERIC OUTLINE
information in a graph.
TECHNIQUES FOR SCANNING 1.  I.
    1.1    A.
i. Be clear for the information that you need.     1.2    B.
    1.3    C. 
ii. Avoid reading every word; focus on what you need. 2.  II. 
    2.1     A.
iii. Relax your eyes as you move them across the lines rapidly.     2.2          1. 
            2.2.1              a.
2. PREVIEWING             2.2.2               b.
    2.3      B. 
 reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds 3.
    3.1
           2. 
               a.
relevant.     3.2                b. 
III. 

 Conducted during the prereading stage.     A.

    B.


    C.
Involves clarifying the purpose, reading the title and headings, and checking
the illustration and other visuals.
 Browsing, or inspecting unhurriedly, the table of contents, introduction, or KINDS OF OUTLINE ACCORING TO STUCTURE
summary. 1. TOPIC OUTLINE
E.g.  uses words and phrases as its entries.
 The newspaper by reading headlines.  Used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a number of ways.
 A letter by looking at the envelop. 2. SENTENCE OUTLINE
 A new book by reading the front and back cover.  uses complete sentences as its entries.
 Used when the topic being discussed is complicated and requires details.
3. LITERAL READING
 Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
printed material. paragraph
 These are done in the post reading stage.  is a series of  sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all related to a
A. SUMMARIZING single topic. 
 Involves condensing a lengthy text into shorter passage. Characteristics of a well-written text
 15 to 30 percent of the source material. 1. Organization
 Major details may also be mentioned, but they are not required. 2. Coherence and Cohesion
 A citation of the original source is always necessary. 3. Language use
TECHNIQUES FOR SUMMARIZING 4. Mechanics
i. Avoid putting your own comment. Good writing
ii. Get the main idea and write them in your own words. Combine them into  unity and logical arrangement of ideas
coherence article using transitional devices.  appropriateness of language use
iii. Ensure accuracy by comparing your summary to the original text.  proper grammar
B. PARAPHRASING  punctuations
 Involves restating ideas from the original text.  spelling
 length is almost similar to the original text.  format
 Focus on the details not the main idea.
TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING I. ORGANIZATION
i. Do not change the original thought of the text; change the way it is conveyed.  Also known as arrangement, is achieved when ideas are logically and
ii. Do not confuse it with summary. accurately arranged with focus on the arrangement of ideas, incidents,
iii. Insure accuracy by comparing the original and the paraphrased texts evidence, or details in definite order in a paragraph, essay or speech.
Paragraph Arrangements
4. INFERENTIAL READING 1. Chronological order- the details are arranged in the order in which they
 Deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text. happened. First, second, later, before, next as soon as, after, then, finally,
 “Reading between the line”--- Generalization, inferences, and conclusion. meanwhile and the likes.
 Applied during while-reading stage. 2. Spatial order- the sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to
geographical location. Above, below, beside next to, in front, inside,
5. CRITICAL READING outside, within, nearby.
 3. Listing- list denotes a series of name, items, or figures arranged in a row. 3. POLICY
Ex. the following, several, for example, for instance, one, another, also,
too, in other words etc. CLAIM
4. Addition-denotes additional information. Ex. furthermore, additionally,  Is a statement that is not considered accepted by all.
also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again. 
 It may be unverified controversial to a certain degree.
5. Summary- in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum, in
short.  Argumentative and specific.

II. COHERENCE AND COHESION 1. Claim of Fact

 Refers to the connection of ideas and connection between sentences and   argues that a condition existed, exist or will exist.
between paragraphs.    it is supported by factual information. 
 Examples 
COHERENCE:   The Earth is round. 
 connection of ideas at concept level.   In our righthanded world, left-handed people are discriminated against. 
 Ex. Recently, A bought a second-hand digital camera. A digital watch does not   Generally obesity causes health problem. 
have a second hand. I have two hands, the left and the right. My left hand is   Probably, aliens exist.
wounded. However, I use my right hand in writing. Yes, I have the right to
enroll in creative writing. Are you a creative writer? 2. CLAIM OF VALUE
COHESION:   argues  that one view is better than another view. 
 connection of ideas at sentence level.
 Ex. John proposed to marry Hannah because he loved her so much ,
  it makes judgment based on standards, whether something is good or bad,
right or wrong. 
consequently, she accepted his proposal and the two kissed and hugged each
 Examples
other.
Techniques to improve paragraph Cohesion   It is wrong to make noise when someone is speaking.
1. Transitions – words that connect one idea to another, in order for our ideas to  Gay marriage is immoral.
flow smoothly.   Buying a house is a lot better than building it. 
2. Repetition-in sentence B, repeat a word from sentence A. 
  Cheating is not good.
3. Synonym- if direct repetition is too obvious. This strategy is called “ elegant
variation”
3. CLAIM OF POLICY
4. Antonym- using the opposite word.
5.  Pronoun- use to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned.  advocates adopting or changing a policy to solve a problem.
  it argues the benefits of such change or adoption. 
Coherent but not cohesive  Examples
“ My favorite color is blue. I’m calm and relaxed. In the summer I lie on the grass   The government should legalize medical marijuana.
and look up.”
  The mayor should suspend the classes today.
Coherent and cohesive   I Should vote for Duterte.
“My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is calming, and it relaxes me. I often go
outside in the summer and lie on the grass and look into the clear sky when I am CLAIM OF FACT CLAIM OF VALUE CLAIM OF POLICY
stressed. For this reason, I’d have to say may favorite color is blue.”
 Organization is about Coherence is the connection, Cohesion is the connection of GENERALLY, FACEBOOK RECEIVED FACEBOOK IS BETTER FACEBOOK MUST ME DOING
arrangement of: the ideas in the concept level: ideas in the sentence level: MOST VISITS THAN TWITTER AND THAN TWITTER AND WELL CONSIDERING THE NUMBER
1. Ideas 1. Is the first topic related 1. Did it use pronouns INSTAGRAM.  INSTRAGRAM.  OF VISITORS IT HAS EVERYDAY. 
2. Incidents to the next? properly?
3. Details 2. Is this sentence 2. Did it use transitions?
DETABLE, VERIFIABLE, SPECIFIC, REQUIRES A “ STANDARD” SUGGEST A SOLUTION OR A
4. Evidence connected to the topic 3. Did it do repetition of
OBJECTIVE TO VERIFY POLICY
5. Order sentence?  the subject matter?

III. LANGUAGE USE CRITICAL READING AS A WAY OF THINKING

 Refers to the acceptable styles of language for a particular form of text. Intertext
 Levels of in Language Use
  Refers to the shaping of the text meaning by referencing or calling to mind
1. Informal/Personal
other texts as it aims to add meaning to the current text. 
 slang, local expressions, text messaging. style may be less formal and
more creative.   In intertextuality, the readers get to understand the piece through parallel
plot, characters, premise, etc. with the wealth of the prior knowledge,
 Ex. Cops, hey, Dude, granny, OTW
experience, and research.
2. Standard/Academic
Examples
 widely accepted words and phrases found in books, magazines and
newspapers.  Quotation
 Ex, Ma’am, Sir,  Translation
Note to professor:  Reply
I missed last night’s class and will e-mail my paper later.
3. Business/Technical
 Instrumental Cover
 Instrumental remix
 scientific term, and special expression.  HYPERTEXT 
 Ex, psychiatrist’s report:   is characterized by external links embedded in a text by the writer as it
“ Dissociative rage order is not indicated by the ER assessment.” enables the reader to arrive at the intended interpretation of the author. 
 In online medium, hypertext are the embedded links while I  printed media,
IV. MECHANICS
these are the commentaries or footnotes in the margin. 
 Refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization,
punctuations, spelling, numerals, abbreviations and acronyms, and
contractions.
1. Capitalization- Beginning of a sentence, first line of a poem etc.
2. Abbreviations- Dr., Atty., Engr.. Sr., ex., e.g., i.e.,
3. Acronyms- CEO, DepEd, PBA etc.
4. Contractions- can’t, it’s, she’ll, you’ve etc.
5. Punctuations- period, questions mark, quotation mark, apostrophe, etc.

CRITICAL READING AS A WAY OF THINKING

Critical Reading- serves as a technique for discovering information and ideas from a
text materials. 

Critical Thinking- serves as a technique for  evaluating information and ideas and
for deciding what concept and believe from the reading. 

Explicit and Implicit

Explicit
 "to fully and clearly express something, leaving nothing implied.” 
 He said explicitly, you will not attend that concert. 

Implicit
 “implied or understood though not plainly or directly expressed.” 
 Ex. She implicitly said she likes white shoes by saying she likes all colors but
tan.

Three Forms of Claims

1. FACT
2. VALUE