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ON MANDELBROT SET

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences, Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Mathematics

by Basa, Lorena C. De Chavez, Rachelle C. Maningas, Regine A. Munsayac, Joseph Cyronel G.

February 2013

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THESIS ABSTRACT

Title Researchers

: ON MANDELBROT SET : Lorena C. Basa : Rachelle C. De Chavez : Regine A. Maningas : Joseph Cyronel G. Munsayac

Degree Conferred School

: Bachelor of Science in Mathematics : Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

Subject Area Year Adviser

: Fractal Geometry : 2013 : Mr. Roel P. Balayan

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study concentrated on definition and properties of Mandelbrot set. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions: 1. What is Mandelbrot Set ?

2. What are the steps to generate a Mandelbrot set? 3. What are the properties of Mandelbrot set ?

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4. What are the other sets of fractals that are closely related to Mandelbrot set?

Procedure The study defined the Mandelbrot set and its

properties through definition, theorems and examples. Some fractals that are closely related to Mandelbrot set are also defined and illustrated. The methods that were used in conducting this research were descriptive and expository. Most of the data were

gathered from selected books in fractal geometry and chaos. Other relevant data were gathered from mathematics

journals, articles and internet websites.

Findings This study discussed and proved concepts on fractal sets. 1. The Mandelbrot Set The Mandelbrot set is a mathematical set of points in the complex plane such that the sequence of complex numbers with the following conditions:

where

is a constant complex number. The sequence begins with . Then the

Mandelbrot set such that the term

is defined as the set of all numbers did not reach infinity, as the number went to infinity. consists of all the complex for each complex . When each

of terms in the sequence, 2.

The Mandelbrot Set

points such that the orbit of

point has a magnitude which does not exceed

sequence of iterates are plotted in the complex plane, all the points lie within the circle of radius 2. The orbits or sequence of iterates are generated from a test point through the iteration of the quadratic

function

and computing the distance of each output from the origin or determining its magnitude. If the distance is greater than 2, then the test point does not belong to the

Mandelbrot Set. This could say that it goes to infinity

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after several iteration processes. If the distance is less than 2, then The belongs to Mandelbrot Set. are the the concluded set steps can be of the

following on how

researchers

Mandelbrot

generated

without the aid of computer. 1. Choose a point inside the circle of radius 2. This will be the test point . Then choose a value for Usually this is .

but other points can also be

chosen as long as one remembers to start with this point in testing every point .

2. Substitute the values to the function to get the first point of the orbit.

3. Calculate the distance of this point from the origin by getting its absolute value. 4. Using the value obtained in step 2 as same test point, solve for the origin. 5. Plot the points in the complex plane to see the behavior of the orbit. This will help in determining whether the point is a member of the set or not. and as the

and its distance from

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3. Mandelbrot set has the following properties. 1. Symmetry properties Proposition 1. Proposition 2. Proposition 3. If is located on the real axis

or the imaginary axis of the complex plane, then axis. Proposition 4. If the a (complex) number equal to finite under and iterates of are the is symmetric with respect to the real

under the function complex) number, then

orbit of

is bounded.

2. Theorem 4. 1. For any

such that

contains the closed, filled disk of radius centered at the origin and hence is an uncountable set. 3. Theorem 4.3 The Mandelbrot set is connected. 4. Theorem 4.4. Fix a complex number be in the set . Let and let

be a bound for

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for all nonnegative integers , then 5. Theorem . diverges. 4.5 If The

. If . lies

and

is in the set Mandelbrot exceeds 2, set the

within

sequence

4. There are several fractals that are closely related to Mandelbrot set namely: a. The Julia set b. Burning ship fractal c. Buddhabrot set d. Tricorn (Mandelbar set) e. Mandelbox f. Mandelbulb g. Multibrot set

Conclusions Based on the findings of the study, the researchers arrived at the following conclusions: 1. The Mandelbrot set is a set of complex number

in the complex plane for which the sequence defined by iteration of the quadratic polynomial

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function value of

for for any

and has a starting is bounded.

2. To generate a Mandelbrot set, there should be a test point that is inside the circle with radius

2. Then to satisfy the conditions, substitute the given values to the quadratic equation then get the distance of the values of each

iterates from the origin and plot each point in the complex plane to determine if it belongs to a Mandelbrot set. The points will either diverge to infinity or converge to zero. 3. The properties of Mandelbrot set show symmetric property and conjugate property. The properties show the behavior of the points in the Mandelbrot set after infinite iteration of quadratic

polynomial function. 4. The fractals that are closely related to

Mandelbrot set are the Julia set, Burning Ship fractal, buddhabrot, tricorn fractal, mandelbox, mandelbulb and multibrot set.

Recommendation As a result of the findings and conclusions made on the study, the researchers recommend the following: 1. Study and explore the properties of fractals that are closely related to Mandelbrot set. 2. A mathematical proof in the connectedness

property of Mandelbrot set and other properties may be explored for the future researchers to know more about the Mandelbrot set. 3. Study more about fractal geometry, there are many topics on fractals that can be found

interesting to learn and challenging to explore, like finding new ideas on how are complex

fractals generated mathematically and with the aid of modern computer. 4. Study the mathematics and art behind fractal

tiling.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In everything give thanks. - 1 Thessalonians 5:18

This thesis will not be made possible without the help and inspiration of the following: First and foremost, to GOD ALMIGHTY, for leading the way and giving knowledge and wisdom in the completion of this study. Prof. Roel P. Balayan, our thesis adviser who have been generous in extending assistance for sharing his

knowledge in making this study possible. Dr. Dolores G. Barcelon for her untiring encouragement and superbly supervision in the completion of this study. To their panelist, Mrs. Magdalena R. Errazo, Engr.

Danny Riel P. Barachina, and Mr. Jayson D. Tolentino, who gave their valued assistance, comments and a lot of helpful suggestions. Their loving parents, and for the extending much their needed deepest moral

understanding,

love

encouragement, financial support and inspiration until the completion of this research work.

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To their classmates and friends for the support and encouragement. All colleges and universities, who allowed them to use their libraries and facilities to conduct their research.

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DEDICATION

The researchers wholeheartedly dedicated this research study to their beloved parents, their ingenious adviser, their intelligent professors, their encouraging classmates and friends, and most of all to the Heavenly Father, the GOD Almighty.

L.C.B R.C.D.C R.A.M J.C.G.M

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi vii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction......................... Conceptual Framework................. Statement of the Problem............. Assumption of the Study.............. Scope and Limitation of the Study.... Significance of the Study............ Definition of Terms.................. 2 Review of Related Literatures and Studies Related Literatures.................. Related Studies...................... Local Studies........................ Foreign Studies...................... Relevance of the Related Literature and Studies on the Present Study.....

1 5 7 8 8 9 11

15 18 18 24 25

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Methods of Research and Procedures Methods of Research.................. Sources of Data...................... Mathematical Methods and Procedure... Basic Related Concepts............... 26 28 29 30

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Subproblem No. 1...................... Subproblem No. 2...................... Subproblem No. 3...................... Subproblem No. 4...................... 45 49 59 64

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary of Findings.................. Conclusions.......................... Recommendations...................... 87 90 91

APPENDIX.......................................... BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................... CURRICULUM VITAE .................................

93 97 104

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List of Figures Figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Research Paradigm of the Study on Mandelbrot set........................... The point in the Complex Plane..... 34 35 39 47 49 53 56 58 Page 5

Magnitude of Number a Complex............ Feed back Process...................... The Mandelbrot Set for ..............

The Mandelbrot Set in Complex Plane...... The Graph with Escaping Orbit of The Non-escaping Orbit of 0.37 0.2i...... The points in the Mandelbrot set ...............................

10 11 12 13 14 15

Graph of the orbit of Julia set .................................... A Julia Set.............................. Julia Set and

68 68 70 71 72 73

Burning Ship fractal..................... A Buddhabrot Set......................... Mandelbrot sets contained within the tricorn fractal..........................

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16 17

A maldelbox of Scale 2................... A maldelbox of Scale 3................... A Ray-Traced Image of the 3D Mandelbulb

74 75

18 for the iteration 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ...............

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A Cubic Fractal.............................. A Quintic Mandelbulb with Multibrot ...............

78 79 81 81 82 82 83 84 84 85 85 86

...........................

..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

.................................

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List of Tables
Table 1 2 3 The Orbit of The Orbit of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 52 55

Orbit of the points in Julia set with . . . . 59

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Values and distance of points to origin .