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B CNG THNG TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP H NI KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN ----------

BO CO BI TP LN
MN CNG NGH PHN MM
TI: CHUN ISO V CH TC PHN MM

Ging vin hng dn:

Thy Hong Quang Huy

Thnh vin:

1.Trn Vn Nam 2.o Duy Onh 3.Nguyn c Thun

H Ni ngy 3/11/2012

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Li m u
Trong thi k pht trin ca t nc. ngnh Cng Ngh Thng Tin(CNTT) cng pht trin mnh m song song vi cc ngnh cng nghip trong nc. T nm 1962 nc ta c mt nhm thanh nin ln ng sang Lin x hc tp tip cn vi my tnh v mang CNTT v vi nc ta. K t n nay s pht trin CNTT Vit Nam l ng kinh ngc. Cng ngh thng tin ng vai tr quan trng trong s pht trin ca x hi trong thi i ngy nay. Cng ngh thng tin tr thnh nhn t quan trng, l cu ni trao i gia cc thnh phn ca x hi ton cu, ca mi vn . Vic nhanh chng a ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo qu trnh t ng ha trong sn xut kinh doanh l vn ang, v s lun c quan tm bi l cng ngh thng tin c vai tr rt ln trong cc hot ng kinh t, sn xut kinh doanh, bn hng, xc tin thng mi, qun tr doanh nghip. Ngy nay, con ngi c nhiu iu kin tip cn vi cng ngh thng tin. Hu nh ngnh ngh, lnh vc hay hot ng no trong x hi hin i cng cn ti s gp mt ca Cng ngh thng tin. Bi s a dng y, i tng phc v ca Cng ngh thng tin ngy cng phong ph, t mt c nhn mun c chic my vi tnh, mt cng ty mun xy dng Website gii thiu sn phm cho ti mt quc gia mun xy dng chnh ph in t hay c th trng rng ln trn ton th gii. S pht trin ca CNTT l s pht trin ca phn cng(hardware) v phn mm (software). T khi ra i th phn cng v phn mm lun lun pht trin song hnh vi nhau.Tuy nhin trc y hu nh pht trin phn cng mnh n l phn mm. Trong thi k pht trin cng nghip ha ny th phn mm my tnh ang c pht trin mnh m . Cng Ngh Phn Mm ang c cc trung tm, cng ty tp trung pht trin mnh m. Vic hng n cc chun khi ch tc, sang to phn mm l iu quan trng a phn mm pht trin ra trng quc t. Nhm chng em thc hin nghin cu Chun ISO cho ch tc phn mm s gip mi ngi c mt cch hiu tng qut v chun ISO v tm quan trng ca n i vi mt phn mm.

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Chng 1 Gii thiu v ISO

I. nh ngha v chun ISO ISO l tn vit tt ca T chc Quc t v tiu chun ho (International Organization for Standardization), c thnh lp vo nm 1946 v chnh thc hot ng vo ngy 23/2/1947, nhm mc ch xy dng cc tiu chun v sn xut, thng mi v thng tin. ISO c tr s Geneva (Thu s). Tu theo tng nc, mc tham gia xy dng cc tiu chun ISO c khc nhau. mt s nc, t chc tiu chun ho l cc c quan chnh thc hay bn chnh thc ca Chnh ph. Ti Vit Nam, t chc tiu chun ho l Tng cc Tiu chun-o lng-Cht lng, thuc B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng. Mc ch ca cc tiu chun ISO l to iu kin cho cc hot ng trao i hng ho v dch v trn ton cu tr nn d dng, tin dng hn v t c hiu qu. Tt c cc tiu chun do ISO t ra u c tnh cht t nguyn. Tuy nhin, thng cc nc chp nhn tiu chun ISO v coi n c tnh cht bt buc. ISO c khong 180 U ban k thut (TC) chuyn d tho cc tiu chun trong tng lnh vc. ISO lp ra cc tiu chun trong mi ngnh tr cng nghip ch to in v in t. Cc nc thnh vin ca ISO lp ra cc nhm t vn k thut nhm cung cp t liu u vo cho cc U ban k thut v l mt phn ca qu trnh xy dng tiu chun. ISO tip nhn t liu ca u vo t cc Chnh ph cc ngnh v cc bn lin quan trc khi ban hnh mt tiu chun. Sau khi tiu chun d tho c cc nc thnh vin chp thun, n c cng b l Tiu chun Quc t. Sau mi nc li c th chp nhn mt phin bn ca tiu chun lm Tiu chun quc gia ca mnh ISO hay l IOS Nhiu ngi nhn thy s khng tng ng trong vic dng danh t y l International Organization for Standardization v t vit tt l ISO, theo ng th t th l ra t vit tt phi l IOS. Trn thc t ISO l mt t gc Hi Lp, c ngha l cng bng. ISO cng l tip u ng ca mt s thnh ng, v d: ISOmetric ch s tng ng v n v o lng hoc kch thc, ISOnomy ch s cng bng ca php lut hay ca cng dn trc php lut. S lin h v mt ngha gia equal- cng bng vi standard-tiu chun l iu dn dt khin cho ci tn ISO c chn cho T chc Quc t v Tiu chun ho. Hn na, ci tn ISO cng c dng ph bin trn ton th gii biu th tn ca t chc, trnh vic dng tn vit tt c dch ra t nhng ngn ng khc nhau, v d IOS trong ting Anh, OIN trong ting Php (Vit tt t tn

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Organization Internationale de Normalisation). V vy, tn vit tt ISO c dng tt c cc quc gia l thnh vin ca t chc ny trn ton th gii.

Phn loi cc chun ISO Hin c rt nhiu loi tiu chun ISO ph bin. Cc loi ISO thng c p dng nh: I. B tiu chun ISO/9126 ISO 9000 ISO/IEC 15504 Tiu chun ISO 31000

CHUN ISO-9126 1. ISO 9126 l g?

ISO-9126 thit lp mt m hnh cht lng chun cho cc sn phm phn mm. B tiu chun ny c chia lm bn phn: 9126-1 a ra m hnh cht lng sn phm phn mm. 9126-2 Php nh gi cht lng ngoi. 9126-3 Php nh gi cht lng trong.

9126-4 Php nh gi cht lng sn phm phn mm trong qu trnh s dng. M hnh cht lng ISO-9126 trn thc t c m t l mt phng php phn loi v chia nh nhng thuc tnh cht lng, nhm to nn nhng i lng o m c dng kim nh cht lng ca sn phm phn mm. Hin nay c hn 160 nc tham gia vo t chc Quc t ny trong c Vit Nam (tham gia nm 1987). 2.Phm vi m hnh cht lng Cht lng trong v cht lng ngoi Cht lng s dng Phn th nht ca m hnh xc nh 6 tiu ch ca cht lng trong, 6

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tiu ch cht lng ngoi; cc tiu ch ny sau li c chia nh thnh nhiu tiu ch con. Nhng tiu ch ny c bc l ra ngoi khi phn mm c coi nh l mt phn ca h thng my tnh v l kt qu ca cc thuc tnh phn mm bn trong. Phn th hai ca m hnh m t 4 tiu ch cht lng s dng.Cht lng s dng l h qu ca 6 tiu ch cht lng sn phm phn mm i vi ngi dng. Cc tiu ch sn phm phn mm ny c th p dng cho tt c cc loi phn mm.Nhng tiu ch sn phm phn mm to ra s nht qun i vi cht lng sn phm phn mm, ng thi cung cp mt khung cho vic xc nh cc yu cu i vi cht lng phn mm. Trong phn ny, cht lng sn phm phn mm c xc nh v nh gi theo nhiu hng, gn vi kt qu thu c, cc yu cu, s pht trin, s dng, nh gi, h tr, tnh n nh, m bo cht lng v kim nh ca phn mm. N c th c s dng bi nh pht trin, t chc s dng, nhn vin m bo cht lng phn mm hay ngi nh gi c lp.ng thi n c bit thch hp cho vic xc nh v nh gi cht lng sn phm phn mm. V d, m hnh cht lng ny c th c dng : Kim tra tnh p ng i vi nhng yu cu t ra. Xc nh cc yu cu phn mm. Xc nh cc i tng thit k phn mm. Xc nh cc i tng kim th phn mm. Xc nh cc tiu chun m bo cht lng. Xc nh cc tiu chun chp nhn cho mt sn phm phn mm hon chnh.

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3.Tiu ch cht lng

Qu trnh Sn phm phn mm Tc ng Kt qu sn phm phn mm

Qu trnh cht lng

Tc ng

Thuc tnh cht lng trong

Tc ng

Thuc tnh cht lng ngoi

Thuc tnh cht lng s dng

Ph thuc

Ph thuc

Ph thuc

Hon cnh s dng

Qu trnh nh gi

Php nh gi trong

Php nh gi ngoi

nh gi cht lng s dng

Hnh 1 - Cht lng trong vng i sn phm Vic nh gi sn phm phn mm tho mn cc yu cu cht lng l mt trong nhng quy trnh trong vng i pht trin ca phn mm (Hnh 1). Cht lng sn phm phn mm cn c nh gi bng vic o kim cc thuc tnh bn trong (thng l cc phng php o tnh trn cc sn phm trung gian), hoc bng cch o kim cc thuc tnh bn ngoi (thng l o cc p ng ca m lnh khi thc thi), hoc bng cch o kim cht lng cc thuc tnh s dng. Mc ch l sn phm p ng c nhng yu cu trong tng trng hp s dng c th. Quy trnh cht lng gp phn ci tin cht lng sn phm, v cht lng sn phm gp phn ci tin cht lng s dng. Do , vic nh gi v ci tin mt quy trnh ng ngha vi ci tin cht lng sn phm. Tng t, vic nh gi cht lng s dng c th tc ng ngc tr li ci tin mt sn phm v nh gi mt sn phm phn mm c th tc ng tr li ci tin mt quy trnh. Cc thuc tnh trong thch hp ca phn mm l yu cu tin t c cc phn ng bn ngoi, v cc hot ng bn ngoi thch hp l yu cu tin t c cht lng s dng . Cc yu cu cho cht lng sn phm phn mm s bao gm cc tiu ch nh gi cht lng trong, cht lng ngoi v cht lng s dng, p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng, ngi bo dng, t chc s dng, v ngi dng cui.

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Cc yu cu v cht lng ca ngi s dng c xc nh l cc yu cu cht lng trong php o cht lng s dng, phng php o cht lng ngoi, thm ch c phng php o cht lng trong. Nhng yu cu ny c xc nh bng phng php o v s dng nh chun khi nh gi sn phm. c c mt sn phm tho mn nhu cu ca ngi dng i hi qu trnh pht trin phn mm phi lin tc v lun lun c nhng phn hi t pha h. Cc yu cu cht lng ngoi xc nh cc mc yu cu i vi cht lng theo hng nhn t bn ngoi. Chng bao gm cc yu cu xut pht t nhu cu ngi s dng, gm cc yu cu cht lng s dng.Cc yu cu cht lng ngoi c s dng nh l ch ca qu trnh kim tra ti mi giai on pht trin. Cc yu cu cht lng ngoi cho tt c cc tiu ch cht lng xc nh trong phn ny nn c t trong cc c t yu cu cht lng s dng phng php o ngoi, nn c chuyn i sang cc yu cu cht lng trong, v nn c s dng nh l chun kim tra sn phm. Cc yu cu cht lng trong xc nh cc mc cht lng yu cu theo hng nhn t bn trong ca sn phm. Cc yu cu cht lng trong c s dng xc nh tiu ch ca cc sn phm trung gian.Chng c th bao gm cc m hnh tnh hoc ng, cc ti liu v m ngun khc nhau.Cc yu cu cht lng trong c th c coi l ch cho cc kim tra ti cc giai on khc nhau trong qu trnh pht trin.Chng cng c th c s dng xc nh cc chin lc pht trin, chun nh gi, cc kim tra trong qu trnh pht trin. C th s dng mt s phng php o m rng (v d: cho vic ti s dng), nm ngoi phm vi ca ISO/IEC 9126. Cc yu cu cht lng trong nn c xc nh mt cch nh lng qua vic s dng phng php o trong. Cht lng trong l tng hp ca tt c cc tiu ch ca sn phm phn mm theo cch nhn t bn trong. Cht lng trong c o kim v nh gi theo cc yu cu cht lng trong. Cc chi tit ca cht lng sn phm phn mm c th c ci tin trong sut qu trnh trin khai m ho, kim th, nhng bn cht c bn ca cht lng sn phm phn mm th hin qua cht lng trong th khng thay i tr khi c s thit k li. Cht lng ngoi c lng (d on) l cht lng m c lng hoc d on c ca sn phm phn mm ti cui mi giai on trong qu trnh

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pht trin i vi mi tiu ch cht lng, da trn nhng hiu bit v cht lng trong. Cht lng ngoi l tng hp ca cc tiu ch ca sn phm phn mm theo cch nhn t bn ngoi. l cht lng khi phn mm hot ng, thng c o kim, c lng trong khi kim th trong mi trng gi lp vi d liu gi lp, s dng phng php o ngoi.Trong qu trnh kim th, hu ht cc li cn c pht hin v khc phc.Tuy nhin, sau kim th, vn cn li mt s li.Bi v rt kh sa cha kin trc v cc vn lin quan n thit k c bn ca phn mm, nn thit k c bn ca phn mm thng khng thay i khi kim th. Cht lng s dng c lng (d on) l cht lng m c lng hay d on c ca sn phm phn mm ti cui mi giai on pht trin i vi mi tiu ch cht lng s dng, da trn hiu bit v cht lng trong v ngoi. Cht lng s dng l cch nhn ca ngi dng v cht lng ca sn phm phn mm khi n c s dng trong mt mi trng v hon cnh c th. N xc nh phm vi m ngi s dng c th t c mc ch ca mnh trong mt mi trng c th, hn l xc nh cc tiu ch ca bn thn phn mm. Cht lng trong mitrng ca ngi s dng c th khc vi trong mi trng ca ngi pht trin, l do s khc nhau gia nhu cu v kh nng ca nhng ngi s dng khc nhau, v s khc nhau gia cc phn cng v mi trng. Ngi s dng ch nh gi cc tiu ch ca phn mm m h dng ti. i khi, cc thuc tnh ca phn mm, xc nh bi ngi s dng trong khi phn tch yu cu khng p ng c nhu cu ca ngi s dng trong qu trnh s dng, l do nhng thay i yu cu ca ngi s dng v cc kh khn trong vic xc nh nhu cu. 4. M hnh cht lng Cht lng sn phm phn mm c th c nh gi qua mt m hnh cht lng c th. Sn phm phn mm nn c phn tch theo cp bc vo mt m hnh phn mm vi nhng tiu ch v nhng tiu ch con, sao cho c th

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s dng chng nh mt danh sch kim tra nhng vn pht sinh lin quan n cht lng. a. Tiu ch cht lng trong v ngoi M hnh cht lng ISO-9126 trn thc t c m t l mt phng php phn loi v chia nh nhng thuc tnh cht lng, nhm to nn nhng i lng o m c dng kim nh cht lng ca sn phm phn mm. M hnh cht lng trong v cht lng ngoi ca sn phm trong ISO-9126 th hin trn hnh 2.

Hnh 2 - M hnh cht lng cho cht lng trong v ngoi

Mi tiu ch cht lng, tiu ch cht lng con ca phn mm u c nh ngha. Vi mi tiu ch v cc tiu ch con, kh nng ca phn mm c xc nh bng tp cc thuc tnh trong c th o c c. Cc tiu ch v cc tiu ch con cng c th o c trong phm vi kh nng ca h thng cha phn mm.

Tnh chc nng Kh nng ca phn mm cung cp cc chc nng p ng c nhu cu s dng khi phn mm lm vic trong iu kin c th.

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- Tnh ph hp: l kh nng ca mt phn mm c th cung cp mt tp cc chc nng thch hp cho cng vic c th phc v mc ch ca ngi s dng. - Tnh chnh xc: l kh nng ca phn mm c th cung cp cc kt qu hay hiu qu ng n hoc chp nhn c vi chnh xc cn thit. - Kh nng hp tc lm vic: kh nng tng tc vi mt hoc mt vi h thng c th ca phn mm. - Tnh an ton: kh nng bo v thng tin v d liu ca sn phm phn mm, sao cho ngi, h thng khng c php th khng th truy cp, c hay chnh sa chng. - Tnh nng ph hp: cc phn mm theo cc chun, quy c, quy nh. Tnh tin cy L kh nng ca phn mm c th hot ng n nh trong nhng iu kin c th. - Tnh hon thin: kh nng trnh cc kt qu sai - Kh nng chu li: kh nng ca phn mm hot ng n nh ti mt mc c trong trng hp c li xy ra phn mm hoc c nhng vi phm trong giao din. - Kh nng phc hi: kh nng ca phn mm c th ti thit li hot ng ti mt mc xc nh v khi phc li nhng d liu c lin quan trc tip n li. - Tnh tin cy ph hp: phn mm tho mn cc chun, quy c, quy nh. Tnh kh dng L kh nng ca phn mm c th hiu c, hc c, s dng c v hp dn ngi s dng trong tng trng hp s dng c th. - C th hiu c: ngi dng c th hiu c xem phn mm c hp vi h khng v v s dng chng th no cho nhng cng vic c th.

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- C th hc c: ngi s dng c th hc cc ng dng ca phn mm. - C th s dng c: kh nng ca phn mm cho php ngi dng s dng v iu khin n. - Tnh hp dn: kh nng hp dn ngi s dng ca phn mm - Tnh kh dng ph hp: phn mm tho mn cc chun, quy c, quy nh

Tnh hiu qu Kh nng ca phn mm c th hot ng mt cch hp l, tng ng vi lng ti nguyn n s dng, trong iu kin c th. - p ng thi gian: kh nng ca phn mm c th a ra mt tr li, mt thi gian x l v mt tc thng lng hp l khi n thc hin cng vic ca mnh, di mt iu kin lm vic xc nh. - S dng ti nguyn: kh nng ca phn mm c th s dng mt lng, mt loi ti nguyn hp l thc hin cng vic trong nhng iu kin c th. - Tnh hiu qu ph hp: tho mn cc chun, quy c, quy nh. Kh nng bo hnh, bo tr Kh nng ca phn mm c th chnh sa. Vic chnh sa bao gm: sa li cho ng, ci tin v lm phn mm thch nghi c vi nhng thay i ca mi trng, ca yu cu v ca chc nng xc nh. - C th phn tch c: phn mm c th c chn on tm nhng thiu st hay nhng nguyn nhn gy li hoc xc nh nhng phn cn sa. - C th thay i c: phn mm c th chp nhn mt s thay i c th trong qu trnh trin khai. - Tnh n nh: kh nng trnh nhng tc ng khng mong mun khi chnh sa phn mm.

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- C th kim tra c: kh nng cho php nh gi c phn mm chnh sa. - Kh nng bo hnh bo tr ph hp: tho mn cc chun, quy c, quy nh. Tnh kh chuyn L kh nng ca phn mm cho php n c th c chuyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc. - Kh nng thch nghi: kh nng ca phn mm c th thch nghi vi nhiu mi trng khc nhau m khng cn phi thay i. - C th ci t c: phn mm c th ci t c trn nhng mi trng c th. - Kh nng cng tn ti: phn mm c th cng tn ti vi nhng phn mm c lp khc trong mt mi trng chung, cng chia s nhng ti nguyn chung. - Kh nng thay th: phn mm c th dng thay th cho mt phn mm khc, vi cng mc ch v trong cng mi trng. - Tnh kh chuyn ph hp: tho mn cc chun, quy c, quy nh. b. Tiu ch cht lng s dng Cht lng s dng bao gm 4 tiu ch: tnh hiu qu, nng sut, tnh an ton v tnh tho mn (hnh 3).

Cht lng s dng

Hiu qu

Nng sut

Tnh an ton

Tnh tha mn

Hnh 3 - M hnh cht lng s dng

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Tnh hiu qu: kh nng ca phn mm cho php ngi dng t c mc ch mt cch chnh xc v hon ton, trong iu kin lm vic c th. Tnh nng sut: kh nng ca phn mm cho php ngi dng s dng lng ti nguyn hp l tng i thu c hiu qu cng vic trong nhng hon cnh c th. Tnh an ton: phn mm c th p ng mc ri ro chp nhn c i vi ngi s dng, phn mm, thuc tnh, hoc mi trng trong iu kin c th. Tnh tho mn: phn mm c kh nng lm tho mn ngi s dng trong tng iu kin c th.

c. Phng php nh gi ISO 9126 -Phn 1 ca ISO-9126 a ra m hnh cht lng (l mt phng php phn loi v chia nh nhng thuc tnh cht lng, nhm to nn nhng i lng o m c dng kim nh cht lng ca sn phm phn mm). - Phn 2 l tp hp phng php o nh gi 6 tiu ch i vi cht lng ngoi. - Phn 3 l tp hp phng php o nh gi 6 tiu ch i vi cht lng trong. - Phn 4 l tp hp phng php o nh gi cht lng khi s dng.

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V d phng php o c xy dng nh gi tnh chc nng Tn phng php o y chc nng Mc ch phng php Phng thc p dng o Phng php o, cch thc tnh ton cc thnh phn d liu

chc So snh s lng cc chc X = 1 - A/B Cc nng c nng thc hin cc nhim v A = S lng cc chc p ng y c t v s lng chc nng nng c li nh th c nh gi B = S lng cc chc no ? nng c nh gi

trin Thc hin cc bi kim tra X = 1 - A / B Tnh ton Vic vn trin khai cc chc chc nng cho h thng theo khai chc nng nh th cc c tnh yu cu. A = S lng cc chc no so vi Tnh tan s lng cc chc nng nng b mt c pht cc c tnh nng b mt c pht hin hin trong qu trnh yu cu trong qu trnh nh gi v nh gi so snh vi s lng cc chc nng c miu t B = S lng cc chc trong c tnh yu cu. nng trong c tnh yu cu

d. p dng m hnh cht lng ISO-9126 c th p dng c m hnh ISO-9126 vo thc t, cn c nhng i lng o m c. bt u, ta xc nh cc tiu ch cn t c. Mt phn mm c coi l tin dng khi tha mn nhng tiu ch sau:

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D hiu: Ngi dng mt t thi gian, cng sc hiu tnh nng, hiu cc khi nim trong sn phm v ng dng sn phm. D hc: Ngi dng mt t thi gian, cng sc hc cch dng phn mm. D iu khin, thao tc: Phn mm d iu khin, d thao tc, tit kim thi gian, cng sc ca ngi dng. Sau khi xc nh xong cc tiu ch, ta thit lp phng php o, o (metric) m bo phn mm lm ra s t ng cc tiu chun cht lng theo cc tiu ch nh. Khi o mc tng th c thit lp xong, ta phn nh tiu ch ln thnh cc tiu ch nh hn v thit lp o mc chi tit. V d nh: D hiu: Phn mm phi c bn , ng dn, c ch dn cc chc nng, ch r ci g lm c ci g khng. Khng i hi ngi dng phi nh nhiu.Nht qun trong giao din, trong cc cch gi v khi nim. D hc: Hng dn theo cng vic ca ngi dung. Thit k cho php dng sn phm m khng cn c ti liu.S dng ngn ng ca ngi dung, n gin ha v giao din thn thin (vi cch c, cch nhn ca ngi dng). D iu khin: Ngi dng thc hin nhng cng vic c d dng hn. Kt qu u ra ca sn phm t ng yu cu ca ngi dng (khng cn phi sa i hoc lm thm cc thao tc).C hng dn khc phc v phng trnh li. Khi cc tiu ch c chi tit ha r rng, ta c th thit lp cc o c th gip cho ngi kim nh cht lng c th lm vic hiu qu cng nh ngi sn xut phn mm c trc nh hng, trnh phi lm li v sa i nhiu. Di y l mt s v d thit lp o: o tiu ch 1.a: C sitemap v ng dn trong tng trang cho ngi dng bit ang u C : t yu cu Khng: Khng t yu cu

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o tiu ch 1.b: S lng trang khng c ch dn chc nng ch r ci g lm c, ci g khng > 3 trang: Khng t yu cu < 3 trang: Tm chp nhn Khng c trang no: t yu cu o tiu ch 1.d: Cc nt bm, menu c cng kiu trn tt c cc trang C: t yu cu Khng: Khng t yu cu o tiu ch 3.a: T l thi gian tit kim khi s dng phn mm 10% tng thi gian trc khi c phn mm: Khng t yu cu ~30% tng thi gian trc khi c phn mm: Tm chp nhn >40% tng thi gian trc khi c phn mm: t yu cu
Xc lp mc ch nh gi Thit lp yu cu nh gi Xc nh loi sn phm Xy dng m hnh cht lng Xc nh php nh gi
9126-1: chn la c tnh cht lng

Xc lp c ch nh gi

9126-2: o hng ngai 9126-3: o hng ni

Thit lp mc o chun Thit lp cc tiu ch nh gi

Thit k

K hoch nh gi sn phm Thc hin o

Thc hin nh gi

So snh vi tiu ch nh gi nh gi kt qu thu c

Hnh 4 - Cc bc p dng ISO 9126

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e. V d Nhng phn mm t chun v khng t chun : Google Search, mySQL, SQLServer 2008, Power Point , Internet Explorer ,KAV ,VLC ,Yahoo messenger ,Adobe Photoshop CS5, Foxit Reader ,Unikey ,Chrome . Chng em s xt nhng phn mm ny t nhng chun no v cha t chun no .Ngoi ra chng em cng se cp ti cc phn mm thng dng khc.

Phn tch : 1. Chun theo tnh nng : Tnh ph hp : t c :tt c cc phn mm Tt c cc phn mm trn u cung cp mt lot cc chc nng cho vic s dng chng . -yahoo mesenger ngoi cung cp chc nng chao i tin tc cn c gi file ,hnh nh -Adobe Photoshop chnh s nh ,thay i kch thc ,mu sc ,nh dng -VLC c cc nh dng file ,xem knh TV ,xem trc tuyn qua link Tnh chnh Xc: t c : tt c cc phn mm V d : Google Search :cng c tm kim Google Search l mt trong nhng phn mm thng minh nht hin nay .Tr li kt qu gn nh ng vi g chng ta mun Tnh an ton : ni ti nhng phn mm cn bo v thng tin v d liu ngi dng v th c nhng phn mm nh sau : t c : mySQL ,Google Search ,SQLServer ,Yahoo messenger ,chrome - mySQL,Google Search,SQLServer,Yahoo messenger c ti khon ng nhp ngi dng v th bo v c thng tin . Chrome c nhng tin ch v cc thit lp trnh b theo di ,ci ci t cookie Cha t c :IE

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-Trnh duyt IE cn thiu tnh an ton bo mt do khng c h tr nhng tin ch cng nh kh khn trong vic thit lp an ton Tnh tng tc : Xt tnh chy trn cc h iu hnh khc nhau t c : Google Search,mySQL,KAV,VLC,Yahoo messenger ,foxit reader ,unikey ,chrome,Power Point (c bn cho nhng HH khc nhau),photoshop (c bn cho nhng HH khc nhau) Khng t c : IE, SQLServer (nhng phn mm ny l c quyn ca Microsoft v th ch chy trn nn tng Microsoft) 2. Tnh tin cy : Kh nng chu li v kh nng phc hi : t c : Google Search ,chrome,VLC,foxit reader ,KAV Plugin shockwave flash ca chorme khi trng chnh b li th chrome vn chy bnh thng.Khi tt chrome khng ng th c th phc hi li phin lm vic trc khi b li. Khng t c : IE 3. Tnh kh dng : Tnh d hiu,d hc,kh nng vn hnh: t c :Google Search ,chrome ,IE ,VLC ,unikey,yahoo messenger,KAV ,foxit reader Cha t c : mySQL ,SQLServer,Power Point ,adobe photoshop Tnh hp dn : ni ti i a s ngi dng k c ngi dng khng chuyn v dn tc t c :Google Search ,chrome ,unikey ,VLC,IE Cha t c : cc phn mm cn li 4. Tnh hiu qu : Tit kim thi gian : kh nng ca phn mm c th a ra mt tr li, mt thi gian x l v mt tc thng lng hp l Nhng phn mm cng mc ch c nhng tc khc nhau . V d : so snh tc gia

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chrome 21 vi IE9 th chrome c tc ti trang nhanh hn rt nhiu Ch xt v thao tc ci t th mySQL d dng hn rt nhiu so vi SQLServer . Nu khng bit ci SQLServer s phi ci i ci li nhiu ln cng nh sau khi ci xong li phi cu hnh . Vic ci t SQLServer tn rt nhiu thi gian S dng ti nguyn : kh nng ca phn mm c th s dng mt lng, mt loi ti nguyn hp l thc hin cng vic trong nhng iu kin c th. Vi Google Search ch cn g bt k mt l t no cng tr li mt lot kt qu c lin quan 5. Kh nng bo tr : Kh nng phn tch : Tt c cc phn mm u c iu ny V d : Google Search khi kt qu tm kim l 0 s thng bo l khng tm thy kt qu no . Vi chrome ,IE khi a ch nhp vo khng ng s thng bo a ch khng hp l . Vi photoshop khi mt thao tc khng ng s khng cho thc hin . Vi KAV d liu li thi s update d liu ,mySQL v SQLServer cung thng bo li trong qu trnh s sng vo cng vic nu thao tc csdl khng ng Kh nng thay i : phn mm c th chp nhn thay i trong qu trnh trin khai Ni v cch ci t ca phn mm : Cc phn mm u c nhiu cch la chn ci t. V d : - mySQL :c 3 la chn ci t l : custom ,Typical ,Complete . - Photoshop CS5.1: khi ci t s c la chn sn phm khc ca Adobe nh :Adobe Flash Pro CS5 ,Adobe Indesign CS5 ,Adobe Photoshop CS5 Tnh cn bng : Trnh nhng tc ng khng mong mun - Trong Power Point ,PhotoShop khi thao tc sai c th nhn CTRL + Z quay li phc hi li nh ban u .

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- Trong Netbean c lch s ca chng trnh c th phc hi li thng qua lch s . - Trong mySQL v SQLServer c th to nhng file backup ti thi im trc . Khi thao tc sai c th backup li d liu - Trong window c im khi phc - Trong yahoo th khi bn chat gi i ri th khng th dng li -Gmail khi bn gi i ri s khng th ly li c mail (bn c th ci t cho qu trnh gi mail chm li nhng mun dng qu trnh ny bn phi thc hin thao tc dng gi gn nh ngay lp tc th mi c dng c ) Kh nng kim tra ,bo tr : Google Search ,chrome ,VLV ,KAV,IE,Yahoo messenger ,foxit reader u c kh nng update ln phin bn mi hn . Abobe photoshop ,mySQL ,SQLServer khng c kh nng update ln phin bn mi hn m thay vo bn phi ci t li Phn mm Window thn xuyn c Microsoft update sa li v nng cp ln cc phin bn mi hn . 6. Tnh kh chuyn : Kh nng thch nghi : C th thch nghi vi nhiu mi trng khc nhau m khng cn thay i. Ni v tng thch vi cc h iu hnh khc nhau (Windows ,Mac OS , Linux) : - mySQL ,VLC ,Google Search c th chy trn tt c cc HH m khng cn cc phin bn khc nhau . - Cc chng trnh khc u c nhng phin bn khc nhau cho tng HH .SQLServer ch c th ci t trn Windows . - B cng c vn phng Microsoft office c cc phin bn dnh cho windows ,Mac OS ,Linux Kh nng ci t : V d tiu biu khng t c l SQLServer ,Visual Studio : 2 phn mm ny ch c th ci

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t c trn mi trng Windows m khng ci trn cc mi trn khc v cng khng c cc phin bn cho cc Mac OS hay Linux Kh nng sng chung : Cng tn ti trong mt mi trng v s dng chung ti nguyn . Hu ht tt c cc phn mm trn u c iu ny: - V d : cung mt bi ht c nh dng mp4 th VLC ,KMPlayer ,Window Media cng c th chy 1 lc v tt nhin cng c th ci trn cng mt mi trng (Windows) - Netbean ,Eclipse ci t chung mi trng c th cng ly mt CSDL trong mySQL ,SQLServer hoc Access Kh nng thay th : Gi s xt ti nhng phn mm ca Microsoft chy trn windows v nhng phn mm thay th cng chy trn windows - Window Media : VLC ,JetAudio, KMPlayer, Realplayer,MediaMonkey - B Office : OpenOffice ,Kingsoft Office - Microsoft Security Esentials : KAV ,BitDefender,Norton Antivirus 2010 ,AVG ,Avast - Windows Explorer : CubicExplorer ,Explorer++,Q-Dir - Notepad : Notepad ++

II.

CHUN ISO-9000 1. ISO 9000 l g?

B tiu chun ISO 9000 l tp hp cc Tiu chun quc t chnh thc (International Standards), cc Quy nh k thut (Technical Specifications), cc Bo co k thut (Technical Reports), cc s tay thc hnh (Handbooks) v cc ti liu da trn nn tng thng tin trn website v qun l cht lng. Hin c khong 25 ti liu nh th, cng vi cc ti liu khc ang c thc hin mi hoc ang c sa i. 2. Cu trc ca ISO 9000

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B tiu chun ISO 9000:2000 bao gm nhiu tiu chun. Trong tiu chun chnh ISO 9001: H thng qun l cht lng, cc yu cu, nu ra cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l cht lng m doanh nghip cn phi p ng. Ngoi ra cn cc tiu chun h tr v Hng dn thc hin, bao gm: ISO 9001 l tiu chun chnh nu ra cc yu cu i vi h thng cht lng v bao qut y cc yu t ca h thng qun l cht lng. Doanh nghip khi xy dng h thng theo tiu chun ny cn xc nh phm vi p dng tu theo hot ng thc t ca doanh nghip.
ISO 9004:2009 Qun l hng ti s thnh cng ca mt t chc ISO 19011:2002 hng dn nh gi cc HTQL cht lng v mi trng

ISO 9001:2008 HTQLCL - Cc yu cu

ISO 9000:2005 C s v t vng

Hnh 5 Cc tiu chun c bn trong b ISO 9000 t c gi tr mong i, t chc cn s dng cc tiu chun khc trong b tiu chun ISO 9000 theo cch thc tch hp ti a. u tin, i tng s dng cn tham kho tiu chun ISO 9000:2005 (C s v t vng) tr nn quen thuc vi cc khi nim v ngn ng c s dng, trc khi p dng tiu chun ISO 9001:2008 t c kt qu hot ng cao nht. Tip , cc phng php thc hnh c nu trong ISO 9004:2009 c th c vn dng lm cho h thng qun l cht lng ca t chc tr nn hiu lc v hiu qu hn trong vic t c cc mc ch v mc tiu kinh doanh. Tiu chun ISO 9000:2005 (C s v t vng) l tiu chun cung cp cc c s, nn tng v t vng c s dng trong cc tiu chun thuc b tiu chun ISO 9000, gip ngi s dng tiu chun c th hiu c cc yu t c bn ca qun l cht lng c m t trong cc tiu chun khc nhau ca b tiu chun ISO 9000. ISO 9000:2005 cng gii thiu v 8 Nguyn tc ca qun l cht lng, v nhn mnh n vic p dng phng php tip cn theo qu trnh t c s ci tin lin tc. 8 nguyn tc ca qun l cht lng

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Hng vo khch hng (Customer focus) S lnh o (Leadership) S tham gia ca mi ngi (Involvement of people) Cch tip cn theo qu trnh (Process Approach) Tip cn theo h thng i vi qun l (System approach to management) Ci tin lin tc (Continual Improvement) Quyt nh da trn s kin (Factual approach to decision making) Quan h hp tc cng c li vi ngi cung ng (Mutually Beneficial supplier relationships) Cc tiu chun ISO 9001 v ISO 9004 hon ton tng thch nhau, c th c s dng ring r hoc kt hp nhau p ng hoc vt s mong i ca khch hng v cc bn quan tm. C hai tiu chun p dng phng php tip cn theo qu trnh. Cc qu trnh c nhn bit khi chng bao gm mt hoc nhiu hot ng i hi cn c cc ngun lc v phi c qun l t c cc kt qu u ra mong i. u ra ca mt qu trnh c th trc tip tr thnh u vo ca qu trnh tip theo v sn phm cui cng thng l kt qu ca c mt h thng cc qu trnh. Bn cnh , hai tiu chun ny cn c xy dng nhm cho php t chc c th lin kt chng vi cc h thng qun l khc (v d: qun l mi trng), hoc vi cc yu cu c th theo tng lnh vc (nh ISO/TS 16949 trong lnh vc t) v h tr cho t chc t c s tha nhn qua cc chng trnh gii thng quy m quc gia hoc khu vc. ISO 9004:2009 a ra cc hng dn nhm t c cc mc tiu ca mt h thng qun l cht lng rng hn so vi cc mc tiu t vic thc hin ISO 9001, c bit trong vic qun l nhm t c s thnh cng bn vng ca mt t chc. ISO 9004:2009 c xem nh l hng dn i vi cc t chc, lnh o cao nht mong mun m rng cc li ch c c t ISO 9001 bng cch theo ui s ci tin lin tc mt cch c h thng cc kt qu hot ng tng th ca t chc. Tuy nhin, ISO 9004:2009 khng nhm n mc ch chng nhn hoc hp ng. Tiu chun ISO 19011:2002 (d kin, phin bn nm 2011 s c ban hnh vo cui nm 2011 thay th cho phin bn nm 2002) cp n vic nh gi cc h thng qun l cht lng v h thng qun l mi trng. Tiu chun ny cung cp hng dn v chng trnh nh gi, vic thc hin cc cuc nh gi ni b hoc nh gi chng nhn, v thng tin v yu cu nng lc i vi chuyn gia nh gi.ISO 19011 a ra thng tin tng quan v vic

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mt chng trnh nh gi s c trin khai ra sao, v cc cuc nh gi h thng qun l s din ra nh th no.Cc cuc nh gi c hiu qu s m bo rng mt h thng qun l cht lng/ mi trng ang c thc hin s ph hp vi cc yu cu ca tiu chun ISO 9001/ ISO 14001. 3. p dng ISO 9000 ISO 9000 c th c p dng i vi mi t chc, doanh nghip, khng phn bit phm vi, quy m hay sn phm, dch v cung cp, mi khi t chc mun chng t kh nng cung cp mt cch n nh sn phm p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng cng nh cc yu cu ca lut nh v ch nh lin quan n sn phm, dch v ca t chc, cng nh mun nng cao s tha mn ca khch hng thng qua vic p dng h thng mt cch c hiu lc. a. Cc bc p dng Vic p dng ISO 9000 i vi mt doanh nghip s c tin hnh theo 8 bc: Bc 1: Tm hiu tiu chun v xc nh phm vi p dng. Bc u tin khi bt tay vo vic xy dng v p dng h thng cht lng theo tiu chun ISO 9000 l phi thy c ngha ca n trong vic duy tr v pht trin t chc. Lnh o doanh nghip cn nh hng cho cc hot ng ca h thng cht lng, xc nh mc tiu v phm vi p dng h tr cho cc hot ng qun l ca mnh em li li ch thit thc cho t chc. Bc 2: Lp ban ch o thc hin d n ISO 9000: 2000. Vic p dng ISO 9000 c th xem nh l mt d n ln, v vy cc doanh nghip cn t chc iu hnh d n sao cho c hiu qu. Nn c mt ban ch o ISO 9000 ti doanh nghip, bao gm i din lnh o v i din ca cc b phn nm trong phm vi p dng ISO 9000. Cn b nhim i din ca lnh o v cht lng thay lnh o trong vic ch o p dng h thng qun l ISO 9000 v chu trch nhim trc lnh o v cc hot ng cht lng. Bc 3: nh gi thc trng ca doanh nghip v so snh vi tiu chun. y l bc thc hin xem xt k lng thc trng ca doanh nghip i chiu vi cc yu cu trong tiu chun ISO 9000, xc nh xem yu cu no khng p dng, nhng hot ng no t chc c, mc p ng n u v cc hot ng no cha c t xy dng nn k hoch chi tit thc

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hin. Sau khi nh gi thc trng, cng ty c th xc nh c nhng g cn thay i v b sung h thng cht lng ph hp vi tiu chun. Bc 4: Thit k v lp vn bn h thng cht lng theo ISO 9000. Thc hin nhng thay i hoc b sung xc nh trong nh gi thc trng h thng cht lng ph hp vi tiu chun ISO 9000. Cn xy dng v hon chnh ti liu theo yu cu ca tiu chun, v d: - Xy dng s tay cht lng - Lp thnh vn bn tt c cc qu trnh v th tc lin quan - Xy dng cc hng dn cng vic, quy ch, quy nh cn thit. Bc 5: p dng h thng cht lng theo ISO 9000 Cng ty cn p dng h thng cht lng thit lp chng minh hiu lc v hiu qu ca h thng. Trong bc ny cn thc hin cc hot ng sau: - Ph bin cho tt c mi cn b cng nhn vin trong cng ty nhn thc v ISO 9000. - Hng dn cho cn b cng nhn vin thc hin theo cc quy trnh, th tc c vit ra. - Phn r trch nhim ai s dng ti liu no v thc hin theo ng chc nng nhim v m th tc m t. - T chc cc cuc nh gi ni b v s ph hp ca h thng v ra cc hot ng khc phc i vi s khng ph hp. Bc 6: nh gi ni b v chun b cho nh gi chng nhn. Vic chun b cho nh gi chng nhn bao gm cc bc sau: - nh gi trc chng nhn: nh gi trc chng nhn nhm xc nh xem h thng cht lng ca cng ty ph hp vi tiu chun cha v c c thc hin mt cch c hiu qu khng, xc nh cc vn cn tn ti khc phc. Vic nh gi trc chng nhn c th do chnh cng ty thc hin hoc do t chc bn ngoi thc hin. - La chn t chc chng nhn: T chc chng nhn hay nh gi ca bn th ba l t chc c cng nhn cho vic thc hin nh gi v cp

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chng nhn ph hp vi tiu chun ph hp ISO 9000. V nguyn tc, mi chng ch ISO 9000 u c gi tr nh nhau khng phn bit t chc no tin hnh cp.Cng ty c quyn la chn bt k t chc no nh gi v cp chng ch. Bc 7: Tin hnh nh gi chng nhn. T chc chng nhn c cng ty la chn tin hnh nh gi chng nhn chnh thc h thng cht lng ca cng ty. Bc 8: Duy tr h thng cht lng sau khi chng nhn. giai on ny cn tin hnh khc phc cc vn cn tn ti pht hin qua nh gi chng nhn v tip tc thc hin cc hot ng theo yu cu ca tiu chun duy tr v ci tin khng ngng h thng cht lng ca cng ty. b. iu kin p dng ISO 9000 vo thc t - Lnh o doanh nghip: Cam kt ca lnh o i vi vic thc hin chnh sch cht lng v vic p dng h thng qun l cht lng l iu kin tin quyt i vi s thnh cng trong vic p dng v duy tr h thng qun l ISO 9000. - Yu t con ngi: S tham gia tch cc v hiu bit ca mi thnh vin trong cng ty i vi ISO 9000 v vic p dng gi vai tr quyt nh. - Trnh cng ngh thit b: Trnh cng ngh thit b khng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic p dng ISO 9000 v h thng qun l cht lng ISO 9000 c th p dng cho mi doanh nghip khng k loi hnh kinh doanh, lnh vc kinh doanh v trnh thit b cng ngh. Tt nhin i vi cc doanh nghip m trnh cng ngh thit b hin i hn th vic p dng ISO 9000 s c hon tt mt cch nhanh chng v n gin hn. - Quy m ca doanh nghip: Quy m doanh nghip cng ln th khi lng cng vic phi thc hin trong qu trnh p dng cng nhiu. - Chuyn gia t vn c kh nng v kinh nghim: y khng phi l mt iu kin bt buc nhng n li ng vai tr quan trng i vi mc thnh cng trong vic xy dng v p dng h thng qun l cht lng ISO 9000 ti cc t chc, cng ty. c. Li ch

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To nn mng cho sn phm c cht lng: Mt h thng qun l tt s to ra sn phm c cht lng tt - ISO 9000 gip nh hng cc hot ng theo qu trnh. - ISO 9000 gip qun l hot ng sn xut kinh doanh mt cch c h thng v c k hoch. - ISO 9000 gip gim thiu v loi tr cc chi ph pht sinh sau kim tra, chi ph bo hnh v lm li. - ISO 9000 gip ci tin lin tc h thng cht lng v ci tin ln tc cht lng sn phm. Tng nng sut v gim gi thnh: - ISO 9000 cung cp cc phng tin gip cho mi ngi thc hin cng vic ng ngay t u gim thiu khi lng cng vic lm li. - ISO 9000 gip kim sot chi ph x l sn phm sai hng, gim lng ph v thi gian, nguyn vt liu, nhn lc v tin bc. - ISO 9000 gip gim chi ph kim tra cho c cng ty v khch hng.

Tng nng lc cnh tranh: - ISO 9000 gip doanh nghip tng li th canh tranh thng qua vic chng t vi khch hng rng: Cc sn phm h sn xut ph hp vi cht lng m h cam kt. - ISO 9000 gip doanh nghip qun l hiu qu ngun nhn lc, tch ly nhng b quyt lm vic - yu t cnh tranh c bit ca kinh t th trng. Tng uy tn ca cng ty v cht lng: - ISO 9000 gip doanh nghip nng cao hnh nh v mt h thng qun l t tiu chun m khch hng v ngi tiu dng mong i, tin tng. - ISO 9000 gip doanh nghip chng minh cht lng sn phm, dch v ca cng ty p ng v vt qu s mong i ca khch hng.

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- ISO 9000 gip doanh nghip xc nh hiu qu qu trnh, phn tch, nh gi sn phm, ra quyt nh qun l, ci tin hiu qu hot ng, nng cao s tha mn khch hng thng qua nhng d liu c ngha. o Ci thin uy tn ca Doanh nghip nh nng cao kh nng tho mn khch hng ca Doanh nghip o Tng lng hng ho/dch v bn ra nh nng cao kh nng tho mn cc nhu cu ca khch hng ca Doanh nghip, o Gim chi ph nh cc qu trnh c hoch nh tt v thc hin c hiu qu, o Nng cao s tin tng ni b nh cc mc tiu r rng, cc qu trnh c hiu lc v cc phn hi vi nhn vin v hiu qu hot ng ca h thng, o Cc nhn vin c o to tt hn, o Nng cao tinh thn nhn vin nh s hiu r ng gp vi mc tiu cht lng, o to thch hp, trao i thng tin hiu qu v s lnh o, o Khuyn khch s ci m trong tip cn cc vn cht lng, nh kh nng lp li t hn, o To c s cho hot ng chng nhn, cng nhn v tha nhn: o c s m bo ca bn th ba, o Vt qua ro cn k thut trong thng mi, o C hi cho qung co, qung b.

d. Kh khn khi doanh nghip t xy dng qun l cht lng Doanh nghip c th t mnh thc hin v p dng ISO 9000, tuy nhin iu ny s khin doanh nghip gp mt s kh khn sau y: - Mt nhiu thi gian trong vic nghin cu tm hiu cc yu cu ca tiu chun. Tuy nhin iu ny c th khc phc bng cch tham gia cc lp tp hun v ISO 9000 do cc t chc chuyn mn tin hnh.

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- Khng khch quan khi nh gi thc trng ca mnh v so snh vi cc yu cu ca tiu chun t ra. - Mt nhiu thi gian trong vic my m tm hng i v tin hnh cc bc thc hin, p dng h thng qun l ISO 9000. - Vic duy tr v ci tin h thng qun l cht lng sau chng nhn gn nh khng c thc hin c hiu qu. Chnh v vy, mt t chc h tr c kinh nghim v chuyn mn s gip cc t chc rt nhiu trong vic rt ngn thi gian tin ti chng nhn, gip cc doanh nghip i ng hng v trnh c nhng tc ng tiu cc do tin hnh nhng hot ng km hiu qu.

4. ngha B Tiu chun ISO 9000 quy t kinh nghim ca Quc t trong lnh vc qun l v m bo cht lng trn c s phn tch cc quan h gia ngi mua v ngi cung cp (nh sn xut). y chnh l phng tin hiu qu gip cc nh sn xut t xy dng v p dng h thng bo m cht lng c s mnh, ng thi cng l phng tin bn mua c th cn c vo tin hnh kim tra ngi sn xut, kim tra s n nh ca sn xut v cht lng trc khi k hp ng. ISO 9000 a ra cc chun mc cho mt h thng cht lng v c th p dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc sn xut, kinh doanh v dch v. ISO 9000 Hng dn cc t chc cng nh cc doanh nghip xy dng mt m hnh qun l thch hp v vn bn ha cc yu t ca h thng cht lng theo m hnh chn. III. CHUN ISO/IEC 15.504 1. ISO/IEC -15.504 l g? ISO / IEC 15.504, cn c gi l Spice (phn mm trnh ci thin v Xc nh nng lc tim tng), l mt khun kh "cho vic nh gi qu trnh" c pht trin bi Joint Tiu ban k thut gia cc tiu chun ISO v IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).

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ISO / IEC 15.504 ban u c xut pht t vng i quy trnh tiu chun ISO 12.207 v trng thnh t cc m hnh nh Bootstrap, Trillium v CMM. ISO / IEC 15.504 l mt tiu chun quc t.ISO / IEC 15.504 quan tm ti s xut m hnh nhiu quc gia trng thnh v thit lp mt tiu chun quc t trong lnh vc ny.ISO / IEC 15.504 trnh by mt m hnh tham chiu nh l mt ti liu tham kho quc t. ISO / IEC 15.504 l m hnh tham kho cho cc m hnh khc (bao gm mc nng lc, cc thuc tnh v hn na qu trnh thc hnh) chng li cc nh nh gi c th t cc bng chng m h thu thp trong qu trnh nh gi ca h, v vy m Hi thm c th a ra mc ch chung ca t chc phn phi cc sn phm (phn mm, h thng, dch v cng ngh thng tin). 2.Cu trc ca ISO/IEC 15.504 ISO / IEC TR 15.504 c chia thnh 9 phn.Cc tiu chun quc t u tin c ti to trong 5 phn.iu ny c xut t Nht Bn khi TRS c xut bn ti nm 1997. Cc tiu chun quc t (IS) phin bn ca tiu chun ISO / IEC 15.504 by gi bao gm 6 phn. Phn 7 hin ang mt hnh thc tin tin cui cng chun d tho v lm vic bt u trn mt phn 8. Phn 1 ca tiu chun ISO / IEC TR 15.504 gii thch cc khi nim v cung cp cho mt tng quan v khun kh. Quc tch ca bin tp vin ca ISO / IEC 15.504 ca 5 phn l di y:

Phn 1: Nht Bn, Nam Phi. Phn 2: Nht Bn, Anh Phn 3: M, Italia. Phn 4: Anh, Israel. Phn 5: Php, Phn Lan.

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ISO / IEC 15.504 cha mt m hnh tham kho nh ngha mt kch thc qu trnh v kch thc ca mt kh nng. Phn 2 ca ISO / IEC 15.504 th kch thc ca qu trnh trong m hnh tham chiu khng phi l ch chnh na, nhng phn 2 cp n cc tiu chun vng i bn ngoi qu trnh bao gm cc tiu chun ISO / IEC 12.207 v ISO / IEC 15.288 Tiu chun nh ngha c ngha l xc minh s ph hp cc m hnh ti liu tham kho Kch thc ca qu trnh xc nh qu trnh chia thnh cc loi nm qu trnh:

Khch hng-nh cung cp K thut H tr Qun l T chc

Vi phn mi c xut bn, cc loi quy trnh s m rng, c bit l cho CNTT loi qu trnh dch v v mc ca qu trnh doanh nghip. i vi mi quy trnh, tiu chun ISO / IEC 15.504 nh ngha mt nng lc v trnh thuc tnh Level 5 4 3 2 1 0 Tn Ti u ha qu trnh D on qu trnh Qu trnh thnh lp Qun l quy trnh Thc hin qu trnh Khng y quy trnh

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Nng lc ca quy trnh c o bng cch s dng cc thuc tnh. Cc tiu chun quc t chn qu trnh xc nh thuc tnh:

Hiu sut 1,1 Quy trnh Hiu sut 2,1 Qun l 2,2 Lm vic qun l sn phm 3,1 Quy nh ngha 3,2 Quy trnh trin khai 4,1 Quy trnh o lng 4,2 Quy trnh kim sot 5,1 Quy trnh Ci tin 5,2 Quy trnh ti u ha.

Mi thuc tnh qu trnh bao gm mt hoc nhiu cch thc hnh chung, l tip tc xy dng thnh cc ch s thc hnh nh gi hiu qu vin tr. Mi thuc tnh c nh gi qu trnh trn bn im (NPLF) nh gi quy m:

Khng t c (0 - 15%) Mt phn t c (> 15% - 50%) Phn ln t c (> 50% - 85%) Hon ton t c (> 85% - 100%).

nh gi ny c da trn thu thp chng c chng li cc ch s thc t, trong chng t thc hin cc thuc tnh qu trnh ISO / IEC 15.504 cung cp mt ti liu hng dn thc hin mt nh gi iu ny bao gm:

Qu trnh nh gi M hnh nh gi Bt c cng c c s dng trong cc nh gi

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Thc hin nh gi l ch ca phn 2 v 3 ca tiu chun ISO / IEC 15.504 .Phn 2 l phn bn quy phm v mt phn ca phn 3 cho mt hng dn thc hin y cc yu cu trong phn 2. Mt trong nhng yu cu l s dng mt phng php cho qu trnh nh gi. Phng php thc t khng phi l quy nh trong tiu chun mc d nhng ni yu cu tiu chun v phng php, cc nh pht trin phng php v thm nh s dng phng php. Tiu chun cung cp hng dn chung thm nh v iu ny phi c b sung bng cch tri qua o to chnh thc v hng dn chi tit trong qu trnh ban u nh gi. Qu trnh thm nh c th c khi qut ha nh l cc bc sau:

Bt u mt nh gi (nh gi ti tr) i tuyn chn gim nh v nh gi B hoch nh gi, bao gm c cc quy trnh v cc n v t chc c thm nh, gim nh ch (v nhm nh gi) Trc cuc hp nh gi Thu thp d liu D liu xc nhn Qu trnh nh gi Bo co kt qu nh gi

Mt gim nh vin c th thu thp d liu trn mt quy trnh bng cc phng tin khc nhau, bao gm cc cuc phng vn vi nhng ngi thc hin quy trnh, thu thp ti liu v h s cht lng, v qu trnh thu thp d liu thng k. Cc gim nh xc nhn d liu ny m bo n l chnh xc v hon ton bao gm phm vi nh gi. Vic thm nh nh gi d liu ny (s dng bn n, chuyn gia ca h) i vi c s thc tin ca mt qu trnh v kch thc ca nng lc thc hnh chung bc nh gi qu trnh. nh gi qu trnh thc hin yu cu ca bn n, mt s chuyn gia v phn thm nh v y l l do c nhng yu cu v trnh v nng lc gim nh.Vic nh gi qu trnh sau c trnh by nh l mt vic tm kim s b n cc nh ti tr (v cng tt cho nhng ngi nh gi) m bo rng h ng vic

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nh gi l chnh xc.Trong mt vi trng hp, c th c phn hi yu cu thm nh thm trc khi mt nh gi qu trnh cui cng c thc hin Cc m hnh nh gi qu trnh (PAM) l m hnh kin c s dng cho mt nh gi thc t. y l mt xy dng m hnh trnh chiu (prm) cung cp bi cc tiu chun quy trnh vng i Vic nh gi qu trnh m hnh (PAM) trong phn 5 l da trn m hnh tham kho quy trnh cho phn mm: ISO / IEC 12.207 Vic nh gi qu trnh m hnh trong phn 6 c da trn m hnh tham kho quy trnh cho cc h thng: ISO / IEC 15.288. Tiu chun cho php cc m hnh khc s c s dng thay vo , nu h p ng tiu chun ISO / IEC 15.504 vi cc tiu ch c a ra, trong bao gm mt cng ng c xc nh ca li sut v p ng yu cu v ni dung, (tc l mc ch qu trnh, kt qu x l v cc ch s nh gi). C tn ti mt s cng c nh gi. Cc n gin nht bao gm giy da trn cc cng c c s dng bng tay. Ni chung, chng c t ra kt hp cc ch s m hnh nh gi, bao gm cc ch s c s thc hnh v cc ch s thc hnh chung. Thm ghi kt qu nh gi v h tr ghi ch bn n C mt s hn ch ca my tnh da trn cc cng c m hin nay cc ch s v cho php ngi dng nhp vo bn n, nh gi v ghi ch vo mn hnh nh dng, cng nh t ng ho cc kt qu nh gi i chiu (c ngha l qu trnh xp hng thuc tnh) v to ra cc bo co.

c mt nh gi thnh cng, cc gim nh phi c mt mc ph hp ca cc k nng lin quan v kinh nghim. Nhng k nng ny bao gm:

Phm cht c nhn nh k nng giao tip. C lin quan gio dc v o to v kinh nghim.

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K nng c th cho cc loi c th, v d nh k nng qun l cho cc loi qun l. ISO / IEC 15.504 lin quan o to v kinh nghim trong qu trnh nh gi nng lc.

Nhng nng lc ca Hi thm l ch ca phn 3 ca tiu chun ISO / IEC 15.504. Tm li, cc tiu chun ISO / IEC 15.504 c th o to v kinh nghim cho cc nh thm nh bao gm: Hon thnh mt kha hc 5 ngy dn o to gim nh Thc hin t nht mt nh gi thnh cng di s gim st ca mt gim nh dn c thm quyn Thc hin t nht mt nh gi thnh cng nh l mt gim nh dn di s gim st ca mt gim nh dn c thm quyn. Cc gim nh dn c thm quyn xc nh khi nh gi l thnh cng thc hin. C tn ti chng trnh xc nhn thm v thm dn hng dn trong vic a ra bn n ny 4.p dng ISO / IEC 15.504 c th c s dng trong hai ng cnh:

Qu trnh ci tin Kh nng xc nh (= nh gi kh nng x l ca nh cung cp).

ISO / IEC 15.504 c th c s dng thc hin cc ci tin quy trnhtrong vng mt t chc cng ngh. Quy trnh ci thin lun lun kh khn., V cc sng kin thng khng thnh, do , quan trng l phi hiu r mc ban u (qu trnh nng lc trnh ), v nh gi tnh hnh sau khi mt d n ci tin. ISO 15.504 cung cp mt tiu chun nh gi nng lc ca t chc cung cp mi giai on ny. .c bit, trong khun kh tham chiu ca ISO / IEC (tc l tr thnh iu kin).Lm vic m rng kh nng xc nh gi tr bao gm mt phng php gi l Quy trnh thc hnh H s - trong s dng c nguy c l yu t quyt nh trong qu trnh thit lp h s mc tiu. Kt hp ri ro v

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khuyn khch qu trnh ci tin vi gim nguy c hot ng, do lm gim kh nng ca cc vn xy ra . ISO / IEC 15.504 cng thnh cng nh:

ISO / IEC 15.504 l cng khai thng qua cc C quan Tiu chun quc gia. N c s h tr ca cng ng quc t. Hn 4.000 nh gi c thc hin cho n nay. Phn ln l hng u th gii tc nh t, khng gian v h thng y t cng nghip vi cc bin th c lin quan. Min c th cc m hnh nh t Spice v Spice 4 Space c th c bt ngun t n. c nhiu sng kin quc t h tr take-up nh Spice cho cc cng ty nh.

Mt khc, ISO / IEC 15.504 cha c thnh cng nh cc CMMI. iu ny c v nhiu l do:

ISO / IEC 15.504 khng c sn khi ti v min ph nhng phi mua t cc tiu chun ISO ( t Spice mt khc c th c ti v min ph t lin kt cung cp di y) CMM v CMMI. C sn nh ti min ph t trang web ca SEI. Cc CMMI ang tch cc bo tr (do B Quc phng M). Cc CMM c to ra ln u tin, v t ti th trng quan trng '' chia s trc khi chun ISO 15.504 tr thnh c sn. Cc CMM sau c thay th bi CMMI, m kt hp nhiu tng ca tiu chun ISO / IEC 15.504, m cn gi li nhng li ch ca CMM.

Ging nh CMM, ISO / IEC 15.504 c to ra trong mt bi cnh pht trin, lm cho n kh p dng trong mt bi cnh qun l dch v.Nhng cng vic bt u pht trin mt ITIL da trn qu trnh tham kho m hnh m c th phc v nh l mt c s cho mt m hnh nh gi qu trnh.y l k hoch tr thnh mt phn 8 chun.

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Chng2 Chun ISO cho phn mm Vit Nam

I.Thc trng v tnh hnh p dng cc h thng qun l cht lng ca doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. Trong my nm qua, nhiu DNPM&NDS Vit Nam ang n lc nng cao

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quy trnh m bo cht lng v trnh cng ngh sn xut. Hin nay trong s cc n v lm phn mm/dch v c mt s doanh nghip t CMMI nh Cng ty Paragon Solution Vietnam, FPT Software t CMMI-5, 05 doanh nghip t CMM-3 hoc CMM-4, v trn 30 doanh nghip t ISO 9001. Ngoi ra c rt nhiu doanh nghip khc cng ang c gng xy dng quy trnh xin chng ch cht lng CMM, CMMI hoc ISO vo nm 2006. Chng ta cng c nhng doanh nghip c trnh cng ngh ngang hng vi cc doanh nghip ca n , Ireland, c kh nng thng thu nhng d n ln v outsourcing phn mm v dch v nh cng ty TMA, cng ty Paragon Solutions v.v. Hip hi Doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam thnh lp cu lc b cht lng vi mc tiu thc y cng tc qun l cht lng phn mm. Ti cc cng ty phn mm Vit Nam vic p dng cc tiu chun qun l cht lng vn cn rt hn ch. Ch yu l cc doanh nghip ln hoc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi mi quan tm n vic u t, xy dng v trin khai cc tiu chun qun l cht lng quc t. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do cc doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam ch yu l cc doanh nghip c quy m va v nh nn ngun lc cn hn ch nn s quan tm n lnh vc p cc chun qun l cht lng quc t cn cha nhiu. Cc cng ty ti Vit Nam bc u p dng h thng tiu chun quc t nh ISO 9000 v ISO14000, cn cc tiu chun nh CMMI hay ISO 27001 th vn ang trong giai on xy dng l ch yu, ch c mt s lng nh cc cng ty l p dng cc tiu chun ny. Nguyn nhn ca thc trng ny l vic u t xy dng v p dng tiu chun CMMI v ISO 27001 i hi s u t ca cc cng ty khng ch v ngun lc m cn cn c s quan tm v thi gian v ngun nhn lc. V d nh t c tiu chun CMMI th chi ph cho ton b qu trnh xy dng xy dng v p dng quy trnh cht lng theo chun CMMI l khng nh. Ngoi vn nng lc ti chnh, iu kin tin quyt t chun CMMI l doanh nghip phi xc nh r mc tiu cht lng ca mnh, xc nh quyt tm theo ui chng trnh, t cp lnh o cao nht. Th hai, nhn lc v

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ngun lc ca doanh nghip phi mc trng thnh nht nh, doanh nghip phi c mt qu trnh pht trin nht nh. Mc d trn l thuyt v thng k ca SEI khng gii hn quy m kch thc doanh nghip, nhng theo kinh nghim ca cc doanh nghip t c tiu chun CMMI, mi trng Vit Nam, mt doanh nghip qu nh hoc va mi thnh lp, phn ln lc lng nhn vin cha c mt s trng thnh nht nh, th rt kh khn khi p dng CMMI. Nh vy nh gi v t c chng nhn CMMI ngoi vic chi ph u t khng nh, hng hn nh ph thu t vn v nh gi chng ch CMMI vn cn kh cao d gim nhiu so vi nhng nm trc th thi gian tin hnh cng khng phi ngn (mt 1 nm ri n 2 nm). Hin nay vn cha c mt t chc no thun Vit Nam cung cp dch v t vn v nh gi v CMMI (hin c mt s t chc u mi nhng chuyn gia t vn, nh gi vn phi thu nc ngoi). Cho nn p dng v nh gi theo m hnh CMMI, nh doanh nghip phi tnh n chuyn mi chuyn gia nc ngoi, r nht l chuyn gia n . Vi chuyn gia n , chi ph khong vi chc ngn -la, cha k cc chi ph khc rt tn km nh tin n , i li, v my bay v.vTuy nhin, mi l chi ph mt ni, bn cnh l chi ph khng nh ca doanh nghip nu tnh lc lng v ngy cng m cc k s trong Doanh nghip b ra trong ton b qu trnh xy dng v p dng quy trnh cht lng theo chun CMMI. Do , t nht v mt ti chnh, mt s doanh nghip nh s gp kh khn. II.Tiu ch nh gi sn phm phn mm ca doanh nghip trong nc Trong phn ny trnh by v tiu ch nh gi cht lng phn mm ca mt s cng ty trong nc 1.1. Cc doanh nghip thuc VINASA Vi mc ch h tr cc doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam trong vic nng cao cht lng ca sn phm phn mm cng nh vic thng nht qun l cht lng phn mm trong cc doanh nghip thnh vin ca VINASA. Hip hi doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam (VINASA) chnh thc thnh lp Ban

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cng tc cht lng VINASA (VINASA QUALITY COMMITEE -VQC), vi nhim v xy dng cc tiu chun v nh gi cht lng phn mm Vit Nam. Ban cng tc cht lng ny s t vn cho cc doanh nghip phn mm v quy trnh m bo cht lng phn mm, cung cp cho doanh nghip cc ch tiu, cc chun nh gi cht lng phn mm trong cc lnh vc khc nhau da trn cc chun quc t (ISO-9000, ISO-9126, ISO-14598...) v cht lng phn mm. 1.2. Cng ty HanoiSoftware Cng ty C phn phn mm H Ni (HanoiSoftware) kinh doanh trn cc gii php phn mm cho Website thng mi in t, pht trin v trin khai cc cng thng tin tch hp... Cht lng sn phm phn mm tun theo tiu chun ISO 9126. Cng ty xy dng cc sn phm phn mm p ng cc m hnh cht lng ca tiu chun ISO-9126. 1.3. Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam thc hin nh gi sn phm phn mm theo tiu chun ISO/IEC 12119:1994 v Yu cu v kim tra cht lng phn mm. V d nh gi v ti liu thc hin theo cc bc sau: Ti liu cn nh gi bao gm: ti liu hng dn s dng, ti liu m t sn phm v cc ti liu k thut phc v vic trin khai, bo tr ton b h thng. Cc sn phm phi ph hp vi yu cu v xy dng ti liu trong tiu chun ISO/IEC 12119: 1994. Cc ni dung nh gi c th nh sau: Ti liu m t sn phm: - Nhng yu cu chung v ni dung - Yu cu trnh by v nhn dng v ch nh - Yu cu trnh by v chc nng - Yu cu trnh by v tin cy - Yu cu trnh by v tnh kh dng - Yu cu trnh by v tnh hiu qu - Yu cu trnh by v kh nng bo tr - Yu cu trnh by v kh nng chuyn i h thng Ti liu hng dn s dng Cc yu cu cn nh gi bao gm:

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- Yu cu tnh y - Yu cu tnh chnh xc - Yu cu tnh thng nht - Yu cu tnh d hiu - Yu cu tnh tng quan Ti liu k thut khc: Ti liu hng dn ci t, cu hnh h thng : - Phi c cc c t v cc yu cu h thng cn thit trc ci t - Cc bc thc hin phi c m t r rng - Phng php cng cc c t xc nh vic ci t l thnh cng - M t y , chnh xc cc thit lp tham s cu hnh h thng hot ng ng m hnh v yu cu s dng Cc tiu ch nh gi v phn mm ca Trung tm Cng ngh thng tin CDiT thuc Hc vin Bu chnh Vin thng c xy dng da trn 6 c tnh cht lng nu trong tiu chun ISO/IEC 9126 v p dng tiu chun ISO/IEC 12119:1994 nh gi chung cho cc ti liu hng dn, ti liu m t sn phm, chng trnh v d liu.
Xy dng tiu ch v tiu chun nh gi cht lng sn phm phn mm Qua vic thc hin nghin cu tiu ch nh gi sn phm phn mm, hng dn nh gi ca cc doanh nghip trong nc v cc t chc quc t, nhm ch tr xy dng tiu ch nh gi sn phm phn mm theo m hnh cht lng ISO-9126, y c coi l m hnh cht lng u vit nht cho vic nh gi sn phm phn mm. S dng m hnh cht lng theo ISO-9126 (gm 4 phn) v quy trnh nh gi sn phm phn mm ca ISO-14598 (gm 6 phn) chng ta c th nh gi sn phm phn mm mt cch ton din, t lc pht trin ti khi hon thnh v c khi s dng phn mm.

2.1. Cht lng trong v cht lng ngoi 06 tiu ch nh gi cht lng trong v cht lng ngoi ca sn phm phn mm v c trnh by trong d tho tiu chun phn 1 v 2, bao gm: - Tnh nng (Functionality) - Tnh tin cy (Reliability)

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- Tnh kh dng (Usability) - Tnh hiu qu (Efficiency) - Kh nng bo hnh bo tr (Maintainability) - Tnh kh chuyn (Portability) Trong mi tiu ch li c chia thnh nhng tiu ch nh hn: Tnh nng (Functionality) L kh nng ca phn mm cung cp cc chc nng tha mn cc yu cu c xc nh r rng cng nh cc yu cu 'khng r rng' khi phn mm c s dng trong nhng hon cnh c th. Bao gm 4 tiu ch nh:

Tnh ph hp (Suitability) Tnh chnh xc (Accuracy) Kh nng tng tc (Interoperability) Tnh bo mt/an ton (Security)

Tnh tin cy (Reability) L kh nng ca phn mm duy tr mc hiu nng c ch nh r khi s dng di nhng iu kin c th. Bao gm cc tiu ch nh:

Tnh hon thin (Maturity) Kh nng chu li (Fault tolerant) Kh nng phc hi (Recoverability)

Tnh kh dng (Usability) L kh nng ca phn mm c th hiu c, hc hi c, s dng c v hp dn i vi ngi s dng.

D hiu (Understandability) D hc (Learnability) Kh nng vn hnh (Operability) Tnh hp dn (Attractiveness)

Tnh hiu qu (Efficiency) L kh nng ca phn mm cung cp hiu nng thch hp nhm tit kim ti a ti nguyn v tng ti a hiu sut cng vic, di nhng iu kin s dng nht nh.

Thi gian x l (Time behavior)

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S dng ti nguyn (Utilization)

Kh nng bo tr (Maintainability) L kh nng ca phn mm cho php sa i, nng cp, bao gm sa cha, ci tin hoc thch nghi ca phn mm thay i cho ph hp vi mi trng, cc yu cu v chc nng mi.

Kh nng phn tch (Analysability) Kh nng thay i c (Changeability) Tnh n nh (Stability) Kh nng kim th c (Testability)

Tnh kh chuyn (Portability) L kh nng ca phn mm c th chuyn c t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc.

Kh nng thch nghi (Adaptability) Kh nng ci t (Installability) Kh nng chung sng (Co-existence) Kh nng thay th c (Replaceability)

2.2. Cht lng s dng 04 tiu ch nh gi cht lng s dng c la chn v a vo tiu chun phn 3, bao gm: Tnh hiu qu: kh nng ca phn mm cho php ngi dng t c mc ch mt cch chnh xc v hon ton, trong iu kin lm vic c th. Tnh nng sut: kh nng ca phn mm cho php ngi dng s dng lng ti nguyn hp l tng i thu c hiu qu cng vic trong nhng hon cnh c th. Tnh an ton: phn mm c th p ng mc ri ro chp nhn c i vi ngi s dng, phn mm, thuc tnh, hoc mi trng trong iu kin c th. Tnh tho mn: phn mm c kh nng lm tho mn ngi s dng trong tng iu kin c th.

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III.Xy dng quy trnh nh gi sn phm phn mm

Quy trnh nh gi sn phm phn mm c xy dng theo ISO/IEC 14598. Quy trnh nh gi sn phm phn mm c thc hin theo 4 bc c m t trong hnh 6.
Xc lp mc ch nh gi

Bc 1

Thit lp yu cu nh gi

Xc nh loi sn phm
Xy dng m hnh cht lng
Xc nh php nh gi? Cht lng trong Cht lng ngoi Cht lng khi s dng s dng

Bc 2

Xc lp c ch nh gi Thit k

Thit lp mc o chun
Thit lp cc tiu ch nh gi

Bc 3

K hoch nh gi sn phm

Thc hin o

Bc 4

Thc hin nh gi

So snh vi tiu ch nh gi

nh gi kt qu thu c

Hnh 6 - Quy trnh nh gi sn phm phn mm

3.1. Bc 1: Thit lp cc yu cu nh gi - Xc lp mc ch nh gi - Xc nh loi sn phm cn nh gi - Xy dng m hnh cht lng 3.2. Bc 2: Xc lp c ch nh gi - Xc lp cc i lng v o - Thit lp mc o chun - Thit lp cc tiu ch nh gi

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3.3. Bc 3: Thit k k hoch nh gi sn phm phn mm - Qun l mc t chc - H tr vic qun l d n 3.4. Bc 4: Thc hin nh gi Bao gm cc bc chnh sau: - Thc hin o - So snh vi tiu ch nh gi - nh gi kt qu thu c

Nh vy, khng nhng trn th gii bit n ISO, Vit Nam cng ang hnh thnh v pht trin chun ISO theo trng quc t. Cc cng ty trong nc ang ly lm c s sn xut v kinh doanh, theo em li ngun li to ln cho cng ty v m bo c cc ch tiu v sn phm. IV .Sn phm m t cc chun trn chng em c vit phn mm nh m t v nhng chun ny

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Chng trnh ny c tn l MyColor .C chc nng chnh l xem m mu . Chng trnh c giao din 1 bng hin mu ,mt bng hin m mu .C 3 thanh Scroll Bar i din cho 3 mu l ,xanh lam v xanh dng v 3 thanh Spinner tng ng . C nhim v thay i cc ch s R , G ,B t 0 255 thay i m mu v mu . Chng trnh d hiu m bt k ai ch cn nhn qua cng c th hiu c . Chng trnh c th gip cho nhng ngi thit k trang web .V c rt nhiu m mu m khng th nh ht c .Chng trnh s gip cho ngi thit k c th la chn mu hp l mt cch n gin . Do y l mt chng trnh n gin v cn rt nhiu hn ch so vi cc tiu chun phn mm v vy chng em s phi c gng hn rt nhiu !