Chapter 2 (cont.

 FATS

- Natural substances called lipids.

- A group of organic compounds that make up the structure of cells found in plant and
animal tissues. They are water-insoluble compounds.

- Fats and oils are chemically very similar, but differ in their physical states.

- Fats found in animals are solid at room temperature but for plant fats, they are in liquid
state at room temperature and thus, called as oils.

- Fats and oils are mixtures of different esters derived from a variety of long-chain
carboxylic acids called fatty acids with the alcohol propane-1,2,3-triol or glycerol.

- Fatty acids are long straight-chain carboxylic acids containing between 12 to 18 carbon
atoms per molecule.

- A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acids to form a
monoester, diester or triester. A molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to
the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an ester link (-COO-)

- Could you state why do we need oils and fats????

- The length of the carbon chain can differ, ranging from 12 to 18 carbon atoms and may
be saturated or unsaturated.

- If the fatty acid has only 1 double bond = monosaturated, >1 double bond =
polysaturated.

- Converting unsaturated fats to saturated??

-Catalytic hydrogenation
-Bubbling hydrogen gas through hot liquid oil in the presence of fine particles of
nickel catalyst.
-Temperature = 200oC
-Pressure = 4 atm
-The higher the double bonds get hydrogenated, the relative molecular mass of the oil
molecule increases. Intermolecular forces become stronger and more energy needed to
overcome them

- Extraction process of palm oil….

- 1) sterilizer 2) stripper 3) digestor 4) pressing 5) clarification
6) purififcation 7) vacuum drying

 NATURAL RUBBER

- A polymer is a large, long chain molecule formed by joining together thousands of small
monomer molecules.

- 2 groups : a) natural b) synthetics

- Proteins

- The building blocks = amino acids

- Amino acids are joined together by a condensation polymerization

- Carbohydrates

- The building block monomer = glucose

- C6H12O6

- 2 types of complex carbohydrates polymers : a) starch b) cellulose

 NATURAL RUBBER

- The monomer = isoprene = 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene

- An addition polymerization joins thousands of isoprene units together to form

(polyisoprene) or natural rubber.

- Coagulation process of latex

- The milky fluid = latex

- Consists of an aqueous suspension of colloidal rubber particles.

- Each rubber particle is made of rubber polymers covered by a layer of protein

membrane.

- ‘-‘ charges are found on the surface of the membrane, making each rubber particle
negatively charged. the negatively charged rubber particles repel each other,
preventing themselves from combining and coagulating

- Acid such as methanoic acid (formic acid) are added to make the latex coagulate.

- Hydrogen ions from the acid neutralize the negative charges on the surface of the
membrane. A neutral rubber particle is formed.

- When these neutral particles collide each other, their outer membrane layers break up
and the rubber polymers are set free.

- The rubber polymers start to coagulate by combining together to form large lumps of
rubber polymers which then precipitate out of the latex solution.

- Latex can still coagulate if acids are not added, normally if left overnight.

- Bacteria from the air slowly attack the protein on the membrane to produce lactic
acid. Ionization of the lactic acid produces the hydrogen ions. The H ions neutralize
the negative charges to form neutral rubber particles, allowing coagulation to occur.
 - Alkalis such as ammonia solution are added to latex to prevent coagulation.

- The hydroxide ions from alkali neutralize H ions produced by lactic acid as a result of
bacterial attack on protein.

- Because there are no H ions to neutralize the negative charges on the rubber particles,
they remain negatively charged and hence cannot combine and coagulate.

 Properties of Natural Rubber

- elastic

- unstable to heat

- unstable to oxidation = the presence of double bond makes it susceptible to

oxidation.

- insoluble in water

 Vulcanisation of Rubber

- a manufacturing process to convert raw rubber into a tough useful product.

- 1-3% sulphur by weight is added to raw rubber and the mixture is carefully heated.

- Sulphur atoms form cross-links between adjacent chains of rubber polymer at the
carbon-carbon double bonds.

- The number of sulphur atoms in the cross-links is usually one to four.