International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(1), pp. 7-15, 2013 Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.

com/ijsres 2013 IJSRPUB

Full Length Research Paper Impact of Urban Wastewater on Soil Properties and Lepidium sativum in an Arid Region
Amin Mojiri1, Hamidi Abdul Aziz1, Shuokr Qarani Aziz2, Ali Gholami3, Mahnoosh Aboutorab4
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School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia 2 Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of SalahaddinErbil, Iraq 3 Department of Soil Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, Iran 4 Department of Food Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran *Corresponding Author: amin.mojiri@gmail.com
Received 22 December 2012; Accepted 10 January 2013

Abstract. The reuse of wastewater for purposes such as agricultural irrigation can reduce the amount of water that needs to be extracted from environmental water sources. The aims of the study were the effects of municipal wastewater on soil properties and Lepidium sativum. Soil samples of 0 to 20 cm depth were taken from agricultural field in Isfahan (center of Iran). Lepidium sativum was transplanted in pots containing 7 kg of these soils. The experiment consisted of two treatments (with three replications) including soil irrigation with water (T1) and soil irrigation with wastewater (T2). After 30 days, samples were taken for testing. Soil properties such as electrical conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, sodium ions, chloride ions and heavy metals were measured. Morphological parameters of Lepidium sativum and accumulation of heavy metals in this plant were measured. The evidences provided by this experiment indicated that the application of wastewater caused an increase of EC, OM, TN, Cl, Na, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil. The irrigation with wastewater caused accumulation of heavy metals in Lepidium sativum. Accumulation of heavy metals in roots was important than in leaves. Results also showed that Lepidium sativum irrigated with wastewater caused an increase of root length and shoot length. Key words: Heavy metals, Lepidium sativum, Morphological properties, Soil, Wastewater

1. INTRODUCTION Water supply and sanitation will be one of the main future challenges in a world of growing population and industrialization. The growing awareness of water resource scarcity, the competition for water resources and the negative impact of contaminated water on human health and the environment demand the development of adequate strategies in water management. Next to the development of new management strategies to supply fresh water, the issue of treating and recycling wastewater will play an important role in tackling the existing and occurring problems. Here the shortage of water is usually the main driving force for conservation of water. Treated or recycled wastewater appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. In addition to growing concerns of our future water supply, the more stringent wastewater discharge standards to surface water bodies have also contributed to increasing interest in using recycled wastewater for urban landscape irrigation (Qian et al., 2005). Human impacts on freshwater systems are substantial in most populated parts of the world. Overextraction of freshwater, mainly for agriculture, has led to significant degradation of rivers, lakes and

aquifers. Liberation of water for the environment through substitution with wastewater has been promoted as a means of reducing anthropogenic impacts (Hamilton et al., 2005). In arid and semi-arid regions, water resources of good quality are becoming scarcer and are being allocated with priority for urban water supply. Therefore, there is an increasing necessity to irrigate with water that already contains salts, such as saline groundwater, drainage water, and treated wastewater (Mojiri and Aziz 2011). Wastewaters often contain significant concentrations of organic and inorganic nutrients for example nitrogen, phosphate, (Alshammary and Qian 2008) micronutrients and heavy metals (Mojiri and Amirossadat 2011). Waste waters carry appreciable amounts of toxic heavy metals concentrations of heavy metals in waste waters vary from city to city. Important sources of heavy metals in waste water are urban and industrial effluents. Heavy metals are extremely persistent in the environment; they are nonbiodegradable and nonthermodegradable and thus readily accumulate to toxic levels. Long-term use of waste waters on lands often results in the build-up of the elevated levels of heavy metals in soils (Tabari et al., 2008). Since the use of wastewater is an uncommon source of water, its application in

Mojiri et al. Impact of Urban Wastewater on Soil Properties and Lepidium sativum in an Arid Region

agriculture requires especial management to take satisfactory benefit of it and prevent its environmental and sanitary dangers in soil, plant and in surface and underground water (Asgari et al., 2007). When considering wastewater reuse for irrigation and evaluation of the benefits, disadvantages and possible risks have to be made. Many studies have been published on the beneficial effects of sewage sludge amendment on crop yield and some soil physical and chemical properties. The addition of sludge to soil is known to improve the soil physical properties as evidenced by (a) increasing water content, (b) increasing water retention, (c) enhanced aggregation, (d) increased soil aeration, (e) greater permeability, (f) increased water infiltration and (g) decreased surface crusting (Hussein, 2009). The effect of wastewater on soil, subsurface water and plants completely depend on the type of the wastewater and its content (Tabatabaei, 2007). Wastewater sludge produced by sewage treatment plants are represented as a good source of macro- and microelements and generally contain a high quality of organic matter. Their application in agriculture translates into improved soil fertility (Amin et al., 2009). The objectives of this research were to investigate: 1- the effects of urban wastewater on chemical soil properties, and accumulation of heavy metals in Lepidium sativum in an arid region, 2- the impacts of urban wastewater on morphological properties of Lepidium sativum. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Sample preparation Soil samples of 0 to 20 cm depth were taken from agricultural field in Isfahan province (center of Iran). The soil texture was sandy loam. First of all Lepidium sativum seeds sown in sand and after generation was transplanted in plastic pots containing 7 kg of these soils (three plants per each pot). The experiment was carried out at green house in 2011. The experiment consisted of two treatments (with 3 replications)

including soil irrigation with 400 ml of water for every day (T1, control), and soil irrigation with 400 ml of wastewater for every day (T2). The water well near the green house was used for irrigation. And wastewater was taken from Shahinshahr wastewater treatment plant in Isfahan province. After 30 days, samples were taken for testing. The plant tissues were prepared for laboratory analysis by Wet Digestion method (Campbell and Plank, 1998). Soil samples were air dried in a greenhouse at a temperature between 25 C and 30 C and sifted through a 2-mm mesh sieve for preparation of soil samples (Mojiri and Jalalian, 2011). 2.2. Laboratory determinations Soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity (EC) and soluble cations were measured on 1:1 extract (Soil:Water). Sodium ions (Na) were measured by Flamephotometry (Zarinkafsh, 1993). Chloride ions were measured by titration method (Richards, 1954). Total nitrogen (TN) was measured by Kjeldahl method (ASA, 1982). BOD5 was measured by titration method (APHA, 2005). Micronutrients and heavy metals in soil and plant samples were carried out in accordance the Standard Methods, analysis of wastewater was carried out in accordance the Standard Methods (APHA, 2005). The height of roots and shoots were measured by ruler. 2.3. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistical analysis including mean comparison using Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (in 0.05 level) was conducted using SPSS software. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Main soil, water and wastewater properties before experiment are shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. Extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr and Ni (mg kg-1) equal to 2.171, 1.223, 1.004, 0.001 and 0.320 were found in the main soil, respectively.

Table 1: Main soil properties

pH EC (dS m-1) 1.42 TN (%) 0.07 BOD5 (mg kg-1) _ OM (%) 1.00 Ca
(mg kg-1) (mg kg-1)

7.16

20.00

Na (mg kg-1) Soil 20.03 26.73

Cl

Fe
(mg kg-1)

Mn
(mg kg-1)

Cr
(mg kg-1)

Ni
(mg kg-1)

Zn
(mg kg-1)

2.171

1.223

0.001

0.320

1.004

International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(1), pp. 7-15, 2013

Table 2: Water and wastewater properties

pH EC
(dS m-1)

TN
(mg L-1)

(mg L-1)

BOD5

OM (%) _ 22.41

Ca
(mg L-1)

Cl
(mg L-1)

Na
(mg L-1)

Fe
(mg L-1)

Mn
(mg L-1)

Cr
(mg L-1)

Ni
(mg L-1)

Zn
(mg L-1)

7.00 6.87

0.31 1.19

0.00 31.27

_ 25.32

24.00 3.13

Water 2.17 1.10 Wastewater 3.99 8.37

0.001 0.302

0.00 0.098

0.000 0.004

0.001 0.032

0.009 0.069

The quality of municipal wastewater and well water were assessed for irrigation with respect to their pH, EC, TN, OM, Ca, Cl, Na and content of heavy

metals (Table 2). Extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr and Ni (mg L-1) equal to 0.302, 0.098, 0.069, 0.004 and 0.032 were found in the wastewater, respectively.

Table 3: Comparing the means for soil chemical characteristics

EC (dS m-1) 1.43a 1.67b TN (%) 0.071a 0.112b OM (%) 1.01a 1.78b Na
(mg kg-1)

Cl (mg kg-1) 19.34a 20.87b

25.11a 28.31b

Fe (mg kg-1) T1 2.00a T2 2.32b

Mn (mg kg-1) 1.189a 1.571b

Zn (mg kg-1) 0.991a 1.041b

Cr (mg kg-1) 0.000a 0.002b

Ni (mg kg-1) 0.310a 0.331b

+ Numbers followed by same letters in each column are not significantly (P<0.05) different according to the DMR test

Minimum extractable Fe (mg kg-1) equal to 2.00 was observed in T1, and maximum extractable Fe equal to 2.32 was found in T2. Minimum extractable Mn (mg kg-1) equal to 1.189 was recorded in T1, and maximum extractable Mn equal to 1.571 was determined in T2. Minimum extractable Zn (mg kg-1) equal to 0.991 was recorded in T1, and maximum extractable Zn equal to 1.041 was determined in T2. Minimum extractable Cr (mg kg-1) equal to 0.00 was

recorded in T1, and maximum extractable Cr equal to 0.002 was observed in T2. Minimum extractable Ni (mg kg-1) equal to 0.31 was determined in T1, and maximum extractable Ni equal to 0.331 was determined in T2. According to Table 3 and Figure 1 to 5, soil irrigation with wastewater increased EC, TN, OM, Na, Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr and Ni.

Fig. 1: EC and TN in the soil. Index T1 and T2 are shown treatment 1 and 2, respectively

Fig. 2: OM and Na in the soil

Mojiri et al. Impact of Urban Wastewater on Soil Properties and Lepidium sativum in an Arid Region

Fig. 3: Cl and Fe in the soil

Fig. 4: Mn and Zn in the soil

Fig. 5: Cr and Ni in the soil 3.1. The effects of wastewater on soil properties Effects of wastewater on soil properties were shown in Table 3 and Fig.1 to5. According to Table 3: (A) The application of wastewater caused an increase of electrical conductivity (EC), this is in line with findings of Asagi et al. (2007), Jahantigh (2008) and Mojiri and Aziz (2011). The application of wastewater cased an increase of concentration of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). This is in line with findings of Mojiri (2011). Increasing the EC, Na and Cl of soil irrigated with wastewater can be attributed to minerals in the wastewater (Mojiri, 2011). (B) The application of wastewater caused an increase of total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM). This is in line with findings of Mojiri (2011) and Khai et al. (2008). Increasing the total N of soil irrigated with wastewater can be attributed to N different forms in the wastewater and increasing OM of soil irrigated with wastewater is most likely due to the higher OM content of wastewater.

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(1), pp. 7-15, 2013

(C) Irrigation with wastewater increased extractable chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn). This is in line with findings of (Mojiri, 2011) and Vaseghi et al. (2005). The role of wastewater in reducing soil pH can be effective in increasing extractable Cd, Ni, Fe, Zn and Mn and there are Cd, Ni, Fe, Zn and Mn in the wastewater. Accumulation of micronutrients and heavy metals as a result of wastewater application could be caused directly by the waste-water composition or indirectly through in-creasing solubility of the indigenous insoluble soil heavy metals as a result of the chelation or acidification action of the applied waste-water (Rusan et al., 2007). Tabari et al. (2008) reported that the use of waste water in irrigation might enrich soils with heavy metals to concentrations that may pose potential environmental and health risks in the long-term. Tabatabaei et al. (2007) reported when wastewater was continuously used for irrigation, some changes were expected to happen in soil infiltration. The most important index for evaluation of the change was Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS).

Jahantigh (2008) investigated impact of recycled wastewater irrigation on soil chemical properties in an arid region. This results indicated that soils (sampled to 12 cm) from pasture with RWW (Recycled Waste Water) irrigation exhibited 0.3 units of higher pH and 172, 34 and 40% higher concentrations of extractable Na, B and P, respectively. Hussein (2009) investigated impact of sewage sludge as organic manure on some soil properties, growth yield and nutrient contents of cucumber crop. The obtained results revealed that application of sewage sludge significantly altered the chemical properties of soil. Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC), soluble cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium), soluble anions (chloride and sulphate), available phosphorous and micronutrients (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) and heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, lead and nickel) were increased in soils with increasing sewage sludge application rate. While, the soil reaction (pH) and HCO3 contents were decreased as a result of sludge application. Accumulation of heavy metals in Lepidium sativum is shown in Table 4 and Fig. 6 to 7. According to Table 4, Lepidium sativum irrigated with waste water caused increase of heavy metals in the plant.

Table 4: Comparing the accumulation of heavy metals in Lepidium sativum

Fe (mg L-1) Mn (mg L-1) Zn (mg L-1) T1 Root 0.131a Leaf 0.009b T2 Root 0.172c Leaf 0.013d Cr (mg L-1) Ni (mg L-1)

1.112a 0.469b

0.341a 0.137b

0.000a 0.000a

0.009a 0.000b

1.971c 0.578d

0.441c 0.205d

0.003b 0.001a

0.013c 0.003d

+ Numbers followed by same letters in each column are not significantly (P<0.05) different according to the DMR test

The concentrations of extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr and Ni (mg L-1) in roots under T1 were 1.112, 0.341, 0.131, 0.00 and 0.009 but they (mg L-1) in roots under T2 were 1.971, 0.441, 0.172, 0.003 and 0.013, respectively. The concentrations of extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr and Ni (mg L-1) in leaves under T1 were 0.469, 0.137, 0.009, 0 and 0 but they (mg L-1) in leafs under T2

were 0.578, 0.205, 0.013, 0.001 and 0.003, respectively. According to the Table 5, Lepidium sativum irrigated with wastewater caused an increase of root length and shoot length. The role of wastewater in increasing total nitrogen, organic matter and micronutrients can be affective in increasing of roots length and shoots length (growth factors of Lepidium sativum)

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Mojiri et al. Impact of Urban Wastewater on Soil Properties and Lepidium sativum in an Arid Region

Fig. 6: Accumulation of heavy metals in the roots of Lepidium sativum

Fig. 7: Accumulation of heavy metals in the leaves of Lepidium sativum Table 5: Effects of wastewater on physiological parameters of Lepidium sativum
Physiological Parameters Root length (cm) T1 17a T2 21b 17b
+ Numbers followed by same letters in each column are not significantly (P<0.05) different according to the DMR test

Shoot length (cm) 14a

3.2. The effects of wastewater on accumulation of micronutrients and heavy metals in Lepidium sativum Effects of wastewater on soil properties were shown in Table 4. According to Table 4: (A) The application of wastewater caused an increase of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in roots and leaves. This is in line with findings of

Mojiri and Aziz (2011) and Mojiri and Amirossadat (2011). (B) The application of wastewater caused an increase of Cr and Ni in roots but it did not have significant effect on accumulation of chromium (Cr) and (Ni) in leaves. This is in line with finding of Mojiri and Aziz (2011). Many investigations, including long and short term studies, showed that the accumulation of heavy metals

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(1), pp. 7-15, 2013

in plants increased as a consequence of the application of wastes such as pig slurry, wastewater, sewage sludge, etc. The changes of heavy metal uptake by plants were related to the changes in the physicochemical characteristics of soil following the application of wastewater (Mojiri and Aziz 2011). Arora et al. (2008) observed that the con-centration of all the heavy metals is higher in wastewaterirrigated vegetables than in freshwater-irrigated plants. Tabari et al. (2008) investigated the effects of waste water application on heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Cr and Cd) contamination in a Black Locust Stand in semi-arid zone of Iran. This result showed that the Fe and Mn concentrations in leaf of trees irrigated with waste water were significantly greater than those in well water but without risk. Cr and Cd were not detected in leaves and also Cd in water and soil samples. 4. CONCULATION As a result of urbanization, urban wastewater has increased fast, so reusing urban wastewater has become a research topic for a long time. Also, the pollutant components should be removed (Burun et al., 2006). In this study investigated the effects of urban wastewater on soil properties and Lepidium sativum. These results showed that the application of wastewater caused an increase of electrical conductivity (EC), OM, TN, Cl, Na, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil. The irrigation with wastewater caused accumulation of heavy metals in Lepidium sativum. Accumulation of heavy metals in roots was important than in leaves. Lepidium sativum irrigated with wastewater caused an increase of root length and shoot length. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge the University Sains Malaysia (USM) for their supports. REFERENCES Alshammary SF, Qian YL (2008). Long Term Effects of Effluent Water Irrigation on Soil Nitrate and Phosphorus Profiles under Turfgrass. Journal of Applied Sci., 8: 3662-3668. Amin AW, Sherif FK, El-Atar H, Ez-Eldin H (2009). Effect of Residual and Accumulative Sewage Sludge on Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation: Gene Action and Some Yield Parameters of Vicia faba. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicol., 3(2): 60-75 APHA (2005). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. American

Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA. Arora M, Kiran B, Rani S, Rani A, Kaur B, Mittal N (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemist., 111: 811815. ASA (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd edition, Page A.L. (Ed.), Agronomy Society of America. Asagi N, Ueno HA (2007). Effects of Sewage Sludge Application on Rice Growth, Soil Properties, and N Fate in Low Fertile Paddy Soil. International Journal of Soil Sci., 2: 171-181. Asgari K, Najafi P, Soleymani A, Larabi R (2007). Effects of Treated Municipal Wastewater on Growth Parameters of Corn in Different Irrigation Conditions. Journal of Biological Sci., 7: 1430-1435. Burun B, Tuna AL, Ibrahim Y, Hatice E (2006). Some soil properties of lime stabilized urban wastewater and effects on barley`s yield and mineral matter content. Journal Agronomy, 5: 37-44. Campbell CR, Plank CO (1998). Preparation of plant tissue for laboratory analysis. P 37-49. In Y.P. Kalra (ed) Handbook of Reference Method for Plant Analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Hamilton AJ, Boland AM, Stevens D, Kelly J, Radcliffe J, Ziehrl A, Dillon P, Paulin B (2005). Position of the Australian horticultural industry with respect to the use of reclaimed water. Agric. Water Manage., 71: 181209. Hussein AHA (2009). Impact of Sewage Sludge as Organic Manure on Some Soil Properties, Growth, Yield and Nutrient Contents of Cucumber Crop. Journal of Applied Sci., 9: 1401-1411. Jahantigh M (2008). Impact of Recycled Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Chemical Properties in an Arid Region. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sci., 11: 2264-2268. Jun-Feng W, Gen-Xu W, Hua W (2007). Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment: Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China. Journal of Environmental Sci., 19: 10931099. Kretschmer N, Ribbe L, Gaese H (2002). WASTEWATER REUSE FOR AGRICULTURE. Technology Resource Management & Development - Scientific Contributions for Sustainable Development, 2: 37-64. Mojiri A (2011). Effects of Municipal Wastewater on Physical and Chemical Properties of Saline

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Soil. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 5(14): 71-76. Mojiri A, Jalalian A (2011). Relationship between growth of Nitraria schoberi and some soil properties. Journal of Animal and Plant Sci., 21(2): 246-250. Mojiri A, Aziz HA (2011). Effects of Municipal Wastewater on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with Two Irrigation Methods. Romanian Agricultural Research, 28: 217-22. Mojiri A, Amirossadat Z (2011). Effects of Urban Wastewater on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Corn (Zea mays L.) with Sprinkler Irrigation Method. Asian Journal of Plant Sci., 10: 233-237. Qian YL, Fu JM, Klett J, Newman SE (2005). Effects of Long-Term Recycled Wastewater Irrigation on Visual Quality and Ion Concentrations of Ponderosa Pine. Journal Environ. Hort., 23(4):185189.

Richards L (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. U.S Salinity laboratory handboock No. 60. Rusan MJ, Hinnawi S, Rousan L (2007). Long term effect of wastewater irrigation of forage crops on soil and plant quality parameters. Desalination, 215:143152. Tabari M, Salehi A, Ali-Arab AR (2008). Effects of Waste Water Application on Heavy Metals (Mn, Fe, Cr and Cd) Contamination in a Black Locust Stand in Semi-Arid Zone of Iran. Asian Journal of Plant Sci., 7: 382-388. Tabatabaei SH, Najafi P, Amini H (2007). Assessment of Change in Soil Water Content Properties Irrigated with Industrial Sugar Beet Wastewater. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sci., 10: 1649-1654. Zarinkafsh M (1993). Applied Soil Science. Tehran University Publications, Tehran, Iran, pp 342 (in Persian).

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(1), pp. 7-15, 2013

Amin Mojiri is a PhD candidate in environmental engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang. He is fellowship holder and research assistant at the School of Civil Engineering (USM). He is a member of Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Iran. He is editor and reviewer of some international journals. His area of specialization is waste management, waste recycling, wastewater treatment, wastewater recycling, and soil pollutions.

Dr Aziz is a Professor in environmental engineering at the School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Dr. Aziz received his Ph.D in civil engineering (environmental engineering) from University of Strathclyde, Scotland in 1992. He has published over 200 refereed articles in professional journals/proceedings and currently sits as the Editorial Board Member for 8 International journals. Dr Aziz's research has focused on alleviating problems associated with water pollution issues from industrial wastewater discharge and solid waste management via landfilling, especially on leachate pollution. He also interests in biodegradation and bioremediation of oil spills.

Dr. Shuokr Qarani Aziz is a lecturer in the Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Iraq. He received B.Sc. degree in Civil Engineering and M.Sc. in Sanitary Engineering from University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Iraq; Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia. He is editor and reviewer of some international journals. His area of specialization is Water Supply Engineering, Wastewater Engineering, Solid Waste Management, and Noise Pollution.

Dr. Ali Gholami is an assistant professor in soil science. He is the editor and reviewer of some international journals. He has studied 15 university research design, and 50 printed papers in national and international conferences and journals. Mr. Ali Gholami has graduated with first grade in M.Sc. degree and PhD coarse book. He was selected as head of department of soil science and manager of research office in Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch in 2009 and it now. Also he was selected as superior researcher in 2011 and 2012 in Khuzestan province, Iran.

Mahnoosh Aboutorab is a MSc student in food science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University.

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